国际交流英语—经典口译
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英语中级口译在全球化的背景下,跨国交流与合作愈发频繁,英语作为国际通用语言在各个领域中扮演着重要的角色。
在这样的背景下,英语中级口译能力的重要性也越来越受到重视。
本文将从以下几个方面探讨英语中级口译的意义、要求以及提高方法。
一、英语中级口译的意义口译是一项将一种语言通过口述形式转换成另一种语言的过程,其中英语中级口译是在两种语言之间进行中级水平的翻译工作。
英语中级口译的意义主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 跨文化交流:随着国际交流与合作的不断增多,英语中级口译能力是跨越不同文化背景的桥梁。
通过英语中级口译,不仅能让来自不同国家和地区的人们顺利沟通,还能促进跨国企业的发展和国际友好关系的建立。
2. 职业发展:英语中级口译能力是许多职业的必备技能。
例如,国际商务谈判、国际会议及学术研讨会等都需要具备英语中级口译的能力。
拥有这一能力将为个人职业发展提供更多机会和竞争优势。
3. 文化传播:英语中级口译能力还能帮助扩大国际声誉,促进文化交流。
通过准确传递英语和母语之间的信息,可以更好地展示国家的文化底蕴和特色,增强国际社会对本国文化的理解和认可。
二、英语中级口译的要求要想成为一名合格的英语中级口译员,除了良好的英语基础外,还需要具备以下的要求:1. 语言能力:英语中级口译员需要具备丰富的词汇量、语法和语言表达能力。
只有具备扎实的语言能力,才能准确快速地将原文转换成目标语言。
2. 背景知识:英语中级口译员需要具备广泛的背景知识,包括文化、政治、经济等领域的知识。
这样才能更好地理解专业术语和上下文,准确地表达出口。
3. 快速反应和冷静应对:英语中级口译员需要具备快速反应的能力和处理紧急情况的能力。
在翻译过程中,可能会遇到一些突发情况,如发言人讲话速度过快、词汇选择等问题,需要能够迅速适应并应对。
4. 良好的沟通能力:英语中级口译员需要具备良好的沟通能力,包括倾听、表达和控制对话节奏等方面。
只有通过良好的沟通,才能实现准确的信息传递。
英语口译技巧:高质量口译的基本要素引言口译是一项复杂而富有挑战性的任务,它要求译员具备高水平的语言技能、丰富的专业知识和卓越的思维能力。
在跨文化交流日益频繁的今天,口译在国际会议、商务洽谈、外交活动等场合扮演着重要的角色。
本文将探讨高质量口译所需的基本要素,以帮助英语口译人员提升自己的表现。
灵活运用语言技巧1. 词汇积累词汇是口译的基础,丰富的词汇量可以使译员更准确、流利地表达意思。
因此,译员需要不断积累各种专业词汇和常用词汇,并理解它们的真正含义和用法。
2. 语法结构掌握语法结构可以帮助译员更好地理解和表达所听到的信息。
译员需要熟悉各种语法规则,并在口译中灵活运用。
此外,了解不同语言之间的语法差异也是十分重要的。
3. 听力技巧良好的听力技巧是高质量口译的关键要素之一。
译员需要提高自己的听力能力,包括快速捕捉信息、准确理解内容和分辨语调等。
通过多听录音、音频材料和参加听力训练,译员可以不断提升自己的听力水平。
4. 口译技巧在口译过程中,译员需要运用一系列的口译技巧,例如记笔记、转换思维、实时翻译等。
记笔记可以帮助译员更好地掌握信息,在口译过程中提供有效的参考和支持。
译员还需要能够快速地将听到的信息转换成目标语言,并通过适当的句子结构和表达方式进行流畅的口译。
深入了解专业知识1. 领域知识不同的口译场景需要掌握不同的专业知识。
译员需要熟悉自己所从事的领域,并深入了解各种专业术语、行业动态和相关背景知识。
只有在具备足够的专业知识基础上,译员才能准确理解并正确传达相关信息。
2. 文化背景文化背景对口译的理解和表达起到至关重要的作用。
不同的文化背景可能导致不同的价值观和方式,译员需要了解并适应不同的文化环境。
对于一些特定的文化细节和习惯,译员需要给予充分的重视,并通过灵活运用语言和表达方式有效地传达信息。
保持专注和自信1. 专注力专注力是高质量口译的基本要素之一。
在复杂的环境中,译员需要保持高度的专注力,不受干扰地聆听并理解内容。
英语口译和笔译等级随着全球化的加速和国际交流的不断推进,英语已成为全球通用的交际语言。
尤其是在商业、政治、文化等领域,英语已成为非常重要的工具。
而英语口译和笔译等级,则是考验个人英语水平和翻译能力的重要指标。
本文将介绍英语口译和笔译等级,以及相关的考试、认证和培训。
一、英语口译等级英语口译等级主要包括初级、中级和高级三个等级。
其中,初级口译一般要求掌握日常生活英语及简单商务英语表达,能听懂日常对话并做出基本回答,翻译一些简单的商务文件,如询盘、报价单等。
中级口译要求应试者在英文交流中具备准确把握话题、内容以及实现正常的口语交际技能,可以熟练对话、阅读、写作等,能够翻译复杂的英文文件、意见书和报告,如合同、公司年度报告等。
高级口译则要求应试者掌握高级口语表达和听力技巧,能够熟练处理各种专业领域的英文文件和会议讨论,如科技、贸易、环保、法律等领域。
二、英语笔译等级英语笔译等级主要包括初级、中级和高级三个等级。
初级笔译要求应试者能读懂简单的英文短文,能做到初步翻译商务文件、邮件等,理解简单的专业术语。
中级笔译要求应试者能翻译较难的商务英语书面材料,如策划书、广告宣传材料、专业课程材料等,有一定的行业背景知识。
高级笔译则更加注重应试者的语言功底和思想能力,要求能够翻译较为复杂的专业技术文件或艺术类文献,并能进行文学翻译、出版物校对等工作。
三、考试和认证英语口译和笔译等级认证主要由中国外语教育和研究出版社、全球翻译认证联盟、CATTI(中级翻译资格)及一些国际机构提供。
其中,全球翻译认证联盟提供的认证可以较为全面地测试应试者的英语水平、翻译技能和知识背景。
CATTI则是由中国翻译协会主办的专业翻译资格培训和考试,并通过评估翻译的翻译水平、外语能力和专业知识水平。
CATTI考试分为口译和笔译两个部分,考生需根据自己的实际需求,选择相应的考试来获得认证。
四、培训机构英语口译和笔译培训机构也越来越多。
培训机构的主要目的是为了提升学员的语言水平和翻译能力,并提供有针对性和实用性的技巧和技能训练。
第二部分练习篇Exercise OneListen to the following texts and then reproduce in the same language at the end of each segment:Text 1.1Mr Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my great pleasure to be invited to attend the Guangdong Governor‟s International A dvisory Council Meeting.//I would like to take this opportunity to highlight our report to the Governor and share with you our view on the role of telecommunications and information infrastructure (ICT) in the economic development.//International experience suggests that Information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and services can have a substantial impact on the competitiveness of firms, nations, and regions. The most important impact of ICT does not come from manufacturing ICT goods, but from investing in and using ICT infrastructure and services.//According to the ITU, global telecommunications services sales reached US$ 1.1 trillion in 2002, more than three times the value of telecommunications equipment sales of US$335 billion.The value created by use of telecommunications services is estimated to be far higher than the total services revenue. Thus investment in ICT infrastructure creates value many times that of the investment itself. //Firm level studies show that ICT investments help firms gain competitiveness through improved efficiency, reduced inventories, better designs, and faster rates of innovation. ICT allows firms to increase the efficiency of their business processes by decreasing procurement and transaction costs, improving accounting and control, enhancing management systems, and streamlining their supply chains.//Several studies also indicate that ICT is a key driver of productivity and growth. There are several distinctive features of ICT that make them particularly important to national and regional economies, which include the pervasive and cross-cutting nature of ICT, the low or declining marginal costs of using the technologies, the ability to foster efficiency gains through streamlining supply chains, the facilitation of the creation of entirely new business models and industries, and the global nature of ICT.//All of these characteristics imply that ICT can have an important impact on competitiveness and economic development.//Text 1.2主席先生:我很高兴参加2001’国际投资论坛。
