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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2018年版)I.考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2.词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2.写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III.考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。
2018考研英语(一)（二）大纲变化汇总2018考研的同学们，2018考研英语（一）（二）的考研大纲已经发布了，大家要好好对比今年和去年的考研大纲，及时调整复习内容和计划。
聚英考研网为大家整理了2018考研英语（一）（二）的变化情况如下：考研英语（一）2018年的英语考研大纲要求没有变化，同学可以按照原有的思路进行更加系统、更具深度的复习。
从近几年的试卷结构当中，我们可以看出对英语语言能力的考查加深了。
所以我们建议，对于2018年的考试同学们在备考的时候应该把更多的精力真正的放在扎扎实实提高自身英语语言能力、提高对于文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上。
在坚实的语言能力基础上，掌握一定的应试技巧和策略，才能真正在2018年的考研考试中取得优异的成绩。
考研英语（二）词汇、语法、英语知识运用、阅读理解A、阅读理解B（新题型）、写作没有变化。
翻译：2017年大纲：英译汉考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
2018年大纲：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
翻译部分名称由“英译汉”变为“翻译”复习建议：翻译的要求是译文准确、完整、通顺，需要考生准确理解所给的英语语言材料，在此基础上用通顺的汉语表达出来。
建议考生以大纲为准绳，以历年真题为参照，把握好采分点，掌握常考点，再辅之一定的实战训练，攻克翻译题型。
想查看更完整详细的2018考研与2017考研英语大纲变化对照内容，请到聚英考研网查的考研大纲里查看。
2018考研复习资料和辅导班推荐请上聚英考研网。
2018考研英语(二)考试大纲原文(二)考试内容试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
第二部分阅读理解主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。
该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
A节(20小题)本节为多项选择题。
共四篇文章，总长度为1500词左右。
要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。
考生需要在每小题所提供的选项(A、B、C、D)中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。
每篇文章设5题，共20题。
每小题2分，共40分。
B节(5小题)本节有两种备选题型。
每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。
本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。
备选题型包括：1)多项对应本节为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。
要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。
2)小标题对应在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。
要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
第三部分翻译考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
第四部分写作该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
共2题，25分。
A节考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。
2018考研英语二新题型解析根据2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语大纲(非英语专业)规定，阅读理解部分B节5小题，本部分设有5小题每题2分，共10分。
有2种备选题型，每次考试从这2种备选题型中即小标题对应和多项对应中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。
今年所考的就是小标题对应：这类题都需要考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构、理解句子与句子、段落与段落之间的关系。
要求考生有一定的连贯性和一致性的语篇意识。
今年的小标题具体解题步骤如下：第一步：通读选项，划出选项关键词：如[A] You are not alone 划出not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life 划出responsibility[C] Pave your own unique 划出path own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal 划出unreal[E] Think about the present moment 划出the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow划出experience[G] There are many things to be grateful for划出grateful第二步，读句子找重复的词和概念，若无重复则看哪个选项最具有概括性。
那接下来我们开始解题：41【D】解析：本段开头第一句话说fear is both useful and harmful.也就是有利有害，接下来就讲其曾经的作用和人们的行为，接下来又开始引用别人的观点。
但是作者在最后一句用强调句 I do agree表示作者对前面引用的肯定，也就是fear is a choice 即对danger is very real 的否定，综合即答案 D。
42.【E】解析: 本段最后一句有个but.答案在此处。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously he painful?Because humans have an inherent need to1uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict17.A.choose B remember C.promise D.pretend18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSH ER SHEET.(40points)Text1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization,but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week's cover story.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a trafficked desk stuck.With generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype...that it's for kids who can't make it academically,"he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new mantra.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all--and the subtle devaluing of anything less--misses an important point:That's not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor's degree opens more doors.But even now,54percent of the jobs in the country aremiddl2-skill job,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only44percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has numbered the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Kcziatek's school is wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risksoverlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of().A.Academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who().A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.We can infer from Paragraph5that high school graduates().ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all()A.helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described as().A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText2While fossil fuels--coal,oil,gas--still generate roughly85percent of the world's energy supply,it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world:They now account for more than ha1f of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of undesirables, especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by80percent and the cost of wind turbines by close one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland, for example,wind turbines provide enough electricity to power95percent of homes.While the rest of the world lakes the lead,notably China and Europe,the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March,for the first time,wind and solar power accounted for more than10 percent of the power generated in the Us,reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels--especially coal--as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa,he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa,where wind turbines dot the fields and provide36percent of the state's electricity generation--and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine?"has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufactures,who are placing big bets on battery--powered vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there's a long way to go,the trend lines for undesirables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up--perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change.What Washington docs-or doesn't do--to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shit in thought.26.The word“plummeting"(line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to_____.A.stabilizingB.ChangingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph3,the use of renewable energy in America_____.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa,_____.A.wind is a widely used energy source.B.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giant s are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.C.It is commonly used in car manufacturingC.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is mot competitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the Whats App messaging service.which doesn't have any physical product at all.what Whats App offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identifies,but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages,the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What Political journalist,what party whip,would not want to know the makeup of the Whats App groups in which Theresa May"s enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the460shops it owns,but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to the pace of change within in the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem,too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious w hen the users of these services don't pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google,the two virtual giants,dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they're selling is data,and we,the users,convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed:G-mail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship,even if both sides benefit.31.According to Paragraph1,Facebook acquired Whats App for its()digital productsA.