《变化中的英语》课程导学设计65页PPT

变化中的英语---课程辅导（3）English in a Changing WorldUnit Five and Unit SixTrading is an essential human activity that has a long history. It is necessary to all except the most undeveloped societies. And language is involved when people trade because they have to talk or communicate in making trade deals. As we can see, this provides people a powerful motivation to use language and sometimes we see language use at its most inventive and creative degree.In trading, the most effective and convenient means of com munication is a language understood and used by both buyers and sellers. If the 2 parties share a common language, then trading would be easy. And, as we all know that, English is currently the most commonly used language of international deals between Asian and other countries though this situation may change in the future.As far as trading is concerned, it’d be helpful to take a look at a trade deal. The purchasing of something is called a deal or transaction. That something (sold or bought) is called commodity. To make a deal happen, we need a commodity, a seller, a buyer, a currency, a market and a means of communication. And people communicate by using a language.Then what do people do if they have no common language for trading purposes? They use ungrammatical English which is termed as Pidgin or a deviant of English. There are different Pidgins used in different places in the world.Pidgins are languages for a very narrow range of purposes - those have to do with coastal trade. They develop wherever traders want to do business with who, they do not share a common language and where there is no lingua franca (通用语，混合语) for them to use. Most Pidgins are mixtures of Asian or African languages and those of major European trading nations (e.g. Spain, France, Germany & Britain, etc.).In general, the sound and grammatical systems of a pidgin are those of the language used locally: The vocabulary is supplied by the voyagers. Pidgins were not a rule written down; they change rapidly and they were quickly learned by those who needed them. When trading stopped, they were discarded and soon forgotten. There must have been many pidgins of which we have no record. Pidgins are makeshift languages and evidence of human inventiveness. They have low prestige.Pidgins change rapidly and don’t last long. They are unstable. But the pidgin becomes a useful language rapidly. It is useful for certain group of users. Contact between different languages produces another language which is related to both, and different from either. The resulting language is called a creole. And the process of this is called creolization.Now we know that pidgins and creoles are alike in some way. They are both the result of languages in contact and used for trading purposes. They are different in important ways: creoles are the only language for some users or the language of a speech community.An English-based creole is Black English. We already covered in the former chapters about Black slaves being captured and shipped to America. They picked up some English just enough to survive. This is important for women as they taught their children a creole which was different from Standard English. Black English is also called Black English Vernacular (BEV) or Ebonic. It is no longer a creole but a variety of English with some creole features.How does a creole differ from Standard English, then? Creoles use a writing system. We will take a look at the example of an English-based creole used in Hawaii.e.g. He lazy, a’s why he no like play.We can understand the sentence without trouble.Could a creole/pidgin be used as a national language? The answer is affirmative to a creole and negative to a pidgin. A pidgin is restricted to buying and selling or to the giving and taking of orders while a creole is a language that can serve as a national language. A good case in point is Papua New Guinea. The new country adopt ed a creole named Tok Pisin as its national language.When learning about the differences between a creole and a pidgin we need to keep in mind that:1.A pidgin has only some of the language functions. However, a creole may do.2.Pidgins and creoles are both mixed languages - usually mixtures of languages belonging to different families.3.By saying that English has some creolized features, we mean some varieties of English include some, but not all the features of a creole.4.Speakers of varieties of English that have creolised features sometimes have difficulties in an English using educational system because of the differences between their mother tongue and the Standard English used in schools.5.Tok Pisin is a creole, with English and German vocabulary, currently in use as a national language.Now, let’s turn our eyes back to trade. How is today’s international trade different from that across the barriers of language that has gone on for centuries in the past? We may find that something has not changed: 1.There are still buyers and sellers. 2.There are still commodities. 3.There has still to be some sort of currency exchange. 