西门子SINAMICS S120 介绍与使用
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前言安全提示1概述2调试3通过操作面板进行控制4维护与检修5 SINAMICSS120S120 变频调速柜 AOP30 操作面板操作说明10/2008A5E02601181A控制软件版本 V2.6 SP1法律资讯 警告提示系统为了您的人身安全以及避免财产损失,必须注意本手册中的提示。
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FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SINAMICS S120liquid-cooledSINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledTHE DRIVE FAMILY FOR FUTURE-PROOF DRIVE SOLUTIONSSINAMICS – the optimum drive for every applicationSINAMICS offers you the optimum drive for every application. All of the members of this converter family can be engineered, parameter-ized, commissioned and operated in the same standard way. One drive system – to tackle every application.Low voltageStandard performance convertersIndustry specific convertersHigh performance convertersV20G120C G120G130 / G150G120X G180S120S1500.12 – 30 kW0.55 – 132 kW0.55 – 250 kW75 – 2.700 kW0.75 – 630 kW2.2 – 6.600 kW0.55 – 6.840 kW75 – 1.200 kWSINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledSINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledis part of the SINAMICS family• Wide range of power ratings from 0.12 kW to 85 MW • Available in low-voltage, medium-voltage and also DC versions• High degree of flexibility and combinability• Simple link to SIMATIC control systems, seamless integration in the automation landscape as well as part of Totally Integrated Automation• Higher-level, standard Safety Integrated concept • Standard engineering for all drives–SIZER for engineering–STARTER / SINAMICS Startdrive for parameterizing and commissioning Medium voltageGrid converter Servo converters Distributedconverters For demanding applications with high power ratingDCM (DC)PCS SIMATICMICRO-DRIVE V90S210S120M G115D / G120D GL150 / SL150SM120 CM /SM150 / GM150GH150 / GH1806 kW – 30 MW435 – 870 kW0.1 – 1 kW0.05 –7 kW0.05 – 7 kW0.25 – 1.1 kW0.37 – 7.5 kW 2.8 – 85 MW0.8 – 58 MW0.15 – 28.5 MWSINAMICS S120liquid-cooledThe clever alternative for harsh environmental conditionsLiquid-cooled SINAMICS S120 convert-ers are predestined for harsh condi-tions. High degrees of protection can be achieved when using these devices. They are also not affected by dirty or aggressive ambient air. When compared to air-cooled versions, liquid-cooled ver-sions have a footprint that is up to 50 % smaller than for chassis devices – an ideal solution where mounting space is restricted. Less space is required in the control cabinet as a result of the lower envelope dimensions. Not only this, these liquid-cooled drive systems are especially quiet, efficient and require little maintenance. In many applica-tions, the heat recovery can create additional energy saving potential. In this case, the cooling water that has been heated up can be used for process heat, heating or process water.Independent of the ambient airAs the power loss for liquid-cooled SINAMICS S120 can be very effectively dissipated to the cooling liquid, sealed control cabinets in an IP55 degree of protection can be easily implemented. The ingress of dusty or aggressive air is just as low as the humidity, spray water or salt-laden sea air in marine applica-tions. Even high ambient temperatures are less critical when compared with air-cooled devices as the thermal load is essentially determined by the cooling water temperature. Further, the tem-perature in electrical rooms does not increase as much.SINAMICS S120 liquid-cooled – advantages at a glance • Highest power density throughefficient cooling• Predestined for applications where space is restricted• High degrees of protection can be simply implemented • Perfectly suitable for dusty and aggressive ambient air and low-noise operation • Redundant cooling systems can be implemented with low additional costs• Reduction of expenses for room air conditioning• Maintenance and operating costs can be reduced• Additional energy saving potential by recovering heatEFFICIENT AND RUGGEDLiquid-cooledSINAMICS S120SINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledUp to 50 % smaller footprintWhere space costs a lot of money – for instance on ships, offshore platforms and industrial plants and systems – liquid-cooled converters are attractive as a result of their extremely compact design. These reduce