Application of PPP
• Choosing the right initial exchange rate for a newly independent country;
• Forecasting medium- and long-term real exchange rates;
✓ 也可以理解为：汇率水平（E）和相对价格水平（ P*/ P ） 的乘积。
✓ 注意，这里的E是现实世界已知的名义汇率，区别于上面 的根据购买力计算出来的名义汇率e。
✓ 测试购买力平价偏离的程度； a. 如果绝对形式的PPP成立的话，真实汇率应该为1，
但大多时候都不等于1。 b. 如果相对形式的PPP成立的话，真实汇率应该为一
e0
P0 P0*
• 一般化为：
e1
P1 P1 *
P1P0
* *
• 也可以表示为：e *
• One country’s inflation rate can only be higher (lower) than another’s to the extent that its exchange rate depreciates (appreciates).
• There is little empirical support for absolute purchasing power parity.
– The prices of identical commodity baskets, when converted to a single currency, differ substantially across countries.
• Speculation: the activity of holding a good or security in the hope of profiting from a future rise in its price.
