精讲1 名词

名词解释克拉克值：指元素在地壳中的平均含量（常用单位有%，ppm，ppb，ppt）。

地球化学体系：根据研究需要把所要研究的对象（特定的物质区域）看作是一个地球化学体系，每个地球化学体系都有一定的空间，都处于特定的物理化学状态（T、P等），并且有一定的时间连续。

元素丰度：将元素在宇宙体或者较大的地球化学体系中的平均含量称之为丰度。

大陆地壳：地表向下到莫霍面，厚度变化在5-80km，分为上部由沉积岩和花岗岩组成的硅铝层，下部由相当于玄武岩、辉长岩或麻粒岩等组成的硅镁层两部分组成。

类质同象：某种物质在一定的外界条件下结晶时，晶体中的部分构造位置被介质中的其他质点（原子、离子、络离子或分子）所占据而只引起晶格常数的微小改变，晶格构造类型、化学键类型、离子正负电荷的平衡保持不变或相近的现象。

元素的地球化学亲和性：自然体系中元素形成阳离子的能力和所显示出的有选择地与某种阴离子结合的特性。

元素的地球化学迁移：当体系与环境处于不平衡条件时，元素将从一种赋存状态转变为另一种赋存状态，并伴随着元素组合和分布上的变化及空间上的位移，以达到与新环境条件的平衡，该过程称为元素的地球化学迁移。

共同离子效应：在难溶化合物的饱和溶液中加入含有同离子的易溶化合物时，难溶化合物的饱和溶液的多相平衡将发生移动，原难溶化合物的溶解度将降低。

水-岩化学作用：由于地壳上部与水圈直接接触，两者之间发生的化学作用统称为水-岩化学作用。

水-岩化学作用是地表条件下范围广泛和极为活跃化学作用，对地表系统元素的组成、演化及循环具有重要影响。

水-岩化学作用主要发生在地壳上部，可一直延伸到上地幔。

盐效应：当溶液中存在易溶盐类时，溶液的盐度对元素的溶解度有影响。

溶液中易溶电解质的浓度增大，导致其它化合物溶解度增大的现象，称为盐效应。

共同离子效应：当在难溶化合物的饱和溶液中加入与该化合物具有相同离子的易溶化合物时，原难容化合物的溶解度将会降低，称为—。

总分配系数（D i）：为了解微量元素在岩石与熔体间的分配行为，需计算微量元素在由不同矿物组成的岩石和熔体间的总分配系数。

英语名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。

以下是一些关于英语名词的语法讲解：
1.名词的种类：英语名词分为普通名词和专有名词。

普通名词表示一类人或事物的
名称，如book（书）、apple（苹果）等；专有名词表示特定的人、地方、机构或事物的名称，如Tom（汤姆）、China（中国）等。

2.名词的复数形式：大多数名词在表示复数时需要在词尾添加“-s”或“-es”，如
books（书）、apples（苹果）等。

但也有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的，如child（孩子）的复数形式是children。

3.名词的所有格：名词的所有格表示名词的所属关系，通常在名词后添加“'s”或“of +
名词”的形式，如Tom's book（汤姆的书）、the book of Tom（汤姆的书）。

4.名词的可数性：名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词可以用数目来计数，
如one book（一本书）、two books（两本书）等；不可数名词不能用数目来计数，如water （水）、advice（建议）等。

5.名词在句子中的作用：名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。

七年级上册英语Starter Unit 1知识点与语法精讲精练词汇梳理（一）完成单词梳理：名词：1. unit单元 2. section 部分；地区 3. conversation 谈话；交谈动词：1. greet 招呼；问候 2. start 开始；着手 3. spell 用字母拼；拼写代词：1. everyone 每人；所有人感叹词：1. oh 哦；啊缩略词：1. PRC 中华人民共和国 2. PLA 中国人民解放军 3. VR 虚拟现实4. WHO 世界卫生组织5. UN 联合国兼类词：1. each （adj/pron）每个；各自2. other （pron）另外的人（或物）（adj）另外的；其他的(二) 词汇变形小结：1. greet (v. 招呼；问候) — greeting (n. 问候)2. spell (v. 用字母拼；拼写) — spelling (n. 拼写)3. start (v.开始；着手) — begin (同义词)(三) 短语攻关：starter unit 过渡单元each other 互相；彼此spell your name 拼写你的名字go to class 去上课practice doing sth. 练习做某事match ... with ... 把……和……匹配起来good morning 早上好good afternoon 下午好good evening 晚上好Nice to meet you 很高兴遇见你How are you? 你好吗？Let’s do sth. 咱们做某事吧。

thanks = thank you 谢谢say hi to sb. 向某人问好1. 26个英文字母【用法详解】1. 重点：英语中一共有26 个英文字母，其中包括 5 个元音字母（Aa 、Ee 、Ii 、Oo 、Uu ）和21个辅音字母。

