新建科技英语阅读与翻译

科技英语原文及简单翻译How ASIMO WorksIntroduction to How ASIMO WorksWant a robot to cook your dinner, do your homework, clean your house, or get your groceries? Robots already do a lot of the jobs that we humans don't want to do, can't do, or simply can't do as well as our robotic counterparts.Honda engineers have been busy creating the ASIMO robot for more than 20 years. In this article, we'll find out what makes ASIMO the most advanced humanoid robot to date.The Honda Motor Company developed ASIMO, which stands for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, and is the most advanced humanoid robot in the world. According to the ASIMO Web site, ASIMO is the first humanoid robot in the world that can walk independently and climb stairs.Rather than building a robot that would be another toy, Honda wanted to create a robot that would be a helper for people -- a robot to help around the house, help the elderly, or help someone confined to a wheelchair or bed. ASIMO is 4 feet 3 inches (1.3 meters) high, This allows ASIMO to do the jobs it was created to do without being too big and menacing.ASIMO's Motion: Walk Like a HumanHonda researchers began by studying the legs of insects, mammals, and the motion of a mountain climber with prosthetic legs to better understand the physiology and all of the things that take place when we walk -- particularly in the joints. For example, the fact that we shift our weight using our bodies and especially our arms inorder to balance was very important in getting ASIMO's walking mechanism right. The fact that we have toes that help with our balance was also taken intoconsideration: ASIMO actually has soft projections on its feet that play a similar role to the one our toes play when we walk. This soft material also absorbs impact on the joints, just as our soft tissues do when we walk.ASIMO has hip, knee, and foot joints. Robots have joints that researchers refer to as \degrees of freedom.\A single degree of freedom allows movement either right and left or up and down. ASIMO has 34 degrees of freedom spread over different points of its body in order to allow it to move freely. There are three degrees of freedom in ASIMO's neck, seven on each arm and six on each leg. The number of degrees offreedom necessary for ASIMO's legs was decided by measuring human joint movement while walking on flat ground, climbing stairs and running.ASIMO also has a speed sensor and a gyroscope sensor mounted on its body. They perform the tasks of:? ?sensing the position of ASIMO's body and the speed at which it is moving relaying adjustments for balance to the central computer These sensors work similarly to our inner ears in the way they maintain balance and orientation.ASIMO also has floor surface sensors in its feet and six ultrasonic sensors in its midsection. These sensors enhance ASIMO's ability to interact with its environment by detecting objects around ASIMO and comparing gathered information with maps of the area stored in ASIMO's memory.To accomplish the job our muscles and skin do in sensing muscle power, pressure and joint angles, ASIMO has both joint-angle sensors and a six-axis force sensor.Unless you know a lot about robotics, you may not fully grasp the incredible milestone it is that ASIMO walks as we do. The most significant part of ASIMO's walk is the turning capabilities. Rather than having to stop and shuffle, stop and shuffle, and stop and shuffle into a new direction, ASIMO leans and smoothly turns just like a human. ASIMO can also self-adjust its steps in case it stumbles, is pushed, or otherwise encounters something that alters normal walking.In order to accomplish this, ASIMO's engineers had to find a way to work with the inertial forces created when walking. For example, the earth's gravity creates a force, as does the speed at which you walk. Those two forces are called the \inertial force.\ground, called the \posture has to work to make it happen. This is called the \zero moment point\(ZMP). To control ASIMO's posture, engineers worked on three areas of control:? ?Floor reaction control means that the soles of the feet absorb floor unevenness while still maintaining a firm stance.Target ZMP control means that when ASIMO can't stand firmly and its body begins to fall forward, it maintains position by moving its upper body in the direction opposite the impending fall. At the same time, it speeds up its walking to quickly counterbalance the fall.?Foot-planting location control kicks in when the target ZMP control has been activated. It adjusts the length of the step to regain the right relationship between the position and speed of the body and the length of the step.ASIMO's Motion: Smooth MovesASIMO can sense falling movements and react to them quickly; but ASIMO's engineers wanted more. They wanted the robot to have a smooth gait as well as do something that other robots can't do -- turn without stopping.When we walk around corners, we shift our center of gravity into the turn. ASIMO uses a technology called \predictive movement control,\Intelligent Real-Time Flexible Walking Technology or I-Walk, to accomplish that same thing. ASIMO predicts how much it should shift its center of gravity to the inside of the turn and how long that shift should be maintained. Because this technolgy works in real time, ASIMO can do this without stopping between steps, which other robots must do.Essentially, with every step ASIMO takes, it has to determine its inertia and then predict how its weight needs to be shifted for the next step in order to walk and turn smoothly. It adjusts any of the following factors in order to maintain the right position:? ? ? ?the length of its steps its body position its speedthe direction in which it is steppingWhile reproducing a human-like walk is an amazing achievement, ASIMO can now run at speeds up to 3.7 miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour). In order to qualify as a true running robot, ASIMO must have both feet off the ground for an instant in each step. ASIMO manages to be airborne for .08 seconds with each step while running. Honda engineers encountered an entirely new set of challenges while trying to give ASIMO the ability to run. They gave ASIMO’s torso a degree of freedom to aid in bending and twisting so that the robot could adjust its posture while airborne. Without this ability, ASIMOwould lose control while airborne, possibly spinning in the air or tripping when landing.In order to make turns smoothly while running, the engineers enhanced ASIMO's ability to tilt its center of gravity inside turns to maintain balance and counteractcentrifugal force. ASIMO could even anticipate turns and begin to lean into them before starting the turn, much like you would if you were skiing or skating.ASIMO如何工作介绍如何工作。