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may()A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law()A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34Competition1aw as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook us()becauseA.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate()A.win-win business model between digital giantsB.typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants'customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Gal Newport,anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world,recommends building a habit of“deep work",the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work-be it lengthy retreats,dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a “journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends"deep scheduling"1o combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time.At any given point,I should has dep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like,I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day-in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy.The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early1980s,that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while living room for improvisation in such a list can reap the be st results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggest s,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body..[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,"he argues.Sriri Pillaly an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due lot he way cur brains operate.w hen our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What don't realize is that in order to complete the set asks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain"says Pillay.36The key to mastering the art of deep work is toA.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD seize every minute to work37.The study in the early1980s cited by Harvard shows thatA.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38.According to Newport,idleness isA.desirable mental state for busy peopleB.major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39.Pillay believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocusedA.can result in Psychological will-beingB.can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at a better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40.This text is mainly aboutA.ways10relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment,places,thingsE.Find the“me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive Ways to Make Conversation with Any OneConversations arc links,which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day:the grocery worker,the cab driver,new people at work or the security guard at the door.Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with41.Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says“I want to talk with this person"this is something the mostly happens with all of us.You wanted to say something-the first word-but it just won't come out.It feels like it is stuck somewhere,I knowthe feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think:that is the worst that could happen?They won't talk with you?Well,they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.So keep it simple:H","Hey”or“Hello”---do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can,put and say"Hi”.42.It's a problem all of us face:you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk,memorable.a46.Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHET2.(15points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations.He ticks“astronaut”but quickly adds“scientist"to the list and selects it as well.The boy is convinced that if he reads enough,he can explore as many career paths as he likes.And so he reads---everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels.He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a“no reading policy”at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates,and he hasn't stopped reading yet---not even after becoming one ofthe most successful people on the planet.Nowadays,his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books:recently,he revealed that he reads at least50nonfiction books a year.Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they es plain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,"---Gates say.有一个五年级的学生,拿到了一门家庭作业，要他在一系列职业名单中选出自己未来的职业之路。
2018 年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语( 一 )Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numberedblank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand,putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people placetheir trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, ahormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct thatprompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocininto the noses of half the subjects; those subjects wereready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers thanwere their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. ACanadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to anWhat s inhere? ” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming,“ Wow!Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; theother half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 tocooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that theytrusted his leadership.19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.[A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2.[A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3.[A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4.[A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5.[A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6.[A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7.[A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8.[A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9.