现代语言学的开端——索绪尔（The beginning of modernlinguistics -- Saussure）The beginning of modern linguistics - SaussureI. biography and backgroundThe realism, restriction and systematicness of Dirk's modern sociology; Freud's psychology; Whitney's languageSymbolism, convention, arbitrariness, variability, invarianceTwo, comparative linguistics1, it points out that the comparative linguistic school does not specify the nature of its object of study2, it distinguishes the two methods of comparative linguistics: facing the law and reviewing the law3, point out that the method of reconstruction is comparative law, and the only purpose of comparison is to rebuild. The purpose of reconstruction is to record research results, not merely to restore a form, but the form of reconstruction helps to look at the whole type of a language and indicates some common linguistic facts. There are three factors for reconstruction: the number of phonemes that distinguish a word; each language has a certain number of phonemes; the quality of the phonemes does not need to be described; it is enough to look at different entities.4, correct the Schleicher language evolution theory, points out that language is constantly changing, a language does not always belong to a type of language, the same language does not necessarily belong to the same language type. Some languages, such as English and Irish, have become another language type. In the same Indo European languages, the inflection gradually diminished, but Slavic language resisted the change and almost all English inflections disappeared.5, basically agree with the new grammar school's point of view, change and analogy are two phonemes promote language change. An analogical form is a form created by one or more other forms, by a specific principle. Such as pension - pensionaire, so intervention - interventionaire. And points out that analogy is not language change, but language creation, because the two words can coexist for some time. Analogies always arise from spoken language, and its basic elements already exist before the creation of a form. In this sense, analogy is a grammatical phenomenon.Three, language and speech1, the dual nature of language: sound image and vocal action; speech and semantics; personal and social aspects; speech itself is the social system; it is also the evolution processThe language phenomenon is divided into speech activity, speech, language, speech activity = language (social, psychological) + speech (personal, psychological, physical). The speech is divided into two parts: speech "is the sum of what people say, including (a) to the speaker's will for personal portfoliotransfer, (b) needed to achieve these combinations are also related to will behavior and pronunciation. So there is nothing in speech that is collective, and its expression is personal and temporary." "It is the will of the individual and intelligent behavior, which should be distinguished (1) combination of speakers which the application rules of the language to express his personal ideas; (2) makes it possible for him to show the combination of these psychological * physical mechanism."2. Language and speech: the two are closely related. Language is both a tool of speech and a product of speech.Linguistic norms; the means of social speech expression; a single mental movementThe act of expressing language; variety; material performance3, the external research and internal research of languageThe external study of language refers to the study of the relationship between language and ethnology, culture, politics, language policy, geographical distribution, and so on.4, the object and task of LinguisticsObject: the only true object of linguistics is language and the language to which language is studiedMission: to describe and organize the history of language; to analyze the universal laws; to determine the boundaries anddefinitions of LinguisticsFour, the symbolic nature of languageSaussure was the founder of Semiotics (semiology).1, symbolic. The name of the language is not symbolic connection of things, but the concept and the sound image, the latter is not a matter of sound, purely physical things, but the sound psychological imprinting, combined with the concept of sound and image of the symbolic. Call the concept "signified". The audio image is called "signifier","It can show the antagonism between them, and show the opposition between them and the whole they belong to."2, arbitrariness. The relation between the signified and the fingers is arbitrary, and there is no natural and necessary connection. It is impossible to prove that there is no natural connection between the reality and it is arbitrary.3, invariance. The arbitrariness of language should not suggest that the signifier is entirely dependent on the free choice of the speaker, but that it is not free, but coercive, to the language society in which it is used. The same reason: "any sign itself actually makes the language is designed to enable him to try to avoid" change, cannot prove who is more reasonable; there must be a lot of language symbols, the symbol is difficult to change; the use of symbols by the control group; the inert collective of all language innovation resistance. Not only because it is tied to the collective town stone, but alsobecause it is in time."4, linear relationship. Signifier is a sound in language and must depend on the order of time, one by one. "It represents a length that can only be measured in one dimension: it is a straight line.".5, chain relations. When speaking, a symbolic link emerged to become a symbol and symbol sequence, each before and after opposition in order to obtain their value, relationship with lines based inter symbol called linkage (or combination relationship), combined with this relationship is called structure.6, association. A symbol can also cause many associations, meaningful associations, forms (roots, affixes), associations, and so