下载文档原格式
马克·吐温mark twain中文名：马克·吐温外文名：Mark Twain别名：萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门国籍：美国出生地：美国密苏里州佛罗里达的乡村出生日期：1835年11月30日逝世日期：1910年4月21日职业：作家代表作品：《百万英镑》、《哈克贝利费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》人物简介虽然他的财富很多，却有损他高超的幽默、机智与名气，称英国最不知名人士之一，擅长写讽刺小说。
其交友不广阔，迪士尼、魏伟德、近二款，八八年、尼古拉·特斯拉、海伦·凯勒、亨利·罗杰诸君，皆为其友。
他曾被誉为：文学史上的林肯。
海伦·凯勒曾言：“我喜欢马克·吐温——谁会不喜欢他呢？即使是上帝，亦会钟爱他，赋予其智慧，并于其心灵里绘画出一道爱与信仰的彩虹。
”威廉·福克纳称马克·吐温为“第一位真正的美国作家，我们都是继承他而来”。
其于1910年四月二十二日去世，享年七十五，安葬于纽约州艾玛拉。
写作风格融幽默与讽刺一体，既富于独特的个人机智与妙语，又不乏深刻的社会洞察与剖析，既是幽默辛辣的小说杰作，又是悲天悯人的严肃!作品笔名“马克·吐温”是其最常使用的笔名，一般认为这个笔名是源自其早年水手术语，马克·吐温的意思是：水深12英尺，萨缪尔（即“马克·吐温”）曾当过领航员，与其伙伴测量水深时，他的伙伴叫道“Mark Twain !”，意思是“两个标记”，亦即水深两浔（1浔约1.8米），这是轮船安全航行的必要条件.还有一个原因是，他的船长塞勒斯，曾是位德高望重的领航员，不时为报纸写些介绍密西西比河掌故的小品，笔名“马克·吐温”。
1859年，塞勒斯船长发表了一篇预测新奥尔良市将被水淹没的文章。
调皮的萨缪尔决定拿他开个玩笑，就模仿他的笔调写了一篇非常尖刻的讽刺小品。
谁知这篇游戏文章竟深深刺痛了老船长的心，老船长从此弃笔不写，“马克·吐温”这个笔名也从此在报纸上销声匿迹了。
课文注释：马克•吐温
马克·吐温（1835—1910），19世纪美国现实主义文学的杰出代表，也是美国文学史上第一个用纯粹美国口语写作的作家，有人称他为“美国文学之父”。
幼时家境贫寒，先后当过印刷厂学徒、报童、排字工人、矿工、水手和领港员。
他的笔名马克·吐温就是水手的术语，意思是水深两寻，即水深12英尺，表示航船可以安全通过。
1863年，马克·吐温来到弗吉尼亚市，被聘为《企业报》的记者，开始写幽默小品，并使用马克·吐温这个笔名。
1865年任《晨报》记者。
同年在纽约一家杂志发表《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》，作品生动诙谐、幽默风趣，风行一时，马克·吐温也因此全国闻名。
代表作有《竞选州长》（1870）、《汤姆·索耶历险记》（1876）、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（1884）等。
第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。
Unit 8Part 1The Age of Realism and Naturalism: Mark TwainⅠTeaching ContentLocal Colorism; Mark TwainⅡTime Allotment4 periodsⅢTeaching Objectives and Requirements1 Help the students to know about Local Colorism.2 Help the students to know about Mark TwainⅣKey Points and Difficult Points in Teaching1 Local Colorism2 Mark Twain3 The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnⅤTeaching Methods and MeansLecture; Discussion; Multi-mediaⅥTeaching Process1 Local Colorism1.1 Introduction●Local colorism first made its presence felt in late 1860s and early seventies.●Hamlin Garland defines local colorism in his Crumbling Idols ashaving “such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone e lse than a native.” Here “texture”（质地）refers to the elements which characterize a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores to peculiar to one particular place. “Background” covers physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and behavior. As Garland indicates, the ultimate/ˈʌl.tɪ.mət/aim of the localists is to create the illusion of indigenous | ɪn'dɪdʒɪnəs] little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.●Local color may be defined as the careful attention to details of the physical scene and to those mannerisms（n.固守独特的格调; 癖性; 矫揉造作）in speech, dress, or behavior peculiar to a geographical/ˏdʒiəˋɡræfɪkl/ locality.●Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpretingthe local character of their regions. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.In America, local color is mainly shown in the fiction.●Bret Harte was the first well-known writer of local color.1.2 Background●The social and intellectual climate of the country provided astimulating milieu /mɪˈljɜː/环境for the growth of local color fiction.●Socially, marked differences existed between different parts of theco untry, the east assuming the superior “aristocratic”贵族的posture, the rest of the country keenly feeling psychological need to assert their cultural identity, seeking understanding and recognition by showing their local character.●Intellectually, the frontier humorists had prepared the literary groundfor local colorism.2 Mark Twain (pseudonym/ˈsuː.də.nɪm/假名；雅名of Samuel Langhorne Clements) (1835-1910)2.1 Life●Born in 1835 in the village of Florida, Missouri●Brought up in the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on theMississippi River (4 years old-18 years old)●After his father‟s death in 1847, quitted school and workedsuccessively as a printer‟s apprentice, a tramp printer, a silver miner, a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River and frontier journalist in Nevada and California, which gave him a wide knowledge of humanity.●In 1866, went east, where he met Howells and Olivia Langdon ofElmira, New York in.●Married Miss Landon in 1870 and they settled in Hartford, Connecticut.●During the last twenty years of his life, became increasingly criticaland desperate which is related to his personal tragedies (the bankruptcy of his publishing firm bankrupted, other bad financial investments, bringing him humiliation（蒙羞；耻辱）and weariness （厌倦）, followed by the death of his two daughters and wife, driving Twain to the edge of despair and insanityɪn'sænətɪ（精神失常), scorned the whole mankind as “damned human race”.