14 东营 动词应用97-2003 文档

2009-2014年中考英语动词应用：（2009）动词运用（每小题1分，计10分） A few weeks ago, a group of us decided_1_ (go) abroad together for a holiday. When we _2_(wait) in the queue at passport control I suddenly _3_(realize) that I _4_(leave) my passport at home. I rang my parents, but they _5_(work) in the garden. Luckily, my mother finally heard the phone. My passport _6_(find) in my trousers pocket. My mother said, ―If you take a taxi this minute you_7_ (be) able to get on the plane in time.‖I _8_ (run) all the way to the plane and when at last I _9_ (get) on it the other passengers _10_ (start) clapping. 1.__________ 2.___________ 3.___________ 4.___________ 5.___________ 6.__________ 7.___________ 8.___________ 9.___________10.___________（2010）五、动词填空（共10空，计10分）阅读下面短文，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词)。

Henry found a job in a bookstore after he finished middle school. He wouldn't do anything but wanted to get rich. It was a cold morning. It (61)_______ (snow) and there was thin ice on the streets. Few people went to buy the books and the young man had nothing (62) ______ (do). He hated to read, so he watched the traffic. Suddenly he (63) ______ (see) a bag fall off a truck and it landed by the other side of the street. "It (64)_____ (be) full of expensive things." Henry said to himself. "I have to get it right now, or others (65) ______ (take) it away." He went out of the shop and ran across the street. A driver saw him and began to whistle (鸣笛), but he didn't hear it and went on (66) ______(run). The man drove to the side, hit a big tree and (67) ______ (hurt) in the accident. Two weeks later Henry was taken to court. A judge asked if he heard the whistle when he was running across the street. He said that something was wrong with his ears and he could hear nothing. "But you (68) ______ (hear) me this time," said the judge. "Oh, I'm sorry. Now I can hear with one ear." "(69) ______(cover) the ear with your hand and listen to me with your deaf one. Well, can you hear me?" "No, I can't, sir." “You (70) ______ (tell) lies. There is nothing wrong with either of your ears.” The judge said.（2011）动词填空（共10空，计10分）阅读下面短文，用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空(必要时可加情态动词或助动词）。

IAEA-TECDOC-1182Quality assurance standards: comparison between IAEA 50-C/SG-Qand ISO 9001:1994November 2000The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was:Nuclear Power Engineering SectionInternational Atomic Energy AgencyWagramer Strasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 Vienna, AustriaQUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS: COMPARISON BETWEEN IAEA 50-C/SG-Q AND ISO 9001:1994IAEA, VIENNA, 2000IAEA-TECDOC-1182ISSN 1011–4289© IAEA, 2000Printed by the IAEA in AustriaNovember 2000FOREWORDThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) agreement regarding the scope and coverage of documents published by both organizations points out that the standards of safety developed by the IAEA are recommendations for use by its Member States in the framework of national regulations for the safe utilization of nuclear energy. Such standards should be considered as nuclear safety regulatory documents. The standards developed by the ISO are complementary technical documents emphasizing industrial application and contractual aspects. Regarding the quality assurance topic, the IAEA standards 50-C/SG-Q are mostly used directly or indirectly to establish the nuclear safety requirements at the utility–regulatory interface. The industrial ISO 9001 standards have progressively been used to implement the quality assurance requirements at the interface utility–supplier.The relationship between both standards is growing in significance owing to the impact upon the owners/operators of nuclear facilities and their contractors/suppliers. The relationship between the IAEA and ISO standards is considered critical, in particular regarding suppliers with a small range of nuclear supplies. These organizations are not always willing to prepare special quality assurance programmes based on nuclear safety standards. On the other hand, these organizations may be qualified on the basis of the ISO quality assurance standards. In any case, for delivering nuclear items and services the quality assurance programme must comply with the requirements established in the nuclear safety regulatory standards. This implies that the utility–supplier will have to demonstrate that the acceptable degree of quality assurance in relation to nuclear safety is accomplished. This may be achieved by imposing additional requirements on the supplier over and above those contained within the ISO.In order to provide a description of the differences between the IAEA and ISO standards when applied in nuclear installations, and to support the practical way of fulfilling nuclear safety, the IAEA established a project for producing a guidance report. Valuable contributions from the European Atomic Forum (FORATOM) were committed and contractual arrangements made, with the target of finalizing the report in the shortest feasible timeframe commensurable with available resources.The issue as to which ISO 9001 standard should be used for the comparison, i.e. the current version 1994 or future version 2000, was discussed quite extensively by the members of the initial consultants meeting held in Vienna in January 1999. The consultants recommended proceeding with the use of ISO 9001 version 1994 on the grounds that some time would still be needed before the next version 2000 is adopted and effectively implemented. In the meantime guidance based upon the ISO 9001 version 1994 was considered to be applicable and the efforts expended in the preparation of the guidance report worthwhile. The report will subsequently be updated to include the new ISO 9001 version 2000 standard.In thanking the contributors to this report, the IAEA wishes to acknowledge the efforts and assistance provided by FORATOM and by the participants at the preparatory and review meetings, who are listed at the end of the report. Special acknowledgement is due to K.-P. Kleinert (Germany), E. Glauser (Switzerland), M. Hille (Germany) and N. Redman (United Kingdom) for their contributions. The IAEA officer responsible for this work was N. Pieroni of the Division of Nuclear Power.EDITORIAL NOTEThe use of particul ar designations of countries or territories does not impl y any judgement by the publ isher, the IAEA, as to the l egal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION (1)1.1. Background (1)1.2. Objective (1)1.3. Scope (1)2. STANDARDS USED IN THE COMPARISON (1)2.1. IAEA Code and Safety Guides on Quality Assurance 50-C/SG-Q (1)2.2. Quality System Standard ISO 9001:1994 (3)3. MAJOR DIFFERENCES AND LINKAGES (4)3.1. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and IAEA Safety Guides50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (4)3.2. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and clauses of ISO 9001:1994 (4)3.2.1. Underlying approaches (4)3.2.2. Identification of the customer (4)3.2.3. Additional requirements (5)3.3. Linkages between the IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 andclauses of ISO 9001:1994 (7)4. GUIDANCE WHEN USING ISO 9001:1994 (8)4.1. Additional requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q (8)4.2. Additional guidance of the IAEA Safety Guides (11)APPENDIX: CORRELATION MATRICES (21)Matrix 1: IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements coverage in the IAEASafety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (21)Matrix 2: Correlation between the clauses of ISO 9001:1994 and the IAEA Code50-C-Q basic requirements (22)Matrix 3: Correlation between the clauses of ISO 9001:1994 and the IAEA SafetyGuides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (23)REFERENCES (24)CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW (25)IAEA PUBLICATIONS ON QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY MANAGEMENT (27).1. INTRO DUCTIO N1.1. BackgroundThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Code and Safety Guides contained in the Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q [1] define basic quality assurance requirements, which must be considered to ensure safety, and provides recommendations on how to fulfil these basic requirements. The IAEA 50-C/SG-Q standard reflects the performance based approach to quality assurance covering all aspects of plant safety, economics and efficiency. The IAEA requirements and recommendations are generally used at the nuclear utility–regulator interface.The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Standard ISO 9001:1994 [2] specifies quality system requirements for use where any supplier’s capability to design and supply a conforming product needs to be demonstrated. The requirements specified are aimed primarily at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing non-conformity at all stages from design through to servicing. The ISO 9001:1994 standard is sometimes used at the nuclear utility–supplier interface.1.2. O bjectiveThe objective of this report is to compare the requirements of IAEA 50-C/SG-Q (1996) [1] with ISO 9001:1994 [2] in order to identify the main differences and additional requirements contained within [1]. The report also provides information and guidance, which may be considered when ISO 9001:1994 is utilized by the nuclear industry.1.3. ScopeThe comparison is made with the following publications:IAEA Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q (1996), Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations, Code and Safety Guides Q1–Q14 [1].ISO 9001:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and Servicing [2].ISO 9002:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Production, Installation and Servicing [3].ISO 9003:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Final Inspection and Test [4].Throughout this report, the comparison discussed is the comparison against ISO 9001:1994 only, as it contains all the requirements contained in ISO 9002:1994 and ISO 9003:1994. Suppliers, utilities, regulatory bodies, as well as research and development organizations could use this report when considering using ISO 9001:1994 to procure items and services for use in the nuclear industry.2. STANDARDS USED IN THE COMPARISON2.1. IAEA Code and Safety Guides on Quality Assurance 50-C/SG-QThe IAEA Safety Series includes one Code 50-C-Q on quality assurance and 14 related Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 [1].The quality assurance Code 50-C-Q establishes the basic requirements that must be met to ensure adequate safety of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The Code consists of 10 basic requirements (BR) to be adopted by the responsible organization as the foundation for establishing and implementing a comprehensive quality assurance programme related to the safety of nuclear power plants. The basic requirements are presented in three functional categories:I. ManagementBR 1: Quality Assurance ProgrammeBR 2: Training and QualificationBR 3: Non-Conformance Control and Corrective ActionsBR 4: Document Control and RecordsII. PerformanceBR 5: WorkBR 6: DesignBR 7: ProcurementBR 8: Inspection and Testing for AcceptanceIII. AssessmentBR 9: Management Self-AssessmentBR 10: Independent AssessmentThe Code includes an annex, which provides guidance to aid the understanding and implementation of the basic requirements. The content of this annex is included in this comparison.The Safety Guides describe acceptable methods of implementing particular parts of the Code. The Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 are one of two types:· Basic requirement related Safety GuidesThese Safety Guides provide recommendations and guidance on how to fulfil the basic requirements of the Code that are relevant in all of the life-cycle stages of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The BR related guides are:Safety Guide Q1: Establishing and Implementing a Quality Assurance ProgrammeSafety Guide Q2: Non-conformance Control and Corrective ActionsSafety Guide Q3: Document Control and RecordsSafety Guide Q4: Inspection and Testing for AcceptanceSafety Guide Q5: Assessment of the Implementation of the Quality Assurance Programme Safety Guide Q6: Quality Assurance in Procurement of Items and ServicesSafety Guide Q7: Quality Assurance in Manufacturing· Stage related Safety GuidesThese Safety Guides provide specific recommendations and guidance on how to implement the Code during the different life-cycle stages of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The Stage related guides are:Safety Guide Q8: Quality Assurance in Research and DevelopmentSafety Guide Q9: Quality Assurance in SitingSafety Guide Q10: Quality Assurance in Design (this specific guide may also be used as a BR related Guide when the design activities are carried out in any stage). Safety Guide Q11: Quality Assurance in ConstructionSafety Guide Q12: Quality Assurance in CommissioningSafety Guide Q13: Quality Assurance in OperationSafety Guide Q14: Quality Assurance in Decommissioning2.2. Quality System Standard ISO 9001:1994The ISO 9001:1994 standard defines the requirements for a quality management system in clauses 4.1 to 4.20. The clauses are sequentially numbered to reflect the sequence of events and activities supporting production, from developing the quality policy to the after sales service.The clauses of ISO 9001:1994 are:4.1 Management Responsibility4.2 Quality System4.3 Contract Review4.4 Design Control4.5 Document and Data Control4.6 Purchasing4.7 Control of Customer-Supplied Product4.8 Product Identification and Traceability4.9 Process Control4.10 Inspection and Testing4.11 Control of Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment4.12 Inspection and Test Status4.13 Control of Nonconforming Product4.14 Corrective and Preventive Action4.15 Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery4.16 Control of Quality Records4.17 Internal Quality Audits4.18 Training4.19 Servicing4.20 Statistical TechniquesThese 20 clauses have a relationship with and are comparable to the 10 basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q. The ISO 9001:1994 standard, however, does not give any guidance or recommendations on how the defined requirements can be implemented.3. MAJOR DIFFERENCES AND LINKAGES3.1. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14While the IAEA Code 50-C-Q specifies the ten basic requirements for quality assurance in nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations, the Safety Guides provide recommendations relative to the fulfilment of these basic requirements for different topics and life-cycle stages. An overview showing how each Safety Guide addresses the basic requirements is given in the Appendix: Matrix 1.3.2. