830- Defecation Disorders After Surgery for HD 4.09
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ʌ述评ɔ系统生物学方法在骨质疏松症中医证候研究中的应用❋章轶立1,2,齐保玉1,魏㊀戌1ә,戴建业3,王㊀旭1,申㊀浩4,谢雁鸣5(1.中国中医科学院望京医院,北京㊀100102;2.北京中医药大学中医学院,北京㊀100029;3.兰州大学药学院,兰州㊀730020;4.北京市丰台区长辛店社区卫生服务中心,北京㊀100072;5.中国中医科学院中医临床基础医学研究所,北京㊀100700)㊀㊀摘要:随着现代科学技术的进步及证候学研究的逐步深入,借助系统生物学的方法研究骨质疏松症中医证候以阐释证候科学内涵的研究逐年增多㊂本研究发现,目前骨质疏松症相关证候的基因组学与蛋白质组学研究仍停留在单个基因层面,主要包括骨钙素基因㊁雌激素受体基因以及Smad ㊁β-catenin 等蛋白,并未从整体的角度探究证候发生㊁发展的本质问题㊂代谢组学方面,虽然通过对骨代谢指标相关产物的检测,发现了与证候相关的代谢指标,但对于骨代谢终端产物的组学研究较少㊂未来研究仍需进一步运用组学技术手段,全方位㊁多层次㊁宽视角的探讨骨质疏松症中医证候的发生发展规律㊂㊀㊀关键词:骨质疏松症;证候;系统生物学;组学㊀㊀中图分类号:R2-03㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-3250(2021)04-0703-04Application of Systematic Biology Method in Traditional Chinese Medicine SyndromesResearch of OsteoporosisZHANG Yi-li 1,2,QI Bao-yu 1,WEI Xu 1ә,DAI Jian-ye 3,WANG Xu 1,SHEN Hao 4,XIE Yan-ming 5(1.Wangjing Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100102,China;2.Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China;3.School of pharmacy,Lanzhou university,Lanzhou 730020,China;4.Changxindian Community Health Service Center of Fengtai District,Beijing 100072,China;5.Institute of BasicResearch and Clinical Medicine,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)㊀㊀Abstract :With the progress of science and technology and the gradual deepening of syndrome research ,the research on TCM syndromes of osteoporosis with the help of the method of systematic biology is increasing year by year.This study found that at present ,the genomic and proteomic studies of osteoporosis-related syndromes are still at the level of a single gene ,mainly including osteocalcin gene ,estrogen receptor gene ,Smad ,β-catenin and other proteins ,but fail to explore the nature of the occurrence and development of osteoporosis syndrome as a whole.In the aspect of metabolomics ,although the metabolites related to TCM syndrome have been found ,there are few studies on the end products of bone metabolism.Future research still needs to further use multi-omics technology to further explore the occurrence and development of TCM syndromes of osteoporosis.