[A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one thatwill probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: Whathappens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at highrisk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with themiddle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering—have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they willbe fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheavalhas benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so wellfor Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work.But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums—from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus lesson memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skillsand helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training andinstruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will beable to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must bemade easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combinelabor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven'tbeen invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capitalincome and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as theearned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes,encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next fewyears, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careersupended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobswould be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.’s view?22 .Which of the following best represent the author[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A]creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A]opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of youngAmericans disapprove of President Trump ’ s use of Twitter. The implication is thatMillennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not apresident ’ s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet asdistrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up theirmedia literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitterusers in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according tothe University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed Newsfound 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from themedia giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillfulat separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey ofyoung people between ages 14and24 found they use“ distributed trust”to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefernews from different perspectives —especially those that are open about any bias.“ Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility foreducating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conductedin Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin- Madison found that young people’ s reliance on social media ledSocial media allows users to experience news events more intimatelyand immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake newsphenomenon is “ reader error,”more so than made -up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“ misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news ” via social media.In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart ofthe issue.“ This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at B arna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, theyreveal a mental discipline in thinking skills –and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americanscast doubts on[A]the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B]people ’s preference for social media platforms.[C]the administrations ability to handle information.[D]social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase “beer up ”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to [A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A]tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B]verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C]have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A]readers outdated values.[B]journalists’ biased reporting[C]readers ’ misinterpreta tion[D]journalists’ made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C]The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D]The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must between start byacknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leadingartificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this workapplied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background thatthe information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damningverdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handedover to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basisof a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rightsand their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has beencleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.Butprivacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since underexisting law it“ controlled” the data and DeepMind merely“ processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the datathat our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to anindividual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way thesurveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its valueonly when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightlymaladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is notenough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patientsand save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopolywhich developed them using public resources. If software promises to savelives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behaveas a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution andsmall choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A longstruggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham'sreport is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C]It fell short of the latter's expectations[D]It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B]tough resistance.[C]necessary adjustments.[D]sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A]privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B]leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C]making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D]the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported anet loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenseshave exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. Thereare many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeezebetween technological change that has permanently decreased demand forits bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the newrealityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makersexert self- interested pressure on the USPS’ s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is whyrepeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leavingthe Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, thePostal Service,the unions and the system's heaviest users — has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the Housethat would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of themoney would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase andfrom shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through theSenate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform. There’ s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percentof the agency’ s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturdayletter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support andwould save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groupsseem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however,a sign that they’ re getting serious about transforming the postal system forthe 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A].its unbalanced budget.[B].its rigid management.[C].the cost for technical upgrading.[D].the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A].the interference from interest groups.[B].the inadequate funding from Congress.