英国文学
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1 英国文学 PRO-FEUDALISM HISTORY 封建时代前英国历史
The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. 英国最早居民是伊比利亚人
Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation.伟大的罗马将军恺撒，于公元前55年第一次入侵英国。将近400年，英国人处于罗马的占领下。
The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts: There were the Hadrian’s wall and the Antonine wall.罗马人修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。一条是哈德良长城，另一条是安东尼长城. (伟大的哈德良!!伟大的屋大维, 图拉真, 哈德良!!)
In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they were three Teutonic(Germanic) tribes.
五世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和安各鲁人不断入侵英国。这是三支日尔曼(德意志)部落。
In 597, pope Gregory I sent st.Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.597年，教皇格里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰，使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。(哈哈, 之前的英国人还是野蛮人呢~)
Alferd, king of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes. He is
known as the “father of Britain navy”.威塞克斯的国王阿尔佛雷德打败了丹麦人，他以“英国海军之父”闻名于史。
The Norman conquest of England isthe bestknown event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was established.
诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起来。(1066年威廉一世加冕标志者诺曼征服的完全胜利!!)
FEUDALISM PERIOD 封建时期
The Doomsday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of general survey of England made in 1085.《末日审判书》完成于1086年，它记录了1085年进行的英国总调查结果。
Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. He ended the disorders of king Stephen .亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位国王。他结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时期的混乱局面。
The baron’s charter, or Magna Carta, as it came to be known was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in 2 the summer of 1215.1215年夏天，贵族代表团把他们的宪章——后以大宪章闻名——递交给国王和他的顾问团们。
It was a statement of feudal and legal relationship between the crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the power of the king.大宪章陈述的是国王与贵族间的封建和法律关系，保证了教会自由和限制了王权。
The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law and Edward Ⅰpresented his new-born-son to the Welsh people as the Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.
1284年的威尔士法，使威尔士处于英国法律之下，爱德华一世将他新出生的儿子赠与威尔士人民，封他为威尔士王子。此后，该称号一直由该王位的继承人沿用至今。
When Edward Ⅲ claimed the French Crown by the right of his mother Isabella, the French refused to recognize the claim because the Salic Law debarred females from the succession. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last a hundred years.
爱德华三世通过他母亲伊莎贝拉的关系宣布继承法国王位，但法国人民拒绝承认，因为萨利法典规定女子不得继承王位，于是在1337年，爱德华对法宣战，战争持续了一百年。
Black Death swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England.
1348年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三分之一到一半的英国人口。
TRANS-PERIOD 过渡时期
When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly
recovert England to Roman Catholicism. People call her “Blood Mary”。
玛丽都铎在爱德华后当上女王，她试图强迫人们重新皈依罗马天主教。人们叫她“血腥玛丽”。
The destruction of Spanish Armada showed England’s superiority as a
naval power. It enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.
西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势，使英国在随后的几年能成为强大的贸易和殖民国。Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c1350-c1650. 文艺复兴处于中世纪向现代 3 的过渡时期。覆盖1350-1650年。(英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于1485年都铎家族的继位)
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shocked the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.
英国内战(1642-1649)不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。
The Enlish politicians rejected JameⅡ, and appealed to a protestant
king, William of Orange to invade and take the English throne. This take-over became known as the Glorious Revolution.
英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which confirmed
the principle of parliamentary supremacy. Thus the age of constitutioned monarchy of a monarchy. 威廉和玛丽共同接受了《权利法案》，此法案确立了议会权利至高无上的原则，议会限制王权的君主立宪制时代开始了。 OTHERS
The election of 1979 returned the conservative party to power and Margaret Chatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.
1979年的选举令保守党再次上台，玛格丽特，撒切尔成为英国首位女首相。
Britain is the fifth largest trading nation in the world. Napoleon called it a “nation of shopkeepers” and it has remained one even after the end of empire and the loss of its political and economic hegemony.英国是世界第五大贸易国，拿破仑称之为“店主之国”，即使英国瓦解，失去经济和政治霸权地位之后，还是一直保持贸易强国身份。
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 十八世纪
Enlighten ment 启蒙运动
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 丹尼尔.笛福 罗宾逊漂流记Henry Fielding Real founder of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe亨利.菲尔德.英国,欧洲无产阶级现实主义小说建立者
Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels 斯威夫特. 格列佛游记
