英国文学史英国作家理查森Samuel Richardson

L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩;Paradise Lost失乐园;Paradise Regained复乐园;Samson Agonistes力士参孙
长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚
Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。马洛
Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人
William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616
The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Lifeand Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗

Jack-of-all-trades: English novelist, pamphleteer, merchant and journalist; the founder of the English novel ,puritan Defoe as a journalist: it makes his reporting vivid and credible by a skilful use of circumstantial detail; possess a particular faculty of creative imagination; he concerns about working class
⒉ Defoe’s works: Pamphlets and poems: The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《铲除新教徒的捷径》supporting the claims of free churches Hymn to the Pillory (1703)《木枷颂》 (hymn: a song of praise)
Defoe in the pillory
Novels:(since 60 years old） Robinson Crusoe (1719)〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉 〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉 Captain Singleton (1720)〈辛格顿船长〉 〈辛格顿船长〉 Moll Flanders (1722)〈摩尔弗兰德斯〉 〈摩尔弗兰德斯〉 A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) 〈大疫年的回忆〉 大疫年的回忆〉 Colonel Jack (1722) 〈杰克上校〉 杰克上校〉 Memoirs of Cavalier (1724) 〈一个骑士的 回忆录〉 回忆录〉

知识点梳理一中世纪文学（约 5 世纪—1485）•Beowulf贝奥武夫Old English literature, poems, the national epic of the English people ★特点Artistic features: ing alliteration押头韵 ing metaphor and understatement3.give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humor3位Middle English 的著名诗人1.Geoffrey Chaucer—— The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The founder of English poetry、realismwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English<名解>heroic couplet：the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter p26、39、902.William Langland——Piers The Plowman 耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England3.The author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight•The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉<名解> 民谣The Ballads is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.二文艺复兴时期文学（15 世纪后期—17 世纪初）A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.<名解>Renaissance p30-31• 托马斯·莫尔Thomas More——Utopia乌托邦He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought<名解> The sonnet p39• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene、The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人日历The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster AbbeyThe Faerie Queene——nationalism、humanism、puritanism• 弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon——Essays随笔The founder of English materialist philosophy近代唯物主义奠基人The first English essayist在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断•克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe“University Wits”—Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝、TheJew of Malta马耳他的犹太人、Doctor Faustus<名解>Blank verse无韵体: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.★William Shakespeare 1564~161637plays 2long poems 154sonnets四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth Night四大悲剧《哈姆莱特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》King Lear《麦克白》Macbeth历史剧《亨利四世》Henry IV正剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and JulietFeatures of Shakespeare's drama:1 one of the founders of realism in world literature2 often used the method of adaptation3 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, especially the blank verse4 a great master of the English language•本·琼生Ben Johnson——Every Man in His HumorHis portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development; they are not round and full-blooded.He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature which was to reach its hightide in the 18th century.古典主义先驱三17 世纪文学英国资产阶级革命时期The puritan poets 弥尔顿、班扬The metaphysical poets 邓恩The cavalier poets 德莱顿★约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674早期Poems——On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity、Comus、Lycidas中期Pamphlets——Of Reformation in England、Areopagitica《论出版自由》、The Defence ofthe English People为英国人民声辩晚期Giant works失明后写——Paradise Lost失乐园、Paradise Regained复乐园、SamsonAgonistes力士参孙Areopagitica论出版自由，as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolotion struggles.Paradise Lost：long epic in12 books, written in blank verse. p107Agonistes力士参孙:poetical drama modelled on the Greek tragedies. It is from the Book of Judges in the Old Testament.Brief summary p1111 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 he wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he is a master of the blank verse. he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.4 he is a great stylist.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.• 约翰·班扬John Bunyan—The Pilgrim’s Progress: a religious allegory天路历程Puritan poet•John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).四启蒙时期文学（17th后期—18th中期）核心Reason<名解>The Enlightenment：an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.<名解> classicism:The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.Classicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.