●In 1910, died in Hartford, Connect.2.2 Works●The frontier tale: “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of CalaverasCountry” (1865), bringing him recognition from a wider public, making him nationally famous.●The Innocents Abroad(1869), an account of American tourists in Europe which pokes fun at the pretentious |prɪ'tenʃəs] adj.自负的, 夸耀的, 自任不凡的, decadent 'dekədənt n.堕落者; 颓废派艺术家; 颓废者and undemocratic Old World in a satirical / sə`tɪrɪkl /tone, making Twain as the master of humorists●Roughing It (1872), describing a journey working its way farther andfarther west through Navada to San Francisco then to Hawaii●The Gilded Age (1873), exploring the scrupulous 'skruːpjələs adj.小心谨慎的, 细心的; 有顾忌的individualism‚ɪndɪ'vɪdʒʊəlɪzm in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values●The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876), a nostalgic nɔˈs tældʒɪkrecollection‚rekə'lekʃn of Twain‟s childhood life o f the Mississippi River, regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys.●Life on the Mississippi River(1883), telling a story of Twain‟sboyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot.●The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Twain‟s masterwork, themilestone in American literature, marking the climax of Twain‟s literary creativity, from which “all American literature comes”(Hemingway)●A Connecticut Yank ee in King Arthur’ Court (1889)●The Tragedy of Pudd’ nhead Wilson (1894)●The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900)●The Mysterious Stranger2.3 Mark Twain’s esthetic principle(P134)2.4 Mark Twain’s Contributions to literatureas a writer (P138)as a social critic (P138-139)2.5 Discussion of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(First the students give their opinions about the work from the aspects of theme, characters and writing style. Then discuss the selectedreading together.)ⅦReflection Questions and AssignmentsReflection QuestionsIn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn is athirteen-year-old boy. Why does Mark Twain use a child as thecenter of consciousness in this book?Assignments1 Comment on the character Huckleberry Finn in The Adventuresof Huckleberry Finn.2 What is the significance of The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn?Part 2杨勇：经典之作翻译：卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙我的一个朋友从东部写信给我，我按照他的嘱咐访问了性情随和、唠唠叨叨的老西蒙·惠勒，去打听我那位朋友的朋友利奥尼达斯·斯迈利的下落。
第8单元马克•吐温1. Why do you think Mr. Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?Key: Because Mr. Wheeler regards these stories as really important matters, and he admires the two heroes of these stories very much. He is really eager to share his stories with others.2. Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?Key: No, his audience does not share his enthusiasm nor has any interest in his stories. Although the narrator tells his stories in a very earnest and sincere way, his audience shows no interest, because that it has nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the audience cannot understand the way of laborers for joy, and he will not bother himself to understand it. So, in the end, when the audience gets a chance, he flees away.3. Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?Key: No, I don’t think that the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor. Because both the narrator and the listener show no special response and emotion to these stories, that is, the narrator tells his stories for the story-telling sake, and the listener listening to it for the listening sake. There is nocommunication between them, which causes the failure of interaction.。
马克?吐温是十九世纪后期美国批判现实主义文学的卓越代表。
是第一个将文学创作“美国化”，将文学语言民族化的作家。
他通过一生的艰苦劳动，写出了大量的文学作品，对统治美国资本主义社会的金钱的力量、虚伪的道德、腐败的政治、伪善的宗教、永不满足的贪欲、奴役世界的渴望等等，进行了嘲笑、讽刺和抨击。
他的作品中充满了马克·吐温式的幽默，他以锐利的目光，抓住社会的丑陋面进行了辛辣的讽刺和批判，马克?吐温以他特有的幽默而又犀利的文笔，将社会上诸多丑恶现象描绘的淋漓尽致，将美国政府机构当时的腐败无能暴露的纤毫毕见。
作品中充满了轻松乐观、幽默诙谐的格调。
马克·吐温在小说方面为美国树立一座新的里程碑，是一棵真正美国土生土长的参天大树。
被称为美国“现实主义之父”的作家豪威尔斯（1837-1920），称马克?吐温为美国文学界的林肯。
晚生于马克?吐温半个世纪的海明威（1899-1961），则认为现代美国文学起源于马克?吐温的作品《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》。
马克·吐温创作初期，美国资本主义迅速发展，国内出现了繁荣昌盛的局面；与此同时，资产阶级民主、自由的虚伪性和资本主义固有的弊病也逐渐暴露出来。
但由于马克·吐温对整个资本主义制度还抱有幻想，因此，这个时期他作品总的基调是轻松、乐观、幽默、欢快的。
这一时期（1865-1870）的主要作品有《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》（1865）；《傻子出国旅行记》（1869）《坏孩子的故事》（1870）和《好孩子的故事》（1870）《田纳西的新闻界》（1869）和《我怎样编辑农业报》（1870）；《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》（1870）等等。
