1 语言学概论考试复习要点
1. Definition of language
Language is a system of arbitrary(随意的) vocal symbols used for human
communication.
2. Design features(辨别特征)
Arbitrariness(随意性)and non-arbitrariness:
productivity（创造性）
duality(二重性)：
displacement(移位性)
genetic-cultural transmission.
discreteness of language(分离性, 离散性)：.
3. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
microlinguistics: is concerned with the study of language or languages per se, not concern
other field of study such as sociology, psychology, literature, computer science, etc.
Macrolinguistics:is concerned with the study of language which involves other discipline
(interdisciplinary) sociolinguistics: Psycholinguistics: Applied linguistics:
4 langue and parole(语言和言语) 由Swiss linguist F. de Saussure 提出的
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
Chapter One
Ⅱ. 1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k of the rules
of his language.
2. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of a
speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and
application of the rules.
3. D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the
phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of
meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
4. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human
communication.
5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into
permissible sentences in languages is called s .
6. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language
have to be taught and learned.
7. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
Chapter 9 Language and culture语言与文化
知识点：
1. *Definition: culture; cultural diffusion
2. The relationship between language and culture
3. # Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
4. *Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
5. Cultural overlap and diffusion
考核目标：
识记：Definition: culture; cultural diffusion
领会：Cultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic evidence of cultural
differences
简单应用：The relationship between language and culture
一、 定义
1.Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions,
techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
2.Cultural diffusion文化扩散：through communication, some elements of culture A
enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。
二、 知识点
9.2 what is culture?
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）
学习指导
前 言
其实我的这一个语言学学习指导系列本来没有想做得这么大的，最初只是我买了一本语言学教程的辅导资料，发现里面有的名词解释总结得很不错，所以就想整理一下各章的名词解释。后来觉得既然是整理，光整理名词解释，还不如对知识点做一个较全面的学习指导材料。结果就此一发而不可收，终于形成了现在的这一整套资料。不明白是什么的朋友们可以参考考研论坛外语版的相关帖子。
本资料主要分为三部分，第一部分为各章节提纲笔记，第二部分为重点章节测试题，第三部分为测试题参考答案。
整理这一套资料真得很劳心费力，希望能够对大家有所帮助。在考研论坛上，我所有的相关资料都设置了阅读权限和K币，一个是为了防止盗用，但更重要的不是为了限制什么，只是希望大家在能够很容易得到资料的同时，也能够想到要付出一些，将来考上研了以后能够回到这里，与后来的研友们分享一些所能够得到的信息，资源共享，信息交流，这才是考研论坛的本意。也希望大家在以后复习语言学的时候，能够想到冰暖茶在这门课程上作的小小的努力，如果大家都能成功，我的努力就是值得的。
需要说明的是，我在整理资料的过程中，得到了ksguobw, lxm1000w, micronannan, 天使精灵（排名不分先后）等朋友的资源共享和大力协助，在此对他们以及一贯支持冰暖茶的朋友们表示感谢！
由于水平有限，加之时间仓促，疏漏之处在所难免，欢迎各位读者批评指正。
冰暖茶 2006年11月
目 录
前言……………………………………………………………………………………………
1
目录……………………………………………………………………………………………
3
第一部分 各章节提纲笔记……………………………………………………………………
4
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics……………………………………………………………