the footprint by about 50 % when compared to air-cooled chassis devices with the same power rating, as they require signifi-cantly smaller envelope dimensions as a result of the more effective cooling. The control cabinets can be designed smaller as the chassis units require less space. In turn, this means that electrical rooms can be made smaller, which also has a positive impact on the civil engi- neering costs.Quiet and low maintenance Liquid-cooled versions certainly make sense where cooling water is available anyway. This is because significantly less climate control is required for the electrical rooms that accommodate the converters. SINAMICS S120 convertersare quieter to start off with as they have no fans. No additional noise dampening measures are required for typically up to 60 db (A). This is the reason that these converters are recommended for applications that are sensitive to noise, for example on cruise ships – and when directly located close to workplaces in production envi- ronments. And, last but not least, eliminating fans enhances drive relia- bility – and, in turn, plant availability.Climate control is not required For liquid cooling, up to 95 % of the power loss is dissipated through the cooling medium. This means that the temperature of the ambient air sur-rounding the converter hardly increases, and complex climate control can be eliminated – this is an important issue for retrofit and modernization projects. A redundant cooling system can be easily configured using two pumps in the cooling system, and can be imple-mented with low associated costs.Cost-saving, compactand versatileAdditional energy savingpotential by recovering heatIn addition to the energy savings as a result of the efficient cooling concept, heat can also be recovered. The cooling water that is heated up as part of the cooling process can be used for process heat, heating or hot water at no charge. Using a heat pump, the cooling water temperatures can be increased in an energy-efficient fashion. An espe-cially high amount of energy can be saved if hot water is required for the production process, which for example, is the case when manufacturing paper. Cost savings can also be realized for heating and for hot water required in production and office environments. As a consequence, these devices fre-quently have a payback time of just several years.Energy savingsContrary to converters with a rectifier input on the line side, SINAMICS S120 converters equipped with an Active In-feed can feed back energy into the line supply. This means that they can save a lot of energy. Further, for multi-axis sys-tems, it is also possible to transfer the energy (energy balancing). For example, for crane applications when the load is lowered, energy is recovered that can then be used to power the crane trolley. By connecting up to four identical liquid-cooled modules in parallel, power rat-ings of up to 5,700 kW can be realized on the motor side and up to 6,460 kW on the line side. Sophisticated cooling systemThe compact design and high efficiency of liquid-cooled SINAMICS S120 devices is based on a sophisticated cooling sys-tem. All of the main components, such as power semiconductors, DC link capac-itors and symmetrizing resistors, can be cooled by the cooling circuit. Only a low amount of cooling liquid is required as a result of the physical attributes of water. As a consequence, the required flow rate is very low. This factor reduces the drive power of the pumps when com-pared to fan power ratings. As a conse- quence, power costs are very low, whichnoticeably reduces the operating costs,especially for those plants and systemsthat operate continuously.The standard modular systemFor liquid-cooled SINAMICS S120, acomplete range of standard as well astype-tested components are available.These can be flexibly combined to createthe optimum solution for customizedapplications. Supplementary compo-nents such as heat exchanger modulesand piping can be simply integrated.Liquid-cooled SINAMICS S120 devicescan also be mounted horizontally.The ideal industry solutionIn a wide range of industries, the liquid-cooled concept provides considerableadvantages. For example, in the process,paper and steel industries, where a con-trol cabinet solution with a high