Why People Use Pseudonyms

顺序：文章名，英文，翻译，答案，解释。

阅读理解B级 Excessive Demands on Young People 对年轻人的过高期望综合类C级 The State of Marriage Today当代婚姻综合类完型填空B级 Sport or Spectacle 竞技还是表演？综合类C级 Why People Use Pseudonyms为什么人们用假名？综合类阅读理解B级 Excessive Demands on Young People 对年轻人的过高期望综合类Excessive Demands on Young PeopleBeing able to multitask is hailed by most people as a welcome skill，but not according to a recent study which claims that young people between the ages of eight and eighteen of the so-called Generation M1are spending a considerable amount of their time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. It argues that，in fact，these young people are frittering away as much as half of their time again as they would if they performed the very same tasks one after the other.Some young people are juggling an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. At the same time that they are working，young adults are also surfing on the Internet，or sending out emails to their friends，and/or answering the telephone and listening to music on their iPods2 or on another computer. As some new device comes along it too is added to the list rather than replacing one of the existing devices.Other research has indicated that this multitasking is even affecting the way families themselves function as young people are too wrapped up3 in their own isolated worlds to interact with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house nor can they eat at the family table.All this electronic wizardry is supposedly also seriously affecting young people’s performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their perception of the impact of modern gadgets on their performance of tasks，the overwhelming majority of young people gave a favour able response.The response from the academic and business worlds was not quite as positive. The former feel that multitasking with electronic gadgets by children affects later development of study skills，resulting in a decline in the quality of writing，for example，because of the lack of concentration on task completion. They feel that many undergraduates now urgently need remedial help with study skills. Similarly，employers feel that young people entering the workforce need to be taught all over again，as they have become deskilled.While all this may be true，it must be borne in mind4 that more and more is expected of young people nowadays; in fact，too much. Praise rather than criticism is due in respect of5 the way today’s youth are able to cope despite what the older generation throw at them.词汇：excessive adj.过多的，额外 interact vi.交流，沟通，互动multitask vi.同时进行多个任务 wizardry n.魔力，法术supposedly adv.据认为，据推测hail vt.赞扬 performance n.表现，行为claim vt.声称，主张 perception n.认识，看法，见解considerable adj.相当大的，相当多的 impact n.影响，作用gadget n.小巧的机械装置fritter vt.消耗，浪费 overwhelming adj.压倒性的juggle vt.耍弄，玩耍 majority n.大多数electronic device n.电子装置，电子仪器 academic adj 学术的，学校的decline n.下降，衰退surf vi.(网上)冲浪，漫游，浏览 concentration n.专心，专注indicate vt.表明，指出 remedial adj.补习的，补救的affect vt.影响 deskilled adj.逐渐失去技能的isolated adj.孤立的，与世隔绝的 due adj.应有的，适当的注释：1.Generation M：M代表multimedia。

Chapter I1.主观题2.How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期）from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴）brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的）study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介）of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms（新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者）after World WarⅡ. Give four examples for each cause.①marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule, launching pad②socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example: roller-hockey ,surf-riding, skydiving（跳伞运动）, designated hitter③the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example: cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock（词库）of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5.What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的）style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd.hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1) Allomorph:any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position oradjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph 3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read，faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 )Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4) Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes? P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes （派生词缀）are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀and suffixes后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26 Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的）level? P29 paragraph 5 On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠExplain1、(p32)Word-formation rules:The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem. Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡCompounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion②Phonological criterion③Semantic criterionⅢDerivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Suffixes frequently alter theword-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind.（P44）The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1) negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) pejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative 5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear ,pro-student , counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -eein employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –noun suffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective – verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun – adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is‘a dining carriage on a train‘7) a lifer is‘slang. A person sentenced to imprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyze : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‗ one who performs an action ‘as for 4、5 ，this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .ⅣConversion1、what is the difference between conversion（此类转化法）and suffixation（加后缀）?(P55 介绍conversion的第一段)：Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)?（P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffixWirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class of round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round and round(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序）is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion?(58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency o f ―a preponderance of nouns aver verb‖.Second, there are only a few verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic types under noun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partial conversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in the sentences below and state(1)the word-classof the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word: summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderful performance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter4I. Explain the following terms and provide examples.1. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, atechnical term, or a phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is createdby the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel‘s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related? Give examples toillustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的）relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words（拟声词）or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don‘t show any such relationship.Onomatopoeic words（拟声词）can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia（间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect of onomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!‖5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class（词类）and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。

3Pretty GoodWhen Spanish football club Barcelona paid US$35 million for Ronaldinho last summer, they weren’t buying a pretty face.” I am 1 ugly,” admits the Barcelona superstar, ”But everyone has got a different kind of beauty. What I 2 do have is charm.”Indeed he has. His buck teeth, flowing hair, big smile, and of couse his 3 amazing skills are always eye-catching on the pitch.. The 23-year-old striker scored two goals in 3-2 win over Dep La Coruna on March 1. It was Barcelona’s sixth win in a row and, thanks to their Barcelona’s 10-goal contribution, 4 what looked like a poor season could now end a success.Ronaldinho –full name Rona De Assis Moreira-is one of many South Amer,, who learned their skills playing in the backstreets before 5 showing them off on the world stage.Greet things were 6 expected when Gremio signed him as a seven-year-old, and he soon became friends with Ronaldo, who was when the other young star of Barcelona football. It was R,,who first called him R.ho, which 7 means Little Ronaldo, and the name stuck.He first 8 played for his country in 1999 but it was at the 2002 World Cup where he showed his real worth, scoring an unbelievable free-kick in Brazil’s quarter-final victory 9 over England.“I have failed to deliver in big matches,”Ro,,says. “My game is based on 10 improvisation. Often a forward does not have the time to decide whether to shoot or pass. It is instinct that gives out the orders.”While he may not have David,, good looks, Ro,,has a 11 playboy reputation off the pitch. At former club Paris Saint Germain, which sold him to Barcelona, he broke 12 club rules by going out and enjoying the city’snightlife.“Without doubt,Ro,, is the most 13 difficult player I have ever come across, ” says former PSG coach Luis Ferdandez. “The main 14 problem for any coach is that one player without discipline can hurt the whole team.”But Ro,,doesn’t think he has done anything wrong. “I an just a young person who enjoys 15 life,”he says.4Where Have All Our Visitors Gone?Sixty years ago,a man named KA saw something that people are still 1 seeing tiday-something that changed popular culture for ever.Flying his plane over mountains in the US state of Wa,, he saw a line of strange objects, either crescent –shaped or disc-like, flying 2 with the motion of a saucer skimming on water.The media soon picked up on the story –the Flying Saucers were here! Was the earth being 3 visited by creatures from anther plane? Soon, so many sightings were made that the US military began to 4 investigate. It called these strange objects UFOs –Unidentified Flying Objects, and that is how they are 5 known today.Military inverstigations found no evidence of visitors from outer space. But that did not stop the true 6 believers. The military were 7 covering up, they said. Or 8 maybe it was because the travelers trom space were of such superior intelligence that could hide from the most sophisticated military analysts.People have always seen strange light in the sky. In the past these explained in popular, signsfrom god were replaced by visitors from other 10 planets.The date of the first UFO signings was also significant. In 1947, world war II had just ended andthe 11cold war was just beginning. Humanity seemed locked in endless conflicts. Like generations before them, people looked 12 to the skies for help. But instead of seeking God, they looked for help from super-intelligent aliens with 13advanced technology. Belief in UFOs became the first religion of science.However, even people who believe in UFOs are not quite sure why they visit the earth. The universe is a big place and it is 14 reasonable to assume that there is life somewhere out there. It is possible that aliens have worked out how to travel through space. Y et some people report that they have been taken by aliens and have had experiments 15 performed on them. Why would anyone travel across half the universe to conduct medical experiments on people living in small towns in the United States?5 Why People Use PseudonymsY ou can’t choose the name you are given at birth, but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names 1 even if they feel unhappy about them. However , some people do 2 this course of action parricularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes。

