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英汉互译实用教程（郭著章）第二章翻译过程及词义确定本章内容概述：翻译过程:1. 理解原文2. 译文表达3. 校核阶段翻译过程：理解原文⏹1. 理解语言现象a.词汇现象b.语法现象⏹2.理解逻辑关系⏹3.理解所涉及事物理解原文：理解语言现象译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等理解原文：理解语言现象a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义⏹Eg.1. Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满了欢乐与痛苦。
⏹He has seen the ups and downs in the history of ⏹the relations between the two countries.⏹他经历了两国关系史上的分分合合。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg. 2. The wedding ,which Heyward still remembered with pride ,was attended by a who's who of Boston Society.赫华德仍然记得，参加婚礼的人中有波士顿的一位社会名流，这使他感到十分得意。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg.3. There was no lady about him. He was what the woman would call a manly man. That was why they like him.他这人没有一点女人气。
他是女人们称之为男子汉的那种人。
这正是他们喜欢他的原因所在。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义4. My handwriting was so bad that after taking dictation, I couldn’t translate it.辨识、辨认a.词汇现象：根据词性确定词义Eg.5. On his way home he bought some apples at a fruit stand.摊位他回家时，在路上的水果摊上买了些苹果。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第10、11章【圣才出品】第10章⼤写、标点符号与英汉互译⼀、将下列各条译成英语。
注意⼤⼩写1. 地中海中的岛屿和加那利群岛【答案】Mediterranean islands and Canary Islands2. 我准备去西部度假。
【答案】I am going to the West for my vacation.3. 基⾟格的⽗亲是个德国⼈。
【答案】Kissinger’s father is a German.4. 你提到的那座天主教堂和圣爱德华天主教堂不同。
【答案】hat Catholic church you mentioned is different from St.Edward’s Catholic Church.5. 《双城记》是狄更斯的⼀部⼩说，⽽《⼈⽣颂》是朗费罗的⼀⾸诗。
【答案】A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Dickens and "The Psalm of Life" is a poem by Longfellow.⼆、翻译下列各条。
注意正确使⽤撇号1. ⽛医的诊所【答案】the dentist’s office2. 我表兄弟们的房⼦【答案】my cousins’ houses3. ⼥⼠们的帽⼦【答案】the ladies’ hats4. 琼斯⼀家的汽车【答案】the Joneses’ car5. 我⼏位嫂⼦的信件【答案】my sisters-in-law’s letters6. 五美元的价值【答案】five dollars’ worth7. 基⾟格和尼克松的计划【答案】Kiss inger and Nixon’s plan8. 尼克松和罗杰斯各⾃的计划【答案】Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans三、将下列句⼦译成汉语。
注意标点符号的使⽤1. The teacher said. “I will accept your excuse.”【答案】这位⽼师说：“我同意你的请假。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】第1章翻译概述⼀、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通⽤的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
⼆、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译⼊语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东⽅语⾔和西⽅语⾔3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历⼭⼤?弗雷泽?泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治?穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《⼏何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花⼥》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群⼰权界论》（约翰?穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当?斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺⽽不信。