[C].the shrinking demand for postal service.[D].the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A].The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B].The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C].The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D].The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select asite and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements forthe War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected aGreek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other sideof the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design byAlfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house allthree departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the firstto be occupied,with its elegant four-story library(completed in1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carvedwood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associatedwith formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all hadoffices in this building before becoming president.It has housed16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries methere with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage ofthe United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, AlfredB. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of theState, War, and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylightdomes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowdedconditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitatedthe demolition of the State Department building.41. àCà42. à43. àF à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following segments into Chinese.textYourcarefullytranslationand thenshouldtranslatebe writtenthe underlinedneatly on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe waswitnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new formsunder the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms wereat first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs,but inEngland, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class ofprofessional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether itshould be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs,and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boywho went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a formof literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bringhonor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse wasbuilt in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for thechoir boys of St. Paul’ s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered intheir permanent theaters,and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By thetime Shakespeare was twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedythat crowded the pit;and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since thedeath of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this briefperiod we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of manykinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the merenumber of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing atthe same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)Torealize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further thathosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author ofnote whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them toattend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place andother relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use“Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. Inyour essay, you should2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语( 一 ) 试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1 、【答案】 [B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use ofEnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blankandmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybe painful? Because humans have an inherent need to (1)uncertainty, accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedto knowissostrongthatpeoplewill (2)tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhen it is clear the answer will (3).In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University ofChicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business testedstudents'willingnessto(4)themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity. Forone(5),eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviouse xperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould (6)an electric shock whenclicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. (7) left alone in the room, thestudents who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurredmorejoltsthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould(8).Subsequentexperiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, (9) the sound of fingernails onachalkboardand photographs of disgustinginsects.The drive to (10) is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as thebasicdrivesfor (11) or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago,aco-authorofthepaper.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct－itcan (12) new scientific advances, for instance－but sometimes such (13) canbackfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you todo _ (14) things is a profoundone.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to (15), however. In a finalexperiment,participants who were encouraged to (16) how they would feel after viewingan unpleasant picture were less likely to (17) to see such an image. These resultssuggest that imagining the(18) of following through on one's curiosity aheadof timecanhelpdetermine(19)itisworththeendeavor."Thinkingaboutlong-term(20)iskeytomitigatingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,"Hseesays.In other words, don't read onlinecomments.1.A．on B．like C．for D．from2.A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3.A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4.A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5.A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6.A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7.A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8.A．at B．by C．of D．to9.A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10.A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11.A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12.A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13.A．between B．within C．toward D．over14.A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15.A．out B．back C．around D．inside16.A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17.A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18.A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．Incontrast B．As aresult C．On thewhole D．Forinstance20.A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的many worthwhile things一块做后置定语修饰前面的condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。
2018年考研英语大纲解析：完型及翻译新题型根据《2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》的内容来看，与2010年大纲相比，2018年考研英语大纲非常稳定，基本没有变化。
尤其在完型、翻译新题型部分未作明显变动，下面谈谈三部分的复习备考。
新题型部分英语新题型是2005年新增加题型，许多同学复习时对这种题目把握不准，加上可以借鉴的考研真题数量比较少，参考资料少，很多考生都感觉复习起来比较困难。
那么如何在有限的复习时间中给自己吃一颗定心丸呢？请看以下这些分析也许能帮助大家解决一些疑难。
新题型又称段落大意题，新题型的解答需要理解文章的段落大意。
考研英语新题型是一种以快速阅读为完成条件的阅读类题型补充。
考研英语大纲中已经规定新题型主要考查“考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解”。