第一季第二集Previously on The Vampire Diaries一个多世纪以来For over a century我都秘密地活着直到此刻 I have lived in secret until now.我明白这很冒险但我别无选择I know the risk but I had no choice.我必需要熟悉她I have to know her.我叫埃琳娜I'm Elena.我叫斯特凡I'm Stefan.我明白咱们一路上历史课的I know. We have history together.去年春天我父母的车Last spring my parents'car从桥上坠下掉到湖里Drove off of a bridge into the lake.悲伤可不能永久伴随你的埃琳娜You won't be sad forever Elena.我和我叔叔住在一路I live with my uncle.有兄弟姐妹吗Any siblings?都好久不联系了None that I talk to.-你好弟弟 -达蒙- Hello brother. - Damon.埃琳娜和凯瑟琳长得一模一样Elena. She's a dead ringer for Katherine.你所到的地方就有人丧生Wherever you go people die.天呐是薇姬My god. It's Vicki!什么东西咬了她她正大量失血Something bit her. She's losing a lot of blood.谁来帮帮忙Somebody help!吸血鬼Vampire.-你一点也不期望吗 -够了- Don't you crave a little? - Stop.咱们一路吸血吧直接去吸干埃琳娜Let's do it. Let's just go straight for Elena.想象一下她的血尝起来什么味道Imagine what her blood tastes like!够了Stop!离埃琳娜远一点Stay away from Elena.我就当你这是在邀请咯I'll take that as an invitation.-你听见了吗 -听见什么- Hey. Did you hear that? - Hear what?打雷声I heard thunder.没有打雷声There's no thunder.你确信吗Are you sure?若是下雨了Because if it rains咱们就看不成彗星了Then we won't be able to see the comet.可不能下雨的It's not gonna rain.听着我Listen. I...要送你个小礼物Got you a little something.我放在车里了It's back in the car.躺着别动哦Don't you move.别淋湿了Stay dry.可不能下雨的It's not gonna rain.我就明白I knew it!我和你说了要下雨吧I told you it was gonna rain!快开啊Open!不No!求你了Please!亲爱的日记本Dear diary今天早上不同寻常This morning is...different.有些改变我能发觉到There is change. I can sense it感觉到Feel it.我醒了I'm awake.长时刻以来我第一次For the first time in a long time感觉到完全的清醒I feel completely and undeniably wide awake.我第一次没有在一天开始前就失望For once I don't regret the day before it begins.我迎接这新的一天I welcome the day...因为我明白Because I know...我会和她再次相见I will see her again.我会和他再次相见I will see him again.长时刻以来我第一次For the first time in a long time感觉不错I feel good.我看起来够成熟吗Do I look adult?像个为人父母的样子吗As in respectfully parental?这要看你去哪里了Depends where you're going.去见杰里米的教师Jeremy's parent-teacher conference.头发盘起来仍是放下来好呢Hair up or down?性感空姐Sexy stewardess.嗜酒主妇Boozy housewife.那就盘起来好Up it is.你今天很活跃啊You're feisty today.我感觉很不错少见哦I feel good which is rare.因此我想维持这感觉So I've decided to go with it.随意逛逛在阳光下走走诸如此类的Fly free walk on sunshine and all that stuff.杰里米在哪里Where is Jeremy?他很早就走了He left early.他说他要早点去木工工厂Something about getting to wood shop early去完成个鸟笼To finish a birdhouse.没有什么木工工厂是吧There is no wood shop is there?-没有 -是啊- No. - Yeah.你不能在那个地址亲爱的九点以后才能够探视You can't be in here. Hon. Visiting hours don't start till :.我只是I just...她怎么样了How is she?她失血过量She's lost a lot of blood.对啊可是她专门快就会好是不是Yeah. But she's gonna be ok right?她需要休息She needs her rest.因此你一会儿再来吧So you come back later.走吧Come on.人们最初发觉它是在五个世纪前Originally discovered nearly centuries ago已有年未光临神秘瀑布镇的上空了It hasn't been over mystic falls in over years.黄昏后将是此彗星最闪亮的时期Now the comet will be its brightest right after dusk正好是在明晚的庆典时刻During tomorrow's celebration.咱们打搅到你们了吗塞尔瓦托先生Are we bothering you Mr. Salvatore?吉尔伯特小姐Ms. Gilbert?我把书带来了I brought it.就说我有的吧Told you.艾力斯·贝尔著的《咆哮山庄》Wuthering Heights by Ellis Bell.我简直不敢相信她没有效真名You know I can't believe she didn't use her real name.勃朗特姐妹都利用笔名All the Bronte sisters used pseudonyms.那个年代确实是如此It was the time.公众不认可女作家Female writers weren't very accepted then.你从哪里找到的Where did you get it?是家里长辈传下来的Uh... It was passed down through the family.我有很多书这本送你拿着吧I have lots of books. Go ahead. Keep it.不行我Oh no. I...可是我很想再读一遍But I would like to read it again.我保证必然会还给你的I promise I'll give it back.好吧Ok.我糊涂了I'm confused.你是巫师仍是灵媒Are you psychic or clairvoyant?我外婆说我是个女巫Technically gran says I'm a witch.我的先人昔时都是My ancestors were these really cool很厉害的塞勒姆女巫什么的Salem witch chicks or something.外婆想要给我说明清楚Gran tried to explain it all可是她醉得太厉害了But she was looped on the liquor因此我也没当回事 So I kinda tuned out.荒唐的家族没错但女巫我不相信Crazy family? Yes. Witches? I don't think so.是啊若是能用魔力算出Yeah. Well. Feel free to conjure up the name and number 昨天那家伙的名字和号码该多好Of that guy from last night.我没看见他是你看见他的I didn't see him. You did.什么缘故你不和他聊聊Why didn't you just talk to him?我不明白我喝醉了I don't know. I was drunk.泰勒抱歉打断你们Hey Tyler. Hey I'm sorry to interrupt.我想问问薇姬怎么样了I was just wondering how Vickie's doing既然你们那么亲热那你必然明白Since you guys are so close.她还好吗Is she ok?她专门好你能够走了She's fine. Now get out of here.她伤得厉害吗How bad is she?明白是谁攻击她了吗Do they know what attacked her?她会痊愈吗Is she going to make a full recovery?她见到你快乐吗Was she happy to see you?她住哪间病房What room number was she in?我此刻很想揍你一顿I'm going to kick your ass.你一直就口头说说Yeah you keep saying that到底何时才真动手呢But when are you actually going to do it?此刻就来干一架吧'Cause I vote for right here and right now.滚蛋吉尔伯特Walk away Gilbert.这是对你的最后警告It's your final warning.不是对你的最后警告混蛋No this is your final warning dick.我受够你一直耍薇姬了I'm sick of watching you play Vickie.你若是敢再损害她You hurt her one more time.我立誓我会杀了你I swear to god. I will kill you.妈的真像是死亡要挟Damn that was like a death threat.你听到了吗Did you hear that?医生们让她留院观看一晚They're keeping her overnight to make sure确保她不受感染There's no infection明天应该就能够出院回家了But she should be able to come home tomorrow.真是太好了That's good news.跟你妈妈联系了吗Did you get in touch with your mom?给她打留言了Called and left a message.她跟男友在弗吉尼亚海滩She's in Virginia Beach with her boyfriend因此咱们能够看看她多久以后才赶回家So...we'll see how long it takes her to come rushing home.薇姬没事真是太幸运了Vickie's lucky that she's ok.是啊此刻还传言有野营者失踪I know and now there's talk of some missing campers.她有说是遭什么动物攻击吗Did she say what kind of animal it was that attacked her?她说是吸血鬼She said it was a vampire.什么What?昨晚她醒来后就不断地咕哝着吸血鬼Yeah she wakes up last night and mutters "vampire"然后又昏过去了And then passes out.真是奇怪了Ok that is weird.我想她确信喝醉了I think she was drunk.你跟那个新来的是怎么一回事So what's up with you and the new guy?马特我最不想做的确实是损害你Matt the last thing that I want to do is hurt you.我此刻要回医院去了You know I'm actually gonna go back to the hospital.我希望薇姬醒来能看到我在身旁I want to be there when Vickie wakes up弄清楚昨晚到底发生了什么Get the real story about last night.好吧OK.作为杰里米的教师我很担忧他As Jeremy's teacher I'm concerned.开学才三天It's the third day of school他就翘了六节课And he's skipped of his classes.泰纳教师Mr. Tanner你明白杰里米和埃琳娜的父母过世了吗Are you aware that Jeremy and Elena's parents died?四个月前的一次悲剧 months ago a great loss.车祸Car accident.若是我没记错的话是在维克利大桥Wickery Bridge if I remember correctly.你跟他们家什么关系And you're related to the family how?你是他们妈妈的小妹妹吗The uh mother's kid sister?妹妹没错Younger sister.Yes.翘了六节课你确信吗 classes? Are you sure?我的意思是有点不太可能I mean that's kind of hard to do.若是嗑药的话就有可能Not when you're on drugs.他以此来逃避现实萨默斯女士It's his attempt at coping. Ms. Summers.各类迹象都能够证明And the signs are there.他喜怒无常孤僻常与他人起冲突宿醉He's moody withdrawn argumentative hungover.还有其他关系紧密的亲人吗Are there any other relatives in the picture?我是他们的唯一监护人I'm their sole guardian.还有其他亲人吗Could there be?你到底想说什么What are you suggesting exactly?简直是不可能完成的事吧It's an impossible job isn't it?抚育两个正处青春期的小孩Raising two teens?是很难It's been tough但并非不可能But no it's not.你在敷衍Wrong answer.做监护人是极度困难的事It is an extremely impossible job若是你感觉不是那确实是你没尽到责任And anything less and you're not doing it properly.薇Vick.薇姬Vickie薇我是马特你怎么了Vick it's Matt. What's wrong?不要不要No! no!放开我Get off!不要No!不要No!不要No!护士Nurse:..攻击你的是野兽It was an animal that attacked you..:.它从暗处跳出来扑到你身上It came out of the night and jumped you.你被吓晕了You blacked out.-你就记得这些 -我就记得这些- It's all you remember. - It's all I remember.野兽攻击了你你吓晕了An animal attacked you. You blacked out.-你就记得这些 -我就记得这些- It's all you remember. - It's all I remember.护士快来帮忙Nurse! I need help!我妹妹出事了It's my sister.她专门好啊She seems fine.我之前和外婆谈天的时候Well I was talking to Grams她说彗星是恶运的征兆And she said the comet is a sign of impending doom.上次彗星通过神秘瀑布的时候The last time it passed over Mystic Falls死了许多人血流成河尸横遍野There was lots of death. So much blood and carnage 因此造成了很多超自然现象It created a bed of paranormal activity.是啊然后你给她倒了杯酒Yeah and then you poured Grams another shot她就跟你说了外星人的事And she told you about the aliens.然后怎么了So then what?什么事都没有So then nothing.你跟斯特凡谈了一整晚You and Stefan talked all night?竟然没有激情的初吻There was no sloppy first kiss或其他亲热接触吗Or touchy feely of any kind?没有Nope.没到那个时期We didn't go there.连握手都没有吗Not even a handshake?得了埃琳娜咱们是你的朋友I mean Elena we are your friends.把你的艳遇说给咱们听听Ok? You are supposed to share the smut.咱们只是聊了好久We just talked for hours.还有什么好遮遮掩掩的Ok what is with the blockage?直接开 "干" 就这么简单Just jump his bones already! Ok it's easy.郎情妾意干柴烈火Boy likes girl girl likes boy上床Sex.真深奥啊Profound.你要去哪儿Where are you going?卡罗琳说得对是很简单Caroline's right. It is easy.若是再坐一会If I sit here long enough我就会打消那个念头I'll end up talking myself out of it此刻我就去做自己一直想要做的事Instead of doing what I started the day saying I was going to do.我买了晚餐墨西哥薄脆饼I picked up dinner. Tacos.我特想蘸鳄梨色拉酱I had an urge for guacamole.不吃了谢谢No I'm good thanks.随你吃不吃终归只是是幌子Eat anyway. It's a ruse.我想跟你谈谈I want to talk.你过来Hey you! Come.坐这儿Sit.我上学那会高一的时候Back in school freshman year能吃下跟我一样重的墨西哥玉米片I could eat my weight in nachos配奶酪With extra cheese.我磕完药饿了的时候就吃那个It was my munchie food whenever I got stoned.你嗑药You get high?以前Did.过去的事了Past tense.是啊沉迷过嗑药But yeah. Loved it.借此逃避生活逃避现实Anything to get a little distraction from life... reality.也确实能And it worked.管一阵子For a while.只是都持续不了Never lasts though.我不是不肯意回到过去从头振作Hey I'm not saying I wouldn't love to rail back and kick it但随着论文截稿日的逼近But with a thesis looming加上腰身慢慢膨胀...And a waistline expanding...什么...What the...你终于醒了Finally you're awake.你感觉如何Hey. How are you feeling?你看上去好点了You look better.我之前好担忧I was worried before.你之前那个惨叫把我吓坏了You really had me freaked out with all that screaming.等等你说什么呢Wait what are you talking about?你不记得了吗You don't remember?我没事啊I feel fine.好好Good good.医生说你明天能出院了Doctor said you could come home tomorrow.薇在丛林里是什么攻击的你Vick what attacked you in the woods?一种动物An animal.不然还能是什么What else could it have been?感觉好点了吗Hey. How do you feel?我挺好的I'm ok.我...我去...I...I'm gonna...我去拿杯咖啡I'm gonna go grab a coffee.好哦杰里Hey Jer.你来这儿干什么Why are you here?我只是想来看看你怎么样了I just wanted to see how you were doing.你方才看见马特的表情了吗Did you see that look on Matt's face?他在疑心什么 That was suspicion.我不想他人发觉咱们俩的事杰里米I don't want people to find out about us Jeremy.你别那么在意Well you gotta get over that.泰勒终于开始对我有点爱好Tyler is finally showing some interest.你得把那个也忘掉You have to get over that too."体贴" 先生来看你了吗Do you see Mr. Concerned?泰勒你在下面吗Tyler? Are you under there?没有No.被人明白咱们的事不行It's not cool for people to know.明白吗我比你大Ok? I'm older than you而且马特和埃琳娜会抓狂的And Matt and Elena would freak.没人会疑心什么No one's going to suspect anything.我怎么不能来看看你Why wouldn't I check on you?是我先发觉你出事的I mean I'm the one who found you.是你吗You are?是啊我把你从林子里背出来的Yeah I carried you out of the woods.谢谢你Thank you.不客气Yeah you're welcome.斯特凡Stefan?斯特凡Stefan?很抱歉擅自闯入我看门是...I..I'm sorry for barging in. The door was...开着的Open.你必然是埃琳娜You must be Elena.