英汉互译实用教程课程笔记一翻译概论译者合格条件五条：1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧A brief introduction to the history of translation in chinaTranslation in china has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.See the following facts:1.The Eastern Han –the Northern and Southern Dynasties (25—581)China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China by themselves to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them were An Shigao （An Qing）from Persia (now Iran ), Indu Dharmarakcha and Kumarajiva form India.2.The Sui Dynasty (581—618) –the Tang Dynasty (618—907): Golden Age ofTranslation in Ancient China.Three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture appeared:1)Xuan Zang ( the Tang Dynasty )2)Kumarajiva (the Eastern Jin Dynasty ) 鸠摩罗什3)Paramatha (also called Gunarata ) ( N.& S. Dynasties) 真谛（波罗末他）3.The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644)Xu Guangqi ( 徐光启), a Chinese and M. Ricci,( 利玛窦) anItalian cotranslated Euclid’s Elements (or: Euclid’s Elementorum )4.The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 )There were great translators like Yan Fu and Lin ShuLin Shu:1Camille ( or: La Dame aux Camelias) ( 《巴黎茶花女遗事》)2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin( 《黑奴吁天录》)3 David Copperfield( 《块肉余生述》)Yan Fu:1 Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays by T. H. Huxley (《天演论》)2 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith(《原富》)3 On Liberty by J. S. Mill (《群己权界论》)4 A History of Politics by E. Jenks (《社会通诠》)习题1.Yan Fu‘s 3-word translation criteria are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.（严氏三字真言）2. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today arefaithfulness and smoothness.3. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language, not only an art but also a science. (what is meant by translation?)4. Karl Marx was fond of saying: ―A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle oflife.‖5. Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites：1 a good command of the source language,2 a good command of the target language,3 a wide range and scope of knowledge,4 a high political consciousness,5 a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.6. To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulnessand smoothness, or even only one word：faithfulness. (what do you think should be the criteria of translation？) （faithfulness 更重要）“宁顺而不信。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】第3章翻译常⽤的⼋种技巧⼀、翻译下列各段。
注意翻译术语的适当运⽤，尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义1. There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英，主要有⼋条翻译技巧(和原则)，即选词⽤字法，增译法，减译法，词类转移法，词序调整法，正说反译法、反说正译法，分译法和重译法。
