语言学名词解释

arbitrariness：

the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic

singals and the entities to which they refer.

articulatory phonetics:

the study of production of speech sounds，or the study of

how speech sounds are produced/made.

allophone

:variants of the same phoneme.

Assimilation:

a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a

neighboring sound,a term often used synonymously with”coarticulation” .

affix:

the collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another

morpheme(the root or stem).

allomorph:

a morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic abstraction, which must be

realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments.

acronym:

is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a

heavily modified headword.

assimilation

: the change of a sound by the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more

specifically called. ”contact” or ” contiguous” assimilation.

agreement

: (or CONCORD) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or

more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another,

shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or

categories).Eg,—Whose is this pen?—Oh, it’s the one I lost.

bound morphem

e: refers to those which cannot occur alone and must appear with at

least one other morpheme.

blending

: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by

joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the

initial parts of the two words.

backformation

: refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is

derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

competence

：unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.

consonant:

are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at

some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

cardinal vowels:

a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,fixed and

unchanging,intended to provide a frame of reference for the descriotion of the actual vowels of

existing languages.

coarticulation

: simultaneous or overlapping articulations,as when the nasal quality of a

nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized.

compound:

refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way

to join two separate words to produce a single from.

closed-class

: a word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or

limited.

co-occurrenc:

it means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the

occurrence of a word of another set of or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.

construction:

It refers to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more

conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized

about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.

constituent

: is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is

a part of a larger linguistic unit.

coordination:

a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed by

grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as

and, but and or.

category:

The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its

narrow sense, eg. noun, verb, subject, predicate, verb phrases, etc.More specifically, it refers to the

defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number,

gender, case, and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, etc.

communicative competence

:is a sociolinguistic rule put forward by Dell

Hymes in contrast with the “competence”vs.”performance”dichotomy in theoretic linguistics

constative：

In contrast to performative, sentences like “I pour some liquid into the tube”is

a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. The speaker cannot pour any

liquid into a tube by simply uttering these words. He must accompany his words with the actual

pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him of making a false statement.

cooperative principle：

This is the principle suggested by Grice about the

regularity in conversation, which reads“Make your conversational contribution such as is required,