《新编科技英语阅读教程》答案5)Keys to ExercisesChapter One Space ExplorationUnit 1 The Benefits of Space Exploration◆Check Your Understanding1. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F2. 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) B3. 1) spacecraft and satellites 2) curiosity 3) satellite communication4) asteroids the mechanical robot arm◆Language Focus1. 1) substantially 2) predestination 3) obliteration4) horizontal5) forecasted 6) catastrophe 7) huge 8) gleanings9) alloyed 10) implanted2. 1) D 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) B 6) A 7) D 8) C 9) A 10) B3.1) 有想法很重要，因为有了想法就可以在此基础上取得更大成就，并且所取得的成就可以成为里程碑，指引后来者。

2)这一串串想法使人类摆脱了地球引力的束缚。

借助天文望远镜，人类想解释为什么会有宇宙、行星、太阳、月亮，直至为什么会有人类。

3)在太空探索中，人类又有了新的收获，找到了一条开发新能源的线索，这种能源人类从未使用过。

4)卫星网络能给人们提供全球卫星导航系统服务，使基于卫星的互联网和电话成为可能。

5)在太空站和航天飞机的实验中，宇航员已经制造出只能在太空环境中制造的微型电子元件。

Unit 2 The Future of Space Age◆Check Your Understanding1. 1) B 2) D 3) C 4) D 5) A2. 1) Y 2) NG 3) Y 4) N 5) N◆Language Focus1. 1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) B 8) A2. 1) evacuated 2) envisaged 3) alienation 4) elastically5) vulnerability 6) conceivable 7) inelegance 8) diminishingChapter Two Environmental ProtectionUnit 1 Water Contamination◆Check Your Understanding1. 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F2. 1) B 2) D 3) A 4) C 5) C3. 1) unmonitored and unregulated 2) the West 3) the homeowner4) arsenic5)bigger◆Language Focus1. 1) excessively 2) agricultural 3) impede 4) acute 5) feuded6) misconception 7) inconstant 8) prevalent 9) congregation 10) contaminants2. 1) A 2) C 3) C 4) D 5) D 6) B 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) B3.1) 地理学家发现，在未经过处理的淡水中，13%会至少有一种微量元素的浓度超出国家健康监管标准。

1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。

原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。

质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。

的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。

具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。

科技英语阅读与翻译（李健）第二章设想一下:在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目=睹见证了这一切! 这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置, 以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。

但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的、尚不成规模的产业。

项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。

事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间- 或究竟是否有可能-它能取得关键性的规模发展。

但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。

当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。

当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重、昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。

