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名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
浅论伊丽莎白时期的复仇悲剧作者：师阳来源：《文学教育·中旬版》2020年第01期内容摘要：本文试图在检讨关于复仇剧，通过对16世纪英国社会现实和普遍心理以及《西班牙悲剧》这一作品的具体分析，探讨伊丽莎白时期复仇剧这一独特戏剧文学样式所表现出来的复杂观念。
关键词：复仇剧文艺复兴研究科“报复是人类精神的最古老的情欲之一，她的根子扎在自己的本能里，扎在推动动物与人进行抵抗的需要中，当他们受到打击时，就会不自觉地予以回击。
”[1]自古希腊悲剧诞生至今，“复仇”作为一个极具戏剧性和观赏性的主题，同爱情主题、死亡主题一样构成了西方文学的最伟大的主题之一。
尽管复仇主题早就出现在希腊悲剧中，但直到16世纪英国伊丽莎白时期，随着复仇剧的兴起，它才真正在戏剧舞台上占据了一个中心地位，以致抓住了几代剧作家的想象力，其中不乏闻名世界的伟大戏剧家，如基德、马洛和莎士比亚等。
复仇悲剧是伊丽莎白时代悲剧的分支之一，是一种基于受到伤害而进行报复，充满暴力、血腥与死亡的悲剧。
同时又是英国文艺复兴时期众多戏剧艺术中数量最多、影响最广、拥有创作家最多的剧种。
那么，为什么说在伊丽莎白时期复仇悲剧蔚然成风呢？剧作家又是如何在其作品中体现复仇主题的呢？关于这些问题，笔者下面就来简单分析一下。
英国的文艺复兴时期，是从1485年都铎王朝的建立到1642年资产阶级革命。
它以恢复在中世纪濒临中断的希腊、古罗马文化传统，传播人文主义思想为开端。
这是一个充满矛盾的时代，它既是一个非常辉煌的时代，又是一个极端残酷的时代;它带来了经济的繁荣和文化的高度发展，同时也带来了更加严峻的社会矛盾和无尽的苦难。
15世纪末、16世纪初的英国，正处于由封建社会向资本主义社会过渡的阶段。
英国在都铎王朝的统治下，社会秩序日渐稳定、新型工业迅速崛起、资本主义经济兴旺发展，国家经济实力日益增强。
国家强盛，国内群情激奋，英国人民心中充满了强烈的民族自豪感，对女王也更为敬仰，他们要用诗歌抒发这种蓬勃向上的时代精神，要用戏剧演绎生命的激情，在这种热情洋溢的时代精神的感召之下，戏剧得到了广阔的发展空间。
分析宗教改革语境下英国戏剧中的宗教论战16、17 世纪，罗马教廷为阻扰英国女王伊丽莎白一世（ 1558 -1603）的宗教改革，在欧洲大陆发动了反宗教改革运动。
除组织宗教战争外，教皇重用耶稣会发动宗教论战。
在这种宗教改革的大语境下，戏剧渲染新教与罗马教廷的对峙，介入到宗教改革运动之中。
①当时的英国剧作家们已经内化了新教改革者的圣礼理论，指责偶像崇拜混淆字面意义和隐喻意义，暗示天主教神秘仪式是一种无知的迷信仪式。
他们经常使用“戏中戏”来隐喻和指涉相似的历史事件，借助符号或意象再现真理。
②观众通过“见证”以感受新教殉教者的壮举，通过移情使内心产生强大的信仰理想。
戏剧甚至成了揭示天主教灭亡命运的圣经启示录，在凸显新教正义中建设民族身份。
③除《戈波德克王》（ Gorbo-duc,1561）讨论宗教战争外，戏剧《哈姆雷特》（ Hamlet,1601）、《西班牙悲剧》（ The SpanishTragedy,1587）、《马尔菲公爵夫人》（ The Dut-chess of Malfi,1613）、《亨利五世》（ Henry V,1600）等参与宗教论战。
基于此，本文运用新历史主义研究方法，在宗教改革语境下重点研究英国戏剧中的宗教论战。
一英国早期现代戏剧积极参与到英国新教改革运动之中。
例如，1561 年末至 1562 年初的圣诞节期间，托马斯·诺顿（ Thomas Norton）（ 1532 - 1584）和托马斯·萨克维尔（ ThomasSackville）（ 1536 - 1608）合着的《戈波德克王》在伦敦的内殿法律学院上演，作为律师学院季节性狂欢的一部分。
它从新教立场探讨王位继承人问题，讨论英国与西班牙、意大利等天主教国家之间的宗教战争。
此时，伊丽莎白女王的个人婚姻问题上升到国家安全的高度。
不少天主教势力试图通过与都铎家族的血统关系而获得王位继承资格，或试图与女王联姻而获得王位继承权，或通过武力铲除被罗马驱除出教的女王以征服英国。
第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学2.1 文艺复兴“文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。
始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。
“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。
在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。
代表人物莎士比亚。
欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。
首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。
地理和科学的新发现。
哥伦布达伽马16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。
2.2 英国文艺复兴根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段:第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。
代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。
代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。
英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。
代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。
2.3代表作家及作品2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More）出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。
希望其成为律师1504，26岁成为下院议员。
反对亨利七世，退出政坛。
15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。
因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。
作品：《乌托邦》乌托邦系拉丁文，意思是不存在的地方。
作品由两部分组成，整部作品都是托马斯莫尔与航海家拉斐尔希斯拉德的对话组成。
1.希腊神话保存于：荷马史诗，悲剧作家们的著作，赫西俄德的《神谱》，奥维德的《变形记》2.古希腊神话的主要内容：神的故事与英雄传说3.古希腊神话的基本特征：神人同形同性4.史诗（Epos）的本义是“话”或“歌”，指的是口耳相传的原始叙事诗。
史诗到了英语中衍化为epic，其内涵为：以重大事件为题材，形式庄严的长篇叙事诗，它主要以神话和传奇的笔调，叙述超凡的英雄人物和英雄业绩，因此有时也称为“英雄诗”。
它基本可分两大类：原始(口传)史诗与文学(文人)史诗。
5.伊利昂纪：战争起因：不和的金苹果；情节：《伊里昂纪》的开端——阿基琉斯的愤怒是我的主题。
6.《伊利亚特》主要文学形象论：阿基琉斯——史诗中心英雄（阿基琉斯之踵）；赫克托耳——成熟、具有强烈悲剧色彩的古代氏族英雄形象，与三位女性关系：海伦、赫卡柏、安德洛马克7.《奥德修纪》：古希腊文学中最著名的“回家故事”。
奥德修斯形象——古代出色的政治家、谋略家和军事领袖，足智多谋、勇敢坚毅的英雄。
8.古希腊悲剧界说：命运观念与精神特质悲剧起源的文化蕴含：祭酒神狄俄尼索斯抒情歌舞“酒神颂”。
罗念生《论古希腊悲剧》：“山羊之歌”，“狂欢歌舞剧”。
9.亚里士多德《诗学》：悲剧定义：悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整而有一定长度的行动的模仿；模仿的方式是借人物的动作来表达，而不是采用叙述法，借以引起怜悯和恐惧来使这种情感得到“卡塔西斯”(catharsis，净化、陶冶、宣泄)。
10.中世纪文学成就：主要有教会文学、英雄史诗与谣曲、骑士文学、城市市民文学四大类；但丁及其《神曲》乃中古文学集大成者。
11.恩格斯论但丁：新旧交替时代的杰出诗人——“意大利是第一个资本主义民族。
封建的中世纪的终结和现代资本主义纪元的开端是以一位大人物为标志的。
这位人物就是意大利人但丁，他是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。
”12.《飨宴》中世纪第一部用俗语写成的学术性著作。
《论俗语》中世纪最早的研究民族语言及其文体和诗律的专著，建立意大利文学语言的纲领。
名词解释1. Abby Theatre 阿贝剧院阿贝剧院是爱尔兰的国家剧院，由爱尔兰著名诗人William Butler Yeats和Lady Augusta Gregory创建。
该剧院上演爱尔兰剧作家的作品。