自考《口译与听力》课程口译试题Sentences 50题(课程代码0602)1.中国在控制人口增长方面取得了巨大的成就,受到了联合国的高度赞赏。
(请翻译)(间隔20秒)(叮咚声)With its outstanding achievements in halting the population explosion, China won high praise from United Nations experts.2.我们坚决反对制造“台湾独立”、“两个中国”、“一中一台”的企图。
We are firmly opposed to any attempt to create “Taiwan Independence”, “Two China”, or “One China, One Taiwan”.3.中国政府高度重视发展信息产业,正在大力推进国民经济与社会信息化。
The Chinese government attaches great importance to development of the IT industry and we are making great efforts to accelerate the information-based national economic and social development.4.石窟最早由印度传入中国,是一种佛教建筑形式。
The grotto was originally a Buddhist architectural form that was brought to China from India.5.开放的中国需要吸收人类一切优秀文化成果和有益经验,也需要得到各国的最大理解与支持。
An open China needs to absorb all the excellent elements from other cultures and beneficial experiences of human beings. It also needs the maximum understanding and support of other countries.6.我想借此机会向来自全国各地的各位来宾表示热烈的问候和美好的祝愿。
前言:希望大家在每次考完试后,自觉补充每一科的内容,然后公布在QQ群里。
让每一个自考者早日通过。
“随怀尽善尽美之心,难免有白璧微瑕之憾”,补充的也许不太到位,希望大家一起努力,共同补充完整!——赠与读者,望传承于2014年上半年2014下半年以后由你来传承......上外自考本科段口译2001-2014年上半年历年真题C-E1改革开放30年来,随着中国逐渐成为政治经济强国,海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增。
Due to the reform and opening up policy over the past 30 years, china has emerged as a political and economic power, attracting/drawing more foreigners to learn Chinese language.Due to the reform and opening up to the outside word over the past 30 years, china is now politically and economically stronger, attracting/drawing more foreigners to learn Chinese language.2有趣的是我发现越来越多的美国人除了对中国菜赞不绝口之外,也在尝试书法,武术和孔子儒家学说。
Interestingly, I found that Americans who study Chinese are learning calligraphy, martial arts, and Confucianism apart from enjoying Chinese food.3我们应该更加重视第二语言在传播文化中的作用。
挖掘第二文化中的内涵,为不同国家间的文化交际发挥重要的和桥梁作用。
口译课程英语心得体会(实用18篇)英语课程心得体会按照上级教育主管部门的安排,在新学期开始前,我们参加了《英语课程标准》的培训学习。
在聆听了关于新课标的讲座之后,我进一步明确了《英语课程标准》的基本理念、设计思路、课程目标、内容标准和教学与评价的要求,进一步理解了中学英语教材的特点和使用方法,从中得到了很多的启示。
以下就是我这次参加英语新课标培训的一些心得体会:一、以人为本,提倡素质教育,注重评价激励。
素质教育的精神要求我们以人为本,以学生为主体,尊重学生的情感,个性,需要与发展的愿望。
因此我们在新课标实施过程中,要鼓励他们的创新精神,采用有利于他们发挥主体作用的教学思路与方法,在每个教学环节上充分考虑学生的需求,同时,要尊重学生中的'个体差异,尽可能满足不同学生的学习需要。
二、要树立终身学习的理念,不断提高专业素质。
要迎接好新课程的挑战,我们还要建立终身学习的理念,不断更新知识结构,发展专业能力与知识能力,以适应现代社会发展对英语课程的要求。
树立终身学习的理念实际上就是强化教师自我发展的终身化意识。
活到老,学到老。
转变思想,更新观念。
三、改进教学方法、渗入情感教育。
当今英语教学主要任务之一是培养学生良好的学习习惯和学习兴趣,培养其交际和运用英语的能力。
要达到这些任务,首先,教师应尽快从旧教材旧教法的框框中解放出来,转变思想,更新观念。
其次,应重视学生学习英语兴趣的培养,激发学生的学习兴趣。
新时期英语教学要提倡“乐”的观念,情绪越好,越乐观,对所学内容便会发生浓厚的兴趣,学习效果也将越好。
在新形势下,转变教学思想是搞好新教材教法的前提展多调动学生,教学生怎么做,指导他们,服务他们。
四、学会对教材进行整合处理。
我们要改变传统的“教师一只粉笔,一本书”的局面。
教师要根据教学需要对教材进行处理:整合、增加或删除。
当然这一切要根据课程目标和了解学生的基本情况,然后才对课程内在对教材进行再加工处理。
英语口译练习材料分享口译是口头翻译,在用词造句上会尽可能的口语化,便于双方更好的理解和沟通。
下面是店铺整理的一些口译练习材料,希望能帮到大家!文化交流现代化的交通、电信与大众传媒手段使世界变得越来越小,国际社会如同一个地球村,居住在地球村里的各国人民在文化交流和冲撞中和睦相处,彼此尊重,共求发展。
Modern means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shorten the geografical distance of the world. The international community of years to be has grown to be no more than a globle village in which peoples of all nations experience inevitable cultural exchanges and clashes while seeking common development in a harmonious and respectful relationship.我赞同这样的看法:当代社会的民族文化不可能在自我封闭的状态下得到发展。
在我看来,不同的文化应该相互学习,取长补短。
当然,在广泛的文化交流中一个民族的文化必须保持本民族的鲜明特色。
我认为文化交流不是让外来文化吞没自己的文化,而是为了丰富各民族的文化。
I am with the view that in this modern world, the culture of any nation cannot develop in isolation and I believe that different cultures should learn from each other's strength to upset their own weaknesses. Of course, the culture of a nation must uphold its own distinctive national characteristics in its excessive exchanges with other cultures. Cultural exchange, I think, is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign culture but a process of richening each other's national cultures.南方园林中国园林可分为御花园和私家花园两类。
上海中级口译英语真题及答案5篇(优质上海中级口译英语真题及答案篇一口译题part bdirections: in this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in chinese. after you have heard eachsentence or paragraph, interpret it into english. start interpreting at the signal. and stop it at thesignal. you may take notes while you are listening. remember you will hear the passages only once. now, let us begin part b with the first passage.passage 2【原文】随着科学技术的突飞猛进,世界经济秩序和经济格局发生急剧变化,人口与发展进一步成为国际社会广泛关注的重大问题。
走人口与经济、社会、资源、环境相互协调的可持续发展道路,正成为世界各国的共同选择。
中国解决人口与发展问题的基本指导方针是相当清楚的:根据我国的基本国情,走中国特色的道路解决人口与发展的问题。
中国将继续做出巨大努力,在充分尊重各族人民的不同文化背景、宗教信仰的基础上,制定和实施人口与发展的规划和政策。