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and clauses of ISO 9001:1994The linkages between the ten basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q and the 20 clauses of ISO 9001:1994 are provided in the Appendix: Matrix 2. In general the basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q are addressed by one or more clauses of ISO 9001:1994. However the IAEA Safety Guides provide more detailed and comprehensive guidance and recommendations on how to implement the basic requirements of the IAEA Code.Each basic requirement of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q addresses one or more of the clauses of ISO 9001:1994. However there are some significant differences in the approaches, identification of the customer and additional requirements.3.2.1. Underlying approachesThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q provides the basic requirements to be adopted for establishing and implementing quality assurance programmes related to the safety of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations. These basic requirements apply to the overall quality assurance programme of the responsible organization, i.e. the organization having overall responsibility for the nuclear power plant, as well as to any other separate quality assurance programmes in each stage of the life of a nuclear power plant.The objective of the IAEA Code is to establish basic requirements for quality assurance in order to enhance nuclear safety by continuously improving the methods employed to achieve quality. The Code recognizes that all work is a process that can be planned, performed, assessed and improved.The quality assurance model set out in ISO 9001:1994 provides the framework for the quality assurance programme of a supplier, which enables the supplier to demonstrate the capability to produce a quality product and provides a vehicle for assessment by external parties. The requirements specified are aimed primarily at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing non-conformity at all stages from design to servicing. They are generic and independent of any specific industry sector.The comparison suggests that the IAEA Code 50-C-Q is a top-down approach focused on meeting the overall safety requirements for the plant, personnel and the society in general whilst ISO 9001:1994 is a bottom-up approach focusing on satisfying the specific requirements of the immediate customer.3.2.2. Identification of the customerThe nuclear utility in meeting national regulatory requirements satisfies the safety requirements of its customer: society at large. The regulator, representing the customer in thiscase, utilizes the IAEA Code 50-C-Q to define the requirements for the quality assurance programme of its supplier, the nuclear utility. The nuclear utility also fulfils the role of the customer utilizing, where appropriate, ISO 9001:1994 plus any additional requirements to define the quality assurance programme of its suppliers of items and services. The supplier satisfies the nuclear utility (the customer) by supplying a quality product. (See Figure 1)_______ Requirement path............... Satisfaction pathFig. 1: Application of IAEA Code 50-C-Q and ISO 9001:1994.3.2.3. Additional requirements 3.2.3.1. Management self-assessmentThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q defines specific requirements for “Management self-assessment”, an activity not required by ISO 9001:1994.“Manag ement at all levels shall reg ularly assess the processes for which it is responsible. Manag ement shall determine its effectiveness in establishing , promoting and achieving nuclear safety objectives. Management process weaknesses and barriers that hinder the achievement of the nuclear safety objectives shall be identified and corrected.” (Section 401)Regulator (Customer) Supplier (Items or Services)This statement in the Code is further clarified in the Annex:“The thrust of manag ement self-assessment is to identify, correct and prevent management problems that hinder the achievement of the organization's objectives. This Code establishes the requirement for a routine and continuing assessment of the management system by the organization's managers.This self-assessment methodology is in addition to the traditional audit/appraisal that determines the adequacy and extent of the QA programme development, documentation and implementation in accordance with specified requirements. This basic requirement improves on the standard stipulation in many QA prog rammes, which requires that management regularly assess the adequacy of the portion of the programme for which it is responsible and ensure its effective implementation. This standard requirement is typically achieved, on an annual basis, by an independent consultant or g roup of consultants on behalf of management, and it addresses compliance issues rather than broad categ ories of manag ement issues. Manag ement self-assessment g oes beyond such matters as conformance to regulations, item standards or established procedures.An effective management self-assessment evaluates issues such as:— mission of the organization— whether employees understand the mission— what is expected of the organization— whether the expectations are being met— opportunities for improving quality and enhancement safety— how to make better use of human resources.The results of the management self-assessment are documented. Decisions and related actions resulting from the recommendations are promptly followed up to evaluate their effectiveness.The assessment process involves all levels of manag ement, but senior manag ement retains the overall responsibility for manag ement self-assessments. It is essential that senior management directly participate in this process.”3.2.3.2. GradingThe IAEA QA Code 50-C-Q recommends a graded approach for the application of quality assurance during the various stages of a nuclear power plant life cycle.All items, services and processes have various controls built in to ensure they perform correctly. The grading process is a means of determining what types and extent of controls are applied to specific items, services and processes.Applying controls costs money, therefore they should be applied and focused where necessary and not applied or applied to a lesser degree for less important activities. Errors in more significant activities can potentially cost huge amounts of money, could shut down a plant or production line and could cause a threat to the staff and the environment. Additional controls that may reduce or eliminate such errors are therefore a good investment.