我是达蒙斯特凡的哥哥I'm Damon Stefan's brother.他没跟我提过他有个哥哥He didn't tell me he had a brother.斯特凡向来就不爱多话Well Stefan's not one to brag.这边请Please come.我想斯特凡随时都可能回来I'm sure Stefan will be along any second.这是你们的客厅吗This is your living room?客厅会客室苏富比拍卖行拍的物品Living room parlor sotheby's auction.对我来讲这屋子有点没品位It's a little kitschy for my taste.我明白我弟弟为何如此着迷了I see why my brother's so smitten.也该向前看了 It's about time.曾经我一度以为他永久也忘不了前女友For a while there I never thought he'd get over the last one.差点毁了他Nearly destroyed him.前女友The last one?对啊Yeah.凯瑟琳他的女友Katherine his girlfriend?你们俩还没谈到Oh you two haven't had为难的"前任话题"上the awkward exes conversation yet.没有Nope.我确信这下你们会谈了Oops. Well I'm sure it'll come up now.或可能他不想告知你这事Or maybe he didn't want to tell you因为他不想让你感觉Because he didn't want you他还在为前段情感悲伤to think he was on the rebound.咱们都明白此类情感的结局We all know how those relationships end.你说得仿佛You say it like每段情感都注定会完蛋Every relationship is doomed to end.我是个宿命论者I'm a fatalist.好啊斯特凡Hello Stefan.埃琳娜Elena.我不明白你要来I didn't know you were coming over.我明白我本该打个的我...I know. I should have called I just...别傻了咱们家随时欢迎你Oh don't be silly. You're welcome any time.对吧斯特凡Isn't she Stefan?我该把家庭相册拿出来You know I should break out the family photo albums 或一些家庭录像Or some home movies.可是...我得提示你But...I have to warn you.他可不是一直都这么帅气He wasn't always such a looker.谢谢你来访埃琳娜Thank you for stopping by Elena.很快乐见到你Nice to see you.我想我该走了Yeah I should probably go.很快乐熟悉你达蒙It was nice to meet you Damon.也超级快乐见到你埃琳娜Great meeting you too Elena.斯特凡Stefan?斯特凡Stefan?正点Great gal.她真是青春洋溢啊She's got spunk.相反你却是显得萎靡不振了You on the other hand look pooped.你今天过度消耗能力了吗Did you over-exert yourself today?我猜猜...医院Let me guess... hospital.总得有人整理你的烂摊子Someone had to clean up your mess.那你成功了吗Well were you successful?操纵住那女孩了吗Did the powers of persuasion work?记住若是你不吸人血的话Remember if you don't feed properly那些小把戏可不能有效的None of those little tricks work right.埃琳娜来了多久How long was Elena here?你担忧了吗斯特凡Were you worried Stefan?可怕咱们之间又历史重演吗Scared we may be doomed to repeat the past?这确实是你为何玩Isn't that why you play"我是个高中生" 的游戏吗Your little game "I'm a high school human"?-我没有玩游戏 -你确实是- I'm not playing any game. - Of course you are.咱们都很清楚We both know你和人类距离最近的时候The closest you'll ever get to humanity确实是撕裂他们吸干他们血的时候Is when you rip it open and feed on it.你到底在玩什么游戏What kind of game are you playing...达蒙Damien?你只能拭目以待不是吗Guess you'll just have to wait and see won't you?他尚在恢复情伤且有严峻的家庭问题He's on the rebound and has raging family issues.至少只是前女友Well at least it's an ex-girlfriend.跟那些"恋母情结男"相较全然算不了什么Wait till you date a guy with mommy issues 或"偷腥男"or cheating issues.或"嗑药男"Or amphetamine issues.杰里米Jeremy.杰里米你到哪去了Jeremy where were you?又要给我讲嗑药的故事吗More stoner stories?珍娜我明白你以前很酷Look Jenna I get it you were cool.那很酷And so that's... that's cool.喂你等会Oh no no no!到底怎么了啊Ow! why?-为何你要那样做 -你听着- Why...why did you do that? - Listen up!不要再逃课了要不然就禁足Quit ditching class or you're grounded.:..没得商量No discussion.玩家长的威信吗我喜爱Parental authority I like it.好好睡吧Sleep tight.马特Matt.马特Mattie?今夜彗星之夜Tonight night of the comet.过来一路看吧Would you like a program?他没有打吗He didn't call huh?也没发短信Or text.我发觉咱们从没发太短信But I realized we never even exchanged that stuff.咱们还没到发短信那步We've never gotten to the texting part.短信交流在恋爱中相当重要啊That's an important milestone in any relationship.是吗终归机会不到Isn't it? the timing is wrong anyway.那何时是正确的机会When is it ever right?我还没预备好邦妮I'm not ready Bonnie.谁又预备好了呢Who is?至少我尽力争取了啊At least I put myself out there.你以为是如此吗Is that what you're calling it?什么意思What do you mean?我听到的都是你不能谈恋爱的缘故All I'm hearing is reasons why you can't.达蒙回来做什么他什么缘故回来What is Damon doing here? Why did he come home?因为我回来了Cause I came home.他想让我的生活变得凄惨非常He wants to make my life miserable.然后他才能过得高兴That's how he enjoys his.他使咱们都处于险境Well he's putting us all at risk.那个在医院的女孩会说出去的This girl in the hospital could talk.她可不能She won't.我把她经历删除I took care of her.你确信You're sure?不确信扎克I'm not sure Zach.我不明白做的怎么样I don't know how well it worked.毕竟我不如达蒙壮大I'm not as strong as Damon.若是你没能删掉经历会如何So what happens if it doesn't work?不明白I don't know.我会处置好的I'll deal with it.为她值得吗Is she worth it?斯特凡叔叔为了那个女孩值吗Uncle Stefan this girl you came back for.薇姬你怎么来了Vickie what are you doing here?找罗伯特请假Fighting with Robert about my schedule.你感觉以被猛兽攻击的理由You'd think getting ripped up by a rabid animal 能够再请一天病假吗Would merit an extra sick day.你感觉好吗Are you feeling ok?痛啊I hurt.医生给你开了些药对吧Well the doctor gave you something right?小儿科的东西The kid stuff.无法让人飘飘然的药Nothing with an "o" in it.我感觉我是离不开那玩意儿了I think they were onto me.给好好享受去吧Here. Knock yourself out literally.谢谢杰里Thanks Jer.你晚上来看慧星吗So you gonna uh watch the comet later?我还没想这事I hadn't really thought about it.只是若是你邀请我会去的But I could be talked into it.咱们一会儿在那见面I'll meet you out there in a few.薇感觉好点了吗Hey Vick. How you feeling?别假惺惺了Like you care.你看什么看吉尔伯特What are you looking at Gilbert?我拿了一些蜡烛Hey I got some candles.谢谢Thank you.不用谢You're welcome.谢谢Thank you.你明白吗那颗彗星You know that comet...在太空中旅行了数千年了It's been traveling across space for thousands of years.孤单单的All alone.邦妮说那是灾难的预兆Yeah Bonnie says it's a harbinger of evil.我感觉它只是一个球I think it's just a ball of...冰雪球Snow and ice困在轨道里出不来了Trapped on a path that it can't escape.每一年一次And once every years得以回家It gets to come home.昨天的事对不起了I'm sorry about yesterday.那时我状态不对I wasn't myself.你仿佛总在道歉You seem to spend a lot of time apologizing.我有很多事都要道歉Well I have a lot to apologize for.昨天的事和你无关Yesterday that wasn't about you ok?你没告知我你有个哥哥You didn't tell me that you had a brother.咱们并非亲热We're not close.有些...It's...复杂It's complicated.向来如此Always.他跟我说了你的前女友凯瑟琳He told me about your ex Katherine?他怎么说的What did he say?她伤了你的心That she broke your heart.那是好久以前的事了That was a long time ago.当你失去了某个人那种感觉如影随形When you lose someone it stays with you总在提示你自己是何等容易受伤Always reminding you of how easy it is to get hurt.埃琳娜Elena...没事斯特凡It's ok Stefan.我了解I get it.你不明白我有多了解这种感觉You have no idea how much I get it.关系复杂的兄弟我也是Complicated brother? Check.关系复杂的前任我也是Complicated ex? Check.太复杂以致不敢考虑再谈恋爱完全感同身受Too complicated to even contemplate dating double check.没关系的It's ok.咱们相识相知We met and we talked像诗一样浪漫And it was epic but...但太阳出来真实的生活又开始了Then the sun came up and reality set in因此So...我认得你I know you.那太不幸了Well that's unfortunate.说不出什么缘故I don't...I don't know how可是But...你的脸Your face.抱歉失陪了Excuse me. Sorry.有人看见薇姬了吗Hey has anyone seen Vickie?你不是一直随着她的吗你不明白吗You're her stalker. You tell us.我找不到她I can't find her.或许她和其他人玩去了She probably found somebody else to party with.看来有人代替药贩子的位置了Sorry pill pusher I guess you've been replaced."药贩子"是什么意思What's with the pill pusher?-问他 -此刻能不说那个吗- Ask him. - Will you do this right now?你在贩毒吗Are you dealing?她永久可不能喜爱你的She's never gonna go for you.咱们已经做过了She already did.很多很多很多次Over and over and over again.嗯对Yeah right.你睡了薇姬·多诺万You slept with Vickie Donovan?噢不是薇姬·多诺万睡了你I mean Vickie Donovan slept with you?不可能There's no way.而且都是她志愿的And I didn't even have to force her into it.他在乱说些什么呢泰What the hell is he talking about Ty?没什么别理那个废物Nothing man just ignore him he's a punk.你们都闭嘴You know what how about all of you shut up-去帮我找我的妹妹 -咱们去后面看看- And help me find my sister? - We'll check the back.-我去广场 -我和你一路- I'll check the square. - I'll come with you.噢不不Oh no no no.你跟我来You are coming with me.你此刻在贩毒吗So that's your game now dealing?我没贩毒 I'm not dealing.听着我不想再苦口婆心地说教了杰里Look I'm sick of the tough love speech Jer.明显对你没有成效It's really having no impact.你和珍娜阿姨...You and Jenna between the two of you...你不肯意听咱们能够不说We can stop if you want.能够送你去医治师那里强行医治Send you to a therapist where you'll be forced to deal with it.或围坐在戒毒所里Or to rehab where you'll sit in group和生疏人一路互诉自己慢慢四分五裂的人一辈子And tell some stranger how you let your life fall apart.或你也能够跟我谈谈Or you could talk to me.我一个都不选I vote for none of the above.你看到我妹妹了吗Have you seen my sister?-没有 -我找不到她- No sorry. - I can't find her.她失踪了She's missing.我会帮你留意她的I'll keep an eye out for her.昨天我在医院看到你了Hey I saw you at the hospital yesterday.是吗Did you?你在那里做什么What were you doing there?看望病人Visiting.看望Visiting?我和埃琳娜已经熟悉很长时刻了Elena and I we've known each other for a long time.咱们此刻是不在一路We might not be together right now但我仍会护着她But I look out for her.而且我永久都会爱惜着她And I'll always look out for her.不准再叫了You really have to stop screaming.求你了不要如此...No please stop don't...抓到你了Shh. I got you.失陪Excuse me.不不要No! No!我要放手了哦我不放了I gotta do it. I'm not gonna drop you.不错哦Not bad.最近你都吃兔子吗Have you been eating bunnies?放开她Let her go.真的吗Shh. Really?好吧Ok.不不要No! No no no!放松点Relax.到底怎么回事What's happening?我不需要她死可是...I don't need her to be dead but...你可能会需要You might.那天晚上是什么攻击的你What attacked you the other night?我不明白一只动物I don't know. An animal.你确信Are you sure about that?再想一想Think.再认真使劲想Think about it think really hard.什么攻击你的What attacked you?吸血鬼A vampire.-是谁做的 -是你- Who did this to you? - You did!-错 -不要- Wrong! - Don't.-是斯特凡 -不要- It was Stefan. - Don't.过来Come here.是斯特凡·塞尔瓦托做的Stefan Salvatore did this to you.是斯特凡·塞尔瓦托做的Stefan salvatore did this to me.他是吸血鬼He's a vampire.恐怖的杀人恶魔A vicious murderous monster.求你达蒙别如此Please Damon. Please don't do this.你之前弄不定If you couldn't fix it before我看你此刻如何办I don't know what you can do now.你自己选的生活方式Your choice of lifestyle让你十分虚弱Has made you weak.你耍的那些魅惑小把戏A couple of vampire parlor tricks全然无法和你本来能够拥有的力量相较Is nothing compared to the power that you could have你此刻就需要力量That you now need.可是你能够改变这一切But you can change that.人类的血液给予你改变的机遇Human blood gives you that.不要No!你有两个选择You have two choices.吸她的血然后让她什么都不记得You can feed and make her forget.或让她大叫着"吸血鬼"Or you can let her run screaming "vampire"在镇子的广场上疯跑Through the town square.你的目的确实是那个吗That's what this is about?你想暴露我的身份You want to expose me?错我要你记起真实的自己No! I want you to remember who you are!什么缘故为了让我吸血吗Why? So what so I'll feed?杀人吗So I'll kill?记得咱们曾经是好兄弟的时候吗So I'll remember what it's like to be brothers again?放她走You know what let her go.让她告知每一个人吸血鬼又重返瀑布镇了Let her tell everyone that vampires have returned to mystic falls.让他们把我锁起来Let them chain me up让他们把木头插进我的心脏And let them drive a stake through my heart那样至少我就能够够摆脱你了Because at least I'll be free of you.过来亲爱的Come here sweetheart.-不 -没事的- No! - It's OK.发生什么事了What happened?我在哪里Where am I?我伤口开线了I ripped my stitches open.你还好吗You ok?我吃了些药罢了老兄I took some pills man.我专门好I'm good.回家真好It's good to be home.我想我要待一段时刻了Think I might stay a while.瀑布镇需要被唤醒This town could use a bit of a wake-up call.你不感觉吗Don't you think?你到底想干什么达蒙What are you up to Damon?我也正在想呢而你就要...That's for me to know and for you to...dot dot dot.替我向埃琳娜问好Give Elena my best.她说你发觉她处处乱逛She said you found her wandering around.是的Yeah.那么So谢谢Thanks.太戏剧性了It's just so much drama.注意到瘾君子Ever notice how the druggies才是最能吸引注意力的婊子吗Are the biggest attention whores?你们好打搅一下Excuse me. Hi.。