【答案】with the rapid development of science and technology and the swift changes in the worldeconomic order and patterns, population and development have further bee an importantissue, which draws general concern of the international munity.it is the mon choice of all countries to seek a way to achieve sustainable development withpopulation, economy, society, resources and environment all in harmony.chinas main guidelines for tackling the population and development issue are clearly speltout. china will take into consideration its basic national conditions, and tackle its ownpopulation and development issue in its own specific way.with a full consideration of different cultural backgrounds and religious beliefs among omnationalities, china will persistently make great efforts in formulating and implementingpopulation and development plans and policies.上海中级口译英语真题及答案篇二①spot dictation 20个话题是:生态破坏,栖息地遭到破坏,英国实行了一个政策,保护当地生态,最后呼吁更多的人参与环境保护。
上海紧缺人才培训工程教学系列丛书英语中级口译资格证书考试总主编戴炜栋中级口译教程InterpretationThird Edition梅德明编著目录第一部分口译概论Part One An Overview of Interpretation一、口译历史The Development of Interpretation 2二、口译定义The Definition of Interpretation 5三、口译特点The Characteristics of Interpretation 7四、口译标准The Criteria of Interpretation 9五、口译过程The Process of Interpretation 11六、口译类型The Categorical Classification of Interpretation 15七、口译模式 A Tripartite Model of Interpretation 17八、译员素质Interpreter Qualification Requirements 19九、口译培训Interpreter Training 21十、口译研究Research in Interpretation and Interpreting 22第二部分培训教程Part Two A Training Course第一单元口译技巧_______________________________________ 30Unit One Introducing Skills in Interpreting1-1称谓口译 Interpreting Titles 301-2谚语口译 Interpreting Proverbs 331-3引语口译 Interpreting Quotations 371-4数字口译 Interpreting Numbers 401-5口译笔记 Note-Taking in Interpreting 46第二单元接待口译_______________________________________---------- —------------------------------------------------------- — ------------------------ 54Unit Two Interpreting for Reception Service2-1机场迎宾 Greetings at the Airport 542-2宾馆入住 Hotel Accommodation 562-3宴会招待 Banquet Service 582-4参观访问 Getting Around 61句子精练 Sentences in Focus 64参考译文 Reference Version 66第三单元会谈口译_________________________------------------------------------------------------------------- — ---------------------------'75Unit Three Interpreting Conversations3-1欢迎光临 Welcome 753-2投资意向 A Wish to Invest 773-3合资企业 Establishing a Joint Venture 803-4文化差异 Cultural Differences 83句子精练 Sentences in Focus 88参考译文 Reference Version 90第四单元访谈口译____________________________________Unit Four Interpreting Interviews 1004-1行在美国Travel in America 1004-2艾滋哀之The AIDS Epidemic 1044-3经营之道Business Management 1074-4音乐天才 A Gifted Musician 111句子精练 Sentences in Focus参考译文 Reference Version第五单元礼仪性口译(英译汉) 127Unit Five Interpreting Ceremonial SpeechesEnglish-Chinese Interpretation5 -1故地重游 Revisiting the Old Haunt 1275-2愉悦之旅 A Pleasant Trip 1295 -3共创未来 Our Future 1325-4新的长征 A New Long March 135句子精练 Sentences in Focus 139参考译文 Reference Version 142第六单元礼仪性口译(汉译英) 150Unit Six Interpreting Ceremonial Speeches Chinese-English Interpretation6- 1新春联欢 Celebrating the Spring Festival 1506-2圣诞晚会 At the Christmas Party 1516-3开幕祝词 An Opening Speech 1536-4展望未来 Looking Ahead 156句子精练 Sentences in Focus 159参考译文 Reference Version 161第七单元介绍性口译(英译汉)171Unit Seven Interpreting Informative Speeches English-Chinese Interpretation7-1绿色城市 A Green City 1717-2浪漫香槟 The Romantic Champagne 1747-3游客之居 A Place to Stay 1777-4教堂之游 A Tour around the Cathedral 179句子精练 Sentences in Focus 182参考译文 Reference Version 185第八单元介绍性口译(汉译英) ___________ 192Unit Eight Interpreting Informative Speeches Chinese-English Interpretation8 -1丝绸之路 The Silk Road 1928-2传统节日 Traditional Holidays 1948-3教育之本 The Purpose of Education ‘1978-4出版王者 The Super-Publisher 200句子精练 Sentences in Focus 203参考译文 Reference Version 205第九单元说服性口译(英译汉) __________________ 218Unit Nine Interpreting Persuasive SpeechesEnglish-Chinese Interpretation9-1强市之路 The Road to a Prosperous City 2189-2广而误之 The Effects of Misleading Advertising 2249-3大学精神 The University Spirit 2279-4继往开来 The New Beginning of an Old Story 231句子精练 Sentences in Focus 235参考译文 Reference Version 238第十单元说服性口译(汉译英) ____________________ 247Unit T en Interpreting Persuasive SpeechesChinese-English Interpretation10 -1 第二文化 Acquiring a Sepond Culture 247 10-2 环境保护 Environmental Protection 249 10-3 迎接挑战 Meeting the Challenge 252 10-4 习武健身 Practising Martial Art for Your Health 256句子精练 Sentences in Focus 259参考译文 Reference Version 261第十一单元学术性口译(英译汉)275Unit Eleven Interpreting Academic SpeechesEnglish-Chinese Interpretation11-1 语言系统 The Linguistic System 275 11-2 人机之争 Two Kinds of Brain . 