知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。

当时英特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,雅达利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏“乒乓”。

而在国产计算机俱乐部里,爱好者急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。

但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。

想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。

这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。

电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、或是狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。

与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。

科技英语阅读与翻译全文Humanitarian Aid in SpaceSpace exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries.For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects.The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau tobetter understand their own local wildlife.JAXA is considered to be a pioneer in this area since the launch of their humanitarian aid initiative in 1997. The organization strives to make use of space applications for social welfare and reduce disparities in the world through a number of practical endeavors. The effort currently has a global reach, with projects taking place in seven continent, from Latin America to Africa.JAXA’s humanitarian aid programs will continue to grow with better technology and increased resources. The ongoing work reinforces the concept that space science and technology have the potential to contribute to enhancing the lives of people on Earth.人道主义援助在太空太空探索技术将在各个方面受益于发展中国家。

科技英语阅读翻译精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as? coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revi ved an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe.(3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.(4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything.(5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）（1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.（2）Now the cosmological constant is one of the leading theories of why the universe is blowing up like a balloon at ever-increasing speed.（3）That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)（1）But Russell ( and independently, Ernst Zermelo ) noticed that x = {a: a is not in a} leads to a contradiction in the same way as the description of the collection of barbers.（2）An analogy is the siren of an ambulance that changes pitch as it moves toward you, then passes you and heads the other way — its waves are first compressed, then stretched.（3）It’s the older members — those who could join only after it opened membership in 2006 to workplace networks, then to anyone — who are adjusting to a new value system that prizes self-expression over reticence.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won’t get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.Ⅲ Translate the following sentenc es into Chinese (20%)（1）For example, we can describe the collection of numbers 4, 5 and 6 by saying that x is the collection of integers, represented by n, which are greater than 3 and less than 7.（2）Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.（3）Among members, a Law of Amiable Inclusiveness seems to be revealing itself: over time, many are deciding that the easiest path is to routinely accept “friend requests”, completing a sequence begun when one member seeks to designate another as a Facebook friend.（4）The area between the QB’s head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.（5）After waiting another 45 minutes and finding that the panel still hadn’t failed, the team gave up and stopped the experiment, secure in the knowledge that the material had performed beyond the requirements of building regulations.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look,however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.??4. The premise on which the technology is based is that genetic information[1], encoded by DNAand arranged in the form of genes, is a resource that can be manipulated in various ways toachieve certain goals in both pure and applied science and medicine.5. Many people are working towards trying to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offersa good quality of life to current residents but doesn’t reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies[1] away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.3. When the distinction blurs between one’s few close friends and the many who are not, it seems pointless to distinguish between private and public.???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??4. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.5.? Engineers in the future will work at the extremes of very large and very small systems that require greater knowledge and coordination of multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframesPart III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. To explain the puzzling findings, some scientists have received an old idea of Einstein’s that hadbeen discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively andaccelerates the expansion of the universe.2. Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could use QB( so named because it is thene xt in line after the company’s prototype QA bot ) as a virtual extension of themselves,allowing them to attend meetings, tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties, all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3. Research had developed to the point where progress was being hampered by technical constraints, as the elegant experiments that had helped to decipher the genetic code could not be extended to investigate the gene in more detail.4. The ideas that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has beena central tenet of science, ever since Laplace’s time.5. Nuclear power’s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades, according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which has just published a new report, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power for the period up to 2030.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. For a smallish two-bed roomed house with one large open-plan kitchen/dinner, that doesn’tparticularly cheap given that straw is supposed to be inexpensive, and you’d still have to buy the plot and dig the foundations.2. Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers tocollaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively, test hypotheses, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.3. Although it is unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 pricetag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places,4. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.5. Because gravity draws mass together, most experts expected to find that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of ballooning, or perhaps that the rate was staying about the same.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. ?Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1] which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. ?Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometersper hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—designmakes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can beadjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are livinglonger, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1] which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smallerhouseholds, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numberswith a description of sets of sets of numbers.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all thingspersonal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spacesand helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.4. The straw bales, it turns out, are all packed tightly inside a series of prefabricated rectangular woodenwall frames, which are then lime-rendered, dried and finally slotted together like giant Lego pieces, called ModCell panels.5. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge ofurban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.。

Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。

For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。

It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。

The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。

A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。

Unit1 mathematics名词解释绝对补集absolute complement / 代数algebra /代数式algebraic expression / 代数方程algebraic equation / 代数不等式algebraic inequality / 任意常数arbitrary constant / 数组array / 底数；基数base number / 连续函数continuous function / 函数function / 复合函数function of function / 函数记号functional notation / 集合aggregate / 子集subset /迭代函数iterative function/优先权之争priority battle/分形特征fractal properties/有意义make sense/以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales/混沌理论chaos theory/季刊a quarterly journal/数学界the mathematics community/波纹线crisp lines/会议公报proceedings of a conference翻译3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)他主要是因为用分形这个概念来描述（海岸线、雪花、山脉和树木）等不规则形状等现象而闻名于世，这些不规则形状在越来越小的规模上不断重复同一模式。

2)如果再仔细观察，就可以发现集的边界并没有呈波纹线，而是像火焰一样闪光。

3)但是，克朗兹在这场辩论中引入了一个新东西，他说曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特集发明的，而是早在“曼德布洛特集”这个术语出现几年以前就已经明确地在数学文献中出现了。

4)曼德布洛特同时也暗示即使布鲁克斯和马特尔斯基的论文先于他发表，但因为他们没有领会到其价值，仍然不能将他们看作是曼德布洛特集的发现者。

Nuclear Power Worldwide:Status and Outlook全球核能:现状和前景Nuclear power’s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades,核能的突出作为主要的能源来源将继续在未来几十年according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), which has just published a new report, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear power for the period up to 2030.根据新的预测由国际原子能机构(IAEA)刚刚公布了一份新的报告、能源、电力、核能年期间。

The IAEA makes two annual projections concerning the growth of nuclear power, a low and a high. The low projection assumes that all nuclear capacity that is curently under construction or firmly in the development pipeline gets completed and attached to the grid, but no other capacity is added. In this low projectoin, threr would be growth in capacity from 370GW(e) at the end of 2006 to 447GW(e) in 2030.(A gigawatt=1000 megawatts =1 billion watts).国际原子能机构使两个年度预测关于核能的增长,低或高的。

科技英语阅读1-9单元译文：Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。

假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。

但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。

（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。

在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。

他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。

按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。

1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。

就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。

例如，我们可以用 x代表整数，通过n 来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。

这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3<n<7}。

集合中的对象并不一定是数字。

我们也可让y={x：x是美国的一个男性居民}。

表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。

但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现x={a：a不再a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。

x它本身是在x的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。

当罗素发现了悖论，弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。

尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。

罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。

他解释说，悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。

所以，罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等等。

这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础，至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。

策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意公式A（x）和任意集合b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：x既在b中又满足A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式A（x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。

英语新科技说明文阅读In recent years, with the rapid development of technology, new inventions and innovations have emerged in various fields. In this article, we will explore some of the latest advancements in technology and how they are shaping the future.First and foremost, artificial intelligence (AI) has been a major focal point in the tech industry. AI has the ability to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. This technology has been integrated into various sectors, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment. For example, in healthcare, AI-powered systems can analyze medical images, detect diseases, and assist in surgical procedures, leading to more accurate diagnosis and treatment.Moreover, the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way we interact with everyday objects. IoT refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, which enables them to connect and exchange data. This interconnected system has paved the way for smart homes, smart cities, and smart industries. For instance, smart home devices can be controlled remotely through a smartphone, allowing homeowners to monitor and manage their home environment efficiently.Furthermore, blockchain technology has gained traction in recent years, particularly in the financial sector. Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger that records transactions across multiple computers in such a way that the recorded transactions cannot be altered retroactively. This technology has the potential to enhance security, transparency, and efficiency in various industries, including banking, supply chain management, and digital identity verification. For instance, blockchain-based cryptocurrencies have emerged as an alternative to traditional currencies, offering secure and transparent transactions.Additionally, 5G technology has been a game-changer in the realm of telecommunications. 5G, the fifth generation of wireless technology, offers significantlyfaster data download and upload speeds, wider coverage, and more stable connections. This technology has the potential to support a wide range of applications, including virtual reality, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, and the Internet of Things. For example, 5G networks can enable seamless connectivity for smart vehicles, allowing them to communicate with each other and with smart infrastructure, leading to safer and more efficient transportation systems.In conclusion, the advancements in technology have brought about significant changes in various aspects of our lives. From artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things to blockchain and 5G technology, these innovations are shaping the future and opening up new possibilities for the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. As technology continues to evolve, it is important to stay informed and adapt to these changes in order to fully embrace the benefits they offer.。