这就要求考生在准备这类题时，应该掌握必要的攻题技巧。
新题型占考研英语总分的10%，所占分值比重比较小，所以复习压力要小一些。
但由于新题型在考研英语中比较特别，所以仍然需要掌握一定的方法，通过一定数量的练习才会在考试中得到比较理想的分数。
在复习过程中应该注意一下两个部分：一、文章的结构要做新题型中完形填句(段)的题目，考生就应该先了解这类文章的结构，一般情况下，文章的结构有：1、描述性结构主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往是出题重点。
2、释义性结构解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述。
3、比较性结构把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比。
4、原因性结构这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的。
5、驳斥性结构这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点。
以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完形填句(段)题型的出题原则。
二、解题步骤1、锁定目标答案可能的特征2、阅读选择项，寻找特征词特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等。
感谢凯程教研室对本文重大贡献昨天刚刚考完，凯程的电话瞬间变成了热线，学员们兴奋地汇报他们的考试情况，提到了英语很多题目类型都是在集训营训练过的内容。
凯程近1-2天发布真题解析视频，凯程莫老师祝同学们专业课考试顺利！凯程老师现场拍摄Section IIReading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.School in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make itacademically,”he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point:That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor’s degree opens moredoors.Buteven now,54percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only44percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’lack of.A.academic trainingB.practical abilityC.pioneering spiritD.mechanical memorization22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A.have a stereotyped mindB.have no career motivationC.are financially disadvantagedD.are not academically successful23.we can infer from Paragraph5that high school graduates.ed to have more job opportunitiesed to have big financial concernsC.are entitled to more educational privilegesD.are reluctant to work in manufacturing24.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB.may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC.indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25.The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly85percent of the world’s energy supply,it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummetingprices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar panels has dropped by80percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power95percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than10percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path toeconomic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide36percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”（Line3，Para.2）is closest in meaning to.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.According to Paragraph3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC.faces many challengesD.has proved to be impractical28.It can be learned that in Iowa,.A.wind is a widely used energy sourceB.wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC.tech giants are investing in clean energyD.there is a shortage of clean energy supply29.Which ofthe following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A.will bring the US closer to other countriesB.will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’friendships and social lives．Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through．Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be．What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currentlyplotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the460shops it owns,but the records of which customers have purchased petition law appears to be the only way to address theseimbalances of power．But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power．But there is a deeper conceptual problem,petition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them．The users of their services are not their customers．That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies．The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphidsfor the honeydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield．Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit．31.According to Paragraph1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33.According to the author,competition law.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing marketpetition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A.they are not defined as customersB.they are not financially reliableC.the services are generally digitalD.the services are paid for by advertisers35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A.a win-win business model between digital giantsB.a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world,recommends building a habit of“deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deepscheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,Ishould have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like Iwould a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While theresearchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.We also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”.says Pillay.36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to________.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37.The study in the early1980s cited by Harford shows that________.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38.According to Newport,idleness is________.A.a desirable mental state for busy peopleB.a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39.Pillay believes that our brains’shift between being focused and unfocused_______.A.can result in psychological well-beingB.canbring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40.This text is mainly about_______.A.ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB.approaches to getting more done in less timeC.the key to eliminating distractionsD.the cause of the lack of focus time。
2018考研英语⼀真题及解析2018年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼀)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,it's a necessary condition1many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your2,in the wrong place often carries a high3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5people place their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that6pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7with one another.Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their10who inhaled something else.11for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may12us.A Canadian study found that children as young as14months can differentiate13a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each14to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“What’s in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look 15.Half of them found a toy;the other half16the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were18to cooperate with the tester in learning a newskill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the30children paired with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled19.