Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance(e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotesprotection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2.Word Denotation Connotation Sentencegold a precious yellow metal wealth, value, Silence is gold.preciousness, etcmoon the natural body that tranquility, purity, There’s no point moves around the earth something out of hoping for peace in theonce every 28 days reach, etc. country. It’s like askingfor the moon.ice water frozen so that it hasbecome solidblood red liquid flowing through the bodies of humans andanimals coldness, The ice in his voice indifference, cruelty, was only to hide the death, etc. pain.family background, Blood is thicker than descent, race, water. temperament, etc.2. a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery,spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy. AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities1.Favorable Neutral Unfavorableunique, quaint strange bizarre, abnormalresolute, steadfast stubborn, dogged pigheadedcompliment (v.) praise, commend, flatter lick one’s bootssenior citizen old person fossilbachelor girl single woman spinster2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinsterCollocationa.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1. 1)D2)D3)A4)B5)C6)C7)BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends— flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verbgrind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’sbody in a flat position, andlie meaning to say something dishonest.2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.b.That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrowsraised.c.Jack has beenlying around all day.d.The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e.A heavy foglay over the land.f.White stationery is always appropriate.g.Is that tablestationary, or can it be moved to another corner of the room?h.It is easier to talk about aprinciple than to live by it.i.Our principal played on the faculty football team against the school all-stars.3.Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt ’snot fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passedvs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog’s so thick; I can’tsee farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects isconsidered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either or, neither nor, not but, the verbagrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do notaffect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced byprepositions or prepositions or prepositional phrases such as as well as, as much as, rather than, along with, in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including .When the subject expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such asall, most, half, the last, the rest, take a singularor plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases like lots of, heaps of, loads of take singular or plural verbs dependingon the form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject noun, theverb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa. He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.b.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent theis only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the numberof the subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compoundsubject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.OthersReference for the Classroom Activitiesa.Nobody in town admits seeing him.b.Does anyone want to go with me?c.Are any of you going to the exhibition?d.None works/work so hard as he does.e.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting.g.The jury is finally complete.h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.j.Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebodygenerally require a singular verb.2.The pronounsany and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verbbe does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as aunit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take asingular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news statistics, andwhereabouts.PART Ⅳ WRITINGNotes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and theyare quick, easy and convenient.2. A note has three essential components:--the addressee— the person(s) to whom the note iswritten; --the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication to a single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday,you may, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and acomplimentary close.3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1.a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesmanis a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying thebreezecoming from the lake.d. We need todrink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate4000 students.i. Social customsvary greatly from country to country.2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3. (1) experienced(2) elapsed(3) attempting(4) with(5) take up(6) made(7) endeavor(8) true4.a. The state attorney said that the man would beprosecuted.b.We suppose that a referee should bedisinterested but not uninterested.c.Tony can hit a ballfarther than I can.d.We must pursue this matterfurther.e.The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f.All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium forthe music contest.g.The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h.The whole region was struck by aneconomic disaster.i.(correct)j.He was awaked to the risk.5.My sister Lulu accepteda scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expectedto reach its decision very quickly.c.Each of the candidates for the positionhas exceptionally high qualifications.d.Every boy and girl in the sixth gradewas/is eager to win the contest.e.Corn bread and milkis a popular breakfast in the rural South.f.The instructor as well as the studentswas at fault.g.He is one of the students whoplan to attend the speech contest.h.The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoningvary with each individual case.k. He believes that athleticsimproves school morale.l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runnersbecomestense.m. Either The Times or The Tribuneis a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eyeis the headlines.o. She is one of the women whohave madethis country what it is.。