4.There has to be some means of transferring ownership from one to another.It is true that the scale of trade today is much larger than before. However, there has still to be communication between buyer and seller by means of language, a language that can be used by both. Besides English, there are other international languages such as German, Spanish, etc. But English is most commonly used worldwide.Two new factors are the effect of the increase in the scale of trade and the scope of international trade. The 1st is that the costs involved are very much larger. The 2nd is that present day trade is regulated by national and in ternational law. In international trade at the present day language is used not only to negotiate deals and track their progress to completion, but also to finance them, and regulate them. Language, especially written language, allows permanent records to be kept, is as important as before and even in a greater variety of ways.Traditionally, the essentials of trade are buyers, sellers, commodities, markets, currency and communication, which is still so. But, the essentials of present day international trade between Asian countries and the rest of the world are more than those above. They are:1.international banking2.national and international regulation3.bilingual merchandisers with access to fax machinesIf we look at the written correspondence between international companies, most likely we will find that English is used and faxes are in use all the time. There are advantages of faxed messages. The most obvious one is their speed. And they can be sent at any time.Moreover, they are easy to write and read. We can even send illustrations such as drawings, diagrams, etc. by faxes.One thing needs to be pointed out here is faxed English is a distinct variety of English as it is similar to a pidgin at the surface level. It can be shorter than the same mean ings in Standard English. It is concise and not a word is wasted. Besides, information is condensed and abbreviations are often used (e.g. attn---attention; etd ----estimated arrival date). The headings of a fax signal changes of topic. Both the sender and the receiver of the fax take it for granted that the fax conveys shared knowledge between them. Superficially faxed English is similar to a creole too.As a matter of fact, faxed business English is not like a pidgin or a creole. It is just a variety used when the topic seems to require it, or when the level of formality makes it suitable.Faxed English is a major means of communication in international business. At present it is learned on the job, rather than deliberately taught. It works well for several reasons: (a) Users are highly motivated to make it work. Their livelihoods depend on it. (b) Users have what is needed - detailed knowledge of the context, which increases as they gain experience. (c) Users for whom English is an additional language fin d it easy to use because mistakes are expected and ignored, not criticised. It is informal. Nobody expects or wants polite indirectness! Headings show changes of subject, and abbreviations make it brief.We know that English has played a dominant role in international business and has changed and adapted to meet its changing needs. Now let’s look at other human activities carried on globally. They include science, namely, application of science, or technology. Medicine, transport, entertainment and information technology all belong to the category of technology.Science and technology cannot do without symbolic systems. Languages are symbolic systems though not the only ones. In a world where there are global human enterprises, a language that is widely understood, and that can be used across the boundaries of national language, is a necessity. It has to be English that is already established in the countries of the Inner Circle and the Outer Circle for a long time.English has been extensively used for the purposes of exchanging information, writing papers to be published in journals and presented at international conferences, etc. English is well suited to a great variety of scientific and technological purposes. Ithas a very large vocabulary. And more importantly, it has all sorts of ways of extending that vocabulary to meet changing needs.English enables us to write in a very impersonal way. It can be detached and unemotional. The sciences need this. If a person gets education, chances are he/she is ab le to study English that has been widely taught since the 2nd World War. Nowadays, teaching English as a second language is a very well developed profession.In what way does scientific English differ from the English of everyday living and everyday reading and writing? Generally speaking, scientific English is harder to read than a textbook. The reasons are as follows:1.It needs much shared knowledge.2.The style is impersonal and remote.3.The papers are about abstraction - hypotheses, results and conclusions.4.The passive voice is used a great deal.Now we will shift our attention to the topic of use of English in international transport. We are now living in an era of modern transportation. Airplanes take people to almost every corner of the world. Does English play an important role in communication when we refer to modern transport, then? The answer is: of course. When people travel, esp. when they fly, accurate and immediate communication is a guarantee to safety. Risks and disasters would occur if the instructions and messages are misleading or misunderstood by pilots, crews and people engaged in communication. There is no room for uncertainty or ambiguity. The most contribution English makes to international air safety is in reducing ambiguity.In air traffic control, the vocabulary of English in use is narrow or reduced. This has an additional advantage: it is more rapidly and easily learned by people. In other words, it is very stereotyped language. It may sound dull and boring but the exchanges would be easily recorded and investigations made in case an air traffic accident occurs.English for special purposes of a small group of people has played an important role in reducing traffic accidents or risks. The following are a few terms related to this topic: 1. Sea-speak ---- refers to a restricted variety of English used internationally in ship-to-shore communication. 