2. By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the bas is of accurate comprehension of the original.【答案】所谓“选词⽤字法”，就是在正确理解原⽂的基础上适当地选择词语。
3. Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.【答案】重译法之所以有⽤，第⼀是它可使译⽂明确(明确是衡量语⾔质量的第⼀个标准)；第⼆是为了强调，使语⾔有⼒(这是衡量语⾔质量的另⼀重要标准)；第三是为了使译⽂⽣动形象，引⼈⼈胜。
第8章文化与翻译8.1 复习笔记第1节概述一、文化概念1. 广义文化广义论者认为：文化是个几乎无所不包的大范围、大概念，既有属于物质领域的，也有属于意识形态领域的。
据此广义定义，美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：(1) Ecology生态学；(2) Material Culture物质文化；(3) Social Culture社会文化；(4) Religious Culture宗教文化；(5) Linguistic Culture语言文化。
2. 狭义文化狭义论者却认为文化只指精神文明，这是中外大多数人比较一致的看法。
二、翻译与文化关系1. 任何翻译都离不开文化。
历来有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。
2.在学习一种语言的过程中认真研究与该语言相关联的文化，大量的文化信息可以等值传递，这就是两种文化共性的东西。
与两种文化的差异相联的内容构成了翻译中的难题，这种难题任何译者都会经常遇到。
第2节大众审美心理与广告翻译一、大众审美心理与广告翻译的关系审美心理是一种综合的文化意识，涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面，大众审美心理更是如此；而广告又是一种面对大众的重要宣传手段，本身就是一种重要的社会文化，它不仅要遵循社会文化习惯和投合大众审美心理，而且在影响和形成社会文化和审美心理方面起着重要作用。
二、翻译方法1. 熟悉外族文化，了解异域人民审美心理；否则的话，就会在出口商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
如：“蜜蜂”牌洗澡香皂被直译为“Bees”，看来也是完全对应的英译，但英文读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂身上有几乎看不见的绒刺，擦在身上自然感觉不到舒服。
2. 为向译文读者忠实地转达原文信息，有时要作适当的文化转换。
如：“玉兔”这一商标为什么英译成“Moon Rabbit”而不译成“Jade Rabbit”?原因在于：“玉兔”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子，因此，它又成为月的代称。
第1章翻译概述一、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
二、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译入语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东方语言和西方语言3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治•穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《几何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花女》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群己权界论》（约翰•穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当•斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺而不信。
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了。
第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译一、将下列各条译成英语。
注意大小写1. 地中海中的岛屿和加那利群岛【答案】Mediterranean islands and Canary Islands2. 我准备去西部度假。
【答案】I am going to the West for my vacation.3. 基辛格的父亲是个德国人。
【答案】Kissinger’s father is a German.4. 你提到的那座天主教堂和圣爱德华天主教堂不同。
【答案】hat Catholic church you mentioned is different from St.Edward’s Catholic Church.5. 《双城记》是狄更斯的一部小说，而《人生颂》是朗费罗的一首诗。
【答案】A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Dickens and "The Psalm of Life" is a poem by Longfellow.二、翻译下列各条。
注意正确使用撇号1. 牙医的诊所【答案】the dentist’s office2. 我表兄弟们的房子【答案】my cousins’ houses3. 女士们的帽子【答案】the ladies’ hats4. 琼斯一家的汽车【答案】the Joneses’ car5. 我几位嫂子的信件【答案】my sisters-in-law’s letters6. 五美元的价值【答案】five dollars’ worth7. 基辛格和尼克松的计划【答案】Kiss inger and Nixon’s plan8. 尼克松和罗杰斯各自的计划【答案】Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans三、将下列句子译成汉语。