“Nuclear safety shall be the fundamental consideration in the identification of the items, services and processes to which the quality assurance prog ramme applies. A g raded approach based on the relative importance to nuclear safety of each item, service orprocess shall be used. The g raded approach shall reflect a planned and recog nized difference in the applications of specific quality assurance requirements.In g eneral, the hig hest g rade should require the most string ent application of the quality assurance requirements; the lowest grade the least stringent.The following are examples of topic areas where grading should be applied:— Type and content of training— Amount of detail and degree of review and approval of instructions— Need for and detail of inspection plans,— Degree of in-process reviews and controls,— Requirements for material traceability— Type of assessment,— Records to be generated and retained. (Section 210).When items, processes or services are modified, the assigned grade of quality assurance requirements could become more string ent or less string ent depending on whether a change in nuclear safety significance has occurred.” (Section 211)Safety Guide 50-SG-Q1 explains what the “graded approach” in relation to nuclear safety means:“Whilst the quality assurance principles remain the same, the extent to which the quality assurance requirements are to be applied shall be consistent with the importance to nuclear safety of the item, service or process. A graded approach which can satisfy the necessary requirements and ensure the required quality and safety shall be used.” (Section 209)ISO 9001:1994 does not specify or define a graded approach for applying the controls specified in the quality system.3.2.3.3. Independence of inspection and testing personnelThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q requires that inspection and testing of specified items, services and processes shall be conducted using established acceptance and performance criteria. The level of inspection and testing and the degree of independence of personnel shall be established.ISO 9001:1994 does not specifically cover the independence of inspection and testing personnel.3.3. Linkages between the IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 and clauses of ISO9001:1994The linkages between the content of the IAEA Safety Guides and the ISO clauses are presented in the Appendix: Matrix 3.Matrix 3 supports the following observations:· The IAEA Safety Guides do not directly consider the customer-related requirements of ISO 9001 defined in Clauses 4.3 Contract Review, 4.7 Control of Customer-Supplied Product and 4.19 Servicing.· Similar requirements defined under the clauses ‘management responsibility’ and ‘quality system’ in ISO 9001 can be found in all of the Safety Guides.· Stage related Safety Guides in general address the majority of subjects in the ISO clauses.4. GUIDANCE WHEN USING ISO 9001:1994A detailed comparison of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q and BR related Safety Guides with ISO 9001:1994 to identify all additional requirements and guidance was carried out. In this comparison the annexes of the IAEA publications 50-C/SG-Q have not been considered as they contain examples illustrative of how the guidance could be implemented. The stage related Safety Guides, with exception of the Safety Guide “Quality Assurance in Design” (50-SG-Q10), were not included in this comparison as they provide specific recommendations for the content of the quality systems at each of the life-cycle stages. The Safety Guide 50-SG-Q10 was included as it provides guidance that may be relevant to the design activity of all stages.The detailed results of the comparison are included in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. These sections identify additional requirements or guidance found in the IAEA publications 50-C/SG-Q that are not found in ISO 9001:1994. Where the additional requirement or guidance is not self-explanatory some additional notes on application to suppliers are provided.The application of additional requirements or guidance from the IAEA Code and Safety Guides 50-C/SG-Q should be considered by the nuclear utility from two points of view:— Should the nuclear power plant/utility address this difference within its own quality assurance programme?— Should the nuclear power plant/utility require its suppliers to address the difference as an additional requirement in the procurement documents?The consideration should also take into account the regulatory requirements of each Member State.4.1. Additional requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-QThe following table identifies additional or more detailed requirements in the IAEA Code 50-C-Q that are not contained within ISO 9001:1994.Section Additional Requirement Notes to aid application101 to 108 Introduction104 The responsible organization has to demonstrate the effective fulfilment of the quality assurancerequirements to the satisfaction of the regulatorybody… The utility should demonstrate that its quality programme takes account of and incorporates any requirements from the regulatory body. The utility should require its suppliers to apply any of these specific requirements where necessary.201 to 205 BR 1: Quality Assurance Programme204 Nuclear safety shall be the fundamentalconsideration in the identification of the items,services and processes to which the qualityassurance programme applies. A gradedapproach based on the relative importance tonuclear safety of each item, service or processshall be used. The graded approach shall reflecta planned and recognized difference in theapplications of specific quality assurancerequirements. The graded approach for activities and items, including procurement, should be described within the utility quality programme. The application of grading to supplier activities should be clarified. The utility should consider whether its supplier should adopt complimentary grading and provide guidance.Section Additional Requirement Notes to aid application 206 BR 2: Training and Qualification206 Personnel shall be trained and qualified so thatthey are competent to perform their assignedwork and understand the safety consequences oftheir activities. The utility should identify personnel involved with safety matters and provide the related training and qualification programme. The utility should notify its suppliers when their personnel are involved with safety matters and ensure they are trained appropriately.206 to 208 BR 3: Non-Conformance Control andCorrective Actions Non-conformance (as per IAEA Code 50-C-Q) covers non-conforming product, system and process non-conformity as per the ISO standard.304 to 305 BR 6: Design305 The adequacy of design, including design tools and design inputs and outputs shall be verifiedor validated by individuals or groups other thanthose who originally performed the work.Verification, validation and approval shall becompleted before implementation of the design. The utility quality programme addressing design should specify that persons in charge of safety related design verification and validation should be different from those performing the work. The utility should notify the relevant requirements to suppliers when they perform safety related design activities. Any design verification and approval should be performed before implementation of design. Generally design validation is performed through commissioning under defined operating conditions and specific dispositions should be applied for accidental conditions.Annex …Design inputs include all requirements for thedesign, such as the technical bases for thedesign (design basis), performancerequirements, reliability requirements, andsafety and security requirements. …... Computer programs used in design arevalidated through testing or simulation prior touse if not proven through previous use.