277 11 - 3 生物革命 The Biological Revolution 280 11-4 股票市场 The Stock Market 285句子精练 Sentences in Focus '' 288参考译文 Reference Version 291第十二单元学术性口译(汉译英) 299_Unit Twelve Interpreting Academic SpeechesChinese-English Interpretation12-1 语用能力 Communicative Competence 299 12-2 文化冲突〇n Cultural Clashes 301 12-3 书法艺术 The Art of Calligraphy 303 12-4 社区服务 Community Service 305句子精练 Sentences in Focus 308参考译文 Reference Version 310第十三单元商务性口译(英译汉)Unit Thirteen Interpreting Business Speeches321English-Chinese Interpretation13-1企业文化 Entrepreneurial Culture 321 13-2认识债券 Getting to Know Bonds 325 13-3硅谷之贵 The Unique Silicon Valley 329 13-4专利法规〇n Patent Laws 333句子精练 Sentences in Focus 336参考译文 Reference Version 338第十四单元商务性口译(汉译英)_________________ 347 Unit Fourteen Interpreting Business SpeechesChinese-English Interpretation14-1双边经贸 Bilateral Economy and Trade 34714-2亚洲合作 Asian Cooperation 35014-3夕卜资企业 Foreign-Capital Enterprises 35214-4经济关系 Economic Links 354句子精练 Sentences in Focus 358参考译文 Reference Version 360第十五单元科普性口译(英译汉) 373Unit Fifteen Interpreting Popular Science Speeches English-Chinese Interpretation15-1睡眠与梦 Sleep and Dream 37315-2音响今昔 The Sound Reproduction Industry 37515-3遗传信息 Genetic Information 37815-4左脑之优 Left Hemispheric Dominance 380句子精练 Sentences in Focus 384参考译文 Reference Version第十六单元科普性口译(汉译英) __________________ ____Unit Sixteen Interpreting Popular Science SpeechesChinese-English Interpretation16-1汉语概要 The ABC of Chinese 39416-2进化本质 The Nature of Biological Evolution 39616-3蚊虫之祸 The Power of the Petty Mosquito 39916-4用筷技艺 The Magic Chopsticks 401句子精练 Sentences in Focus 404参考译文 Reference Version 406第三部分口译测试I Part Three Interpretation Test in Brief口译测试概要与实践________________________________Interpretation T est : Essentials and Practice英语中级口译考试的要求、形式及题型Intermediate Interpretation T est::Requirement, Structure and Form 420英语中级口译模拟测试Model T ests for Intermediate Interpretation T est 423英语中级口译模拟测试参考答案Reference Version for Intermediate Model T ests 458后记一.口译历史The Development of Interpretation一种语言文字所表达的意义经由另一种语言文字转达出来叫做翻译。
汪亮:上海新东方口译研究中心成员,口译口语课题组组长。
中级口译明星教师,高级同声翻译。
上海新东方发布“中高级口译之口语”开头的常用句型模板:(一)1)With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the peoples minds at ease.)2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public conce123 A(e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.)3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that...(e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.)4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. .(e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.)5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is...(e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.)6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that...7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in...8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份)9) The table/graph shows that there is a(n) declining/increasing trend of ...from...(年份) to...(年份)10) Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the table/graph can be surprised to find that...11) It is a traditional practice to...in our society. (e.g. It is a traditional practice for young people to be financially dependent on their parents for anything like marriage and housing.)12) It has long been considered only right and proper to...(in China.) (e.g. It has long beenconsidered only right and proper/perfectly justified for the old to assume full responsibility for the growth of the young.)13) As things usually go against sb.s will, his original intention was to...(e.g. As things usually go against mans will, his original intention was to change the way people lived by inventing the internal combustion engine. Indeed, its birth has greatly enhanced their enjoyment of life, especially in traveling and transporting. But its dark side is presenting a growing worry to our society.)14) The current situation of..., if approached from the opposite angle, reveals that...(e.g. The current situation of our reforms is political structure, if approached from the opposite angle, reveals that much of the achievement is far from satisfactory. For example,...But...)15) Everything about...seems (not) to be getting on smoothly/just as one wishes in...(e.g. Everything about the economic reform seems to be getting on just as our government wishes in China.)16) To sb.s mind/In sb.s eye(s), sth. seems/means... (e.g. In the eyes of the public, official corruption means taking bribes,. ..But such corruption comes in many different forms.)17) No one would deny that... 或:Everyone would agree that...(e.g. 见例2)18) When it comes to...(sth.), most people (the public) maintain(s)/contend(s) that...(e.g. When it comes to fake commodities, every consumer has much anger to pour upon them.)19) Now it is widely believed that...