注意标点符号的使用1. The teacher said. “I will accept your excuse.”【答案】这位老师说：“我同意你的请假。
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了。
38SINGAPORE AIRLINES ANNOUNCE ①A BREAKWITH CONVENTION.②All work and no play makes for a dull convention. So Singapore Airlines have come up with a few ideas on mixing business, with pleasure.We call it a break with convention.③A convention for you and the gang at any of the ‘fun’ spots in Asia with all the time you need to take care of business and a holiday break for you and the wife, away from the kids, ④with duty free shopping thrown in.In Asia, you’ll find some of the finest hotels in the world, be it Singapore, Manila, Hong Kong, Bangkok, ⑤you name it, with convention facilities⑥second to none.And no one knows it better than Singapore Airlines.We have ⑦special convention consultants at any of our S. I.A. offices, so why not leave it all to them. Travel, accommodation, ⑧the lot.Ask your secretary to give us a call while you go practise your golf swing. Sydney 278283, Melbourne 3298933, Brisbane 2216300, Adelaide 2123656, Perth 3222422, Canberra 474122, Newcastle 24511, T ownsville 713171, Hobart 347955. 【参考译文】新加坡航线宣布与传统决裂(新加坡航线宣布①会间休息新举措)②只工作不玩耍，会议只会开得沉闷不潇洒。
第2章确定词义，表达得体2.1 复习笔记第1节确定词义不能望文生义，否则会引起实际翻译工作中的很大失误。
1. The School of the Air (the school of the air)【正译】广播学校(即通过电台对各地学生授课的学校)【误译】空军学校2. a family tree【正译】家谱【误译】一棵家庭树3. 协议书【正译】Agreement(or：Written Agreement)【误译】Agreement Book4. 王教授精通小学和《大学》。
【译文】Professor Wang is a master of the study of ancient forms，phonologyand meaning of written language as well as of the book The Great Learning.【解析】此句中的“小学”不能译成“primary school”或“elementary school”，《大学》也不能译为什么“university”之类。
因为“小学”在此句中的意思是指研究文字古字形、训诂、音韵的学问；《大学》是我国古代经典著作《四书》之一。
第2节表达得体一、表达得体表达得体就是使译文恰如其分，不仅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的风格相符。
二、翻译中做到表达得体的方法1. 要联系上下文，这是确定词义、表达得体的基础。
2. 注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。
3. 活用词典，即不能照抄词典上的译文。
只能根据各种词典所赋予的基本意思，融会贯通，自己创造出恰如其分的措词或词典上碰巧合适的译文。
4. 充分发挥汉语和英语的优势，使译文更地道，做到精益求精。
英、汉语各有自己的优势。
从下面例句，特别是译文中对成语的使用，可以看出汉语的优势所在。
①What we were offered was a big fat zero.我们得到的是一个大零蛋。
②Carter is shooting at oil now, but who will be next?卡特现在正拿石油开刀，下一个目标是谁呢?第3节正确理解与表达译例一、应用文方面的译例汉语中同样一个字，所处的上下文不同，译法就会各不相同：1. ××书：①申请书Letter of Application②报告书Report③协议书Agreement2. ××启事：①招领启事Found②鸣谢启事Acknowledgments③征稿启事Contributions Wanted④更正启事Corrections以上为汉译英的例子。
郭著章李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⽂化与翻译）【圣才出品】第8章⽂化与翻译8.1 复习笔记第1节概述⼀、⽂化概念1. ⼴义⽂化⼴义论者认为：⽂化是个⼏乎⽆所不包的⼤范围、⼤概念，既有属于物质领域的，也有属于意识形态领域的。
据此⼴义定义，美国著名翻译理论家尤⾦·奈达将语⾔⽂化特性分为五类：(1) Ecology⽣态学；(2) Material Culture物质⽂化；(3) Social Culture社会⽂化；(4) Religious Culture宗教⽂化；(5) Linguistic Culture语⾔⽂化。