—306 to 308 BR 7: Procurement Suppliers in IAEA terms are equivalent tosubcontractors.308 Requirements for reporting deviations fromprocurement requirements shall be specified inthe procurement documents. The option contained within ISO 9001:1994 for reporting deviations (non-conforming product) should be identified as being necessary.309 to 310 BR 8: Inspection and Testing for Acceptance309 Inspection and testing of specified items,services and processes shall be conducted usingestablished acceptance and performance criteria.The level of inspection and testing and thedegree of independence of personnel shall beestablished. It is recommended that utilities request suppliers to include this requirement in their quality programme, when appropriate.401 BR 9: Management Self-Assessment Management Self-Assessment is more complexand detailed than the ISO Management-Review.Management Self-Assessment focuses on theachievement of the nuclear safety objectives.Although ISO 9001:1994 covers themanagement review and internal audit processesit does not cover management self-assessment.(It is therefore recommended that suppliersproviding items and services to ISO Standardalso include management self-assessment intheir quality assurance programme.)。

Unit4 I used to be afraid of the dark课文重难点精讲精析Section B1. I used to be nervous about tests all the time. Did you?【解析1】get nervous 变得紧张be nervous about 对......感到紧张____ , so he has plenty of 【2014连云港】Mr. Black used to be busy. But now he’s tired andtime to exercise.A. hardB. calmC. freeD. nervous【2014贵州六盘水】25. My sister was like a cat hot bricks before the High School Entrance Exam.A. excitedB. sadC. relaxedD. nervous2.Yes, me too.是的，我也是。

【解析】Me too！我也是！多用于口语，表示前面一种肯定情况适合“我”，意“我也是；我也如此”(相当于I... too.) —I like eating ice-cream very much.—Me too.【2010江西·南昌2】．-I prefer to eat cakes that have cream on top．一____!They are delicious．A．Good luck B．Me too C．I hope so D．You’re kidding【拓展】(1) 如果是一种否定情况也适合“我”，应用Me neither.—I haven’t finished my work yet.—Me neither.[2011曲靖中考]—I have never been to Luiang Colorful Sand Forest before.—______.A. Me ,tooB. Me, everC. Me , eitherD. Me , neither【拓展】also /too/as well/ either(1) also 也，用于肯定句句中，用在实义动词之前，系动词、助动词、情态动词之后。

高考英语东营情态动词知识点经典测试题及答案解析一、选择题1．—I phoned you yesterday morning. A girl answered, but I didn’t recognize the voice.—Oh, it ________ my younger sister. She was in my room at that moment.A．must have been B．should have beenC．could have been D．may have been2．—Can I pay the bill by check?—Sorry，sir．But it is the management rules of our hotel that payment _____ be made in cash．A．shall B．needC．will D．can3．They worked hard day and night during the next ten years ________ they ________ pay for the lost necklace.A．so…would B．so that…would C．in order that…could D．and…would 4．—Where is my dictionary?I remember I put it here yesterday.—You___it in the wrong place.A．must put B．should have putC．might put D．might have put5．Home is not just the place where you grow up. It ________ be a warm smile, a sincere hug, and a shoulder for you to cry on.A．must B．can C．will D．should6．She is shy and ________ the teacher’s question.A．dares not answer B．doesn’t dare to answerC．dare not to answer D．dares not to answer7．Y ou ________ be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.A．must B．can C．will D．shall8．I didn’t hear the phone. I ___ asleep.A．must be B．must have beenC．should be D．should have been9．Peter searched all the places where he________have left her iPad but it was all in vain. A．might B．would C．must D．should10．—Life ____ be very hard for people living in the north of Canada as it is very cold there in winter.—Yes, the weather there _____ be as low as 60℃ below zero.A．must; can B．shall; must C．will; should D．has to; can 11．Although you ______ find bargains in London, it’s not generally a cheap place to shop. A．should B．need C．must D．can 12．Schools have been lengthening the school day to raise test marks, which ________ be costly if schools need air conditioning on hot days.A．might B．can C．dare D．need13．Mary is a bit shy and ____ a speech in public, which makes her lose the precious chance todo the voluntary job.A．dares not make B．doesn’t dare makeC．dare not to make D．dares not to make14．Mr. White _______ to hospital for an examination yesterday but he was too busy to come. A．should come B．should have come C．should be coming D．should had come 15．You ______ have been out last night, for all the lights in your room were not on.A．need B．must C．may D．should16．He didn’t follow the doctor’s suggestions as required, but he _________.A．ought B．ought to C．ought to be D．ought to have 17．She looks very happy. She_________ the exam.A．can have passed B．should have passed C．must have passed D．could have passed 18．AI will surely be a feature of future life, but it _____ be used responsibly and in a proper way. A．can B．need C．must D．will19．He ______ writing the paper now. He hadn’t written a single word when I left him ten minutes ago.A．shouldn’t be B．ca n’t have finishedC．can’t be D．mustn’t have finished20．The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ____________ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.A．should have taken B．could have takenC．needn’t have taken D．mustn’t have taken21．— Did Bob take the job in the supermarket? — No, but I think he _________.A．will have B．may have C．should have D．must have 22．—Peter, you delivered a wonderful speech today.—Thanks, but I think I ______ more attention to my stage manners during that time.A．must pay B．should payC．must have paid D．should have paid23．As you worked late last night, you __________ have come this morning.A．may not B．can’t C．mustn’t D．needn’t24．The heavy rain may ______ the landslide last night.A．accounts for B．accounted forC．have accounted for D．accounting for25．There are still 30 minutes ____, so we ____ hurry with lunch.A．going…needn’t B．to leave…don’t need C．leaving…needn’t to D．to go…needn’t【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除一、选择题1．A解析：A【解析】【分析】【详解】考查情态动词。

东营中考英语阅读表达的做题技巧全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Cracking the Code: My Strategies for Acing English Reading on the Dongying ExamHey there, fellow students! As we gear up for the big Dongying Middle School Entrance Exam, I know many of us are feeling the pressure, especially when it comes to the English reading section. But fear not, my friends! I've got sometried-and-true tips that have helped me conquer those tricky passages and questions like a boss!First things first, let's talk about preparation. You know that feeling when you're trying to read a passage, but the words just seem to jumble together, and you can't make sense of anything? Trust me, I've been there! The key is to start training your brain early on by reading, reading, and then reading some more. I'm talking about books, magazines, news articles – anything and everything in English that you can get your hands on.But wait, there's a catch! It's not just about mindlessly skimming through the words. You've got to actively engage withthe material. Take notes, look up words you don't know, and try to summarize the main ideas in your own words. This practice will not only boost your vocabulary but also help you get better at identifying the most important information in a passage.Okay, now that we've covered the prep work, let's dive into the actual exam strategies. When you're faced with a reading passage, the first thing you should do is scan it quickly. Don't