(e.g. Now it is widely believed that examinations are the best possible measure for the selection of the qualified.)20) A public debate has arisen as to/over/concerning...(e.g. A public debate has arisen as to whether one should step forward bravely in the event of crime.)21) All that sth. has done for our society seems like a big step forward in the right/wrong direction, but it has also brought along with it a great worry /benefit to...(the average people.)(sth.: cloning, the reform in managerial structures, etc.)22) The birth/invention of...has made an enormous/essential difference to ...But it does not mean that...(e.g. The birth of the computer has made a radical difference to the human progress. But it does not mean that this wonder does no threat to our society.)23) Sth. has changed the way our society develops....But its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.(sth.: the genetic engineering, etc.)24) Things about...are going on to our advantage, but a long cool look at ...reveals that...(e.g. Things about the reform in state enterprises are not going on to the most workers advantage....But a long cool look at this move reveals that it will produce some substantial benefits to our nation in a long run.)25) No/Little doubt that...But...(e.g.[There is]Little doubt that the traditional schooling has contr123ted much to our social development....But some grave defects in it begin to stand out against the modern times.) 26) What does sth. mean?27) How/Why does sth. affect our life?28) What is it like to do...? (e.g. What is it like to have lost all confidence in oneself?)29) What would our society be like if there were no...? (e.g. What would our society be like if there were no public morals?)30) Should we put sth. above sth. else?或:Should we attach as much weight to A as to B?(e.g. Should we put intellectual development above moral education?)31) Sth. is often referred to as/defined as... (e.g. Corrupt officials are often referred to as the most dangerous borers in our government bodies, who are nibbling away the healthy organism of our party by dishonest means.)32) (Doing) Sth. is just the same as.../is compared to.../is likened to.. ./is like...(e.g. Life in the middle of marriage is often compared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attract each other and in late years they need each other.)33) Sth. is to...what sth. else is to...(e.g. An individual human existence is to the human society what a river is to the ocean, small and busy rushing past rocks at first, but gradually growing wider and quieter until it becomes merged in the ocean in the e12)34) To/For/With most people/sb., sth. is/means...(e.g. To dishonest people, a friend means a target or an object that is of some use to them at present or in the future.)35) Sth. is the symbol/mark/equivalent of.../is symbolic of.../is equivalent to...(e.g. If selling ones * is the mark of degeneration, selling ones power is equivalent to committing crime.)36) Suppose/Imagine that.../Lets suppose/assume/imagine (that)... (e.g. Suppose, by any chance, you heartily disagree with anything that is going on about you, you are less likely to stay on the good side of people around you.)37) We often find ourselves caught/involved in a dilemma whether...(e.g. We often find ourselves caught in a dilemma whether we should reach for the bears paw or for the sharks fin/whether to reach f123..)38) If/In case/In the event that..., it is better to.../a better course is to.../sb. has no choice/option/alternative but to.../all we want to know is ho w...(e.g. In the event that you fall in a love river, all we want to know is how you will swim in it, as you are no longer a fisherman.)39) Unfortunately, sth. may affect sb.s life to the point where...(e.g. Unfortunately, the desire to be well thought of affects ones life to the point where he is reluctant to say no to anyone else regarding anything.)40) In our life, there often appears such an occasion when.../on which... (或it often happens that...)(e.g. In our daily life, there appears such an occasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at the same time, begin to do great damage to other fields.)41) “...” That is how one of the great minds/scientists/writers remarked on...(e.g. “Happiness, like an old friend, is inclined to drop in unexpectedly—when youre working hard on something else.” That is how a famous writer once remarked on happiness.)42) One of the great sociologists/psychologists has said:“...”(e.g. The great classical ballerina Anna Pavlova has said: “No one can arrive from being talented alone. God gives talent; work transforms talent into genius.” In other words ...)43) “...” Such is the accurate exposition/exposure of...frequently over heard in public.