2. Police-speak ---- similar to English for sea-speak.3. Jargon ---- selection from a language for special purposes of a small group of people who have a common interest in something.4. Argot ---- a special language of thieves.4. Slang ---- language used by young people to keep out the old.Now we are going to look into the relationship between English and entertainment. As we all know that technology has contributed greatly to our everyday life and made our leisure more enjoyable. For instance, watching TV has become the dominant pastime for many people. Television is a hugely popular and influential application of Western science and technology, which makes English more accessible and at the same time provides an additional, powerful, motive for learning it.Television promotes English as a global language in 2 ways: informal and formal. On the one hand, it is informally because English is there for people to choose at any time they want. On the other, English teaching of high quality on TV is available and many people can learn it freely.In short, TV became generally available after WWII. AT that time many people thought it would make the quality of people’s lives poorer, but it soon became hugely popular activity. TV is now available in both developed and developing countries, and in remote places. It tends to break down the barriers between races and culture. Everything that makes TV varied, absorbing, and fun, makes it a good means for people to lean.The end of the 20th century is often called the Age of Rapid Communication or the Age of Information Technology. IT has already many applications to everyday life, and their number increases all the time. But very few people foresaw today’s developments 20 years ago. Developments in information technology have reinforced the international role of English.A big and far-reaching step humans ever take is the invention of computers. In 1970s, PC became available to people and had been more and more accessible ever since. We use computer to store, retrieve and transfer information. To do these, we would use large, ordered collections of information called database. At present English is the language that dominates the making of database and the processes of retrieval and transfer.Without knowing English, one would be very frustrated and put in a disadvantageous position. Another reason for people wanting to study English is that 85% of world’s e-mails are sent or exchanged in English. It is a fact that English has dominated the World Wide Web. The importance of English is obvious. As a result, teaching and learning English has been immensely increased by developments in IT. One thing needs to be stated is the position of English may change as the technology develops.Historical circumstances made it inevitable that English internationally used. So, it had to be accessible at every level (from introductory classes for extremely large numbers of learners to the most advanced, sophisticated, and specialized). The globalus of English since WWII has created a demand for ELT (English Language Teaching) worldwide. During the last 50 years, that demand has increased and shows no sign of declining.There are usually 2 ways to ELT: 1. Having 2 teachers in the classroom working as a team, both well trained, one a native speaker and on bilingual. 2. Technology can provide English instructions by TV or radio, whose programs have been called the world’s largest ELT classroom. Among them the BBC is the superb resources and the model for many localized institutions.There are some other ways in which IT can be used for people to learn English. Such as audio broadcast lessons independent of the teacher; video broadcast lessons independent of the teacher; audio recordings to help the teacher, video recordings to help the teacher; computer assisted learning; computer assisted testing; recorded songs and music; TV on English language channels; broadcasts in English on English language channels, etc.Technology can make learning of English much more varied and enjoyable. It can be most useful in improving the quality of ELT in the classroom as well.Lastly we would say a few words about the profession of ELT. ELT has developed from an occupation to an academic profession, which includes native and bilingual teachers. Three things have contributed to ELT profession. They are: 1. Great stride made in th e understanding of language, or linguistics. Application of linguistics provided a theoretical framework for the profession of ELT. 2. New institutions have been set up, notably the British Council. 3. University departments were set up which served to focus on research and to offer training of a good standard and at a variety of levels.。