一项新科技英语作文初中Here is an English essay on a new technology, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. The title is not included in the word count.Technology has always been at the forefront of human progress, constantly evolving and transforming the way we live our lives. In recent years, the rapid advancements in science and engineering have given rise to a multitude of innovative technologies that have the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our society. One such technology that has garnered significant attention is the development of artificial intelligence (AI).Artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI, is a field of computer science that focuses on the creation of intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and even creativity. This technology has been making strides in a wide range of applications, from healthcare and transportation to entertainment and education.One of the most exciting developments in the field of AI is the emergence of machine learning, a subset of AI that enablescomputers to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions or decisions based on that information. This has led to significant advancements in areas like image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics.In the healthcare industry, AI is being utilized to assist in the early detection and diagnosis of various medical conditions. By analyzing medical images, such as X-rays or MRI scans, AI-powered systems can identify subtle patterns and anomalies that might be missed by human experts. This can lead to earlier intervention and more effective treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.Moreover, AI is also being employed in the development of personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to the individual's genetic makeup and unique health profile. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, healthcare providers can analyze a patient's genetic data, medical history, and other relevant information to develop customized treatment plans that are more effective and have fewer side effects.Another area where AI is making a significant impact is in the field of transportation. Self-driving cars, powered by advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, are poised to revolutionize the way wemove around. These autonomous vehicles are capable of navigating roads, recognizing traffic signals, and making decisions in real-time, all while ensuring the safety of the passengers and other road users. The potential benefits of self-driving cars include reduced traffic congestion, lower emissions, and increased accessibility for individuals who may have difficulty driving.In the realm of education, AI-powered chatbots and virtual tutors are being developed to provide personalized learning experiences for students. These intelligent systems can analyze a student's performance, identify areas of strength and weakness, and tailor the learning content and pace to the individual's needs. This can lead to more engaging and effective learning, ultimately improving educational outcomes.Furthermore, AI is also being utilized in the entertainment industry, where it is being used to enhance the user experience. For instance, AI-powered recommendation systems on streaming platforms can analyze a user's viewing history and preferences to suggest new content that they are likely to enjoy. This personalization not only improves the user experience but also helps content providers better understand their audience and tailor their offerings accordingly.While the potential benefits of AI are undeniable, it is important to acknowledge the ethical and societal implications of this technology.As AI systems become more advanced and autonomous, there are concerns about issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential displacement of human workers. It is crucial that the development and deployment of AI are accompanied by robust ethical frameworks and governance mechanisms to ensure that the technology is used in a responsible and equitable manner.In conclusion, the emergence of artificial intelligence represents a significant milestone in the history of technological progress. From healthcare to transportation, education to entertainment, AI is poised to transform various aspects of our lives. However, as we embrace this new technology, it is essential that we also address the ethical considerations and work towards ensuring that the benefits of AI are equitably distributed throughout society. By doing so, we can harness the power of this transformative technology to create a better future for all.。

科技英语课文阅读P22—P24文章翻译参考（这里是原文的全文翻译，我们的是使用的是文章节选。

）Can a Small Start-up Build America's Next Spaceship?小型航天器能取代航天飞机吗？这次试验是2004年8月3日、由转型太空公司（t/Space公司）在美国加利福尼州的沿岸进行的。