浅析英语委婉语之社会功能来源:宁波教科网(2005-1-12) 发表日期:2005年1月12日[摘要]：委婉语是人类社会中普遍存在的一种语言现象，是用语言来调剂人际关系的一个重要手段，它的使用具有重要的社会功能。

文章从五个方面分析了委婉语在社会交际中的功能，即：人际交流中的礼仪功能，言谈措辞的积极功能，使语言妙趣横生的幽默功能，掩盖事实真相的欺骗功能和鞭挞社会、人性的讽刺功能。

[关键词]：英语；委婉语；社会功能委婉语（Euphemism ）是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象，是人们谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时，所使用的较为礼貌的说法。

它是一种修辞格，更是一种文化现象。

委婉语是人们在交际中用来表达不宜直言的人或事物的言语。

从修辞学的角度讲，委婉是一种修辞手法；从委婉用语的形式看，它可以分为词语的委婉和词句的委婉；从委婉的内容看，更是丰富多彩，应有尽有。

委婉语既是一种语言现象，也是一种文化现象。

从民俗文化学的角度看，它是属于行为禁忌民俗的一种特殊表现。

在语言交际过程中，有时有必要忌讳人们说(或写)某些词语(或话语)，这就是言语禁忌；被禁止或忌讳说或写的话就是禁忌语。

但是，在某些情况下，在言语交际中被列入禁忌的内容还非得说不可，不能完全避开它们，于是迂回婉转的表达方式，即委婉语应运而生。

英语委婉语一词“euphemism ”源于希腊语，前缀“eu ”是“好”(good)的意思，词根“pheme ”是“说话”(speech)的意思，和起来意为“说好听的话或善词令”(comfortable words)。