English in a Changing World 变化中的英语Unit 3 The Spread of English Beyond BritainText 1English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 1 > Task 3Li Yan Hello everybody! Hello Steven! How are you, Song Qin?Wang Ling Hi Li Yan. Hello everyone! It's warmer today isn't it?Steven You sound so English, Wing Ling, when you talk about the weather! Wang Ling Yes --- I know! English people do it all the time.Song Qin Tell me Steven, how is your aunt? Did she get home safely?Steven Yes she did. She wrote me a nice letter thanking me and thanking all of you, for making her stay so pleasant. I'd like to show you the letter, butI seem to have lost it.Wang Ling Why, we hardly did anything!Steven You did you know. You listened carefully, even though you found heraccent hard to understand. You never treated her as if she were not anintelligent, adult person. She noticed. She's sensitive.Song Qin And look, here comes another intelligent, adult person! Hello Professor Guide!Steven Hello Professor! We were talking about how people feel about thelanguage they use, and about people's attitudes to language and tospeakers.Professor Guide Hello everyone! Oh yes, it's a mistake to think of language and language use as simply rational and intellectual matters. We all feel any slight onour language as an attack on our self-esteem.Steven I remember a boy in my class at school. He spoke English and Welsh, and he spoke English with a Welsh accent. Nobody admired him forbeing fluent in two languages. They called him Taffy and they laughed athim.Li Yan What does Taffy mean? Is it a rude name?Steven Not really. It's just a name for Welsh people. But it upset him badly and he used to cry --- he was only ten.Professor Guide Language attitudes can be much more extreme than that. Have you heard of a language called Basque? No? Well, it's used in Northern Spain- it's quite different from any other European language. Between 1937and the 1950's, the Spanish government tried to stamp it out. Nobodywas allowed to teach it, or to use it in school. All inscriptions in Basquewere removed. Books were collected up and burned. Can you imaginehow you would feel if Basque were your mother tongue?Steven Bullied. You'd feel bullied. You would feel as if your memories, youridentity were going on that bonfire.Professor Guide Yes, that is just how people do feel, if their language is threatened, they feel threatened too. I'll never forget what happened in Delhi in 1963. Li Yan In Delhi? In India? What was that?Professor Guide There was a bill before Parliament. The purpose of it was to give equal rights and status to Hindi and to English. There were demonstrations.People carried banners with DOWN WITH ENGLISH! and LONG LIVE THEMOTHER TONGUE! Passions really ran high. Languages change all thetime, as you know. But when people try to bring about changepurposely, then they have to take passionate feelings into account. Aninsult to your mother tongue can feel like an insult to your mother!Text 2English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 2 > Task 4Chuck Watch it Tim! These automobiles may be small, but they come fast! And always on the wrong side of the road! Very dangerous! Let's move overto the sidewalk!Tim All right. There's plenty of room on the pavement. We can keep out of the way of the cars. Look Chuck, I want some help from you!Chuck OK .You helped me when I first came. You told me that faucets for tubs were called taps for baths and that I'd better know that a vest is calleda shirt.Tim What do you say when your dad asks you to clear out the boot of the car?Chuck Well, it depends whether I could be at a baseball match that Saturday morning!Tim No, I mean what are the words?Chuck Oh, you clear the trash out of the trunk, of course.Tim Now, tell me something else. Something about your history. I've heard about the American War of Independence, but independence of whatexactly?Chuck Yes. Well, the American colonists were still British subjects before that.They paid taxes to the British government of the time. They had no sayat all in how the taxes were raised or how they were spent. So theyrefused to pay, and that was the start of the war in 1775, and it went onuntil 1783.Tim I must admit it does seem unfair. And who won?Chuck Oh we did! And the first states formed a union and then they were joined by others. That was the start of the United States of America. You knowwhat our flag is like, don't you? Thirteen stripes for the first thirteenstates and then an extra star for each state that joined later.Tim Mm. I see. Tell me something else. I know about the really early settlers - in the seventeenth century. When they came was it an empty country?Was there anyone already there?Chuck Oh yes. Many different people and many languages and cultures. Thenumbers were small compared with the present population though.American Indians they were called, or Red Indians. They were no moreIndian than you and I are Tim. This was just part of the old mistakeabout finding a new route to India. They're not exactly red either. AndI'll tell you something.Tim What?Chuck Well, it's said that at a time before we have any written history there wasa land