•Richard Steele——The Christian Hero（pamphlet）、（Newspapers）The Tatler、The spectator(in conjunction with Addison)、Theatre、The English•Joseph Addison——The Campaign(a poem，his best-known poem in heroic couplet) Cato (tragedy)、The Spectator、A Letter from Italy★The Spectator：a daily newspaper, one essay a day，dealing with the customs, manners, morals,literature and other current topics of the time, in a light and pleasant mannerAmong the most striking features of The Spectator are the character sketches (人物素描) of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club.Contribution：•Addison and Steel developed the form of letter writing to the verge of the epistolary novel(书信体小说).•Addison’s Spectator essay were looked upon as the model of English composition by British authors all through the 18th century.•Humor, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of the English familiar essay•Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~17441.Essay on Criticism、2.The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记the masterpiece, which is worth reading for itsdescription and satire of the dull court life of Englandof that time.3.The Dunciad愚人记、4.Essay on Man人论、5.Moral Essays道德论6.The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets. He was at his best in satire and epigram.• Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~17451.Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛2.A Tale of a Tub3.A Modest Proposal and The Drapi er’s Letters（pamphlets）Denounce the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government and stir up the Irish people to fight.4.The Battle of BooksSwift’s Style: He is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. (例如modest proposal)• Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.Moll Flanders、Colonel Jacque、Captain singleton•Samuel Richardson——Pamela (Develop the English novel)、Clarissa Harlowe• Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754Novels:1.Tom Jones汤姆•琼斯（A love story between Tom and Sophia）2.Joseph Andrews、3.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great、4.Amelia艾米莉亚He is the founder of English realistic novel、father of the English novel•Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔•约翰逊——A Dictionary of English Language英语大词典• Oliver Goldsmith（playwriter）奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯——The Deserted Village（poem）、The Good Natured Man、She stoops to Conquer（drama）•Richard Brinsley Sheridan（playwriter）理查德•布林斯利•施莱登——The Rivals、The School for Scandal（drama）Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism.The pre-romantic poetry was represented by Blake and Burns.•William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827Songs of Innocence天真之歌、Songs of Experience经验之歌、The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻1. Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.2. His poems were full of romantic spirit and imagery symbolism.3. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.•Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759—1796A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰songs of love and friendship、Auld Long Syne往昔时光The Scots Musical Museum and Collection of Original Scottish Airs.收集苏格兰民谣He is the greatest of Scottish poets and one of the greatest song writers in the world .The poems of Burns are written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.五浪漫主义时期文学Romanticism in England（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人who lived in the lake district.The elder generation: escapist romanticists（William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey）★William Wordsworth1770—1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集beginning of the Romantic Revival、deep love for nature sympathy for the poorI Wondered Lonely As A Cloud我好似一朵流云独自漫游Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey登丁寺杂咏The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女、The Prelude序曲•Samuel Taylor Coleridge——The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂The poem is considered his masterpiece•Robert Southey——Joan of Arc圣女贞德The younger generation: active romanticists：•George Gordon Byron 乔治•戈登•拜伦1788—1824Don Juan唐•璜、Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记、Cain该隐、The Vision of Judgment审判的幻景<名解>拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。

英国文学史笔记Christopher Marlowe William ShakespeareAlexander Pope Edmund SpenserHenry Fielding Samuel RichardsonGeoffrey Chaucer Thomas MoreSamuel Taylor Coleridge Jane Austen Jonathan SwiftHenry Fielding Samuel Richardson William ShakespeareJohn Milton Daniel DefoeWilliam Blake William WordsworthJonathan Swift Ben JonsonThe Anglo-Saxon period (the 11th~14th centuries)Beowulf : the most important piece ;forming period of English literatureBeowulf is the national epic(史诗) of Anglo-Saxon period, while Beowulf is the great warrior of …Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in British literature. A rich fabric(结构) of fact and fancy.