degreeof protection against dirt and watermakes sense. The same applies to plantswith high dust loads such as cementfactories, mining companies or tunnelboring machines. In the automotiveindustry (e.g. on test benches) or inapplications in the food industry, wherethe control cabinets in the productionhall are cleaned with water for hygienicreasons. For applications in less harshenvironments, reduced space require-ments, lower costs for room air condi-tioning and heat recovery for hot processand service water pay off.Champion in shipbuilding andoffshore applicationsSince every square meter counts here,the space-saving design in marine appli-cations pays off especially well. Thesame applies to the fact that the heatgenerated during the cooling process isremoved from the already warm switch-gear rooms and transferred to the sea-water via heat exchangers. In addition,the saline atmosphere cannot penetrateinto the device electronics due to thetightly closed control cabinet. Based onthe comprehensive SINAMICS modularsystem, highly compact solutions formain and auxiliary drives as well as theintegration of energy storage systemscan be realized. The liquid-cooledSINAMICS S120 converters thus play akey role in electrification and decar-bonization in the shipbuilding industry.It goes without saying that all systemcomponents are marine certified(DNV and ABS).SINAMICS S120liquid-cooledModularity for customized solutions SINAMICS S120 Cabinet Modules comprise converter modular cabinet modules that can be combined to address the particular drive application. As a consequence, almost any drive solution can be optimally implemented. This modular system is especially suit- able for multimotor drive configura-tions with central line infeed and a common DC link busbar.Simple planning, straightforward serviceThe liquid-cooled SINAMICS G120 Cabinet Modules represent a com- pletely new development that sets itself apart in every phase of the product lifecycle with a high degree of cost effectiveness and simplicity – from planning and procurement throughmounting/installation and commission-ing up to everyday operation and service. Further, these systems offer an excellent price-performance ratio, and can be integrated into any automation solution.Rugged and straightforward for the highest degree of reliability With their rugged, straightforward design, the SINAMICS S120 Cabinet Modules system is extremely reliable. A special cabinet design guarantees a high degree of mechanical endurance. Another additional positive issue: nickel-plated standard busbars and coated electronic modules are pro- tected against the effects of the envi-ronment. It goes without saying that all of the components – from the produc-tion of individual parts up to a ready-toSINAMICS S120 Cabinet Modules:liquid-cooled cabinet systems – can be flexibly combined in a modular wayThe highlights at a glance• High degrees of protection up to IP55 can be easily implemented • Cabinet system used: Rittal TS8, 2,200 mm high (industrial standard)• Can be engineered using known engineering tools, simply ordered based on an article number and with short delivery times• A comprehensive range of options supports flexible adaptation to address specific requirements as for the marine industry• Series device with type-tested design, for example the appropriate partitions for optimally cooling the passive components and corrosion-resistant, favorably priced plastic pipes• Comprehensive documentation is available in many languages• Spare parts can be called up via SparesOnWeb as the components used have been standardized• Marine certified cabinet design as well as individual acceptance tests by various certification centers available as an optionconnect cabinet – are subject to exten-sive checks throughout the complete production process. This guarantees a high degree of functional reliability when configuring, commissioning and in operation.Operational reliability built inAll SINAMICS S120 Cabinet Modules have been developed according to the zone concept, which means that they offer the highest degree of operational reliability. EMC design measures have been consequentially implemented. Partitions to guide the air and control temperature gradients have been de-signed based on simulation