在汉语中，委婉语的使用自古就有。

古汉语的“曲语”就是委婉语，是指说话时迂回曲折，含蓄隐晦；不直陈某人、某事或某物，但却达到较好的语言交际效果。

因此，委婉语是各种语言共有的语言现象。

委婉语虽然只是一种修辞，但是它的重要的社会功能从一个侧面反映了一种或一个社会的价值观和崇尚心理。

作为一种语言变体的委婉语的社会语言学研究具有“捕获人类思维与企图的阔辐的无与伦比的作用(David Crystal,1987: 1)”。

StylisticsIntroduction to stylistics: Necessity of the course1) the ultimate aim: cultivation of creative thinking2) general education3) an interdisciplinary field of study—involves the combining of the two or more academic field into one single discipline4) the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspectiveChapter 1 Style and Stylistics1.1 A T aste of StyleStyle is considered an important factor in writing, and is an important part of a writing course. But often people payFrom the perspective of the users of the language, style is speakers addressing different people in different ways.From the perspective of the function of the text, style is the functions of texts for different purposes.The definition of style used in this book is a general, linguistic-oriented one: Manners indicating prominent liguistic features,features of different varieties of language at different levels. Stylistics is an inter ‗disciplinary(跨学科的，学科间的) field of2.Spelling. → Graphology3.Words. → Lexicon4.Grammar. → Syntax5.Meaning. → SemanticsSound features:Pun双关: Using the same sound to express different meanings in the same context.1. Seven days without water makes one weak. 七天不进水，人就会虚弱。

下面是2011年阅读理解和完形填空新增文章的目录，供大家在复习时进行对照。

综合类阅读理解部分新增3篇(与2010职称英语教材对比)B级*第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People对年轻人的过高期望综合类完型填空部分新增3篇(与2010职称英语教材对比)B级*第十二篇Sport or Spectacle竞技还是表演?综合类教材中完型填空题型错误提醒：1、第十三篇英文暂无译文。

2、第十三篇中文译文实为第十五篇英文的译文。

3、第十五篇中文译文，大家可忽略不计，因英文已在教材删除。

复习重点仍应该放在词汇选项、阅读理解、完型填空三大题型上。

（一）阅读理解题型复习策略：关注新增文章：大家要利用这段时间把2011年新增的文章（新增文章列表见下文），尤其是本类别新增的文章要仔细认真的进行背诵和复习，在背诵文章时，应注意以下三点：（1）背诵每个题目的答案，不能只记ABCD（2）关注文章的中文内容，为换题做准备；（3）要全面重点背诵三个类别中新增的15篇文章，防止串考现象。

（二）完型填空题型复习策略：大家在复习完形填空题型时，应注意以下几点：（1）完型填空题型为题库出题，不需要做课外题目，综合类、理工类、卫生类串考情况比较少，各级别复习重点，综合类学生要扩大复习范围。

（2）复习要有层次感：把握住复习重点（3）复习程度把握：每篇文章的中文意思一定要全部了解，不能只记标题。

文章空白处反复练习，语法现象熟记。

（三）词汇选项题型的复习策略大家可以利用2月份这段时间集中进行同义词的积累和记忆，同时每天利用一定的时间练习进行查字典，对于基础较差的考生，建议抽时间坚持每天可以练习10—20对左右，这样有利于大家全面攻克词汇选项题型。

（四）其他题型的复习策略：阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子和补全短文三个题型，由于题目难度较大，且根据往年出题规律，一般不出教材内的内容，分值所占比重较小。

建议考生在复习过程中主要以掌握解题技巧为主，通过一些习题进行技巧的灵活应用。

看吸血鬼日记学英语 Vampire Diary 第一季 02Previously on the vampire diaries...previously: 事先;以前的吸血鬼日记，上集回顾...-Stefan: For over a century,一个多世纪以来。

I have lived in secret, until now. 我一直秘密生活着，直到现在。

I know the risk, but I had no choice.我知道这很冒险，但我别无选择。

I have to know her.我必须要了解她。

-Elena: I'm Elena.我是Elena。

-Stefan: I'm Stefan.我是Stefan。

-Elena: I know. We have history together.我知道，我们一起上历史课。

Last spring, my parents' car去年春天，我父母的车，Drove off of a bridge into the lake.从桥上掉到湖里。

-Stefan: You won't be sad forever, Elena.你不会永远悲伤的，Elena。

I live with my uncle.我和我叔叔住在一起。

-Elena: Any siblings?有兄弟姐妹吗？-Stefan: None that I talk to.没有！-Damon: Hello, brother.你好！弟弟！-Stefan: Damon.Damon！Elena, she's a dead ringer for Katherine.Elena，她简直是Katherine的翻版！-Stefan: Wherever you go, people die. 只要是你去的地方，就会有人死。

-Jeremy: My god, it's Vicki天呐！是Vicki！-Elena: Something bit her, she'slosing a lot of blood.什么东西咬了她，她流了很多血！Somebody help!救命啊！-Vicki: Vampire.吸血鬼。

职称英语考试综合类C级真题及答案一、词汇选项1、Eventually---Finally2、vary---change3、thorough---careful4、proposed---suggested5、disappointing---unsatisfactory6、explored---investigated7、a lot---greatly8、relied on---depended on9、converted---turned10、goal---aim/11、root---cause12、brief---short13、impact---influence14、shined---polished15、confessed---admitted/二、阅读判断Travel Across Africa/16、Daniel and Sophia drove slowly through the busy desert.---Wrong17、Sophia wrote about her experience in notebooks.---Right18、Daniel took photos of the Nile River.---Not Mentioned19、Daniel and Sophia saw a lot of wonderful things. ---Right20、While driving Daniel and Sophia saw wild horses. ---Wrong21、The horses didn’t come near the car. ---Wrong22、Sophia woke Daniel up so that he could take photos of the horses. ---Wrong三、概括大意与完成句子Operatunity23、Paragraph 1---Becoming famous24、Paragraph 2---Their lives before25、Paragraph 3---Living the new life/26、Paragraph 4---The difficult parts27、Operatunity may help ordinary people to---realize their dreams28、Before becoming famous, Denise and Jane worked in order to---raise their children29、While traveling, Denise and Jane had to ask someone to---take care of their children30、Being celebrities, Denise and Jane had to learn to---deal with media四、阅读理解第一篇How to be a successful businessman（如何成为一名成功的商业人士？）文章主旨：讲述关于一位餐饮行业成功人士的故事。

经典的英文马屁经-如何奉承男孩子：1. You really look sharp in that new outfit.你穿那套新衣服看起来很帅。

2. You look very smart in your new suit.你穿上新衣服显得很潇洒。

3. You look like a million dollars.你看上去帅呆了。

4. He's a sharp dresser.他总是穿得很潮。

5. He's smoking hot!他身材真好！6. He was a real sport.他是一个令人愉快的同伴。

7. His deportment is beautiful.他的举止很有风度。

8. So you found a hottie after all, huh?所以你最终还是给自己找了个帅哥啊！9. He looks swell.他看起来很潇洒。

10. The man looks natural and unaffected.那个人看起来很自然、很真诚。

11. My brother is a clean-cut guy.我弟是个很整洁的人。

去麦当劳吃洋快餐，你知道圣代英语怎么说？麦香鱼英语又怎么说呢？......汉堡Hamburger 吉士汉堡Cheeseburger 双层汉堡Double Hamburger 双层吉士汉堡Double Cheeseburger 巨无霸Big Mac麦香鱼Filet-O-Fish 麦香鸡Mc.Chicken 薯条Fries热红茶Hot Tea 热巧克力Hot Chocolate 咖啡Coffee鲜奶Milk 芬达Fanta 可口可乐Coca-Cola雪碧Sprite 橙汁Orange Juice 绿茶Green T ea草莓奶昔Strawberry Shake 巧克力奶昔Chocolate Shake苹果派Apple Pie 香草奶昔Vanilla Shake巧克力圣代Chocolate Sundae 菠萝圣代Pineapple Sundae朱古力圣代Chocolate Sundae 菠罗圣代Pineapple Sundae本篇文章来源于外语爱好者网站() 转载请以链接形式注明出处网址：在中国，取名的学问和规则与国外的完全不同。

Why language is human specific?Abstract:As for the view that language is specific for human beings, we can conclude it on the basis of the formation and the particular characters of human language. Therefore we can conclude that the formation of human language is the mutual effect of the internal changes and the external environment. Human language has a lot of unique characters such as creativity and productivity. Finally we can get the conclusion that language is specific for human beings.Introduction:The claim that language is human specific implies that humans can talk, but other animals can not. There must be something particular. To have a better understanding of this, we have had a father exploration from human development process and language features.Language is a unique human trait which has been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. In our viewpoint, why language is human specific is due to four reasons as follows.1. Special genes provide the possibility for the vocal ability.The research conducted by the scientists of British Academy found that human beings have the gene FOXP2. And its peculiar location on chromosome 7 has a great impact on the capacity of speaking. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similardisorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language.2. Physiological basis is the fundamental factor for speaking.①Sophisticate brain structure.Our brain has a particular part for speaking, reading, and listening, which named speech center. Speech center is responsible for language expression and other senior activities. A famous research shown that if any part of your speech center is destroyed; unfortunately, you will get Aphasia or others diseases related to language.②Special speech organs .From the fore-language stage to mature language stage, human beings’ pronunciation organs has evolved well, people can be able to speak out complex syllables, words and sentences.The other reason for the claim that language is human specific is that there are certain characteristics of human language. They are not found in the communication systems of any other species.Linguists generally believe that language consists of a series of symbols and the combination rules of these symbols (syntax) composition, at least contains four important features:plex structure of human languageHuman language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any known animal communication system. Human language doesnot simply use sound to transfer the message, and they use sentence which concludes unit, table righteousness unit, pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax system and so on. However, the communication tool used by animals is the voice of indecomposable. It can not decompose a syllable, sound, and other units, even more vocabulary and grammar. So their sound is invariable, no social. For this reason, we say that language is human-specific.2. The creativity of human language.The creativity of human language is seen as the essence mark of communication between human and other species.Human beings have the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances. Some linguists call this property of language creativity. Human language is intelligent voice. It is produced as a result of human creativity. But animals can only express some things or situations which are simple and easy to convey. Not like human beings who can be in different conditions use different expressions. Also human can use different ways to express the same kind of content. However the animals’ communication does not have the ability of creativity.So the creativity of human language indicates that language is human-specific. 2.Acquired learning of human languageHuman language can't acquire through biological inheritance but learning. Human beings are higher animals which have complex socialsystem, so they need this complex communication ways---language to communicate mutually and spread knowledge. If human beings do not learn language, they can’t communicate with each other. The example of wolf child can prove this. However, animals obtain language through biological inheritance, and they can not get it by learning. For example, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring.Gua was a chimpanzee raised as though it were a human child by prof. and Mrs. Kellogg alongside their son Donald. In tests Gua often tested ahead of Donald in reading and understanding. The parting difference came with language. Donald was about 16 months and Gua was a little over a year old when they had language testing. Gua could not speak, but Donald could form words.As for this, we can know that language is human-specific.4. Independent assortment of human language.Independent assortment of language is limitless .Or we can call it openness or productivity. Although most animals are assumed to communicate in some ways, they convey limited information and only express emotions such as fear and warnings. The information that animal sounds and actions can transfer is very limited, and it cannot be compared with language. Animal communication systems are closed, whereas human languages are open-ended. People can talk about anything theycan observe or imagine. What they can say on given topics is almost unlimited. For example, the use of more limited vocabulary, phrases and combination rules can form an infinite number of sentences. Only human beings can change meaningless speech according to various combination rules to become meaningful morpheme. The characteristics of human language that information transfer regardless of the local environmental restrictions.Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisti cated than any animal communication system. People’s ability of making an excellent speech use not only tongue and mouth, but also the smart and complicated human mind.With the four characteristics of human language, the complexity structure of language, creativity, acquired learning and independent assortment, language is human-specific.Reference:1.Nature418, 869-872 (22 August 2002) | doi: 10.1038/nature01025; Received 11 November 2001; Accepted 29 July 2002; Published online 14 August 20023./view/3ae077c10c22590102029de6.html4./view/94c8b42bcfc789eb172dc8cc5./view/9b70437ea26925c52cc5bfd6.html。