2. 狭义⽂化狭义论者却认为⽂化只指精神⽂明，这是中外⼤多数⼈⽐较⼀致的看法。
⼆、翻译与⽂化关系1. 任何翻译都离不开⽂化。
历来有经验的译者或翻译研究者都⽐较注意⽂化与翻译的关系。
2.在学习⼀种语⾔的过程中认真研究与该语⾔相关联的⽂化，⼤量的⽂化信息可以等值传递，这就是两种⽂化共性的东西。
与两种⽂化的差异相联的内容构成了翻译中的难题，这种难题任何译者都会经常遇到。
第2节⼤众审美⼼理与⼴告翻译⼀、⼤众审美⼼理与⼴告翻译的关系审美⼼理是⼀种综合的⽂化意识，涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、⽣活⽅式和风俗习惯等各个⽅⾯，⼤众审美⼼理更是如此；⽽⼴告⼜是⼀种⾯对⼤众的重要宣传⼿段，本⾝就是⼀种重要的社会⽂化，它不仅要遵循社会⽂化习惯和投合⼤众审美⼼理，⽽且在影响和形成社会⽂化和审美⼼理⽅⾯起着重要作⽤。
⼆、翻译⽅法1. 熟悉外族⽂化，了解异域⼈民审美⼼理；否则的话，就会在出⼝商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
如：“蜜蜂”牌洗澡⾹皂被直译为“Bees”，看来也是完全对应的英译，但英⽂读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂⾝上有⼏乎看不见的绒刺，擦在⾝上⾃然感觉不到舒服。
2. 为向译⽂读者忠实地转达原⽂信息，有时要作适当的⽂化转换。
如：“⽟兔”这⼀商标为什么英译成“Moon Rabbit”⽽不译成“Jade Rabbit”?原因在于：“⽟兔”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚⽣活在⽉宫桂花树下的兔⼦，因此，它⼜成为⽉的代称。
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda①. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road loomed up darkly over the house②, only leaving a pale strip of sky. Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush.③From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand④. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist—the yellow robin’s plucked string⑤, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了①。
第5章英汉声色词互译一、英译汉，注意声色词的使用1. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! (—Patrick Henry)【答案】我们已经没有退路了，要退只有含恨忍辱，沦为奴隶。
囚禁我们的锁链已经铸就。
波士顿平原上已听到锁链丁铃当啷的响声。
（——帕特里克·亨利）2. There was a large, low-ceiled room, with clacking, rattling machines at which men in white shirt sleeves and blue gingham aprons were working. She followed him diffidently through the clattering automatons, keeping her eyes straight before her, and flushing slightly. (—Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)【答案】那是个天棚很低的大房间，里面排列着发出隆隆声响的机器。
机器旁，穿着白衬衫蓝围腰的工人正在工作。
她怯生生地跟在后面，走过隆隆的机器，眼睛直视着前方，脸上微微有些发红。
（——西奥多·德莱赛：《嘉莉妹妹》）3. The seizure of the station with a fit of trembling, gradually deepening to a complaint of the heart, announced the train. Fire and steam, and smoke, and red light; a hiss, a crash, a bell, and a shriek; Louisa put into one carriage, Mrs. Sparsit put into another; the little station a desert speck in the thunderstorm. (—C. Dickens: Hard Times)【答案】接着车站一阵震动，渐渐地震动得使人心惊肉跳，表明列车快要到了。
第12章中西译史和译论基本知识12.1复习笔记第1节中西译史：两个大约两千年一、中国翻译史第一次翻译高潮：东汉到宋代的佛经翻译佛教为中国文化思想上的主流之一，佛经翻译为中国文化上的不朽盛业。
自东汉末年历魏、晋、六朝、隋、唐、至赵宋，为时千余年，有不少有影响的译家和译事。
如：安世高，释道安，鸠摩罗什，真谛，玄奘。
第二次翻译高潮：明末清初的科学翻译在明末清初的翻译高潮中，最著名的译家当推徐光启、李之藻、杨延筠、王徵、冯应京和李天经等人。
这些人的主要影响和译作，是西方科技类著作。
第三次翻译高潮：鸦片战争以后的西学翻译从鸦片战争到五四运动是中国的近代史时期，我国的西学翻译高潮就出现在这一时期，有许多译家、译作和译论。
如：林则徐，康有为，梁启超，蔡元培以及周氏兄弟鲁迅和周作人，都发表过一定影响力的译作。
就其译作而言，最丰硕当推林纾和严复。
二、西方翻译史第一次翻译高潮：肇始阶段（公元前3世纪—公元3世纪）开创了西方翻译的局面，把古希腊文字介绍到罗马，促进了罗马文学的诞生与发展，对于罗马以至日后西方继承古希腊文字起了重要的桥梁作用。
这时期涌现的翻译家有：安德罗马柯、涅维乌斯和恩尼乌斯。