bridge between Asia and Alaska and that the first people toinhabit the New World walked across it from Northern China and aredistantly related to the Chinese! How about that?Text 3English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 3 > Task 2Professor Guide So you see, that was the British Empire within the memory of people still living. And then half a century after the end of the Second World War,Hong Kong was the only substantial territory still remaining.Song Qin When you look at that map, you understand the meaning of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong in a rather different way, I think.Wang ling Yes you do. Do you feel sad about the end of the Empire, Steven? Steven Well, I don't remember Imperial Britain! The Second World War ended years before I was born. My grandmother remembers Empire Day whenshe was a little girl.Song Qin What happened?Steven Nothing that seems very exciting now. There was holiday from school, I believe. And a lot of singing and waving of flags. The children had sportsand games and a tea-party. And each child had a present - nothing verymuch. A mug, or a spoon, of sixpence. Sixpence was a lot of money fora child in the thirties! I think they were taught to feel pride in belongingto such a vast family of different peoples!Wang ling When you look at that map it's very easy to understand the idea ofEnglishes, isn't it? You would expect that there would be varieties, andthat as time passed, they would get more different from each other. Song Qin Yes, you would. And you would expect English speakers in a newcountry, seeing animals and plants that they had never seen before, tolook for new words to name them. There are still things I simply don'tunderstand though.Wang ling I was just going to say that too! But you ask first!Song Qin Well, for a start, I don't understand why, when countries gotindependence they didn't just get rid of the English language! Professor Guide Some of them wanted to. Remember the trouble in India about givingEnglish equal status with Hindi?Song Qin Yes, but in general, they haven't stopped using it, have they? English has remained very important. As if they felt it was in some way theirlanguage? And that isn't all.Professor Guide What else?Song Qin I don't understand how it is that it's still English. Most speakersunderstand most others. I know they don't always find it easy, but as arule they manage. And we know that if we use English as our secondlanguage we can understand an enormously large number of people andread what they write. That's very important to someone like me,interested in medicine. But it's really very strange when you think aboutit!Professor Guide What do you think Steven?Steven I don't know. I've never thought about it! I just take it for granted thatI can understand any one from an English speaking country. I know thatif a book is in English, wherever it comes from, I can read it. Do youthink it's because English people are especially bad at learning otherpeople's languages?Professor Guide No, I know that English people sometimes say that must be the reason, but I don't believe it! Song Qin has the clue to an answer to her ownquestion. Standard English is the clue. A written Standard was in usebefore the time of colonial settlement and expansion. Where there is awritten Standard, and users of the language are literate, these twothings slow down the rate of change to something that people can copewith.Song Qin Rather in the way that literate speakers of different Chinese dialects usethe same writing system?Professor Guide Yes, rather like that. Not that Standard English is a simple matter.Nothing stays still and in some parts of the world there is a localstandard in speaking and writing. We don't know quite how localstandards will develop. We are going to look a little harder at thatquestion.Text 4English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 3 > Task 3Li Yan Professor Guide, tell me, suppose you could meet someone --- ahistorical person - who would you most like to meet?Professor Guide Well, I can think of several people - Confucius perhaps, Julius Caesar, Winston Churchill. No, I think if I had to make just one choice, it wouldbe Thomas Macaulay.Wang ling I've heard of the others. I've never heard of him!Professor Guide No, he isn't really a world-renowned figure like the others. But he had a decision to make that I envy. He lived in the last century. He was one ofthe great Victorians. He had a most impressive title. He was called thePresident of Public Instruction. I envy the title too! As you can imagine,with a title like that, he was a government adviser! He is chieflyremembered for the advice he gave on education in India. Set upuniversities, he said. They were to be English Language universities - soof course, English would have to be taught, to a high level in secondaryschools. And started in Primary schools. That sort of decision is veryinfluential. His dream was of bilingual young men with a knowledge oftwo great cultures in partnership with the British as joint rulers of India.It sounds very strange now, but it was enlightened and forward lookingthen. He thought English culture was of exceptional excellence, andthat, through the spread of empire it could be widely shared. I'd reallylike to ask him how, in the light of recent