(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学

1. The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介

Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with

only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far

as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are

limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in

human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the

phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range

are the speech sounds.

语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

2. Phonetics 语音学

2.1 What is phonetics？ 什么是语音学？

Phonetics is defined as the study of

the phonic medium of language;

it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.

语音学一般定义为语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。

These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics,

auditory phonetics， and acoustic phonetics respectively。

语音学的三个分支分别被称为发音语音学,听觉语音学和声学语音学。

Of the three

branches of phonetics， the longest established, and until

recently the most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics。

在语音学的这三个分支里，建立历史最长,迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。

Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the physical properties of

the

stream of sounds which a speaker issues. To describe these properties,

they record the sound waves on machines called spectrographs.

声学语音学家们正在尝试描述说话者所发出的声流的物理属性。为了记录这些声波，他们使用一种叫做声谱仪的机器。

2.2 Organs of speech 语言的发音器官

The Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 (完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called

“voicing” , which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants, such

as [b], [z],［m]。

这种声带的颤动导致一种语音音色的产生——“浊音”，这是所有元音和诸如［b］， [z],［m]之类的辅音所共有的特征。

The speed of the vibration determines the pitch of the sounds。

声带颤动的速度决定了所发声音的音高。

Voiceless 清音 such as ［t],［s］,［f］.

The oral cavity

口腔

The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the

oral cavity.

气流所受到的主要的调节来自口腔。

The tongue is the most flexible， and is responsible

for more varieties

of articulation than any other.

舌头是最灵活的,因而它比其他任何发音器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。

The nasal cavity 鼻腔

2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and

narrow transcriptions

语音的正字标音法—宽式标音法和严式标音法

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA） 国际音标

The basic principle of the IPA is using a different letter for each

distinguishable speech sound。

国际音标的基本原则就是对每个不同的语音都分别用一个不同的字母来代(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

表。

Broad transcription： the transcription with letter-symbols only。( dictionaries and teaching textbooks )。

宽式标音法:一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法。(字典、教科书）

Narrow transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols together

with the

diacritics.( the phoneticians in their

study of speech sounds ）.

严式标音法：一套字母符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法。(语音学家们在对语音的研究中使用的）

Clear [l］ 清音 ［l]

Dark［l］ 模糊 ［l]

Dental[l］ 齿音［l]

Aspirated 送气音

Unaspirated

不送气音

Syllabic nasal

鼻音节

2.4 Classification of English speech sounds

英语语音的分类

The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the

pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with

no obstruction of any kind in the throat， the nose, or the mouth， while

in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another。

元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候,从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。

2.4.1 Classification of English consonants 英语辅音的分类 (完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

1。 Manner of articulation 发音的方法

Stops爆破音 ( a stop or a plosive） :［p],[b],［t］，[d],［k］,［g］

fricatives:擦音[ ] ［ ] [ ］ [ ] [ ] ［ ］ [ ］ [ ] [ ］

affricates:塞擦音［ ] ［ ］

liquids：流音

nasals：鼻音

glides:滑音

2。 Place of articulation 发音的位置

bilabial：双唇音

labiodental：唇齿音

dental:齿音

alveolar:齿龈音

palatal：腭音

velar：软腭音

glottal: 喉音

2.4.2 Classification of English vowels 英语元音的分类

1. The position of the tongue 口腔中舌头的位置

front vowels 前元音

central vowels 中元音

back vowels 后元音

2。 The openness of the mouth 口张开的程度

close vowels 闭元音

semi—close vowels 半闭元音

semi-open vowels 半开元音 (完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)

open vowels 开元音

3. The shape of the lips 嘴唇的形状

All the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels。

所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音。

Unrounded vowels 非圆唇音

Rounded vowels 圆唇音:all the back vowels ,with the exception

of [a：] 除了[a：］之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。

4. The length of the vowels 元音的长度

the long vowels 长元音

the short vowels 短元音

The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels.

所有的长元音都是紧元音，所有的短元音均是松元音。

When we pronounce a long vowel, the larynx is in a state of tension。

当我们发一个长元音的时候，喉部处于一种相对紧张的状态。

Diphthongs 双元音

3. Phonology 音系学

3.1 Phonology and phonetics 音系学和语音学

Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form