(e.g. “Public morals are declining day by day.” Such is the correct exposure of the dark side of our society.)44) How often nowadays we hear such remarks/complaints/words as this “...” or “...”!(e.g. How often nowadays we hear such complaints from officials as this “I have too many social engagements to carry out” or “I have too many social engagements to carry out” or “I have to bear too many titles for our society”! Dont be misled by the complaints of thiskind!)45) One of the great men once said that...(e.g. A gifted American psychologist once said that it is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—more comfort, more happiness.)46) Once in a newspaper/magazine, I hit upon the report that... (e.g. Once in a newspaper,I hit upon the news that a quick witted policeman spotted a suspects spittle in the street blotted it up and ran a DNA test on it which led to the mans arrest for a murder. This case best counts as a practical application of the DNA technique.)47) One day, I happened to witness the incident as follows:...(e.g. 略) 3) According to the recent survey/poll/questionaire/statistics, there is/a re...percent of...(e.g. According to a recent survey made in a certain university, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3 percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition or having to miss classes because of illness each term.)48) The scientific studies/statistics show/indicate that...(e.g. The latest scientific studies show that, if ones mind catches hold of something and does not let it go, it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. This finding further confirms that a modern man is apt to get anxious and depressed.)49) Every weekend sees sb. go about...(e.g. Every weekend sees Ms Song, my roommate, wolf down her dinner and hurry out with her boy frie12)。
英语口译等级划分口译是指翻译口语的活动。
在国际交流中,为了让信息传递更加顺畅,口译已成为必不可少的交流方式。
为了准确传达信息,口译工作者必须掌握一定的语言技能和专业知识。
英语口译等级划分是根据英语水平的不同,将口译者分为不同的层次。
这种分类可以帮助口译工作者了解自己的英语水平,同时也让客户明确口译需要的服务等级。
以下是一些常见的英语口译等级划分:一、普通口译员普通口译员是指英语水平较为一般的人员。
他们可以对简单的英语对话进行口译,但对于专业性较高、语言难度较大的会议,他们能力会受到一定的限制。
二、高级口译员高级口译员是指英语水平较高的人员。
他们可以对不同领域的专业性会议进行口译,并尽可能准确地表达会议内容。
高级口译员必须掌握专业英语词汇的领域知识,如经济、贸易、法律等。
三、同声传译员同声传译员是指那些能够在会场上同时进行口译的人员。
他们需要能够在听取英语演讲的同时,快速翻译并说出汉语的语言表达,速度快、准确。
四、专业同声传译员专业同声传译员是指具有在特定领域专业背景、相应的翻译经验和技巧的人员。
他们不仅要求快速准确的翻译能力,还需要深刻了解领域特点和话语风格,例如在国际体育比赛、政治会议、数学和科技研究方面。
五、驻场翻译员驻场翻译员是指需要长期在特定的地点、岗位进行翻译的人员。
他们与特定机构或企事业单位的相关人员配合,协助其进行国内或者国际交流,如商务谈判、参观考察等。
六、资深翻译员资深翻译员不仅掌握的英语技能高超,而且具备丰富的翻译经验,能够应对各种复杂的场合和会议,翻译的水平达到了比较高的标准。
同时,他们在翻译方面也具有很强的模仿力和创造力,能够在翻译中融合自己的风格。
在口译界,还有很多不同的等级和划分方法,但是以上的分类应该能大致涵盖常见的几个等级。
不同的口译级别需要掌握不同的技能和知识,因此,口译员们应该不断学习和提高自己的技能,以适应不同的口译需求。
口译现场口译资料英语采访美剧天下欧美影视英语视频口译现场(视频+文本)————经典口译视频资料伦敦20国峰会英国首相布朗记者招待会(视频+文本)伦敦20国峰会奥巴马记者招待会(视频+文本)口译现场:09两会-杨洁篪答中外记者全程交传视频口译现场:2月21日希拉里与杨洁篪(视频+文本)口译现场:十一届人大二次会议就扩内需促就业保增长举行记者会090310口译现场:李肇星十一届全国人大二次会议首场新闻发布会同传现场:商务部人保部发布会(一个半小时)口译现场:李毅中在人大两会中发言(只有记者提问时才有口译,其他部分无口译)同传现场:2009温家宝政府工作报告(英文同传版+中文温家宝版+中英文档)口译现场:09.3.13温家宝答记者问(全程口译视频)(视频+中英对照)口译资料:温家宝在剑桥大学的演讲(视频1小时13分钟)2009世界经济论坛年会开幕式(世界经济论坛主席施瓦布致辞+瑞士联邦主席默茨致辞+俄罗斯总理普京演讲)(视频+中英文本)口译资料:温家宝在世界经济论坛2009年年会上的讲话视频口译资料:奥巴马总统就职典礼前林肯纪念堂(Lincoln Memorial)演讲视频口译资料:世界经济论坛2009年会--会前记者招待会奥巴马就职典礼庆祝音乐会(2小时)(视频22分钟+中英文本)口译资料:奥巴马就职演说(视频演讲--附9个视频+幻灯片)口译资料:Subtle Art of Doing Business with the Chinese同传现场:(视频+文本)胡锦涛在第七届亚欧首脑会议上的讲话同传现场:(视频+文本)第七届亚欧首脑会议记者招待会胡锦涛主席在日本早稻田大学的演讲2007博鳌论坛2005年世界经济论坛年会黄菊汉英同传国务院新闻办——中国就业政策和状况国务院新闻办——国家安全生产监督管理局副局长报告李肇星就国际形势和我国外交工作答中外记者问口译:9月2日布什参与古斯塔夫飓风会商并谈及能源问题奥巴马在阵亡将士纪念日的演讲(中英对照+视频)布什总统在耶鲁大学毕业典礼上的演讲八国峰会胡锦涛主席与布什总统会晤现场翻译(附音频)妮可基德曼“口译”面试NBC版本的2008北京奥运会开幕式下载,口译资料:看看白宫里面什么样(54分钟视频)(英文字幕)视频口译资料:奥巴马经济顾问委员会主任Christina Romer谈论一份关于就业机会的报告口译资料:国际货币基金组织懂事总经理2008年12月15日西班牙讲话(视频+译文)口译资料:奥巴马首次发表网络视频讲话经典名人演讲(含视频)比尔盖茨在上海交大的演讲比尔盖茨CES2008演讲比尔盖茨斯坦福大学的演讲Tom Brokaw在斯坦福大学06毕业典礼上的演讲Dana Gioia 在斯坦福大学07毕业典礼上的演讲Oprah Winfrey在斯坦福大学08毕业典礼上的演讲布什总统在耶鲁大学毕业典礼上的演讲布莱尔在清华大学的演讲沃伦·巴菲特:巴菲特在佛罗里达大学的演讲北大教授朱苏力在美国大学的演讲克林顿演讲时全场像明星演唱会一样美国优秀教师莱福•艾斯奎斯演讲理查安利十周年庆典晚会上演讲克林顿在清华就艾滋病等问题发表演讲(实录)布什介绍椭圆形办公室林毅夫《剑桥马歇尔讲座》马云在英国演讲视频(英文)比尔盖茨北大演讲比尔·盖茨博鳌亚洲论坛发表演讲比尔盖茨在清华大学的演讲J·K·罗琳在哈佛大学08年毕业典礼上的演讲第十一届21世纪全国英语演讲比赛前十名选手的精彩视频(视频+中英文本)口译资料:布什2009告别演说(视频演讲)口译资料:Speech by a school girl in UN conference on environment(视频+文本)2008美国总统大选汇总帖(总统辩论及分析+民主党大会各演讲+共和党大会各演讲)总统辩论及分析:《2008年美国总统第一场辩论》在线观看+文本《2008年美国总统第一场辩论》分析《2008年美国总统第二场辩论》在线观看+文本《2008年美国总统第二场辩论》分析《2008年美国总统第三场辩论》在线观看+文本《2008年美国总统第三场辩论》分析 The Grand Finale《2008年美国副总统辩论》在线观看+文本《2008年美国副总统辩论》分析民主党大会各演讲:《奥巴马8月28日在民主党大会接受总统候选人提名演说》在线观看+文本《Joseph R. Biden民主党大会接受副总统候选人提名演讲》在线观看+文本《比尔·克林顿8月27日在民主党大会上声援奥巴马演说》在线观看+文本《希拉里8月26日在民主党大会上声援奥巴马演说》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选民主党大会上Michelle