Lady Gregory是阿贝剧院的导演，同时也是个剧作家（dramatist）。
2.Aestheticism 唯美主义基本原则：Art for art’s sake.基本人物：英国运用该美学理论的第一人士Walter Pater。
Oscar Wilder（Picture of Dorian Gray）是该理论的杰出代表。
基本思想：唯美主义崇尚艺术高于生活，生活应该模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。
这是对Victorian工业发展时期宣扬的物质崇拜（materialism）和商业主义（commercialism）的一种反抗，也是艺术为道德或金钱而服务（art for money’s sake）的维多利亚传统的挑战。
3. Age of Enlightenment 启蒙时代1. 英国的18世纪又被称为启蒙时代，总的来说是资本主义反对封建主义的时代。
2. 启蒙运动是一场进步的思想运动，盛行于法国后传播到西欧。
3. 启蒙运动是15和16世界文艺复兴运动的延续和深入，它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观点启蒙整个世界。
4. 崇尚理性，平等，和科学，倡导大众教育。
文学在当时变成了非常受欢迎的公众教育的手段，带有强烈的说教和道德教育性质。
5. 代表人物：Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift。
4. Age of Realism现实主义时期1. 现实主义是对浪漫主义时期一种反抗，并铺就了通往现代主义文学的道路。
2. 在这一时期，新一代的作家对于老一辈的浪漫主义和感伤主义的思想非常不满，提出一个新的灵感，其特点就是在生活现实方面有着极大的兴趣。
它的目标是描写生活每一方面的现实，抛弃主观偏见，理想主义或者任何浪漫的色彩。
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
2024年4月自考《外国文学史》名词解释真题（附答案）
1. 塞万提斯
西班牙伟大的作家、戏剧家、诗人,他的文学作品深刻地反映了16世纪末西班牙王国封建制度的的黑暗,宣扬了人文主义思想。
代表作品是《堂吉诃德》。
2. 塞威克斯小说
19 世纪英国作家哈代现实主义创作的最高成就是一类被他称为性格学环境的小说，因为这些小说都以英国西南郡威塞克斯广大的农村地区为背景，所以又称之为“威塞克斯小说”这类作品的主题一般表现的均是人与社会、性格和环境的对立，特别是通过爱情、婚姻问题的描写，表现个人对抗社会陈规、宗教法律，道德风俗以及神秘力量的悲剧性冲突;代表作品有《德伯家的的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》等。
3. 马克吐温
马克吐温被誉为美国文学的奠基人之一。
他的作品至今仍受到世界各地读者的喜爱,并被翻译成多种语言。
他的幽默和智慧，以及对社会问题的深刻洞察，使他成为了美国乃至世界文学史上不朽的人物。
4.冰山原则
冰山原则(iceberg Principle)是一个比喻性的术语，最初由海明威(Ermest Hemingway)提出，用以描述他文学创作中的一种技巧，即在文本中只揭示故事的一小部分，而让读者去揣摩和感受故事背后更深层次的内容。
这个原则比喻的是冰山在水面上只露出一小部分，而大
部分体积则隐藏在水下，看不见但存在。
5.新感觉派
新感觉派(Neue Sachlichkeit)，直译为“新客观性”,是20世纪20 年代末至30年代初在德国兴起的一种艺术和文学运动。
这一运动主张客观地描绘现实，反对表现主义的主观情感表达，强调对现实世界的直接观察和清晰表现。
英国文学简史术语解释总结（英文）[模版]第一篇：英国文学简史术语解释总结(英文)[模版]1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements.2.Romance （名词解释）a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3，Ballad民谣（名词解释）Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).4，4，Heroic couplet(名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格).Renaissance （名词解释）Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555 humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement 556 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class ofbourgeoisie against feudalism6，.Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7，Blank verse（名词解释）: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8，Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almostcertainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima.Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter.He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene.John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St.Agnes.,9 Enlightenment(1650-1800)（名词解释）A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy Individualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism--the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism--was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)10，Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity.In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity;Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism（名词解释）Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness toprofound gloom.RomanticismLake Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain.It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement.It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism.It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）The “stream ofconsciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.第二篇：英国文学选读术语（本站推荐）一．Local ColorismIt is said that Bret Harte was one of the first realists to introduce local color into American literature.His “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868)marked a significantdevelopment in the brief history of local color fiction.It was the result of historical & aesthetic forces.1.historical2.aesthetic forceLocal Color:Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, costumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt torecapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country.In local color literature one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands,strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retains through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracyof description.