语言学简答题第1章一．1. Fill in the blanks(1) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外院2008）(2) Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. (人大2007）(3) The features that define our human language can be called __design____ features. （北二外2006）(4) human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ____displacement________ .（北二外2006）(5) Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ________ideational__, interpersonal and textual functions. （中山大学2008）(6) Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the ____metalingual_______ function of language. （中山大学2005）(7) when language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is __phatic_____ function. (北二外2005）(8) linguistics is usually defined as the ___scientific_____ study of language. （北二外2003）(9) __pragmatics________ can be defined as the study oflanguage in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.(10) ___Descriptive________ grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while _______prescriptive_____grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. (人大2006）(11) Chomsky initiated the distinction between _____competence_______ and performances. （北二外2007）（12) The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______Diachronic Linguistic___________ study.3. Short answer questions(1) briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. （北外2002）(2) why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开2004）(2)Duality makes language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements(Sounds-words, words-sentences). Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language had no such design feature, then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations, which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.第2章Ⅲ. Explain the following termsAssimilation （南大，武大，上大）2. Distinctive features of speech sounds（中山，北师，北交大，浙江大学）3. Syllable （川大）4. Cardinal vowel （川大，大连外院）2. The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4. The cardinal vowels are a set vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.5. Minimal pairs （武大，浙大，川大，…)6. Coarticulation（武大，川大，南大）7. Voiceless （西安交大）8. Broad and narrow transcription （中山）9. Complementary distribution（武大，南开）What are phonemes, phones, and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English.（北外2005）2. What are suprasegmental features?（西外2006）第3章1. Stem2. inflectional morpheme3. Allomorph1. What is the distinction between inflectional affixes andderivational affixes? （四川大学2007）2. Illustrate the ways of lexical change. （武汉大学2005）第5章Ⅲ. True or false1. In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil”, “root”is used in its conceptual meaning. （北二外2007）2. Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. （南开2005）3. “Tulip”, “rose”and “violet”are all included in the notion of “flower”. Th erefore they are superordinates of “flower”. （北二外2006）4. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent wordsand the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALIT. （大连外院2008）Ⅳ. Explain the following terms1. Conceptual meaning （川大，武大，上交大）2. Semantic Triangle （上外2008）3. Homonymy （上海交大2007）4. Relational opposites （武大2005）5. Synonymy （西安交大2008）6. Componential analysis (浙大2005，北航2008）1.According to Leech , conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive, or denotativecontent of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. For example, the conceptual meaning of “human” is any person such as John and Mary.2.Ogden and Richard pr esented the classic “semantic Triangle” as manifes ted in the followingdiagram, in which the “symbol” or “form” refers to the linguistic elements (word, sentence, ect.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and “thought” or “reference” refers to concept or notion. According to t his view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. The link is via thought, the concept in our minds.Ⅴ. Short answer questions1. What is the referential theory of meaning? （北交大2005）2. How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semanticfeatures? （浙大2004）(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? why? (厦大2010）2. (a) the verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is requiredthat the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as (+ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature (-ANIMATE). That is why sucha collocation results in oddness.2.(b) the action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as (+HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as (-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.3. Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to meansameness or close similarity. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another.There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects:In stylistic meaning (buy, purchase)in emotive meaning (economical, stingy)in range of use or collocative meaning (accuse, charge)in British and American English usages (autumn, fall)第7章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis （武大2004）2. linguistic relativity （川大2010，人大2006）3. Linguistic determinism （上海交大2007）4. Diglossia（南开2010）5. Register （南开2010）6. sociolect（首师2011）7. Creole （上海交大2006）Ⅳ. Answer the following questions1. How does language relate to culture?（中山大学2010）2. How could you understand “register” in systematic functional linguistics?（北航2010）3.why do you think that, all other things being equal, women use more standard variants ofstable sociolinguistic variables than men? （北外2006）2. Register is important in systemic linguistics because it is seen as the linguisticconsequence of interacting aspec ts of context, whichHalliday calls “field, tenor, and mode.”…By understanding the values for field, tenor, and mode, language users can predict the meanings that are likely to be exchanged and the language likely to be used.3. The main causes of these differences are more of social ones rather than biologicalones.Women are more status-conscious than men and they are aware of their low status in society and as a result, use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim equality or even achieve higher social status.Another reason might be attributed to the education. Women are educated to behaved “like a lady” when they are little girls. They realize it is more socially acceptable for them to speak more politely, and gently than it is for men.The differences are brought about by women’s place in society. If we want to reform the language, the first thing we need to do is to try to change the society.4.Explain briefly bilingualism and diglossia.（北航2007）5. Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines fordifferent types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with you linguistic knowledge?（北航2008）5. (1) Language can reflect the social environment of a society.(2) Language system forms thought or is necessary for thought.According to Sapir, Whorf,….Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow. A child who grows up speaking such a language will develop more cognitive categories for snow than will an English speaking child. When the former looks out at a snowy environment, he will, in some sense, sees it differently from a child who has but one word snow.第8章Ⅲ. Explain the following terms1. Locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act （北航2010，北交大）2. Performatives（中山2008）3. Conversational implicature（川大，武大，北交，北航…)4. Cooperative principle （北二外，北师大）5. Violation of maxims （北交大2006）Ⅳ. Short ans wer questions1.Based on the Cooperative principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “well, boysare boys” and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.（北二外2011）“Boys are boys” seem to violate the first quantity maxim. At the superficial level, the sentence is totally uninformative. But when people hear this sentence, he will think that the speaker is implying something and think about it at a deeper level. It conveys the meaning that “ boys are naughty and mischievous by nature”.2.If you ask somebody “can you open the door?”and heanswered “Yes”but does notactually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of speech act theory. （南开2010）2. According to Austin, speech acts can be analyzed on three levels:….In this context, locutionary act is the literal meaning: whether he has the ability to open the door. Illocutionary act:….In this case, it is misunderstood as a question to ask whether the hearer has the ability to open the door, so he answered yes. If you want to realize his intention, you have to use more direct request, “I would like you to open the door, please.”…3. How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?（南开2010）4. How do you understand the CP postulated by Grice? What are the four maxims ?（北二外2010）3. It is known that the presence of a conventional implicature relies on a number offactors: the conventional meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, ect. So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.。