第二次翻译高潮：罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期（3世纪—6世纪）这一时期，宗教势力强大，《圣经》成了宗教界信奉的经典。
但《圣经》由希伯来语和希腊语写成，必须译为拉丁语才能为罗马人接受。
圣经翻译到公元4世纪达到高潮，杰罗姆于382年至405年翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》标志着《圣经》翻译取得了与世俗文学分庭抗礼的重要地位。
第三次翻译高潮：中世纪后期（11世纪—12世纪）此时，西方开始了基督教徒和穆斯林的频繁接触，出现了大批阿拉伯语著作，特别是伊斯兰教作品译成拉丁语成为热潮。
阿拉伯人把从希腊带到巴格达的作品译成阿拉伯语，而众多学者在西班牙的托莱多将这些阿拉伯译本译成了拉丁语。
第四次翻译高潮：文艺复兴时期（14世纪—16世纪）文艺复兴运动从14世纪开始，到了16世纪在西欧各国普遍展开，翻译活动开始了前所未有的高峰期。
第1章翻译概述1.1 复习笔记第1节翻译自学方法和译者合格条件一、翻译自学方法掌握必要翻译知识和理论，进行大量实践阅读翻译理论书籍、期刊，进行名著翻译实践、阅读翻译技巧书籍、浏览翻译网站等。
二、译者合格条件（一）外文水平高有些原文在特定情况下有特定译法，不能一概而论。
要特别重视基本功的训练。
1. (Just) imagine (it).【译文】不可能/想不到/没想到【解析】≠把它想象一下吧。
2. I’ll buy it.【译文】我不懂。
/我答不出。
/请告诉我。
【解析】≠我将买它。
（二）中文水平高母语好是理解和表达的需要。
理解指汉译英时理解汉语原文，表达指英译汉时可用好的汉语来表达。
（三）知识面广1. John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.【译文】约翰为人可靠，他既诚实又正直。
【解析】需要英国历史典故方面的知识。
2. The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.【译文】安理会自那时以来就一直受理这个问题。
【解析】需要国际法方面的知识。
3. Nyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.【译文】良字实际上是日军两个师的结合部。
【解析】需要地理、军事等方面的知识。
（四）政治觉悟高这一点在决定用词褒贬时要特别注意。
1. the peasant uprisings in the history of China【译文】中国历史上的农民起义【解析】不能根据英国的ALD及其香港出的汉译翻成“中国历史上的农民叛乱(或叛变)”，而应译为“农民起义”。
2. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
第1章翻译概述1.1复习笔记第1节翻译学习方法和译者合格条件一、翻译学习方法掌握必要翻译知识和理论，进行大量实践阅读翻译理论书籍、期刊，进行名著翻译实践、阅读翻译技巧书籍、浏览翻译网站等。
二、译者合格条件（一）外文水平高有些原文在特定情况下有特定译法，不能一概而论。
要特别重视基本功的训练。
1.(Just)imagine(it).【译文】不可能/想不到/没想到【解析】≠把它想象一下吧。
2.I’ll buy it.【译文】我不懂。
/我答不出。
/请告诉我。
【解析】≠我将买它。
（二）中文水平高母语好是理解和表达的需要。
理解指汉译英时理解汉语原文，表达指英译汉时可用好的汉语来表达。
（三）知识面广1.John can be relied on,he eats no fish and plays the game.【译文】约翰为人可靠，他既诚实又正直。
【解析】需要英国历史典故方面的知识。
2.The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.【译文】安理会自那时以来就一直受理这个问题。
【解析】需要国际法方面的知识。
3.Nyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.【译文】良字实际上是日军两个师的结合部。
【解析】需要地理、军事等方面的知识。
（四）政治觉悟高这一点在决定用词褒贬时要特别注意。
1.the peasant uprisings in the history of China【译文】中国历史上的农民起义【解析】不能根据英国的ALD及其香港出的汉译翻成“中国历史上的农民叛乱(或叛变)”，而应译为“农民起义”。
2.The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
第9章同义词语、语域与翻译9.1 复习笔记第1节各类英语一、同义词语定义同义词语就是指同义词和同义短语或同义表达式。
所谓同义，只是相对而言。
实际上，不论是意义还是用法，相互间都有所不同。
如：警察：【译文】l. police，2. policeman，3. constable，4. police constable，5. officer，6. police officer，7. sheriff，8. sheriff，9. gendarme，10. bluecoat，11. beagle，12. peace officer，13. 1aw enforcement agent，14. arm of the law，15. bobby，16. peeler，17. cop，18. copper，19. bull，20. harness bull，21. flatfoot，22. gumshoe，23. gumshoeman，24. roundsman，25. government man，26. G-man，27. pig，28. fuzz，29. slop，30. flatty.【解析】所有这些词所指的客体基本是一致的，即都是指一个国家里维护法律、维护社会治安的“警察”，但它们各自的“感情意义”不一样。
比如peeler和cop是俚语，如果用peeler来指现代英国社会的警察，或不看上下文或不分场合地用peeler，那么，说话人除了说的是不规范语言外，还有“因循守旧”之嫌，因为现代英国人不再常用peeler来指“警察”了。