二．Beat Generation The Beat Generation refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired Central elements of “Beat” culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being三．symbolA symbol is an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an , belief, action, or material.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, or visual images and are used to convey ideas and beliefs.For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for “STOP”.On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite.are symbols for.Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion四．Code HeroThe Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed.Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.A code hero never shows emotions;showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness.Qualities such as bravery,adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero 五．Free verseFree verse is an open form(see)of.It does not use consistentpatterns, , or any other musical pattern.It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.另free verse(or, in French, vers libre), a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular : the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any.Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexibleor rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported byand other devices of repetition.Now the most widely practised verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French , and the poets of.Free verse should not be confused with , which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines.六．Naturalism Naturalism is “the idea or belief that only(as opposed toor)laws and forces operate in the world;(occas.)the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world.”Adherents of naturalism(i.e.naturalists)as sert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that theis a product of these laws.naturalism, a more deliberate kind ofin novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social.As a literary movement, naturalism wasinitiated in France by Jules and Edmond Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteux(1865), but it came to be led by Émile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies o f impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects in Thérèse Raquin(1867),Germinal(1885), and many other novels.Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society七．American PuritanismAmerican Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature Puritan Beliefs1.Original SinThrough Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful.2.PredestinationOnly a few are selected by God for salvation.3.Limited Atonement(赎罪)Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4.Irresistible GraceGrace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.Puritanism1.Idealismpracticality and purposiveness八．ExpositionThe exposition is the portion of athat introduces importantbackground information to the audience;for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot, characters' , etc.Exposition can be conveyed through dialogues, through a character's thoughts, through background details, throughmedia such as newspaper clippings, trial reports and letters, or through a narrator telling aor by establishing scenes where a character is followed.Exposition is considered one of fourof discourse, along with , , and九．Imageryour senses through imagery.Imagery is more incidental to a poem than metaphors, symbols and theme and they are often confused.Nevertheless, an image should conjure up something more than the mere mentioning of the object or situation.A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor第三篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation andeconomic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
