语言学名词解释
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.
3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching,
especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in
using language, i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,
it is said to be descriptive.
6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic
study. (06C/ 04)
7. diachronic study: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
(06C)
8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
10. competence : The ideal user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language.
11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that
distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning and sound.
15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences that they have never heard before.
16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is
meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.
17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from the immediate
situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic of conversation in time or space. (04)
18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned from one
generation to the next, rather than by instinct.
Chapter 2: Phonology
1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.
2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the
world‟s languages. (06C)
3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker‟s point of view, i.e. how a speaker
uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)
4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer‟s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are
perceived by the hearer.
5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical
means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.
7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.
8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in
written form.
9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in
written form.
10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.
11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and
diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.
12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.
13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.
14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.
15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.
16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.
17. monophthong : the individual vowel.
18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels, and functions as a single one.
19. phone : The speech sound we use when speaking a language.
20. phoneme : The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds. (06F/
04)
21. allophone : any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments.(07C/
05)
22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds
function to distinguish meaning. (06C)
23. phonemic contrast : two similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish
meaning.
24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don‟t distinguish
meaning but complement each other in distribution.