2023届江苏省苏州市高三考前练习卷英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解With world-famous rock formations,rich national forest land and plenty of entertainments,Sedona,Arizona,is a popular vacation destination for outdoor lovers.Pink Adventure Tours—Broken ArrowKnowledgeable guides lead this difficult adventure that features twists and turns through Coconino National Forest.It includes time for two stops,allowing travelers to get out and explore.Travelers enjoy the special tour,impressed by the friendly guides and incredible views.Price:Adults from$142;kids from$129Pink Adventure Tours—Scenic RimOn this difficult90-minute adventure,hop into your pink jeep to navigate the rocky, winding paths.Tour goers love this outing,noting the guides are fun and knowledgeable,and the scenery is breath-taking.However,some past travelers express disappointment at unexpected tour cancellations due to icy weather,so keep the time of year in mind when booking.Price:Adults from$79;kids from$72Pink Adventure Tours—Red Rock RangeLike smooth roads?No problem.Pink Adventure Tours ranks this outing as“mild”, meaning you’ll encounter fewer bumps(颠簸).During the two-hour tour,guides amuse travelers with stories about the area’s history,plants and animals.Price:Adults from$89;kids from$81Pink Adventure Tours—Ancient RuinAnother“mild”tour option,Ancient Ruin tour explores the Honanki HeritageSite,where travelers can see700-year-old cliff dwellings(悬崖屋),learn about their history and culture, see how they lived and worked and get up close and personal with their ancient artwork and objects.Recent guests say they learned a lot on this unique tour and strongly recommend it.Price:Adults from$114;kids from$1031．What attracts Sedona travellers most?A．Low price.B．Good accommodation.who led the new study.4．What is the main finding of the new study?A．There’s a connection between exercise intensity and long life.B．Increasing the intensity of daily activity may affect our life.C．Vigorous everyday activity is better than moderate exercise.D．The way people choose to exercise determines people’s health.5．What does the underlined phrase“pays big dividends for”mean in paragraph3?A．Brings great benefits to.B．Causes serious harm to.C．Takes off the pressure from.D．Raises big money for.6．Why does the author mention the study from Wisloff’s lab in paragraph4?A．To explain the right amount of exercise improves health.B．To show energetic exercise raises heart rates and breathing.C．To prove adding some intensity to exercise brings more benefits.D．To demonstrate exercise in a gentler way benefits people more.7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．People’s subjective recall is reliable.B．Most people like exercise to a certain degree.C．The new study involves a great majority of people.D．The new study has some limitations as previous ones.There’s no tune,no lyrics and you can’t dance to it.Don’t let that put you off:white noise is the music industry’s next big thing.Streaming services have seen an explosion of tracks in the last year consisting entirely of recordings of rainfall,ocean waves and winds.Some of the recordings have earned their creators millions of pounds.Record companies and tech firms have taken notice.Apple is including background noise in its next operating system,and TikTok has been promoting pink noise and brown noise—sounds with lower frequencies as an aid to concentration for students at the start of the school year.Noise fans say that studying,sleeping and meditation(冥想)are all enhanced by listening to these sounds at proper levels.The economics of music-streaming mean noise-makers can cash in.Someone falling asleep to White Noise Baby Sleep’s90-second track Clean White Noise on repeat for seven hours will win up280plays.By last Friday it had been played837million times,worth an estimated$2.5m in royalties(版税).The leadtrack on Spotify’s own Rain Sounds playlist,two minutes of rainfall,has more than100m plays.In contrast,Laura Mvula only has541,000Spotify streams for the title track of this year’s award-winning album,Pink Noise—not a slice of sleepiness but tuneful,lyrical dance-pop that took her three years to make.Spotify,Apple Music,and other streaming services pay royalties in roughly the same way.They set aside a total pot for royalties,which is then divided up between distributors,record labels,recording artists and songwriters.That means that Mvula will get a smaller slice of the Spotify pie than will White Noise Baby Sleep, although most of it goes to the major record companies.It’s hard to work out who is making such noise.Spotify lists White Noise Baby Sleep’s songwriting credits as belonging to an Erik Eriksson.It’s not obvious who Eriksson is or whether he is part of a larger organization,but the Medium website One Zero last year established that many of the artists’names are pseudonyms(假名)used by companies. 8．Which of the following best describes white noise?A．Tuneful.B．Confusing.C．Pricey.D．Profitable. 9．How does the author describe the popularity of white noise in Paragraph3?A．By presenting some statistics.B．By making classifications.C．By making a comparison.D．By giving a definition.10．What does the author want to show by mentioning Laura Mvula’s Pink Noise?A．White noise is more popular.B．Pink noise has gone out of date.C．How Mvula gets paid.D．Who makes huge profits.11．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?A．Tips for attracting more white noise fans.B．Challenges some companies are faced with.C．Difficulty in identifying the copyright holders.D．Ways to improve the qualities of credits.Microsoft says it has used the natural language Al ChatGPT to control robots withsimple text commands.The approach means people with no engineering experience will be able to instruct robots to carry out tasks.Microsoft said the research was intended“to see if ChatGPT can think beyond text,and reason about the physical world to help with robotics tasks”.Robots are typically controlled by software that has been written by humans and sets out precise instructions,or else by some form of network Al that can learn to carry out tasks based on large numbers of examples.Neither Microsoft nor Open Al responded to a request for comment on this,but Microsoft said ChatGPT allows a user to monitor the process.ChatGPT isn’t in direct, real-time control of the robot,but simply creates the code that controls it.Microsoft said ChatGPT output shouldn’t be used directly to control a robot without“careful analysis”,but experts warn that it is risky to even begin thinking about placing Al in control of physical machines.Mark Coeckelbergh at the University of Vienna,Austria,says that regulations may be needed in order to set out where Al can be used and who is responsible should things go wrong.“It’s a very dangerous thing to just say‘let’s give control of these computers to AI’,”says Coeckelbergh.“The problem with contemporary artificial intelligence is that it’s not transparent(透明的)to the user.That’s a huge problem.”Others were doubtful about the ability of language models to program robots for complex tasks.Kathleen Richardson at De Montfort University Leicester,UK,says that Al language models are convincing mimics(模仿者),but that their real ability—including their adaptability to control robots—is often overblown.“I think Microsoft,and most people who design robots,overstate what they can and can’t do,”she says.12．What’s the purpose of the research conducted by Microsoft?A．To prove ChatGPT’s capacity to carry out tasks.B．To test ChatGPT’s ability to control robots.C．To teach ChatGPT to give accurate instructions.D．To identify the hidden problems of ChatGPT.13．What attitude does Microsoft show towards the direct use of ChatGPT onto a robot?A．Curious.B．Optimistic.C．Supportive.D．Opposed. 14．What does Mark Coeckelbergh want to convey?A．It’s safe to use Al to control physical machines.B．AI’s adaptability to control robots is reliable.C．Regulations of Al use should be in place.D．The problem with Al is still under debate. 15．What is the best title for the text?A．ChatGPT tells robots what to doB．Power of ChatGPT is changing usC．Problems of ChatGPT need solvingD．Al takes control of robots wisely二、七选五E．There are plenty of options,from talking therapies(疗法)to medication.F．In these cases,better talk to your medical team about the treatment.G．Feeling anxious all the time makes it hard for you to relax or enjoy life.三、完形填空29．A．assisted B．ordered C．commanded D．instructed 30．A．chance B．hit C．mess D．balance 31．A．barely B．literally C．immediately D．purposely 32．A．broad B．traditional C．smooth D．remote 33．A．record B．change C．adopt D．realize 34．A．creative B．critical C．bitter D．cheerful 35．A．challenges B．outcomes C．opportunities D．experiences四、用单词的适当形式完成短文五、其他应用文46．假定你是李华，是校学生会主席，你校将参观苏州古城墙遗址。

谈谈对外来词的看法英语作文{z}Title: Discussing the Views on LoanwordsIn today"s globalized world, the exchange of cultures is not only evident in tangible aspects such as cuisine and fashion but also in the linguistic sphere.Loanwords, which are words borrowed from one language to another, have become a significant feature of many languages worldwide.This essay aims to explore the perspectives on loanwords and their impact on languages and societies.From a positive standpoint, loanwords are seen as a token of cultural enrichment.They reflect the diversity and dynamism of languages, demonstrating the openness and adaptability of a society towards other cultures.For instance, the English language has incorporated numerous loanwords from Latin, French, and other languages, which have enriched its vocabulary and facilitated communication on a global scale.Moreover, loanwords can facilitate intercultural communication.They act as a bridge between different languages and cultures, allowing individuals to understand and appreciate each other"s cultures better.This is particularly significant in our increasingly interconnected world, where people from different backgrounds come together and need a common language to communicate.However, there are also concerns regarding the impact of loanwords on the integrity and identity of languages.Critics argue that the excessiveuse of loanwords can lead to language dilution, where the original language loses its distinctiveness and becomes overly influenced by other languages.This can potentially result in the loss of cultural heritage and linguistic diversity.To address this concern, some language purists advocate for the preservation of native languages by discouraging the use of loanwords.They argue that languages should remain autonomous and free from external influences to maintain their unique cultural nguage education plays a crucial role in this regard, emphasizing the importance of understanding and using native languages effectively.In conclusion, loanwords have both positive and negative implications.They are a manifestation of cultural exchange and enrichment, facilitating communication and understanding between different cultures.However, the excessive use of loanwords can also pose a threat to the integrity and identity of languages.Therefore, it is essential to strike a balance between embracing cultural diversity and preserving linguistic uniqueness.By doing so, we can appreciate the beauty and dynamism of languages while safeguarding the cultural heritage they embody.。

志，就是有所作为的决心；成，就是有所成就。

不管是学业、事业，能有所成就的，都是有志向的人。

举几个例子吧！童第周这句：“外国人能做到的，中国人也一定可以做到！”在世界人面前表现了中国人民的骄傲；詹天佑不怕困难、嘲笑，在南口以北修筑了京张铁路，长了中国人的志气，灭了帝国主义的威风；鲁迅先生更是如此，他拿起自己手中的笔，用了100多个笔名，写出了一篇篇使人觉醒的文章，他那坚定的志向，让这位伟大的作家、思想家成为中国现代文化的一座昆仑……古人有志的事就更多了：司马光从小就想弥补记忆不如人的缺陷，于是放弃玩的时间，勤奋读书，终于能使他精读背诵的内容，终身不忘；蒲松龄先生为激发自己奋发有为，写下一副对联：“有志者，事竟成，破釜沉舟，百二秦关终属楚；苦心人，天不负，卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴”……其实，发生在我们自己身上的事例也有。