try to understand every single word just yet; instead, look for clues like headings, bolded words, or phrases that give you a general idea of what the passage is about. This initial overview will help you establish a mental framework and make it easier to comprehend the details as you read more carefully.Speaking of reading carefully, that's the next step! As you go through the passage, pay close attention to transitions, signal words, and other linguistic cues that indicate relationships between ideas. For example, words like "however," "in contrast," or "consequently" can signal a shift or contrast in the writer's argument. Identifying these connections will help you better understand the overall flow and logic of the passage.Now, let's talk about those pesky questions that follow the reading. One of the most common types you'll encounter is the "main idea" question. To tackle these, you'll need to look for theoverarching theme or central claim that the author is trying to convey. Sometimes, this may be explicitly stated in the introduction or conclusion, but other times, you'll have to infer it from the supporting details and evidence provided throughout the passage.Another tricky question type is the "inference" or "implication" question. These bad boys require you to read between the lines and draw logical conclusions based on the information given in the passage. Don't worry;篇2Hey guys! It's me again, your friendly neighborhood elementary schooler. Today, I want to talk to you about something that's been on my mind a lot lately – the English reading comprehension section of the Dongying Zhongkao exam. I know, I know, it's still a few years away for some of you, but it's never too early to start preparing, right?First things first, let's talk about what this section is all about. Basically, you'll be given a few passages to read, and then you'll have to answer some questions about them. Sounds simple enough, right? Well, as we all know, English can be a tricky language, and these passages can be pretty challenging.But don't worry, I've got some awesome tips to help you ace this section like a boss!Tip #1: Read the questions first!I know, this might sound a little backwards篇3Title: Cracking the Reading Comprehension Code on the Dongying Zhongkao English ExamHey there, fellow students! It's your pal here, ready to share some super awesome tips for tackling those pesky reading comprehension questions on the English part of the Zhongkao exam. Trust me, with a little practice and the right strategies, you'll be acing this section like a pro!First things first, let's talk about the importance of reading comprehension. In a nutshell, it's all about understanding what you're reading. Easy peazy, right? Well, not always. Those exam passages can be pretty tricky, with all sorts of unfamiliar words and complex ideas. But fear not, my friends, for I've got your back!Tip #1: Pay Attention to the QuestionsBefore you even start reading the passage, take a quick glance at the questions. This will give you an idea of what to look out for as you read. Are they asking about specific details? Main ideas? The author's tone or purpose? Knowing what to focus on will help you stay on track and avoid getting lost in the weeds.Tip #2: Read the Passage Carefully (but Not Too Carefully)Now it's time to dive into the passage itself. But don't just skim through it like a speed-reader on caffeine. Read carefully, taking note of any important details, key words, or transitions that might clue you in to the main ideas or structure of the text. At the same time, don't get bogged down analyzing every single word or sentence. You're looking for the big picture here, not dissecting every little thing.Tip #3: Use Context CluesChances are, you'll encounter some unfamiliar words or phrases in the passages. Don't panic! Instead, use those context clue detective skills you've been practicing. Look at the words and sentences around the tricky term, and see if you can figure out the meaning from the context.Tip #4: Annotate Like a ProAs you're reading, don't be afraid to make notes or underline important information. Jot down key points, circle words or phrases you think might be important, and make any other annotations that will help you keep track of the main ideas and details. Just don't go overboard and turn the passage into a scribbled mess!Tip #5: Eliminate the Obvious Wrong AnswersWhen it comes to the multiple-choice questions, your first step should be to eliminate any answers that are clearly incorrect. Trust your gut instinct and cross off any options that just don't make sense or contradict the information in the passage.Tip #6: Look for Keyword MatchesAs you're narrowing down the answer choices, keep an eye out for words or phrases that match the language used in the passage. These keyword matches can often point you in the right direction, especially for detail-oriented questions.Tip #7: Watch Out for Tricky WordingThe test makers love to throw in answer choices that sound plausible but are actually slightly off or twisted versions of the truth. Be on the lookout for these sneaky wording traps, andalways double-check the answer against the information in the passage.Tip #8: Trust Your Gut (But Verify)Sometimes, your initial instinct about an answer will be correct. Other times, not so much. If you have a strong feeling about a particular choice, trust your gut – but also make sure to verify it against the evidence in the passage. Don't just go with your first hunch without backing it up.Tip #9: Manage Your Time WiselyReading comprehension sections can be time-consuming, so it's important to keep an eye on the clock. Don't get bogged down on a single question or passage for too long. If you're really stuck, make your best guess and move on. You can always come back to it later if you have time.Tip #10: Practice, Practice, PracticeLast but not least, the key to mastering reading comprehension is practice. Set aside time to work through practice passages and questions, applying the strategies we've discussed. The more you practice, the more comfortable and confident you'll become with the format and types of questions.There you have it, my friends – ten terrific tips to help you conquer the reading comprehension section of the Dongying Zhongkao English exam. Remember, with a little patience, perseverance, and these handy strategies in your toolkit, you'll be well on your way to success.So, what are you waiting for? Grab those practice materials and start honing your skills today. Before you know it, you'll be reading and comprehending like a pro, leaving those tricky passages in the dust. Best of luck, and happy studying!