runs.SINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledSINAMICS S120 liquid-cooled – voltage ranges and power ratings1)R ated power of a typical 6-polestandard induction motor at 3AC 400 V / 50 Hz or 3AC 690 V / 50 Hz 2) T he current derating required as a result of the parallel connection has already been taken into account 3)O ptimized regarding space and weight SINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledSkalierung auf Skalierung auf Skalierung aufSkalierung aufThe drive, that optimizesyour energy efficiencySINAMICS S120 liquid-cooledElectric drives use about two thirds of all industrial electric power.This is why it is decisive to use drive technology right from thestart to already effectively reduce future energy consumption inthe engineering phase – thus optimizing plant/system availabilityand process reliability.11Follow us on:/siemensindustry /siemensPublished bySiemens AGDigital IndustriesMotion ControlP.O. Box 31 8091050 Erlangen, GermanyFor the U.S. published by Siemens Industry Inc.100 Technology Drive Alpharetta, GA 30005United StatesSubject to change without prior notice Article No.: DIMC-B10077-00-7600 Dispo 21500Printed in GermanyWÜ/1000173743 WS 1021 PDF© Siemens AG 2021The information provided in this brochure contains merely general descriptions or character-istics of performance which in case of actual use do not always apply as described or which may change as a result of further development of the products.The required performance features are only binding if they have been expressly agreed upon in the form of a written contract. All product designations may be trademarks or product names of Siemens AG or supplier companies whose use by third parties for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owners.To ensure the secure operation of Siemens products and solutions, it is necessary to take suitable preventive measures (e.g. cell protection concept) and integrate each component into a state-of-the-art holistic industrial security concept. When so doing, products from other manufacturers should be taken into account. For more information about industrial security, visit /industrialsecurityDigitalization solutions for low-voltage convertersWhether virtualization and simulation, dimensioning and configuring, connectivity, data analysis or services – digitalization opens up greater efficiency and reliability in planning, operation and maintenance.Get the most out of the converter data through digitalization. From digital converter twins, selection and engineering tools, and connectivity solutions to analytics apps and data-based services – the digitalization portfolio for drive technology enables optimized development processes, demand-oriented maintenance planning, and ensures higher productivity. https:///digital-drives。
SINAMICS S120入门手册2008/10版西门子(中国)有限公司自动化与驱动集团运动控制部目 录1 SINAMICS S120概述 (1)1.1 SINAMICS S120 驱动系统的组成 (1)1.2 SINAMICS S120 的指示灯 (4)1.3 SINAMICS S120 实验设备 (8)2 SINAMICS S120项目配置 (10)2.1离线配置 (11)2.2在线配置 (21)3 基本调试 (30)3.1 控制面板(Control Panel)控制电机 (31)3.2 操作盒(Control Box)控制电机 (34)3.3 电机动态特性的调试 (37)4 基本定位 (44)4.1 激活基本定位功能 (44)4.2 点动(Jog) (47)4.3 回零(Homing) (49)4.3.1 设置参考点(Set Reference) (49)4.3.2 主动回零(Active Homing) (51)4.3.3 被动回零(Passive Homing) (53)4.4 限位(Limit) (55)4.5 程序步(Traversing Blocks) (55)4.6 手动数据输入(MDI) (57)5 通讯 (60)5.1 S120与 HMI直接通讯 (60)5.1.1 网络地址设置 (60)5.1.2 项目配置 (62)5.1.3 建立变量表 (64)5.2 通过DP总线实现S7-300与S120的通讯 (66)5.2.1 网络地址设置 (66)5.2.2 通讯报文设置 (67)5.2.3 用DP总线对电机起、停及速度控制 (68)5.2.4 驱动器参数的读取及写入 (70)1 SINAMICS S120 概述SINAMICS S120作为西门子SINAMICS驱动系列之一,可以提供高性能的单轴和双轴驱动,模块化的设计可以满足应用中日益增长的对驱动系统轴数量和性能的要求。
1.1 SINAMICS S120驱动系统的组成SINAMICS S120驱动器包括:用于单轴的AC/AC变频器和用于公共直流母线的DC/AC逆变器。