Obama演讲》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选民主党大会上Edward Kennedy演讲》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选民主党大会上Al Gore演讲》在线观看+文本共和党大会各演讲:《麦凯恩共和党大会接受总统候选人提名演说》在线观看+文本《佩林9月3号在共和党大会接受副总统候选人提名演说》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选共和党大会上Rudy Giuliani 演讲》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选共和党大会上Joe Lieberman 演讲》在线观看+文本《2008美国大选共和党大会上布什演讲》在线观看+文本颁奖典礼《第81届奥斯卡颁奖典礼》完整版 175分钟第81届奥斯卡颁奖典礼红地毯2009年全英音乐奖颁奖典礼全场完整呈现2009第51届格莱美颁奖典礼149分钟完整版(中文字幕)35届人民选择奖颁奖典礼(35th People's Choice Awards)欧美影视:第66届美国金球奖颁奖典礼(CCTV-6,中文字幕)口译文本资料————演讲文稿(中英对照)口译资料:中国政府白皮书《中国的减灾行动》(中英对照)口译资料:杨洁篪在外交部五四青年节开放日上的致辞(中英对照)口译资料:大学生公众代表在外交部“五四”青年节大学生专场公众开放日上的发言(中英对照)口译资料:中欧应扩大合作共同反对贸易保护主义(王岐山撰文)(中英对照)口译资料:曾培炎在博鳌亚洲论坛2009年年会午餐会上的讲话(中英对照)口译资料:郑新立在博鳌亚洲论坛年会上的发言(中英对照)口译资料:刘结一部长助理在联合国亚太经社会第65届会议一般性辩论中的发言(中英对照)(原稿+译稿)温家宝在2009博鳌亚洲论坛开幕式上的演讲口译资料:精诚携手共克时艰——驻悉尼总领事胡山谈中国与新州合作关系(原稿+译文)口译资料:上海合作组织阿富汗问题特别会议中方讲话(中英对照)胡锦涛在G20国金融峰会上的讲话(中英对照)口译资料:4月1日《中法新闻公报》全文(中英对照)口译资料:上海合作组织成员国和阿富汗伊斯兰共和国关于打击恐怖主义、毒品走私和有组织犯罪的声明(中英对照)口译资料:2009年2月27日中国商务部长陈德铭在中英经贸合作研讨会致辞(中英对照)口译资料:09.3.12杨洁篪在美国战略与国际问题研究中心演讲(中英对照)口译资料:杨洁篪部长第十八届世界公共关系大会上做主旨发言(中英对照)口译资料:戴秉国在美国布鲁金斯学会发表纪念中美建交30周年演讲(中英对照)口译资料:何亚非副部长在安理会索马里海盗问题部长级会议上的发言(中英对照)口译资料:2008诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼开幕辞口译资料:英国首相布朗、法国总统萨科齐和欧盟委员会主席巴罗佐8日在伦敦的新闻发布会口译资料:第五次中美战略经济对话成果情况说明口译资料:加拿大总理电视演-讲抨击反对党结盟口译资料:奥巴马感恩节发表讲话鼓励国人挺过难关口译资料:胡锦涛在APEC第16次领导人非正式会议上的讲话(中英对照)口译资料:欧盟主席巴罗佐国家行政学院讲话口译资料:胡锦涛在APEC工商领导人峰会上的演讲(中英对照)口译资料:适应时代的需要,发挥建设性作用--前中国央行行长戴相龙二十国集团成立十周年感想(中英对照)口译资料:美国《新闻周刊》独家专访温家宝:我们应携手合作(中英对照)口译资料:刘振民大使在联大审议联合国建设和平委员会报告及秘书长关于建设和平基金报告时的发言(中英对照)温家宝出席美国友好团体欢迎午宴就中美关系发表演讲(中英对照)温家宝在联合国千年发展目标高级别会议上的讲话(中英对照)温家宝在2008年世界经济论坛(夏季达沃斯论坛)上的讲话(中英对照)王光亚大使在联合国发起支持中国汶川地震灾区早期恢复呼吁会议上的讲话(中英对照)杨洁篪外长在联合国非洲发展高级别会议上的讲话(中英对照)温家宝在第63届联大一般性辩论上的发言(中英对照)2008年刘淇在北京奥运会闭幕式上的致辞(中英对照)2008年残奥委会主席克雷文在北京残奥会开幕式的致辞(中英对照)2008年刘淇在北京残奥会开幕式上的致辞(中英对照)2008年胡锦涛在欢迎出席残奥会贵宾宴会上的祝酒词(中英对照)2008年残奥委会主席克雷文在北京残奥会闭幕式的致辞(中英对照)口译:2008年罗格在国际奥委会第120次全会开幕式上的讲话(中英对照)口译:2008年胡锦涛在北京奥运会欢迎宴会上的祝酒词(中英对照)口译:奥巴马在阵亡将士纪念日的演讲(中英对照)口译:胡锦涛博鳌亚洲论坛2008年年会开幕式上演讲【中英对照】罗格在奥运开幕式+闭幕式发言(中英对照)其他资料资料下载:美国19家银行测试报告概述(PDF,38页)英国政府发布的《流感信息宣传手册》(中英Pdf版本)口译资料:崇泉部长助理在中欧知识产权高层论坛上的演讲(中英对照)口译资料:博鳌亚洲论坛简介(全文)National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010)口译资料:全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作报告(中英对照)(中英对照)经典口译资料:中美能源与气候变化合作路线图(PDF报告58页英文+54页中文+新闻发布会信息)口译资料:比尔与美琳达·盖茨基金会(Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)2009年度报告(附视频)口译资料:英方首次公开发表对华战略文件《英中合作框架》--(The UK and China: A framework for engagement )口译资料:中日韩领导人会议发表《中日韩合作行动计划》(中英对照)口译资料:中日韩《三国伙伴关系联合声明》(中英对照)口译资料:中美战略经济对话介绍-China-U.S. Strategic Economic Dialogue 口译资料:20国集团通过应对当前金融危机的《华盛顿声明》口译资料:20国集团介绍口译资料:20国集团财政部长与央行行长会议公报口译资料:中越联合声明口译资料:G20领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会——专题整理口译资料:二十国集团金融市场和世界经济峰会的宣言(音频+文本)口译资料:11月14日布什在G20金融市场和世界经济峰会前宴会上的讲话(音频+文本)口译资料:11月15日布什在G20金融市场和世界经济峰会结束记者招待会上的讲话口译资料:20国集团财政部长与央行行长会议公报口译资料:胡锦涛在二十国集团领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会上的讲话口译资料:适应时代的需要,发挥建设性作用--前中国央行行长戴相龙二十国集团成立十周年感想口译资料:20国集团通过应对当前金融危机的《华盛顿声明》口译资料:20国集团介绍口译资料:第七届亚欧首脑会议汇总贴(胡锦涛温家宝演讲+开幕式+记者招待会+三份文件)同传现场:同传现场:(视频+文本)胡锦涛在第七届亚欧首脑会议上的讲话同传现场:第七届亚欧首脑会议开幕式同传现场:(视频+文本)第七届亚欧首脑会议记者招待会口译资料:温家宝在第七届亚欧首脑会议上的讲话(中英对照)口译资料:口译资料:第七届亚欧首脑会议关于国际金融形势的声明(中英对照)口译资料:第七届亚欧首脑会议主席声明(中文+英文)口译资料:第七届亚欧首脑会议-可持续发展北京宣言(中文+英文)中高口二阶段练习素材系列中高口二阶段练习素材:金融危机与亚洲中高口二阶段练习素材:危机中的中英合作中高口二阶段练习素材:庆祝和展望中高口二阶段练习素材:知识产权中高口二阶段练习素材:回顾2008成就中高口二阶段练习素材:加强中美经济关系的四点建议奥巴马+希拉里——近期演讲系列(视频+文本)奥巴马:奥巴马演讲:应对甲型H1N1流感(视频下载+文本)希拉里阐述奥巴马政府外交政策(视频+文本)奥巴马访弱势群体学校发表演讲(视频+文本)奥巴马+副总统演讲:美国复苏与再投资法案奥巴马复活节演讲(视频下载+文本)奥巴马访问土耳其兜售新战略(视频+文本)奥巴马就美国汽车业形势发表讲话(音频+文本)奥巴马阿富汗巴基斯坦新战略(音频+文本)3月24日奥巴马新闻发布会(音频+文本)奥巴马:美国伊朗能有新开始(视频+文本)奥巴马演讲:小企业救助计划(视频+文本)希拉里:希拉里International Roma Day演讲(视频+文本)希拉里美洲开发银行会议演讲(视频+文本)希拉里阐述奥巴马政府外交政策(视频+文本)希拉里演讲:领跑世界能源环境合作(视频+文本)。
口译“简译”法及其应用实例解析一、“简译”法及其可接受性随着国际交流日渐频繁,口译在不同的领域都显示出越来越重要的作用,而对于口译的研究也随之越来越丰富。
其中,在对于如何将源语言(source language)接收、加工、处理并表达为目标语(target language)的问题上,不同的学者提出了不同的方法,其中一种便是“简译”法。
所谓“简译”,我国资深口译专家胡庚申认为,“简译”就是在口译过程中,译员不拘泥于原语表面层次结构和语量的多少,也不是把原话一句不漏地用目标语重述一遍,而是在充分正确理解的基础上,对原话进行高度提炼和浓缩后摘取其中最为重要的部分,并省略其次要部分,然后用目标语简洁地将其所包含的信息结构表达出来[1]。
口译具有以下几个显著特点:1)口译即席性强;2)译员面对的是听众而非读者;3)语言特点常常是非正式的,口语化的;4)口译重点要求的是对源语言的准确理解而不是对原文每句话的准确记忆[2]。
而在口译标准上,一直存在有“直译”、“意译”等多种不同的翻译标准。
但正如季羡林先生所认为的那样,“不同门类的翻译有不同的要求。
有的需要严格对应,有的无需或很难对应。
能达意也行。
”[3]因此,“简译”在理论上可以说是符合口译特点和口译标准的。
在现实生活中,现代科技辅助下的交流方式,如计算机、投影仪的使用大大减少了口译所必需负载的信息量,为简译的实行提供了便捷的条件。
同时,中外交流日益频繁和深入,使交流双方在专业上使用共同语言、术语和符号成为一种不可逆转的趋势,交流双方在专业知识上、工作语言上的“共通性”增强,为简译的实行提供了客观的便利条件。
此外,随着工作节奏的加快,参加交流的人员对交流的实效和速度提出了更高的要求。
因此,交流双方在面对冗余信息、次要信息过多感到不满,也从另一个角度催生了简译。
因此,“简译”在翻译实践中是可行的。
二、“简译”应用实例分析以下结合实例分析,来看看在哪些场合下可以应用“简译”,译员又是如何对简译进行应用的。
1 / 16 1 经营之道 Business Management Q:您好,杰克逊先生。您在中国已连续工作了三年,您能否谈一下中美两国生意人在商务沟通方式上有何不同之处?