history, that dream looks.Text 5English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 4 > Task 3Steven Hello, Li Yan. Good Morning!Li Yan Hi, Steven. It was great to hear you sing yesterday. I wish I'd brought my recorder with me!Song Qin Yes, perhaps we should think about making a tape. We could be a group.Not really the English Corner Philharmonic Choir I think - fame andwealth lie ahead of us Steven!Steven Not with a name like that. A group needs a short name, unusual, easy to remember, like the Spice Girls.Li Yan We can't be the Spice Girls though. For one thing that name is already famous and in addition, we want to include you Steven!Wang Ling Perhaps we could be the Herbalists. Or Coriander.Li Yan I like that. Ginger Root perhaps? Or Sesame Seeds? We could write the songs and sing them just for a year till everyone got tired of us! Thatwouldn't matter. We should be tired of doing it too and rich!Steven All your names are English. Would the songs be English too?Song Qin Of course, we want to go for a world market especially the American market.Li Yan We all like American pop songs. But don't tell Professor Guide!Steven Why not?Song Qin He's so serious. He uses English only for serious purposes. He usese-mail to keep in touch with former colleagues.Wang Ling He reads all the time on all sorts of serious subjects - political,philosophical...Steven Yes, I know. He's a serious professional person. But not all the time. I think he would be perfectly happy to know you like British and Americanpop. I've got some British pop on cassettes. I could lend you.Song Qin Oh good, yes, I'd like that. Bring them soon!Steven Yes I will. That reminds me. I lent Professor Guide some video cassettes.I must ask him for them.Song Qin Language teaching materials?Steven Oh no! Videos of the very best British and American films. Movies you know. I've collected them over the years.Wang Ling There you are. The professor isn't serious all the time! He's a film goer! Steven He's a real film buff! He knows a lot about films and about the filmindustry. And I'll tell you something else.Song Qin What else?Steven He's upgrading his computer. You know why? He isn't content withvideo. He wants to collect films on disk. I just wonder...Song Qin What?Steven If we formed a group with a really dignified name, whether he might consider joining us!Text 6English in a changing World > Unit 3 > Activity 5 > Task 2Delia Steven! Great to see you! It's been such a long time! When did you get back?Steven Two days ago. I flew back via Amsterdam, and arrived on Fridayevening.June So I suppose you hardly know where you are, or what day it is? And you want your meals in the middle of the night?Steven No, really not. I'm lucky. I hardly notice jet-lag. It is good to see you again!Delia What's it like? Do you like teaching? What are your students like? Do they like you?Steven Oh I really like it. I'm not saying it's easy, especially in the first fewmonths, but the students are so nice, so warm, so eager to learn. Delia You could hardly say that about my class of London fifteen year olds. June So they really want English in China?Steven No doubt about that. The level of interest is very high. Science -computers, business - these are the things that interest them most, andthey see English as the key to developing their careers.Delia And you , as a native speaker, they see as the best sort of teacher? Steven Well, it's not really so simple as that. You see I've learned a littleMandarin, but not nearly enough to use it in teaching, still less inexplaining tricky points. Only their bilingual teachers can do that. Thereare two things I can do well though. I can offer them a native model ofpronunciation. That does help. Tapes offer good models, but they don'treassure students that they have it right and can be understood. And ofcourse it's easy for me to recognize what isn't good, grammaticalEnglish. I can at once hear their mistakes and put them right.June Are the students interested in English Literature and Culture andHistory?Steven Only a few of them. They see those as rather specialized interests. Delia Really? I imagined you were teaching classes on Shakespeare, andRomantic Poetry, and The Future of the Monarchy!Steven Just occasionally and only if I'm asked. So far as possible I think theteaching of English should be culturally and politically neutral. It can't beentirely neutral of course.Delia No, I suppose no natural language could be that, but at least English is no longer the language of the empire on which the sun never sets! Steven No it isn't, but it still has a long past, and a European past. And I do still feel sometimes, especially talking to Chinese colleagues who speak it sowell, that being a native speaker of English gives me some advantagesI really haven't earned.June Come on, Steven. Be realistic! So long as people want to learn English, and you're prepared to live outside England you're not going to bewithout a job, and a job you like! Count your blessings Steven. Andwhen you've finished doing that, you can give me the names andaddresses of some institutions in Beijing that might like to employ anative speaker --- good degree, good health, energetic, someexperience as a teacher. What else can be said in my favor?Delia What about modest, retiring, diffident, unassuming?Vocabulary。