on, also called choice relations and paradigmatic relations. Relating to or occupying the same location in a structure. Saussure believes that the whole language organization is nothing more than the use of these two relationships.Five, systems and values1. System: the language symbol is not purely the fact of the language, but the component element of the system. The system represents language; the system is always temporary and changes from one state to another.2, valueIn the language, and every element due to the elements of other opposition to its value, the value of Ci not by the relation between the object of it to determine, but by its relation to other words in the language and the position to decide. Value is the function of the system, and the value is the meaning of the language fact in the language system.Words that have the same meaning do not necessarily have the same value. Such as French Mouton and English sheep, because the two are different in their vocabulary (table below); the plural of French is different from the plural value of sanskrit.Value is issued by the system, so "language is form, not substance."".(value) the functional characteristics of an entity when examined in a rule governed system. From Saussure's point of view, language is a system of independent items in which the value of each item depends only on the simultaneous existence of other items. They are connected by syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSix, synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics1, the definition of synchronic linguistics (synchronic: Linguistics) is the study of a language or languages in a certain stage of the historical development of the situation, the state of the language (language state), regardless of how this state evolved, also known as static Linguistics (static Linguistics); diachronic linguistics (diachronic linguistics) change focus on language experience in the long historicalperiod, also known as evolutionary linguistics (evolutionary linguistics). Saussure believes that this does not mean the two major components of linguistics, but the two research methods.2. Sources: synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics are based on the distinction between language and speech. All language belongs to the diachronic, but only because of speech." In other words, synchronic linguistics is only concerned with language, while diachronic linguistics is concerned with language.3, the difference:Relationships with systems, methods, scope, propertiesThe synchronic language system itself collects data and analyzes all the coexisting phenomena of a languageDuration has nothing to do with the language system. The positive and review methods can be regarded as compulsory measures in several languages4 Views: synchronic linguistics is more important than linguistics; two can not study, "these two views - synchronic perspective and diachronic viewpoint of opposites is absolute, does not allow any compromise; diachronic linguistic phenomenon does not change the language system, language change is accidental (after being in Prague School criticism)5, from the two points of view, each grammar school:Criticism of history, comparative linguistics, "preoccupied with the aspect of tenses", the understanding of language is "mixed", "hesitant"".Criticism of traditional grammar has nothing to do with word formation; it is normative...... Rather than affirm the facts; lack the whole point of view; do not distinguish between written and spoken language".The praise Luowayaer grammar "faithfully follow a horizontal axis, never deviated from, so this method is correct."To defend classical grammar, "the object of it is more explicit."".Seven, the influence of SaussureSaussure's historical influence can be divided into two major aspects:First, he puts forward the general direction for modern linguistics, defines the nature of language, and sets the task of Linguistics: to analyze language as a unit, system and relational system. The various linguistic schools of the twentieth Century were influenced and inspired by his thoughts and drew nourishment from them.Second, Saussure makes several main distinctions: language and parole, synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics, interlocking relation and choice relation. Most of the work in linguistics is now exploring the true meaning and nature ofthese concepts.He not only pays attention to individual and concrete problems, but also pays more attention to the study of the whole structure of Indo European languages. He not only studies historical linguistics, but also pays more attention to general linguistic theories. His theory marked the beginning of modern linguistics.Saussure, and, His, Main, ContributionsSichuan Radio and TV University, Tan Ruijuan________________________________________[Abstract] This paper probes into the father of modern linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure and his main contributions to linguistics. Ferdinand de Saussure was responsible for three key directions in the study of language. He distinguished between the synchronic and diachronic dimensions of language study, and made a distinction between langue and parole. Furthermore, Saussure assumed that language is a system of signs. He suggested that all signs have a signifier and a signified in common.[Key, words] Saussure, Main, contributions, LinguisticsFerdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was a Swiss linguist who occupies an important place in the history of linguistics. He was the pivotal figure in the transition from the 19th to 20th century, and is generally considered the founder of modernlinguistics. Saussure was a classmate of Brugmann and Leskien, and an important figure in the young grammarians. He published a few highly respected papers, but his more influential work was published after his death.他在日内瓦大学的学生们对他的演讲印象深刻，他们认为他关于语言问题的想法是独到的，有见地的，应该加以保留。