SIMOCRANE meets SINAMICSThe SINAMICS S120 offers the optimum system for each and every drive application – and all of the drives can be engineered, parameterized, commissioned and operated in a standard way.This system represents an entry-level solution for AC/AC single-axis drives and coordinated AC/DC drives for multi-axis applications, making it the perfect basis for simple and more sophisticated crane applications in all industrial sectors.Modular SolutionSINAMICS S120 includes single-axis (AC/AC drive system) as well as multi-axis (DC/AC drive system) configurations. Both systems have a modular design.The AC/AC drive system comprises a Control Unit (CU 310-2) and Power Module (PM) for the power range from 0.55 kW to 250 kW. The DC/AC drive system includes a Line Module, a Control Unit (CU320-2) and Motor Module for the power range from 1 kw to 800 kW. Active Line Modules return regenerative energy to the supply system. SIMOCRANE functions can be applied modularly on de-mand. SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Technology can be used with optional SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control. Integrated SafetyAs in SINAMICS, the crane smart features are supplemented by integrated safety functions. These support the simple implementation of innovative safety concepts which conform to standards. Safety functions are fully integrated in the control system preventing damage to crane, load and surrounding objects or people. All basic functions are license-free. The Safety Integrated Extended Functions require the optional license for each drive.Smart functionsLoad sag prevention, smart slow-down, fine manual positioning, adaptive speed to operate at peak performance are smart features of SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Technology. Sensorless sway control is an add-on highlight of SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control. All intelligence are embedded in SINAMICS drives.Simple startupVia Basic Operator Panel (BOP20) or even Web Browser, commissioning can be started by using the ‘Ready-to-Run’ solution without any engineering effort.In case of ‘Ready-to-Apply’, the crane functions are config-ured automatically by simply selecting the axis and the set value.The crane functions are integrated in the drive parameter-ization. The parameterization is individually adaptableusing the STARTER software or BOP20 or web browser. Cranes | SIMOCRANE in SINAMICS********************Applicationsupport:***********************************SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Crane Technology (DBT)SIMOCRANE in SINAMICS:Simple, flexible and fast commissioning/cranesSimple – low engineering effortThe drive-based functionality for crane applications is implemented in two software solutions: SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Technology and SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control.Both technologies are integrated in the SINAMICS drive system and provide the function blocks needed to control the motions of crane drives. By using pre-configured standard applications for hoist, trolley or gantry, the function blocks are easily integrated into the drive control, resulting in shorter engineering time and fewer commissioning costs.Using standard applications (“ready-to-run”) and simple adaptation (“ready-to-apply”) to start up a crane drive, only basic knowledge of the SINAMICS drive system is required. The software commissioning tool STARTER used by SINAMICS can be used unchanged.Fast – increase productivityLoad-dependent field weakening for hoist applications is a functionality integrated in SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Technology. Compared to operating at full load, this solution automatically increases the maximal speed for lifting and lowering as a function of the current load. With this functionality, a lift cycle with partial-load and no-load is even faster, increasing the cranes’ productivity.With SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control, the load sway is damped during trolley or gantry traveling. Without the load sway, a faster and easier traveling and positioning of the load is possible. The sway damping is integrated in the movement. No additional waiting time or additionaloperation for damping the load sway is necessary.SIMOCRANE in SINAMICS | CranesFor both single-axis and multi-axes solutionSIMOCRANE Drive-Based Technology V1.0 SP2 HF1Ordering number: 6GA7270-1AA20-0AA0SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control Manual mode Ordering number: 6GA7280-1AA10-0AB0Single-axis solutionMulti-axis solutionSIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway ControlManual mode and Positioning Ordering number: 6GA7280-1AA20-0AB0SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway Control Manual mode Ordering number: 6SL3077-6AA00-2AB0SIMOCRANE Drive-Based Sway ControlManual mode and Positioning Ordering number: 6SL3077-6AA00-3AB0For hoist applications, an encoder is requested for safety reasons and for providing pendulum length to cross travel (trolley) and long travel (gantry).For sensorless sway control, no encoder is required in manual operation. Only for positioningoperation encoders are required fortrolley and gantry.For more information, refer to catalog D21.4 (Chapter 7).