cop和copper差不多都指专门逮捕或抓人的人。
flatty和flatfoot几乎都是不抱同情地暗指一种曾经需要长时间站立的工作对脚的影响。
slop是俚语，它是把police 的辅音顺序倒过来了。
bobby是时事话题暗指的残存词，源于警察的创始人Robert Peel 的教名昵称Bob或Bobby。
第12章诗歌翻译与欣赏12.1 复习笔记第1节诗歌翻译的基本知识一、诗歌必备因素1. 强烈的节奏2. 强烈的感情二、译诗者未必是诗人译诗需要译者精通两种相关语言，有广阔的知识面、认真严谨的译风和诗人的感受力。
只要具备上述素质，即可翻译诗歌。
三、汉语格律诗译成英语在汉语格律诗翻译过程中，尽最大努力争取英译在意、形、音三方面都尽量表现原诗之美，忠于原作，达到神似、形似乃至音似之要求。
当做不到三似兼顾时，应舍去音似而保留意似和形似；在意、形似无法兼顾时，则舍去形似而保留意似，尽量避免因韵害义，因形害义等做法。
汉语古诗，特别是五言或七言绝句或律诗，韵律和平仄都非常严格，译成英语时尤其要注意使用以步代顿和以抑扬格、扬抑格、抑抑扬格或扬抑抑格取代汉语的仄平、平仄、仄仄平或平仄仄，以及其他可行的变通方法。
四、押韵达到音美译者要使英译适当押韵，首先要有关于英语押韵的基本知识，如英诗押韵的种类及其定义。
英语押韵有①perfect rime(全韵)，②imperfect rime(非全韵)，③eye rime(视韵)，④consonance(辅音韵)，⑤pararime(似韵)，⑥alliteration(头韵)，⑦assonance(准韵)，⑧reverse rime(反向韵)，⑨paregmenon(同源词韵)和⑩homeoteleuton(后缀韵)等。
五、译者要喜爱原诗六、诗无达诂，译无定本根据翻译的本质理论，任何翻译都做不到完全忠于原文，只能做到不同程度的近似。
越近似于原文，译作就越好。
任何译者，只能根据自己的知识、技能、天资和客观条件提供自己的译本。
12.2 翻译示例汇总一、诗歌翻译的基本知识例1：【译文】张谷若译例2：【译文】郭著章译例3：【译文1】【译文2】。
第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译10.1 复习笔记第1节大写与翻译一、英文大写的最常用规则1. 历史上的事件、时期和文件。
如：美国的“南北战争”为“Civil War”。
2. 商品的牌子名称。
如：飞鸽牌自行车Flying—Pigeon bicycle，可口可乐Coca Cola。
3. 星期名、月份、假日。
如：星期一Monday，三月March，国庆日National Day。
4. 人名和地名，即数量最多的专有名词。
如：邓小平Deng Xiaoping，莎士比亚Shakespeare，伦敦London。
5. 标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。
如：《为人民服务》“Serve the People”，《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities，《无事生非》Much Ado About Nothing。
6. 圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词。
如：God，Lord，Christ，Jesus，He，Him，Himself 和His。
7. 职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时。
如：王力教授Professor Wang Li，史密斯博士Dr. Smith。
8. 机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称。
如：教育部Education Ministry，武汉大学Wuhan University，人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People。
9. 种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。
如：黑人Black People或Negro，意大利人Italian，中国籍(中国人或中国人的)Chinese，汉语Chinese天主教Catholic，新教徒Protestant。
10. 其他一切有特殊含义的词语，包括一句或一信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等，和前9条中所说的词语一样，其首字母或全部字母必须大写。
如：(1) 他爱国。
He loves his motherland.(2) 亲爱的先生：Dear Sir，(3) (诗句)听!那山谷深深，/充满了她歌唱的清音。
O listen! for the vale profound/Is overflowing with the sound.第2节汉译英与标点一、汉语标点符号汉语书面语中共有l6种标点符号，它们是：l. 句号(。
)2. 问号(?)3. 叹号(!)4. 逗号(，)5. 顿号(、)6. 分号(；)7. 冒号(：)8. 引号(“”)9. 括号(( ))10. 破折号(—)11. 省略号( (12)着重号(. )13. 连接号(-)14. 间隔号(·)15. 书名号(《》)16. 专名号(____)要正确地使用标点符号，记清它们的位置亦非常重要。
《标点符号用法》对每种符号的位置也作了明确规定：“句号、问号、叹号、逗号、顿号、分号和冒号都是占一个字的位置，通常不出现在一行之首。
引号、括号、书名号的前一半不出现在一行之末，后一半不出现在一行之首。
破折号和省略号都占两个字的位置，中间不能断开。
连接号和间隔号一般占一个字的位置。
在书写和印刷时，这四种符号上下居中。
着重号、专名号和浪线式书名号标在字的下边。
”例：1. 我的心禁不住悲凉起来了。
(鲁迅《故乡》)I could not help feeling depressed.2. 啊！这不是我二十年来时时记得的故乡？(鲁迅《故乡》)Ah! Surely this was not the old home I had been remembering for the past twenty years?3. ①敬爱的×××同志永垂不朽!Eternal glory to esteemed and beloved Comrade×××!②“出去！你们全都出去！”秀云发出了命令。