[A]In contrast[B]As a result[C]On the whole[D]For instance20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums—from grammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A]Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A]Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists'opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided/doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html cation in the age of automation should putmore emphasis on[A]creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem with[A]opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found44percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24found they use “distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A2014survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenonis“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills–and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs1and2,many young Americans cast doubts on[A]the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B]people’s preference for social media platforms.[C]the administrations ability to handle information.[D]social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people[A]tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B]verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C]have s strong sense of responsibility.[D]like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A]readers outdated values.[B]journalists’biased reporting[C]readers’misinterpretation[D]journalists’made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B]A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C]The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D]The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of1.6million patients In2015on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients'rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed"it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters isthat they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?[A]It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B]It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C]It fell short of the latter's expectations[D]It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A]empty promises.[B]tough resistance.[C]necessary adjustments.[D]sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph2that[A]privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B]leaking patients'data is worse than selling it.[C]making profits from patients'data is illegal.[D]the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous.Text4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6billion for fiscal2016, the10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviestusers—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate–where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for80percent of the agency’s costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS$2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassingshort-term collapse at the USPS.It is not,however,a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A].its unbalanced budget.[B].its rigid management.[C].the cost for technical upgrading.[D].the withdrawal of bank support.37.According to Paragraph2,the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A].the interference from interest groups.[B].the inadequate funding from Congress.[C].the shrinking demand for postal service.[D].the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A].removing its burden of retiree health care.[B].making more investment in new vehicles.[C].adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D].attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A].The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B].The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese[C].The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D].The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BThe following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.In December of1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871./doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html pleted in1875,the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied,with its elegantfour-story library(completed in1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D.Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower, Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed16Secretaries of the Navy,21Secretaries of War,and24Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from1871to1888to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F.Construction took17years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly2miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite withover4,000individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G.The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between1799and1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In1866,the construction ofthe North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs,but in England,as everywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular,whether it should be new or old,classical or medieval,literary or farcical.Court,school organizations of amateurs,and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment;and(47)no boy who went a grammar school couldbe ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor toWhen Shakespeare was twelve years old,the first public playhouse was built in London.For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court,or for the choir boys of St.Paul’s and the royal chapel,who,however,gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary;Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit;and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage-where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history,for in this brief period we may trace the beginning,growth,blossoming,and decay of many kinds of plays,and of many great careers.We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced,as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity,we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony.In your email you should include time,place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about100words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the /doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you should2018年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼀)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进⾏核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的⽤法。
2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读如何提分
考研大纲汇总考研英语大纲考研政治大纲考研数学大纲考研专业课大纲出国留学考研网为大家提供2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读如何提分，2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读如何提分
2018考研英语大纲已经公布，英语科目来讲，喜讯是没有变化!所以大家可以按部就班按照之前的节奏来复习即可。
下面为大家带来阅读高效提分指南。
考研英语中阅读理解占40分，最新大纲里明确说明阅读考查考生的主旨理解能力，以及根据上下文理解特定单词含义的能力。
大纲里列举了相应的解题思路，比如考查划线单词的含义时，直接从这个单词的上文和下文找答案即可。
把A、B、C、D四个选项分别带回原文，看哪个单词放到原文中能读通，有时候四个选项全能读通，但根据上下文意思就不同了，所以要求考生要理解句子的含义，理解作者的观点和态度。
距离考试还有不到一百天，接下来跟大家讲一下考研英语百日复习规划。