这家小公司也许将为美国航空航天局的太空计划指明一个新的方向，为他们找到一个比最初的方案（见60页《美国航空航天局的大手笔》一文）更快、更经济地将航天员送入太空轨道的方法。

尽管“发现号”航天飞机成功地发射并安全返回，但成功的光环也无法掩饰低效、拖沓的美国航空航天局无法解决航天飞机设计时就留下的众多缺陷和安全隐患这一事实，“发现号”由于燃料箱外隔热材料脱落的隐患而一再推迟发射时间就很好地说明了这一点。

尽管航天飞机什么时候进行下次发射还是个未知数，但是毫无疑问这种老迈的航天器将会被淘汰。

美国航空航天局正斥巨资开发一种名为“太空探索飞船（CEV）”的全新载人航天器，这种航天器将能完成从低轨道飞行到飞往月球等各种任务。

不过，CEV最早也要在2011年才都投入使用，在这之前，美国航空航天局不得不继续依靠老迈的航天飞机，并为之投入大量的资金，所以美国航空航天局很可能会面临资金不足的窘境。

很多人都认为，美国航空航天局现在需要一种从未拥有过的新式航天器：一种没有机翼、能在航天飞机或者CEV 出现问题时能将航天员迅速送往国际太空站或执行其他低轨道任务的“备用”载人航天器。

“发现号”航天飞机接连不断的问题使美国航空航天局认识到，不能再像以往那样“把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里”。

就在这样一个背景下，t/Space公司进行了这次试验，它所设计的太空舱成为航天飞机替代方案中一匹极有潜力的黑马。

在去年春天，t/Space公司还仅有两个人和对低成本太空飞行的一些见解，公司的创始人大卫·甘普和加里·哈德森对于公司应该如何运行也有着不同的想法。

英文写作科技创新的作用附中文翻译The role of technological innovation in Chinese society has become increasingly prominent. Nowadays, technology has become an important driving force for social progress and economic development. This essay will explore the role of technological innovation in Chinese society and analyze its impact on various sectors such as the economy, education, healthcare, and the environment.Firstly, technological innovation plays a crucial role in economic development. By introducing new technologies and innovative products, technological innovation not only improves production efficiency and reduces costs but also enhances product quality and market competitiveness. The booming development of China's internet and e-commerce industries is a typical example of the effects of technological innovation. These innovations not only drive changes in consumer shopping habits but also provide more business opportunities and room for growth for enterprises.Secondly, technological innovation is playing an important role in the field of education. With the rapid development of information technology, modern education isgradually shifting towards digitization and online learning. Through the application of technological innovation, students can access abundant educational resources through the internet. Meanwhile, teaching methods have become more flexible and personalized. The rise of online education platforms provides convenient learning pathways for a large number of students and also enables more equitable distribution of educational resources.Furthermore, the impact of technological innovation on the healthcare sector cannot be ignored. The introduction of new medical devices and technologies makes diagnosis, treatment, and care processes more efficient and accurate. For example, the application of artificial intelligence in medical imaging diagnosis not only improves diagnostic accuracy but also contributes to the detection and treatment of diseases at an early stage. In addition, the development of mobile healthcare technology and remote medical systems allows better distribution of medical resources to rural and remote areas, improving the overall level of healthcare accessibility for the population.Lastly, technological innovation also plays a positive role in environmental protection. By promoting the development and application of renewable energy technologies, technological innovation has the potential to reduce reliance on traditional energy sources, lower energy consumption, and carbon emissions. At the same time, technological innovation also enhances the capacity for environmental monitoring and pollution control, making significant contributions to environmental protection and sustainable development.In conclusion, technological innovation plays an indispensable role in Chinese society. By driving economic development, improving education, enhancing healthcare, and protecting the environment, technological innovation has brought about tremendous changes and opportunities to China. It is essential to continue supporting and investing in technological innovation to achieve a more innovative, inclusive, and sustainable social development.中文翻译为：科技创新的作用在中国社会中的重要性日益凸显。