篇4Title: Cracking the English Reading Comprehension Code!Hey there, fellow students! As we approach the all-important middle school entrance exam, one section that often leaves us scratching our heads is the English reading comprehension part. But fear not, my friends! I've got some super-cool tips and tricks up my sleeve to help you conquer this beast once and for all. So, let's dive in and get ready to become reading comprehension masters!Tip #1: Become a Word WizardThe first step to acing the reading comprehension section is to build up your vocabulary. I know, I know, memorizing words can be a real snooze-fest, but trust me, it's worth it! The more words you know, the easier it will be to understand the passages. So, how do you become a word wizard? Try making flashcards with words and their definitions, and review them regularly. You can also try playing word games or reading books and making notes of any new words you encounter.Tip #2: Skim and Scan like a ProBefore you dive headfirst into a passage, take a few seconds to skim and scan it. Skimming means quickly glancing over the passage to get a general idea of what it's about. Scanning, on the other hand, is when you quickly look for specific information, like names, dates, or keywords. By skimming and scanning, you'll be able to better focus your attention and answer questions more efficiently.Tip #3: Ask Questions as You ReadAs you're reading the passage, try to ask yourself questions about what you've read so far. For example, you could ask, "What is the main idea of this paragraph?" or "What evidence supports this claim?" Asking questions will help you stay engaged with the material and better understand the overall meaning.Tip #4: Embrace the Art of InferenceSometimes, the answers to the questions won't be directly stated in the passage. In these cases, you'll need to use your inference skills to read between the lines and figure out the implied meaning. Look for clues in the text that can help you draw logical conclusions. It's like being a detective, piecing together the evidence to solve the mystery!Tip #5: Don't Get Bogged Down in the DetailsWhile it's important to pay attention to details, don't get too caught up in them. Remember, the questions are testing your overall comprehension of the passage, not your ability to memorize every single fact. If you get stuck on a particular detail, move on and come back to it later. The big picture is what matters most.Tip #6: Practice, Practice, Practice!Like any skill, reading comprehension takes practice. The more you do it, the better you'll get. So, make sure to set aside time to practice with sample passages and questions. You can find plenty of practice materials online or in English workbooks. As you practice, pay attention to the types of questions that tend to trip you up and work on improving those areas.Tip #7: Stay Positive and Believe in YourselfLast but certainly not least, always remember to stay positive and believe in yourself. Reading comprehension can be tough, but with the right strategies and a positive mindset, you can conquer it. Don't get discouraged if you struggle at first – it's all part of the learning process. Just keep practicing, stay determined, and you'll be well on your way to reading comprehension success!Well, there you have it, my dear friends – seven amazing tips to help you slay the English reading comprehension section like a boss! Remember, with a little bit of effort and the right strategies, you've got this in the bag. So, go forth and conquer, my reading comprehension warriors! You've got this!篇5Tips for Rocking the English Reading on the Zhongkao ExamHey there, fellow middle schoolers! It's your pal Claude here, and I've got some awesome tips to help you crush the English reading comprehension section on the big Zhongkao exam. We all know how important this test is for getting into a great high school, so let's make sure you're prepared to tackle those reading passages like a boss!First things first, let's talk about mindset. I know, I know, you're probably thinking "Ugh, reading comprehension is so boring!" But trust me, with the right approach, it can actually be kind of fun – like a little detective game where you have to hunt for clues and piece together the full story. Plus, strong reading skills will seriously level up your English game overall.Tip #1: Don't Panic at the PassagesWhen you first flip to that reading section, you might feel a little overwhelmed looking at those huge chunks of text. But don't let those big bad passages intimidate you! Take a deep breath and remind yourself that you've got this. Those writers can throw whatever vocabulary or complex sentences they want at you – you're ready.Tip #2: Become a Skimming NinjaOne of the most important reading skills is skimming –gliding your eyes quickly over the passage to get the main idea before getting bogged down in the details. It's like doing a sweep of the area before you go in for the full search, if that makes sense.Here's how it's done: Start by reading the title, subtitle, and first/last lines of each paragraph. Look for key Names, Dates,Places, and Stats that jump out at you. Get a sense of the Overall story or argument the author is trying to make. Once you've skimmed those highlights, you'll have a much better grasp of what's going on as you dive into the nitty-gritty.Tip #3: Annotate Like You AnnotateAs you're reading, make sure to annotate that passage like your life depends on it! Underline key details, circle tough vocabulary words, jot notes in the margins, whatever helps you actively engage with the text. Treating it like a blank canvas you can scribble all over makes it way more fun and memorable.Those annotations also become super helpful when it's time to answer the actual comprehension questions. You've already highlighted all the important bits you need to refer back to. It's like making a trail of breadcrumbs for your future self!Tip #4: Use Those Context CluesLet's be real, there are going to be some ridiculously obscure vocabulary words in these passages that'll make you go "Wait, what does gurrlllndurabillitttayy mean??" When you encounter confusing words like that, don't instantly reach for a dictionary or give up. Context clues are your best friends here!The author will often define or rephrase tricky words elsewhere in the same sentence or paragraph. See if you can logic out the meaning from the surrounding words and ideas. You've got this context clue cracking skills!Tip #5: Read the Questions First (Seriously)This one might sound backwards, but hear me out – taking a peek at the questions before reading the full passage can actually be a huge help. The questions will clue you into the key information and details you should be watching out for. It's like getting a little sneak preview of what's going to be on the test!So do a quick scan of the comprehension questions first. That way, as you're reading, you'll already know what to tune your attention towards. It'll help your focus laser in on the important parts and stop you from zoning out.Tip #6: Be a Stubborn SkepticJust because the passage says something, that doesn't automatically mean it's a fact that you should blindly accept. Good readers should approach everything with a critical, skeptical eye. Always be asking yourself "Oh yeah? Prove it!" about any opinions or assertions.Look for where the author cites evidence like quotes, expert opinions, statistics etc. to actually back up their claims. If it's an opinion with no real facts behind it, you can feel free to disagree! Having that skeptical mindset will make you way more discerning about what you're reading.Tip #7: Use Process of EliminationOkay, time for the rapid fire lightning round of test-taking tips! When you're stuck on a tough multiple choice question, USE PROCESS OF ELIMINATION. Cross off any answer choices you know are definitely wrong, then put your focus on what's left.Tip #8: Make Educated GuessesCan't decide between a couple answer options? That's where making an educated guess based on context clues comes in. Don't leave anything blank – eliminating some wrong choices first, then taking your best guess at the rest.Tip #9: Watch Your TimeKeep an eye on the clock! You don't want to run out of time before finishing. If you're stuck on a question, make a mark and moveon - you can come back to it later if there's time.Tip #10: Stay Positive!And lastly, believe in yourself! You've got this. All that time practicing reading strategies is going to pay off. Channel that positive energy, dig in, and tackle those passages! You're going to walk out of there feeling like a total reading warrior.Okay middle schoolers, that's a wrap on my top Zhongkao reading tips! Study hard, don't stress too much, and remember to snack strategically during those long exams. You've got this! Now get out there and show those reading passages who's boss.