2018考研英语阅读真题超精解Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York''s Veteran''s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman''s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress. It''s not necessarily that women don''t cope as well. It''s just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda. Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men''s, she observes, It''s just that they''re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. It''s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez''s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.2. Dr. Yehuda''s research suggests that women[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] Are exposed to more stress.3. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.4. The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez''s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.6. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.7. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.8. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.9. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.10. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today''s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- appare ntly reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we''ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn''t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don''t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.11. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S……[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.12. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.13. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.14. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.15. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.答案：1.A 题目问的是通过对前两段的了解选出正确选项。
2018考研英语一阅读2018年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析阅读理解部分：Passage 1The world is facing a new wave of environmental protection, which is mainly caused by the increasing scarcity of natural resources. With the continuous development of the economy, people are becoming more aware of the importance of environmental protection. At the same time, the government has also strengthened its control over environmental pollution, and has implemented a series of policies and measures to promote sustainable development.The purpose of this new round of environmental protection is to protect natural resources, prevent environmental pollution, and promote sustainable development. It mainly focuses on three aspects: firstly, to strengthen the protection of natural resources; secondly, to strengthen the control over environmental pollution; and thirdly, topromote the application of clean energy and new energy technologies.In order to achieve these goals, the government has taken a series of measures, including strengthening laws and regulations, increasing investment in environmental protection, promoting technological innovation, and encouraging the public to participate in environmental protection activities.However, there are still some problems in the implementation of these measures. For example, some enterprises still emit pollutants beyond the standard, and some people still have a lack of awareness of environmental protection. In addition, the government's control over environmental pollution is also facing challenges, such as the difficulty in finding the source of pollution and the high cost of pollution treatment.In conclusion, the new round of environmental protection is facing many challenges and difficulties. In order to achieve sustainable development, we need to continue to strengthen environmental protection measures, encourage enterprises and individuals toparticipate in environmental protection activities, and promote the application of clean energy and new energy technologies. At the same time, we also need to strengthen international cooperation to jointly deal with environmental challenges.。
考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解A、B部分大纲要过去的考试中，每年都有很多同学因为字体过大或文章长度过长而导致翻译题，小作文答题空间不够，内容写不完而失分的情况。
考试中心的这一举措就提前警示各位同学们：一定要根据答题空间调整自己的字体大，内容长短。
除了此部分之外，考研英语的的大纲，无论是英语一还是英语二都没有太大的变化，大家按照以往的安排进行就可以了。
那么大纲对各题型有什么要求呢?阅读理解就阅读理解(PartA)而言，由于这是一个大家非常熟悉的题型，也连着考了十几年，命题专家都有丰富的经验来应对它，因此每次考试最稳定的就是四选一的阅读理解题。
就文章题材来说，近几年越来越重视对人文科学的考查，平时要多注重阅读一些英美经济文化科技方面的报刊书籍，例如：TheEconomist(经济学家)，Newsweek(新闻周刊)，Time(时代周刊)以及TheTimes(泰晤士报)上面的文章。
在寻找材料时，要有选择，比如说不要涉及政治方面及时事方面比较敏感的话题，如种族歧视、宗教信仰、战争评论等。
关于阅读理解文章来源，根据2015大纲，文章来源依旧是英语国家原版报刊或书籍，绝大多数是评论性的文章(即除文学作品以外的其他类型的短文)。
由于新闻记者惯用"引用"的方法，考研的文章经常喜欢正反交替举例，先说作者认同的，然后又是作者要批评的、揭露的，再是用实例来论证作者的观点。
这种语篇思维模式会给考生在阅读理解中造成很大的障碍。
正因为难，考研命题专家就非常青睐这类语篇，来命题目。
近两年，这种题目每次都有，而且得分率也很低，因此需要大家平时阅读时要多注重对于作者观点、立足点、态度语气的把握。
最后从语言难度来看，秉承历年考研英语阅读理解的特点，的阅读难度依旧，文章容易，选项"刁"。
生词依然存在，但其比例仍然维持在3%左右。
命题的风格、诱惑手段和解题思路也会和去年一致。
新题型该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。
【2018年考研英语考试大纲解析】及超纲词预测！转载链接：/outline/course/wx1709151163.shtml根据考试大纲公布的信息，2017年考研英语一的平均分是53.94分；英语二的平均分是57.34分。
那么，今年的考试英语难度会增加吗？大纲又会发生什么变化呢？下面分享的是今天发言稿的文字版（请孩子们尤其注意后面的附录）。
一、与孩子们分享的第一个话题是：“大纲在词汇、语法部分的要求”。
就《大纲》的词汇要求基本没有变动，我们从三个方面来看。
其一、《大纲》虽然在5500个词汇表没有变化，但我们需要关注词义和搭配方面的变化。
例如：“counter”一词，除了表达“（1）柜台（2）计数器”之外，还需要关注它作为动词的含义“反击、对抗”（例：to counter the claim for damages 反驳赔偿损失的要求）。
其二、《大纲》在附录中列出了一些常见的前缀。
例如，“counter”若作为词根，有以下的派生词汇“counterbalance”（纠正力量），“counterpart”（对应物），“counter-culture”（反文化，非主流文化），“counter-measure”（对应措施），“counter-intuitive”（反直觉的），“counter-act”（反作用）等等。
现在，给你们预测三个派生词（这三个词汇并不在大纲中，但会出现在试题中），请认真查阅字典，“backfire”，“backlash”，“backdrop”等。
其三、超纲单词。
据《大纲》的描述，在真题中可以出现3%的超纲单词（即无法从大纲词汇表中单词衍生出的词汇）。
了解这些单词，对于勇夺高分者乃锦上添花，而对于基础薄弱者乃雪中送炭（你们可参见本文最后的附录）。
就《大纲》的语法要求，2018大纲要求没有变化。
我在《大纲解析》一书进行了详尽的介绍。
在大纲解析中，给出的建议是：考生可采用“渐行渐远”的备考策略，即在阅读和写作中使用语法知识。
2018年考研英语一大纲解析及备考指导在同学们的千呼万唤中，《2018全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)考试大纲》终于与大家见面了，第一时间将之与去年的英语(二)大纲进行对比，发现2018考研英语(二)大纲没有任何变化，大家可以放心的按照原计划继续英语复习。
为了帮助大家对英语(二)大纲有更深刻的认识，下面我们根据考研英语(一)与英语(二)大纲的区别，从考试性质、评价目标和试卷结构三个角度，对2018年英语(二)考试大纲的考查要求和内容进行全面分析和深度解析。
一、考试性质全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)是为高等院校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
即英语(一)是针对学术硕士研究生的考生，英语(二)是针对专业硕士研究生的考生。
专业硕士研究生主要包括以下19种：法律硕士，社会工作硕士，教育硕士，体育硕士，汉语国际教育硕士，翻译硕士，艺术硕士，风景园林硕士，工程硕士，建筑学硕士，农业推广硕士，兽医硕士，临床医学硕士，口腔医学硕士，公共卫生硕士，会计硕士，工商管理硕士，公共管理硕士，军事硕士。
考研英语试卷一分为二既是为了顺应考研英语测试向更加科学化、多样化、公平化等方面发展的需要，也是对硕士研究生人才选拔方式的一次大胆尝试。
从学习和考试的角度来讲，这种一分为二提供的更多的是机遇，而不是挑战，因为总的来说考研英语没有增加新的东西，只是进行了合理的拆分，只要明确了自己的努力方向，这种拆分无论对于英语(一)的考生还是对于英语(二)的考生都是有所帮助的。
二、评价目标1. 语法：英语二明确了八个语法知识点英语(一)大纲要求考生能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，而英语(二)专门列出了考生需要掌握的八个语法知识点，明确了考查方向和备考范围。
这就意味着英语(二)语法考查范围相对较小，更注重考查考生的基础知识，难度会比英语一大大降低。
2018年英语一真题阅读理解题型及答案解析完整版（凯程首发）来源：凯程青青老师Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering—have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums—from grammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying themachines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A]Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A]Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists'opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A]creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem with[A]opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the2016presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found44percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A2014survey conducted in Australia,Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills–and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs1and2,many young Americans cast doubts on[A]the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B]people’s preference for social media platforms.[C]the administrations ability to handle information.[D]social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people[A]tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B]verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C]have s strong sense of responsibility.[D]like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A]readers outdated values.