Hello,Mr.Jackson.You've been working in China for three years.Can you tell us how you feel about the differences in business communication style between Chinese and American businessmen?
A:我很乐意。我认为中美两国生意人在商务沟通方式上至少有两点不同。首先,中国人在商务谈判时倾向使用一种迂回婉转的方式,而美国人则表现出一种直截了当的作风。中国人会花费时间来了解他们将要与之打交道的商人是否靠得住,例如邀请对方参加宴会,同他们进行交流。与之相反,美国人则以“公务为先”的心态行事。第二,中国公司的决策过程耗时冗长。这是因为大部分中国公司遵循着一种“先自下而上、后自上而下、再自下而上”的决策原则,各个层次上的许多人士都介入决策过程。而美国公司通常是由最高管理人士的快速决策来运作。我希望在华的美国商人理解这些商务活动中的差异,适应中国人的经营之道。
With pleasure.I think there are at least two differences in the way of business communication between Chinese and American businesspeople.First,Chinese businessmen tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner,as opposed to the more direct manner of American businesspeople.The Chinese take time to learn if 2 / 16
their prospective business contacts are really reliable,for example,by inviting them to a party and socializing with them.In contrast,Americans usually act with the "get-down-to-business-first" mentality.Second,the decision-making process of Chinese companies is generally slow and time-consuming.This is because most Chinese companies keep to the "bottom-up,then top-down and then bottom-up" decision-making principle which involves many people at different levels.American companies,on the other hand,usually operate with quick decisions made by the top management.I hope American businesspeople in China will understand these differences in business practices and adjust to the Chinese way.
Q:美国式的经营之道在我们中国人看来往往显得咄咄逼人。您在与中国同事的合作中有无注意到这一点?
The American way of doing business often strikes us Chinese as very aggressive.Were you aware of this in your collaboration with your Chinese colleagues?
A:这个嘛,我认为,由于我们有着不同的文化传统,所以我们同大部分中国人相比,显得较为直截了当、开门见山。我注意到许多中国人出于礼貌而经常不明确地说一声“不”。有时我的中国同事道一声“是”,这可不是表示赞同,只是表明他们在注意听对方说话而已。 3 / 16
Well,we are more direct and straightforward than most Chinese,I would say,due to our different cultural traditions.I noticed that a lot of Chinese often avoid saying a clear "no" just to be polite.Sometimes my Chinese colleagues say "yes" not to express agreement,but only to show that they are listening.
Q:我们都应该承认这些文化差异,尊重这些差异,以免产生误解,这很重要,不是吗?
It is important for all of us to acknowledge and respect these cultural differences in order to avoid misunderstandings,isn't it?
A:是的,我认为,理解这些差异是朝着在美国公司和中国公司之间建立稳固的商务关系的方向迈出第一步。
Yes,understanding these differences,I believe,will be a first step toward establishing a firm business relationship between American and Chinese companies.
Q:刚才您提到了中国式的决策过程,您认为这种管理模式有无优点?将其与美国式的管理模式相比,您有何看法?
You mentioned the Chinese type of decision-making process earlier.Do you see any strength with this type of management and how do you compare it with the American type of management? 4 / 16
A:我感到美国式的自上而下的管理方式注重效率,注重员工之间的竞争。而中国式的管理方式的特点是,优先考虑周密的计划,鼓励员工之间的合作,鼓励员工与管理层之间的合作。因此,美国式的管理方式常常使许多员工感到沮丧,而中国式的管理方式能使员工有一种喜悦的参与感和成就感,对自己的工作抱一种自豪感。
I would say the American-type,or the top-down,management emphasizes efficiency,and competition among workers,while the Chinese-type management gives priority to careful planning and encourages cooperation among workers,and between workers and the management.Thus,while the American-type management often frustrates many workers,the Chinese-type management gives workers a joy of participation and fulfillment,and a sense of pride in their work.
Q:谈到员工的工作态度,中国人和美国人在这方面有何不同? Talking about the workers' attitude toward their work,how do the Chinese and the Americans differ in this respect?
A;我认为,大多数中国人将工作视为能使自己成为整个团体中的一份子的必不可缺的条件。中国人相信,工作使自己有了团体归属感。换言之,中国人为了得到社会的认可,必须工作。这就是为何许多中国经理和员工会努力工作以保住自己在公司里的职位的原因。中国人还将工作视为生活中最重要的大事。也就是说,他们想从工作中找到生活的意义。中国人的工作观建筑在社会压力和团体归属感 5 / 16
的基础上,而美国人的工作观则有更强的个体取向性。我们一向认为,我们工作是秉承了上帝的意志,我们对工作成果的重视常常高于对工作过程的重视。附带说一句,年龄较大的中国员工对自己的工作有一种明显的奉献精神,我对此有很深刻的印象。
I think most Chinese view work as essential for having membership in a community.They believe that work allows them to have the sense of belonging in a community.In other words,work is necessary for them to gain social acceptance in the society.That is why many Chinese managers and employees work so hard to maintain their positions in their companies.Also,they see work as the most important thing in life.That is,they have tried to find the meaning of life through their jobs.While the Chinese work ethic is based on social pressure and community belonging,the American work ethic seems to be more individual oriented.Traditionally,we work because it is the will of God,and we often value the results and accomplishments of work more than its process.By the way,I'm very impressed by the obvious strong sense of dedication to the jobs among the older Chinese employees.