“I shall perform the deeds of hero or I have passed my last day in this mead hall.”The 14th century-the age of ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer, the writer of The Canterbury Tales. While most of his contemporaries are busy writing with French(the language of court) and Latin( the language of church), Chaucer is experimenting with the vernacular(本国的) English.The Arthurian LegendsGeoffrey Chaucer: father of English literature and poetry, a great master of English language.Anthology 诗选The 15th century-the transitional periodThe transitional period between the age of Chaucer and the age of Shakespeare with the popular ballad, Robin Hood Ballad, as the most representative form of literature.Rabin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw……Thomas MoreThomas More –Utopia (written in 1515)This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th century England: social evilsare exposed and attacked (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an English writer.Limitations of the book: Utopia(1)His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and socialbases.(2)His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physicallabor.(3)Contradictions in his world outlook.The Elizabethan AgeEdmund Spenser – The Faerie QueenEnglish poet, born in LondonChristopher Marlowe – Doctor FaustusPlaywright, greatest dramatist before ShakespeareDr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.Ben JonsonWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)He is English playwright and poet, and is recognized in much of the world as the greatest dramatist.Dramatic Works:William Shakespeare has 37 plays to his credit.JULIET:'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owes Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself.Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳The Merchant of V eniceThe Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧Julius Caesar 凯撒The Two Gentlemen of V eronaPeriod of Romantic Comedies (1595-1600)Four great comedies:The Merchant of V enice – PortiaAs Y ou Like It – RosalindMuch Ado About Nothing – BeatriceTwelfth Night – ViolaThe Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Merry Wives of WindsorA Midsummer-Night’s DreamMature Period (1601-1609)This is the period of tragedies. Four great tragedies:Othello ; King Lear ; Hamlet ; MacbethShakespeare’s Contribution to Drama(1)themes of progressive significance(2)masterful character portrayal(3)adroit plot construction(4)great freedom and ease in the use of languageThe Jacobean AgeBen Jonson (1573-1637)The most important playwright among Shakespeare’s contemporariesEvery Man in His Humor“comedy of humors”The Jacobean Prose:Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon was an important scientist, philosopher and essayist.“Real founder of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general.”– Marx 唯物主义从他开始(1)New InstrumentIn this work Bacon introduced the inductive method to the science.(2)The New AtlantisIn this book Bacon described a utopian society –a fictitious land where his principles of collaborative research have been put into effect in a great agricultural and mechanical experimental station called Solomon’s House.(3)Essays:T hese essays reflect the author’s views on political, social and personal problems and in turn the bourgeois ideals and limitations of a man.*Conciseness of expression and simplicity of dictions are the two chief characteristics of Bacon’s style. Bacon’s essays exerted important influence on the development of English prose. They are the first “essays” in English.Of StudiesThe English Revolution PeriodMetaphysical poets: 玄学派诗人(1) John Donne(2) John MiltonMilton is often considered the greatest English poet after William Shakespeare. 1)Paradise Lost : greatest epic poem of MiltonIt deals with the fall of man, Satan’s revolt against God and man’s loss of Paradise. The first three lines of Paradise Lost:Of Man’s first disobedience, and the first fruitOf that forbidden tree whose mortal tasteBrought death into the World, and all our woe2)Paradise Regained :Another epic dealing with the redemption of man by Christ3)Samson Agonistes(3)John BunyanSpoke for common people; “the Immortal Tinker”Most famous one “Pilgrim’s Progress”天路历程has become a world classic.V anity Fair 名利场The Life and Death of Mr. Badman(4)John DrydenThe most prominent poet, dramatist, translator, literature critic of Revolution Period, the greatest neoclassicist of the Restoration Period, the age of Dryden Introduced “heroic play”–drama in epic mode; grand, rhetorical and declamatory; its themes being love and honorBest-known piece of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, written in the form of a dialogue.Three Unities “三一律”The EnlightenmentTwo groups of English Enlighteners(1)Those in favor of partial reform :Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele and Richardson(2)The more radical wing :Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Sheridan and GoldsmithAlexander PopeHis most famous poem, “The Rape of the Lock”–夺发记An ingenious mock(1)Enlightener (2) neo-classicist (3) satirist (4) brilliant poet (5) had a greatinfluenceChief Works:1. An Essay on Criticism:A manifesto of neo-classicismAncient poets are highly praised and rules are laid down to be observed.2. An Essay on Man:The best known and the most quoted of all Pope’s works.3. Moral EssaysA good style as “proper words in proper places” is defineThe names of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele have always been linkedwith the literary periodicals – The Tattler and The Spectator..Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)English novelist and journalistProlific 多产的Defoe’s first and most famous novel, “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”– Alexander Selkirk (原型)∙ A Letter to a Dissenter from his Friend at the Hague, 1688∙Essay on Projects, 1697∙True Born Englishman: A Satyr, 1701. -∙The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters, 1702.∙Hymn to the Pillory, 1703∙ A True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs Veal, 1705∙The Consolidator, 1705∙Giving Alms No Charity, 1704.∙Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business∙The Family Instructor, 1715∙Dickory Cronke, the Dumb Philosopher, 1719∙On the Education of Women, 1719∙The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719.∙The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, 1719∙The Life of Captain Singleton, 1720.∙Memoirs of a Cavalier, 1720∙The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders, 1722.∙Colonel Jack, 1722.∙Tour Through Eastern Counties of England, 1722∙From London to Land's End∙Journal of the Plague Year, 1722.∙Roxana, 1724∙The Great Law of Subordination Considered, 1724.∙ A General History of the Robberies and Murder of the Most Notorious Pyrates (attrib.), 1724-8 - excerpts∙ A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1724-7.∙The Complete English Tradesman, 1725-7. - excerpts∙The Political History of the Devil, 1726∙An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, 1727∙London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe, 1728∙The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, 1729Poems: The True-Born Englishman; A Hymn to the PilloryPicaresque Novel 流浪汉式小说Earliest English picaresque novel is believed to have been The Unfortunate Traveler or, The Life of Jack Wilton (1594) by Thomas.Jonathan SwiftAnglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose. He was born in Dublin.A Modest ProposalSwift’s masterpiece Travel into Several Remote Nations of the World, more popularly titled Gulliver’s Travels. It was an instant success. It was an attack on human society. It is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.Prose: The Battle of Book; A Tale of a TubSamuel RichardsonHis novels are in epistolary form(a series of letters).A founder of the English modern novel and an outstanding novelist.(1)PamelaThe first epistolary novel in the English language; sometimes called the first modern English novel because of its “penetrating” psychological analysis.(2) ClarissaIt is the longest novel in Britain and generally considered Richardson’s masterpiece. Significance:1.sympathy for women2.psychological study *3.exposure of the moral hypocrisyHenry FieldingHe has been considered the real founder of modern fiction.Fielding’s masterpiece:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)1)one of the great English novels2)is in the picaresque traditionTobias George SmollettA versatile and prolific writerThe comic inventiveness of character and incident greatl y influenced the work of English novelist Charles Dickens.He has three important novels:1.Roderick Random:The first sea novel in English literature, written more or less in the picaresque tradition and narrated in the first person.2.Peregrine Pickle:A picaresque novel3. Humphrey ClinkerWritten in the epistolary formLaurence Sterne1. Tristram ShandyMeditation 沉思,冥想The novel is considered a precursor to the modern novel and the technique of “stream of consciousness.”2. A Sentimental Journey:Sterne enjoys a European fame. He not only has his far-reaching influence upon English writers of later days, especially on Byron and Thackeray, but also upon Diderot(狄德罗) and Rousseau(卢梭) and V oltaire(伏尔泰)Sterne’s fame rests chiefly on his two books, Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey, especially the former..The Gothic RomancesThe Castle of Otranto (1764)Considered the first Gothic novel in EnglishMary Shelley 这一时期的代表Shelley’s wife 雪莱之妻Frankenstein: the first and most important workThe Domestic Novels:1)Fanny Burney: Evelina2)Jane Austen: Pride and PrejudiceThe former described the fashionable society in London, while the latter the life oflanded gentry in provincial England.Richard SheridanComedy: The Rivals and The School for ScandalThe 18th– Century ProseSamuel JohnsonEnglish writer and lexicographer,a major figure in 18th–century literature. In 1755, Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language,which took him eight years to complete. The dictionary contains about 40,000 entries with vivid, idiosyncratic definitions and an extraordinary range of examples. The Dictionary of the English Language is the first kind of English dictionary.Thomas GrayBest known poem: Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardRobert BurnsHe is Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs, whose works are known and loved wherever the English language is read.He has been considered the greatest Scottish poet. His love songs are unsurpassed.He is a many-sided genius:Poet: A Red, Red RoseWilliam BlakeHe is an important English poet at the turn of the 19th century.Blake should be remembered chiefly for his bitter social criticism, for his fight for freedom, and for his lyricism.The Songs of Experience is certainly the most important of all Blake’s poetry.Poem: The Chimney SweeperLondonThe TigerWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)1. English poet, one of the most accomplished and influential of England’sromantic poets.2. Themes: freedom, folk, mature3. The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloud,That floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle⏹He died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks.⏹The “Byronic hero”— lonely, rebellious, and brooding— first appeared inManfred (1817).Among his other works are Childe Harold(1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824).⏹Since the 1920s, his poetry has exerted considerable influence upon theChinese poets, and with the translation of some of his poems into the Chinese language, his name has become well known to the general reading public in China.●In 1822, shortly before his 30th birthday, Shelley was drowned in a stormwhile sailing.●In the final stanza—which ends with the now famous line “If Wintercomes, can Spring be far behind?”—Shelley appeals to the wind to help him spread the moral and political messages of his work.● A Defense of Poetry lays emphasis on the social educative role of poetry●. Byron only attacked political tyranny, but Shelley also saw the cruel relations of economic exploitation in the feudal-bourgeois world.Shelley had faith in the collective strength of the people and worked for the interests of the masses while Byron thought more of one’s personal happiness and sorrow and he believed chiefly in the might of individual heroes but had contempt for the common people.●Marx once said, “The real difference between Byron and Shelley is this:those who understand them and love them rejoice that Byron died at 36, because if he had lived he would become a reactionary bourgeois, theygrieve that Shelley died at 29, because he was essentially a revolutionist and he would always have been one of the advanced guard of socialism.”•John Keats (1795-1821), English poet, and an influential figure of the romantic movement.Ode to a Nightingale is possibly one of the most poignant expressions of Keats’ intense personal yearning for freedom from human misery as he fell under the magic of the nightingale’s song.•John Keats is remembered for his melodious, rich verse, and is considered one of the greatest English poets.Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott is considered the first major European historical novelist.l Scott’s historical novels may be conveniently divided into three main groups which coincided with the three periods in his creative career: l(1) The history of Scotlandl(2) English historyl(3) European historyl Novels on English historyl e.g. Ivanhoe: the struggle of Anglo-Saxon peasantry against their oppressors the Norman lords, in the last part of the 12th century.l Jane Austen (1775-1817), major English novelist, whose brilliantly witty, elegantly structured satirical fiction marks the transition in English literature from 18th-century neoclassicism to 19th-century romanticism.Austen was born near Basingstoke.l In her first period, from 1796 to 1798, she wrote Sense and Sensibility(1811), Pride and Prejudice(1813), and Northanger Abbey (1818); these novels did not find a publisher for several years after their composition.l Austen's second period of productivity began in 1811 after the publication of Sense and Sensibility.l She produced in quick succession her last three novels: Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), and Persuasion (1818).It is a truth universally acknowledged thatWho are the main characters of "Wuthering Heights"?I'm just lost. There are way too many characters, and I'm having trouble picking out the main characters.For example, would Mr. Lockwood be considered one? He's only listening to the story that Mrs. Dean is telling him.So please, can anyone write the name of all the main characters?1.Redscar has given you a terrific outline of the characters inthis novel. The only thing I might add is this: not all characters in fiction are considered "main characters". Characters have different roles in literature. For example, Mr. Lockwood and Nellie Dean are characters, but they are both used as vehicles for advancing the plot.This is a technique the author uses to tell the story in retrospect.Nellie narrates the story to Mr. Lockwood but Nellie is also a character in the action that has taken place in the past. She has experienced the tale she is telling to Mr. Lockwood. She is both a storyteller and part of the plot itself. Keep in mind that Nellie's story is biased, however, but this too has its purpose in the novel.2.It is my opinion (and some will disagree) that the two maincharacters of this novel are Heathcliff and Catherine. Wuthering Heights is THEIR story. All of the other characters have significance only as they relate to Heathcliff and Catherine. In other novels, there are many subplots, and so it can be said that there are many "main" characters, but in this novel, the entire story is about Heathcliff and Catherine.Even after Catherine dies and the younger generation comes into play, the story is still about Catherine and Heathcliff because Heathcliff cannot give Catherine up. So, I think if you really want to boil things down, Catherine and Heathcliff are the two main characters and all of the other characters are vehicles that enrich their story.。