[B]journalists’biased reporting[C]readers’misinterpretation[D]journalists’made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B]A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C]The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D]The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this workapplied to healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of1.6million patients In2015on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients'rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed"it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?[A]It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B]It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C]It fell short of the latter's expectations[D]It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A]empty promises.[B]tough resistance.[C]necessary adjustments.[D]sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph2that[A]privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B]leaking patients'data is worse than selling it.[C]making profits from patients'data is illegal.[D]the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous.Text4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6 billion for fiscal2016,the10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate–where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for80percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS$2billion per year.But postalspecial-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.It is not,however,a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A].its unbalanced budget.[B].its rigid management.[C].the cost for technical upgrading.[D].the withdrawal of bank support.37.According to Paragraph2,the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A].the interference from interest groups.[B].the inadequate funding from Congress.[C].the shrinking demand for postal service.[D].the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A].removing its burden of retiree health care.[B].making more investment in new vehicles.[C].adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D].attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A].The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B].The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese[C].The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D].The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.In December of1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of1871.pleted in1875,the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied,with its elegant four-story library(completed in1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D.Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,WilliamHoward Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed16Secretaries of the Navy, 21Secretaries of War,and24Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from1871to1888to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F.Construction took17years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly2miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G.The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between1799and1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs,but in England,as everywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular,whether it should be new or old,classical or medieval, literary or farcical.Court,school organizations of amateurs,and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment;and(47)no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old,the first public playhouse was built in London.For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court,or for the choir boys of St.Paul’s and the royal chapel,who,however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five,Lyly,Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary;Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit;and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage-where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history,for in this brief period we may trace the beginning,growth, blossoming,and decay of many kinds of plays,and of many great careers.We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced,as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity,we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.凯程考研英语一真题阅读答案解析21.选D，middle-class workers简单细节定位题，并无同义替换。
2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解A、B
部分大纲要
2018年的考研英语(一)和英语(二)大纲已于今天出炉，与去年的考纲相比，今年的考纲最大的变化在于大纲的内容增加了一部分的内容，即附录部分增加了附录4:2014全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)/英语(二)答题卡，增加此部分的目的是为了让考生提前认识答题卡的样子，尤其是主观题部分答题的空间。
过去的考试中，每年都有很多同学因为字体过大或文章长度过长而导致翻译题，小作文答题空间不够，内容写不完而失分的情况。
考试中心的这一举措就提前警示各位同学们：一定要根据答题空间调整自己的字体大，内容长短。
除了此部分之外，考研英语的的大纲，无论是英语一还是英语二都没有太大的变化，大家按照以往的安排进行就可以了。
那么大纲对各题型有什么要求呢?英语教研室刘正锋老师撰写了一系列的文章对没个题型进行分析，本文主要说说阅读A和阅读B，即新题型。
阅读理解
就阅读理解(PartA)而言，由于这是一个大家非常熟悉的题型，也连着考了十几年，命题专家都有丰富的经验来应对它，因此每次考试最稳定的就是四选一的阅读理解题。
就文章题材来说，近几年越来越重视对人文科学的考查，平时要多注重阅读一些英美经济文化科技方面的报刊书籍，例如：TheEconomist(经济学家)，Newsweek(新闻周刊)，Time(时代周刊)以及TheTimes(泰晤士报)上面的文章。
在寻找材料时，要有选择，比如说不要涉及政治方面及时事方面比较敏感的话题，如种族歧视、宗教信仰、战争评论等。
关于阅读理解文章来源，根据2015大纲，文章来源依旧是英语国家原版报刊或书籍，绝大多数是评论性的文章(即除文学作品以外的其他类型的短文)。
由于新闻记者惯用"引用"的方法，考研的文章经常喜欢正反交替举例，先说作者认同的，然后又是作者要批评的、揭露的，再是用实例来论证作者的观点。
这种语篇思维模式会给考生在阅读理解中造成很大的障碍。
正因为难，考研命题专家就非常青睐这类语篇，来命题目。
近两年，这种题目每次都有，而且得分率也很低，因此需要大家平时阅读时要多注重对于作者观点、立足点、态度语气的把握。
最后从语言难度来看，秉承历年考研英语阅读理解的特点，2015年的阅读难度依旧，文章容易，选项"刁"。
生词依然存在，但其比例仍然维持在3%左右。
命题的风格、诱惑手段和解题思路也会和去年一致。
新题型
该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。
05、06年考查的是难度相对较大的第一种完形填句(段)题，而07年则选择了难度相对较低的第三种 --选择小标题。
08、09年继续选择的是完形填句题。
10、11，14年考查的是第二种排序题。
12、13年考查的仍然是完型填句题。
不同的题型考查的重点不同，因此有不同的解题思路和技巧，需要考生全面把握，尤其是对于完形填句(段)题和排序题，是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试，因此在要求上远远高于小
标题选择题和观点例证题，考生有必要对这类题型的答题思路多练习，以提高自己在这个部分的应试能力。
2015年的英语大纲与去年相比变化并不是很大，各位考生可以继续既定复习思路和计划。
最后，预祝考生梦能够考取心仪的院校。
考研成功难又不难，一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。
自制力差的学生可以找几个研友，互相激励，因为坚持下来也确实不容易，也看个人习惯，有的同学可能一个人学习更有效率；在这个过程中更主要的还有大家坚持的信念，坚持完成一件事情本身就是成功。
在三百多天的日子里，老师会一直陪伴着大家，里边的每条微博、微信、咨询都是温暖大家并激励大家前行的动力。
奔跑吧，2018的考生们！
虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。
一遍不懂读两遍，默念不行就大声念出来，遇到不认识的单词就查，不懂的句子就静下心来拆分结构。
总之，读书百遍、其义自现，英语学习之路上没有笨蛋，只有懒人。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有考生2018考研有个好成绩。
凯程教育：
凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；
凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；
信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；
使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；
激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；
敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；
服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。
如何选择考研辅导班：
在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。
师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。
判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。
还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。
凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。
而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。
对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。
在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。
在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。
对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。
最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。
建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。
例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。
有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。
凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。
此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。