• Performance Manual Mode: n = 2740 RPM, ramp-up time = 2 s Pendelum length = 2.27 mResidual sway = 1 mm at standstill speed 20 RPM Residual sway = 0 mm at standstill speed 0 RPM • Crane ConfigurationConfiguration with 3 single-axis drives, controlled via onboard I/O of SINAMICS Control Unit (CU310-2)• Hoist, Trolley or GantryPre-configured application for hoist or trolley or gantry. Easy installation: the commissioning can start with low engineering effort• Power RangeThe SINAMICS AC/AC single-axis drives cover the power range from 0.55 kW to 250 kW• Drive-Based TechnologyProvides crane-specific functions: prevents load sag and uses adaptive speeds. Smart slow-down on all axis• Drive-Based Sway ControlCan damp sway in manual operation for trolley and gantryApplication: fast and easy control solution for single-axis control requirementsThe Ready-to-Apply solution is a standard application example with a mask for users to select the configu-ration of each required axis.After selection, the required files are generated automatically.PROFINET communication combines the field bus and Ethernet advan-tages. Configuration easily adaptable to be fine-tuned for enhancedproductivity.Application: comprehensive control solution for multi-axis control requirements• Crane Controlby PLC via PROFINET communication• Performance Positioning Mode v = 20 m/min, ramp up time = 3 Pendelum length = 7.9 mDistance = 7 m, time = 32.18 s, precision = 1mm Residual sway = 0.47mm• Crane ConfigurationSINAMICS S120 topology with multi-axis drives with regenerative Line Module, Motor Modules and Control Unit (CU320-2)• Power RangeSINAMICS DC/AC multi-axis cover the power range: 1.6 kW to 800 kW• CommunicationThe ProfiSafe telegram enables the SINAMICS integrated safety function by PROFINET communication• Drive-Based TechnologyCrane-specific motion control functions for hoist, short travel and long travel• Drive-Based Sway Controlis added to short travel and long travel for sway damping in manual and positioning modeFor more information, refer to catalogue D21.4.。
高性能多机传动变频调速柜SINAMICS S120CM具有 DRIVE-CLiQ 网络技术的解决方案—高性能,全应用,多传动DRIVE-CLiQ传动网络技术的新革命高度灵活的模块化柜体设计威图柜 Rittal TS8,令人赏心悦目。
全镀镍母排,提高了连接容量,增强了抗腐蚀能力。
“功能分区”概念,提高了操作安全性。
严格的 EMC 措施,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。
• 全新通讯链接 DRIVE-CLiQDRIVE-CLiQ 构筑起传动链接,基于网络技术传动级的通讯,数据传输的电流时钟可快至 125μs 。
• 超强的控制单元 CU320一个控制单元控制多个逆变器。
• 简单并联就可实现功率扩展多个功率单元并联可组合出需要的功率。
较之上一代产品的显著特点• 逆变并联可无需平衡电抗器无环流设计省去了输出侧笨重的电抗器。
• 无需自藕变压器的整流/回馈采用可控器件整流,避免逆变颠覆的风险,同时还省去了自藕变压器,使之能更广泛应用于需高可靠性的场合。
什么是 SINAMICS S120CM集中的进线,多种整流方式,公共直流母线逆变。
符合新一代的节能环保概念。
SINAMICS S120CM 变频调速柜具备了新一代 SINAMICS 产品家族的所有特点:标准的 SIZER 工具用于工程设计 标准的 STARTER工具用于调试标准的 DRIVE-CLiQ电缆标准带 Profibus 的控制单元 CU320• 高速工业以太网 Profinet与普遍流行的工业以态网标准 TCP IP 实现无缝连接,速率更可高达全双工 100Mbps 。
• 可调的开关频率和矢量控制模式1.25K~8K 的开关频率可调,SVM 、PEM 的调制模式可选,实现传动性能和输出波形的最优化。
采用 DRIVE-CLiQ 技术,高度灵活的柜体组合,美观的柜体皆秉承了西门子一贯的精品理念。
SINAMICS S120CM 作为西门子新一代多机传动变频器,其强大的功能可使其应用于各种场合。
SINAMICS S120入门手册2008/10版西门子(中国)有限公司自动化与驱动集团运动控制部目 录1 SINAMICS S120概述 (1)1.1 SINAMICS S120 驱动系统的组成 (1)1.2 SINAMICS S120 的指示灯 (4)1.3 SINAMICS S120 实验设备 (8)2 SINAMICS S120项目配置 (10)2.1离线配置 (11)2.2在线配置 (21)3 基本调试 (30)3.1 控制面板(Control Panel)控制电机 (31)3.2 操作盒(Control Box)控制电机 (34)3.3 电机动态特性的调试 (37)4 基本定位 (44)4.1 激活基本定位功能 (44)4.2 点动(Jog) (47)4.3 回零(Homing) (49)4.3.1 设置参考点(Set Reference) (49)4.3.2 主动回零(Active Homing) (51)4.3.3 被动回零(Passive Homing) (53)4.4 限位(Limit) (55)4.5 程序步(Traversing Blocks) (55)4.6 手动数据输入(MDI) (57)5 通讯 (60)5.1 S120与 HMI直接通讯 (60)5.1.1 网络地址设置 (60)5.1.2 项目配置 (62)5.1.3 建立变量表 (64)5.2 通过DP总线实现S7-300与S120的通讯 (66)5.2.1 网络地址设置 (66)5.2.2 通讯报文设置 (67)5.2.3 用DP总线对电机起、停及速度控制 (68)5.2.4 驱动器参数的读取及写入 (70)1 SINAMICS S120 概述SINAMICS S120作为西门子SINAMICS驱动系列之一,可以提供高性能的单轴和双轴驱动,模块化的设计可以满足应用中日益增长的对驱动系统轴数量和性能的要求。
1.1 SINAMICS S120驱动系统的组成SINAMICS S120驱动器包括:用于单轴的AC/AC变频器和用于公共直流母线的DC/AC逆变器。