2.大写字母的基本用法：（1）句子的开头；Eg.I went to the store yesterday. 我昨天去商店了。

1.They lost their way in the forest and _____ made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. thatB. thisC. whatD. which2.—I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball.-- _______ it made me nearly mad.A. That he brokeB. What he brokeC. He brokeD. His break3.______ you go or stay at home won't make any difference.A. IfB. WhenC. ThatD. Whether4. Is _____ you told me really true?A. whatB. whichC. thatD. when5. It’s well known ______ the ear th moves round the sun.A. whenB. whyC. whatD. that6.________ knowledge comes from practice is known to all.A. WhatB. WhereC. IfD. That7.____ is known to all that WTO stands for World Trade Organization.A. WhichB. WhatC. AsD. It8. ____he doesn't like them is very clear.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhichD. Where9. It is no longer a question now ________ man can travel in space.A. whichB. thatC. whetherD. what10．The question is ______ the film is worth seeing.A. ifB. whetherC. whatD. how11．This is ______.A. how did they get to the cityB. what did they get to the cityC. how they got to the cityD. what they got to the city12. It looks ______ it's going to rain.A. thatB. asC. as ifD. that13. The problem is not ___ we leave, but ____ we can get there.A. when; howB. when; whereC. how; whichD. where; when14. What I asked him is ____ the story happened.A. when and whatB. what and whereC. which and whereD. when and where15. The reason for his success is _______ he worked hard.A. whyB. thatC. becauseD. for16. The truth is ___ he doesn't work hard enough.A. whyB. whatC. thatD. which17. The reason why he was late was ____ he had taken a wrong bus.A. becauseB. whetherC. because ifD. that18. Einstein’s most famous theory is ____ we call the Theory of relativity.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. /19. To tell you the truth, this is _____ in the world.A. which I haveB. that I haveC. what I haveD. whether I have20. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel , David Copperfield, was _______ it was rather closely ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.A. whatB. thatC. whyD. whether21. This museum is not ______ it was ten years ago.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. what22.—Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? —Oh，that’s ____.A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about itD. when I feel excited23.The mountain is no longer ________it used to be.A. whichB. thatC. asD. what24. Do you doubt ________ I believe you?A. thatB. whichC. whetherD. if25. I know nothing about the accident but ________ a car ran over a small boy.A. howB. thatC. whenD. why26. Nobody but Jim and his uncle _____.A. know who is heB. know who he isC. knows who is heD. knows who he is27. I didn't know what _____.A. was the matterB. is the matterC. matter wasD. the matter is28. We have plenty of books here. You may take _____ you like .A. in whichB. from whichC. whicheverD. that29. It depends on ______ we have enough time.A. ifB. weatherC. if or notD. whether30. – How do you like the address Hu Jintao delivered at the Asian APEC in 2009?-- Great. I take ______ that he spoke of the physical security measures.A. allB. itC. oneD. this31. I want to buy some stamps. Can you tell me _____ near here?A. if there's a post officeB. is there a post officeC. where is the post officeD. whether is there a post office32. What we have seen is different from _______.A. we heardB. we have heardC. what we heardD. what we have heard33. I couldn't agree with _____ at the meeting.A. that you saidB. which you saidC. all what you saidD. what you said34. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly ______.A. where he had paid for itB. what he had paid for itC. what he was paid for itD. which he had paid for it35. We are asked ___ we think the likely result of an action will be.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. whether36. We know little about the young lady except ________you told me.A. whatB. thatC. howD.不填37. I know nothing about her except ________she is from Canada.A. howB. whenC. thatD. why38. We were all very worried over the fact _____ you were ill.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. about which39. The news ____ Lincoln was murdered filled the Ameri can people’s hearts with deep sorrow.A. whichB. whenC. thatD. how40. You have no idea_______ for her safety.A. how anxious I have beenB. so anxious I have beenC. how I have been anxiousD. I have been so anxious41. Word came ________ Fei Junlong had succeeded in walking in space.A. thatB. whyC. whereD.who42.The fact________ she works hard is well known to us all.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. which。

名词Part Ⅰ、课前小测一网打尽听写单元单词Part Ⅱ、精讲精练((典型例题方法指导)第1讲字母1、英语中共有26个字母。

Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。

英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。

Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。

2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。

在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。

在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。

书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。

3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。

单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。

句子的末尾要有标点符号。

4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。

5、英语缩写词PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基IT 信息技术EQ 情商CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克a.m. 上午USA 美国HK 香港WTO 世界贸易组织CBA 中国男子篮球联赛ATM 自动柜员机ID 身份证CPU 中央处理器BBC 英国广播公司cm 厘米p.m. 下午UK 英国SOS 国际求救信号UFO 不明飞行物VIP 贵宾EMS邮政特快专递IQ 智商RMB 人民币VOA 美国之音No. 号码6第2讲语音1、音素：语音的最小单位。

2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。

元音分为单元音和双元音两类。

单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后短。

3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。

辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。

清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。

4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。

为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。