(周克芹《许茂和他的女儿们》)“Clear out，all of you!” Xiuyun ordered.二、标点符号译法1. 句号除了句号，汉语句号可以译成英语的①逗号，②连词，③逗号加连词，等等。
如：①有时候，炮弹像雷暴雨般地倾泻下来。
房屋、树木、花草、大地上的一切，都在发着颤抖。
(吴强《红日》)Sometimes the shells poured down like a thunderstorm, and the houses, the trees, the grass and everything else in the countryside quivered.②太阳刚刚下了地平线。
软风一阵一阵地吹上人面，怪痒痒的。
(茅盾《子夜》)The sun had just sunk below the horizon and a gentle breeze caressed one’s face.③在1300年前，已经发明了刻版印刷。
在800年前，便发明了活字印刷。
Block printing was invented l 300 years a90,and movable type 800 years ago.2. 问号问号要译成问号。
3. 叹号除了叹号，在别的情况下，叹号也有不译成叹号的，其中译成句号的情况居多，作这种标点转换时，译者通常通过词汇手段表达叹号的含义。
如：①我不管！谁收了人家的东西谁跟人家走！(赵树理《小二黑结婚》)I don’t have any part of them. If you want his things, you marry him.②这些快板是多么真实，多么畅快，多么锋利啊！The rhymes tell the true situation naturally and trenchantly.4. 逗号除了逗号，逗号还可以译成①句号，②破折号，等等。
如：①黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。
(鲁迅《狂人日记》)Pitch dark. I don’t know whether it is day or night.②他现在跑到几百里外……冒雨走路的劲头，就是同那天上讲台讲话的劲头相联系的。
(柳青《创业史》)Now here he was several hundred li from home, striding through the rain with vigour—a vigour stemming from that same enthusiasm which had possessed him the day he mounted the conference platform.5. 顿号在汉译英中，顿号基本上都是译成逗号的，这主要是因为英语中无顿号，而英语的逗号和汉语的顿号和逗号所表示的含义基本相同。
如：①棉花、油料、大豆、丝、茶、黄麻、甘蔗、水果等项指标，请你们提出计划数字，待商。
(《毛泽东选集》五卷，262页)As for cotton, oil-bearing crops, soya beans, silks, tea, jute, sugar-cane, fruit and other items, please suggest a quota for each item for discussion.②和尚捧出茶盘——云片糕、红枣和些瓜子、豆腐干、栗子、杂色糖，摆了两桌，尊夏老爹坐在首席，斟上茶来。
(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)The monk then brought out tea, sugar wafers, dates, melon seeds, dried bean curd, chestnuts and assorted sweets. He spread two tables, and invited Village Head Xia to sit at the head. Then he poured out tea for them.6. 分号分号译成句号，这是汉译英中比较常见的情况，除此之外，分号还可转换成逗号加连词。
如：①中秋过后，秋风是一天凉比一天，看看将近初冬；我整天靠着火，也穿上棉袄了。
(鲁迅《孔乙己》)After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove. I had to wear my padded jacket.②秦老慌忙叫儿子烹茶、杀鸡、煮肉款留他；就要王冕相陪。
(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)old Qin hastily called his son to make tea, kill a chicken and cook some meat to help entertain the guest, and asked Wang Mian to accompany them.7. 冒号冒号译成句号，这是汉译英中可见的情况。
另外，冒号有时也可译成连词。
①但是我们有一点儿不明白：我常常省下自己的零用，给洋车夫、给乞丐，我喜欢帮助穷人。
(杨沫《青春之歌》)…but still I don’t altogether understand. I often saved my pocket-moneyto give to ricksha. men and beggars. I like helping the poor.②可是，二十多天以后，张家发带给了节振国一个喜出望外的好消息：刘玉兰被放出来了。
(王火《赤胆忠心》)Then，some twenty days later，quite beyond his fondest hope，Zhang Jiafa brought him the joyful tidings that his wife had been set free.8. 引号引号译成引号，是汉译英中一贯的情况。
9. 括号。