就说我吧，也经历过类似的事。

记得有一次，我偶然听到这么一个歌谣：“小蜜蜂，嗡嗡嗡，飞到西来飞到东。

”可是有一个问题我总是不明白：为什么蜜蜂会“嗡嗡嗡”地叫呢？经过观察，我发现蚊子和苍蝇在飞行时也会发出同样的声音。

于是我想，是不是它们有一个特别的发声器官，能发出这样的声音呢？可我始终没有找到明确的答案。

这个问题总是憋在心里。

后来在一次偶然的机会里我终于找到了答案。

一个盛夏酷暑的中午，我无聊地躺在扶手椅里打盹。

忽然，一只讨厌的蚊子打算侵略我的“地盘”，挥舞着它的武器——尖嘴和翅膀。

我厌恶地伸出汗津津的手，随便一抓，没想到竟把那只可恶的家伙给抓住了。

咦，怎么刚抓住它，声音就没了？哦，可能是一时受了惊吓，当然就目瞪口呆、张口结舌啦。

我正准备把它捻死，可脑子里一个问题像火花似地闪现出来：会不会是翅膀扇动发出声音的呢？我把那只倒霉的蚊子从手心里捏出来，用指尖轻轻地捏住了它的肚子。

我紧盯着这微不足道的小东西，只见它的翅膀飞快地扇动了起来，嗡嗡地叫着，声音响亮而凄惨。

它正挣扎着想从我的手里逃出来。

我赶紧用另一只手捏住它。

江西师范大学2019—2020学年第一学期外国语学院《现代大学英语（闭卷）》期末试卷（A）卷出卷人：批准人：Part Ⅰmatch the words(10*0.5’＝5’)1. Sociable A. more than enough, sufficient2. Prosperous B. provoke, cause, stimulate3. Betray C. show4. Arouse D. silly, foolish and unreasonable5. Reflect E. connect one thing to another6. Resume F. think deeply7. Ample G. happy to be with other people8. Fascinate H. attract or interest irresistibly9. Attach I. continue, go on with10. Ridiculous J. successful and richpart ⅡTranslate the phrases(10*0.5＝5’)11.The opposite sex 12.Extend one's hands 13.Give me permission to do14.Put sb at ease 15.Earn some respect 16.Exchange a sharp glance17.Arouse one’s curiosity 18.Betray one’s surprise 19.Shrug one’s shoulder20.Resume one’s readingPart Ⅲ.vocabulary and structure(10*1’＝10’)21.As a result of careless washing, the sweater ____ to a child's size.A. ContractedB. CompressedC. ShrankD. Decreased22.Franklin's ability to learn from observation and experience _____ greatly to his success in public life.A. AttributedB. relatedC. owedD. Contributed23.we should make a clear _____ between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion.A. DistinctionB. SeparationC. DiscriminationD. deviation24.He is late again today. I'll _____that he will not be late tomorrow.A. Hope forB. be sureC. make it soD. See to it25.university is not just a place to ____ knowledge passed on to us from the past, it should be a place to explore new ideas.A. InquireB. EnquireC. RequireD. Acquire26.It suddenly dawned _____ me that there was another thing that contributed ____ their economic success.A. To ,toB. On, toC. On , forD. To , for27.I sympathize ____ her. I know why she didn't show ___ that day.A. For, upB. With, inC. To, offD. With, up28.we haven’t got much time. Let’s get ________ business.A. back onB. on forC. down toD. over with29.I can’t figure ._____ why people attach so much importance ______ GDP.A. out, toB. in, ofC. to, offD. up , to30..Don’t take me ______ a fool. I am not easily taken _____.A. for, inB. as, inC. as , intoD. for, intoPartⅣcloze(10*1’＝10’)Why People Use Pseudonyms（假名字）?You can't choose the name you are given at birth, but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names(31) they feel unhappy about them. However some people do(32) this course of action-particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes it's for purely(33) reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neftalf Reyes. He didn't want his father to (34) he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man.(35) other times the reason may Portuguese poet Femando Pessoa, appear strange; take the case of the (36) wrote under 75 different names. The reason? "When I use a different name, I always write in a different way," he explained. In most cases, (37), people change their names for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of the most(38)The person's real name is just(39) long and difficult to remember. Let's be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as (40) to remember as just plain "Madonna . And short names are much easier to remember: William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele.31. A. even if B. as if C. as D. even32. A, make B. take C. bring D. have33. A. obvious B. economic C. own D. personal34. A. understand B. know C. recognize D. observe35. A. On B. In C. At D. During36. A. whom B. who C. which D. that37. A. but B. although C. however D. and38. A. scientific B. common C. technical D. average39. A. so B. very C. too D. much40. A. pretty B. simple C. brief D. easyPart Ⅴreading comprehension(15*2’＝30’)Passage 1 Three Ways to Become More CreativeMost people believe they don't have has imagination, but most of us, once much imagination. They are wrong. Everyone we become adults, forget how to access it. Creativity isn't always connected with great works of art or ideas. People at work and in their free time routinely think of creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answer or you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you.This technique involves taking unrelated ideas and trying to find links between them. First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the ideas/words associated with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Think of as many as you can. The next stage is to relate the ideas to the job you have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend an original present; you could buy him tickets to a match or take him out for the night. Imagine that normal limitations don't exist. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new possibilities. If, for example, your goal is to learn to ski(滑雪）, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now adapt this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.Look at the situation from a different point of view. Good negotiators (谈判者) use this technique in business, and so does writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the characters in their books, They ask questions: what does this character want? Why can't she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? What does she dream about? If your goal involves other people, put yourself "in their shoes". The best fishermen think like fish!41. According to the passage, when we become adults,A. most of us are no longer creative.B. we are -not as imaginative as children.C. we can still learn to be more creative.D. .we are unwilling to be creative. .42. According to the first technique, if you need to solve a problem,A. you should link it with candles.. . .B. you have to think of buying a present for a friend.C. you should link it with as many words as possible.D. you could find an image and try to link it with the problem.43. The second technique suggests that you just imagine .A. setting a goal is as simple as skiing..B. you have every resource to achieve your goal.C. new possibilities will soon appear. .D. December and January are the best months for skiing.44. The phrase "put yourself 'in their shoes"' in paragraph.4 is closest in meaning toA. dress yourself like themB. do as they ask you to doC. put on their shoesD. think as they would45. We learn from the third technique that a good salesman should ask himself:A. what are my customers' needs?B. what do I usually do?C. what did my boss tell me to do?D. how should I sell my products?Passage 2 The State of Marriage TodayIs there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the 'past 50 years, the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded: almost 50% of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worse. If this trend continues, it will lead to the breakup of the family, according to a spokesperson for the National Family Association. Some futurists predict that in 100 years, the average American will marry at least four times, and extramaritai （婚外的）affairs will be even more common than they are now.But what are the reasons for this, and is the picture really so gloomy (明暗的)? The answer to the first question is really quite simple: marriage is no longer the necessity it once was. The institution of marriage has been based for yearspartly on economic need. Women used to be economically dependent on their husbands-as they usually didn't have jobs outside the home. But with the rising number of women in well-paying jobs, this is no longer the case, so they don't feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage.In answer to the second question, the outlook may not be as pessimistic (悲观的) as it seems. While the rate of divorce has risen; the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen ver}t much, so marriage is still quite popular. In addition to this, many couples now simply live together and don't bother to marry. These couples are effectively married, but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics. In fact, more than 50% off trst marriages survive.So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get . married indicates that it isn't. And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people: they suffer less from stress and its consequences, such as heart problems, and married men generally consider themselves more dontented tfian their single counterparts. Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!46. Which of the following is true about the marriage in the United States today?A. Divorce leads to the breakup of the family.B. More than half of the married couples get divorced.C. American people marry more than four times.D. More and more people are getting divorced.47. What does "this is no longer the case" in paragraph 2 mean?A. Women are not economically dependant any more.B. It is not necessary to get married any more.C. Women do not need a husband any longer.D. Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now.48.Why'is the outlook of marriage riot as hopeless as it appears?A. Many people still like to get married.B. The rate of divorce has actually decreased.C. Over 60% of the marriages continue to exist.D. The statistics of divorce is reliable.49.How do most men feel their marriage life?A. They feel much stronger than before.B. They don't feel as lonely as before.C. They suer more than before.D. They feel more satisfied than being single.50.Which of the following about marriage is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. It is important to discover what makes a marriage successful.B. Marriage has long been partly an economic need.C. It is a fact that most people choose to get married.D. Many people went abroad after divorce.Passage 3 Excessive Demands on Young PeopleBeing able to multitask is-hailed by most people as a welcome skill, but not according to a recent study which claims that young people between the ages of eight and eighteen of the so-called Generation M are spending a considerable amount of their time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. It argues that, in fact, these young people are frittering（浪费）away as much as half of their time as they would if they performed the very same tasks one after the other.Some young people are using an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. At the same time they are working, young adults are also surfing on the Internet, or sending out emails to their friends, and/or answering the telephone and listening to music on their iPods or on another computer. As some new device comes along, it is also added to the list rather than replacing one of the existing devices. Other research has indicated that this multitasking is even affecting the way families themselves function as young people are too wrapped up in(沅湎于) their own isolated worlds to interact with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house nor can they eat at the family table.All this electronic wizardry(魔力) is supposedly also seriously affecting young people's performance at universit3t and in the workplace. When asked about their opinions of the impact of modern gadgets (小装置) on their performance of tasks, the great majority of young people gave a favourable response.The response from the academic and business worlds was not quite as positive. The former feel that multitasking with electronic gadgets by children affects later development of study skills, resulting in a decline in the quality of writing, for example, because of the lack of concentration on task completion. They feel that many undergraduates now urgently need remedial (补救的) help with study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the workforce need to be taught all over again, as they have become deskilled.While all this may be true, it must be borne in mind that more and more is expected of young people nowadays; in fact, too much. Praise rather than criticism is due in respect of the way today's youth are able to cope despite what the older generation throw at them.51. What is probably true about the multitasking Generation M?A. They feel they are more efficient than others.B. They waste more time than they should spend.C. They put more energy on important tasks.D. They need to improve their analytical skills.52. With the introduction of new gadgets, what happens to the Generation M's present e-devices? They give way to the latest..They are quickly put aside.They are sold to their friends.They become part of their collection.53.Multitasking rriakes the Generation MA. feel lonely add pitiful.B. selfish and aggressive.C. distant to their family.D. silent and sad."54.The academics feel that many undergraduates badly need toA. adjust their social attitudes.B. seek psychological assistance.C. improve their study skills.D. take more business courses.55. What attitude should the older generation adopt towards the multitasking youth?A. Critical.B. Thankful.C. Negative.D. Supportive.Part ⅥTranslation:(4*5’＝20’)56她打算申请那个学术工作。

Word Meaning and Componential Analysis1.What is word meaning?Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。

‘Meaning’is what the form stands for.e.g.: desk: something you sit at and do your workSemantics refers not only to word meaning but also to sentence meaning.2.What is Reference所指关系?It is the relationship between language and the world.所指是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系It is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. E.g: the word 'tree' refers to the object 'tree'.In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent ,i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.换言之，只有当语言符号与所指物---物体、现象、人等之间建立某种联系，这个符号才获得意义。

The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction.词与外界事物的这种指称关系是任意的，又是约定俗成的。