篇6Reading Comprehension Tips for the Dongying Zhongkao ExamHey there, fellow students! As we're getting closer to the big Zhongkao exam, I know many of us are starting to feel a bit nervous about the reading comprehension section. But fear not, my friends! I've got some super helpful tips to share with you that will make tackling those reading passages a whole lot easier.First things first, let's talk about preparing before the exam. It's really important to read as much as you can leading up to the test. I'm not just talking about your textbooks either (although those are important too!). Try to mix it up by reading novels, magazines, newspapers, anything you can get your hands onreally. The more you read, the better you'll get at understanding different writing styles and topics.Another great way to prepare is by practicing old exam papers. Your teachers probably have tons of these from previous years. Going through them can help you get used to the format and types of questions you'll see on the real test. Plus, it's excellent reading practice!Okay, now let's move on to some strategies for during the actual exam. One of the biggest mistakes students make is diving straight into the reading passage without taking a peek at the questions first. Big no-no! Always skim through the questions before reading so you know what information to look out for.Speaking of skimming, that's going to be your new best friend during the reading comprehension section. You don't have time to read every single word super carefully. Instead, train your eyes to skim over the passages quickly to get the main idea. The details will come later when you go back to answer the specific questions.Now let's talk about those pesky questions. A lot of them will be about finding details or facts stated directly in the passage. For those, you'll need to go back and comb through carefully,underlining or highlighting anywhere that information appears. Easy peasy!But then you'll also get questions about making inferences - reading between the lines. Those can be trickier. My advice? Think about things like the author's tone and choice of words. Those can give you clues about their implications or underlying messages.Multiple choice questions are always fun too (just kidding, we all low-key hate them). When you're stuck, try eliminating any obviously wrong answers first. Then spend extra time re-reading those parts of the passage related to the choices you can't decide between.Oh, and pay close attention to transition words and phrases like "however," "in addition," "for example." Those will help you follow the flow and logic of the passage.Once you've answered all the questions for one passage, take a second to skim back over your answers before moving on to the next one. You might catch a silly mistake you can quickly fix!Okay, I could go on and on, but I'll wrap it up so you can get back to studying. The most important things are: read a ton,practice old exams, skim first, pay attention to details and inferences, and don't stress! You've got this.Just keep these tips in mind, and that reading comprehension section won't stand a chance against you. Best of luck, everyone! Now get out there and show the Zhongkao who's boss.。

高考英语东营连词知识点真题汇编含解析一、选择题1．It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine. ________, we’d better take it to the garage immediately.A．Otherwise B．If notC．But for that D．If so2．Although alcohol is legal, it can damage the liver and do great harm______consumed in large quantities.A．even if B．once C．While D．unless 3．Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea ______ the party is to be held?A．what B．whichC．that D．where4．______the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.A．UntilB．UnlessC．OnceD．Although5．As Emerson puts it,____ we travel the world over to find the beautiful,we must carry it with us orwe find it not.A．unless B．until C．though D．because6．I do every single bit of housework ______ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then．A．since B．whileC．when D．as7．Our motherland is getting more and more powerful. This is we can get protection whenever we run into danger abroad.A．what B．because C．whether D．why8．Studying online is popular among students in Suzhou，______they are free to choose what to learn and when in this way．A．while B．ifC．though D．as9．______ I saw it, I knew I had seen it before.A．At the moment B．ImmediatelyC．For the first time D．The minutes10．_________he is an adult now, he is still like a child.A．Now that B．As thoughC．As soon as D．Even though11．Jim is absent from the party. That is ________ he was badly injured in the football game. A．because B．why C．how D．when12．- Have you known each other for long?- Not really. ________ we started to work in this school.A．Just after B．Just when C．Ever since D．Just before 13．Please don’t call me at the office ________ it’s really necessary.A．if B．unless C．as if D．except 14．You’d better get it prepared ahead of time just ____ something unexpected happens. A．as if B．in case C．even though D．as long as 15．The stranger shook me by the hand warmly ________ he were to say he knew me well. A．even if B．when C．if D．as if16．______ you know how to sort the trash, why did you put it into the same bin?A．Unless B．When C．Now that D．Even though 17．In some places women are expected to earn money _______ men work at home and raise their children.A．while B．thoughC．because D．but18．No sooner had the lecture come to an end ______ the crowds of students poured out of the stadium.A．when B．until C．so that D．than19．—Will you go to Mary’s birthday party?—No. _____ invited, I cannot go to it. I will be very busy then.A．Only if B．Now thatC．As though D．Even though20．Well-educated employees can undertake most common jobs easily, ________ the efficiency of the society is guaranteed.A．so that B．even if C．in that D．as if21．The growth of GDP in China will be largely slowed down in the next few years ________it mainly relies on the exploration of the resources available.A．because of B．due to C．thanks to D．now that22．______I catch a cold , my nose runs.A．First time B．At times C．Every time D．The time 23．Incredible ________ it was, it was true.A．although B．though C．even though D．despite24．You can phone your friend at work _____ you don’t make a habit of it.A．as if B．even though C．as long as D．in case 25．alking with him, you’ll find him an easy-going man.A．Once B．Unless C．Until D．Before【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除一、选择题1．D解析：D【解析】【分析】【详解】考查连接词辨析。