㊀㊀Key words :Osteoporosis ;Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome ;Systematic biology ;Omics❋基金项目:国家中医临床研究基地项目第二批科研专项(JDZX2015076)-中医综合干预方案预防原发性骨质疏松症骨折的前瞻性队列研究;中国中医科学院优秀青年科技人才(创新类)培养专项(ZZ13-YQ-039)-中医药防治脊柱退行性疾病的临床与基础研究;中国中医科学院循证能力提升建设项目(ZZ13-024-7)-骨伤科疾病中医药优先主题设置及循证研究实施方案设计;中国博士后科学基金(2019M662284)-基于多组学技术探究补肾中药治疗骨质疏松症的共有机制;中华中医药学会(2017 2019年度)青年人才托举工程项目(CACM-2017-QNRC2-A03)作者简介:章轶立(1991-),男,安徽芜湖人,在读博士研究生,从事老年病中医证候及中医药临床评价方法研究㊂ә通讯作者:魏㊀戌(1985-),男,四川绵阳人,研究员,博士研究生,博士研究生导师,从事骨关节退变与骨代谢疾病的临床与基础研究,Tel :134****6557,E-mail :weixu.007@ ㊂㊀㊀骨质疏松症(osteoporosis ,OP )主要表现为骨代谢异常,以全身性骨痛和易发生脆性骨折为特征性表现,与增龄关系密切,发病率呈逐年递增趋势[1]㊂中医药在提高OP 患者骨密度㊁改善临床症状㊁促进骨质疏松性骨折愈合等方面具有一定的优势[2-3]㊂证候作为中医临床诊治的重要依据,是中医学研究中的核心要素与学理支点[4]㊂系统生物学是研究生物系统中所有组分(如基因㊁蛋白质㊁代谢产物等)构成,以及在特定条件下(如遗传㊁环境变化等)各组分之间相互关系的学科,以多种组学技术为代表,为阐释中医证候生物学基础与辨证论治的科学内涵提供了重要的方法学支撑[5-7]㊂现就近年来系统生物学方法在OP 中医证候研究中的应用进行述评㊂1㊀基因组学研究基因组学关注微观的㊁相对稳定的生物基因精确结构㊁相互关系及表达调控,强调基因表达的差异是造成个体差异的主要原因㊂证候基因组学是在中医证候学理论指导下,运用基因组学的方法探讨OP 中医证候的科学内涵,特别是研究同病异证或异病3072021年4月第27卷第4期April 2021Vol.27.No.4㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine同证时基因的差异表达情况,揭示与证候形成相关的基因及其功能[8-9]㊂肾藏精,主骨生髓,肾虚证与OP发病关系密切㊂郑洪新等[10]通过实验证实,OP肾虚证病理机制与转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)㊁TGFβ诱导早期应答基因1(TGF-βinducible early gene,TIEG1)mRNA等表达异常有关,并运用补肾益髓中药发挥对下丘脑-肾-骨反馈机制的调控作用以预防OP的发生发展㊂尚德阳等[11]发现,OP的发生可能与骨㊁肾㊁下丘脑组织中Smad泛素化调节因子1(Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor1,Smurf1)和Smad泛素化调节因子2(Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor2,Smurf2)的mRNA表达的异常变化有关,补肾中药可能通过调控上述因子表达发挥防治OP的作用㊂王爱坚等[12]研究提示,载脂蛋白E等位基因ε4频率升高与绝经后妇女肾虚证发生关系密切,肾虚证与载脂蛋白E基因多态性存在联系㊂在绝经后OP易感基因与基因多态性研究方面,国内葛继荣教授团队前期研究结果表明,OP证候与遗传特征可能存在关联性,在维生素D受体基因bb型中,绝经后OP肾阴阳两虚证腰椎骨密度明显低于肾阴虚证患者[13]㊂另有研究证实[14-15],绝经后OP肾阳虚证与骨钙素基因多态性㊁雌激素受体基因多态性存在关联,而肾阴虚证的发生与lncRNA uc431+的表达下调㊁富亮氨酸2糖蛋白1(leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein1,LRG1)的mRNA表达升高有关[16-18]㊂研究还发现,LINC00334等8条lncRNAs可能通过调控Janus激酶/信号传导与转录激活子(janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,JAK/STAT)信号通路㊁丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)等信号通路参与绝经后OP肾阴虚证的发生发展过程[19]㊂此外,李颖等[20]研究发现,绝经后OP中医证候与线粒体DNA拷贝数㊁DNA氧化损伤的产物8 -羟基脱氧鸟苷酸含量存在相关性,其中肝肾阴虚证与线粒体DNA拷贝数相关性高,脾肾阳虚证与8 -羟基脱氧鸟苷酸关系密切㊂李生强等已完成对原发性骨质疏松症肾阴虚证㊁肾阳虚证骨组织基因表达谱的测定,不同肾虚证候相关基因均与免疫调节相关,肾阴虚证基因还与激素合成㊁组氨酸代谢㊁矿物质吸收等通路相关,而肾阳虚证基因还与TGF-β㊁细胞周期等信号通路相关[21-22]㊂基于现有文献,目前针对OP证候的基因组学研究主要停留在个别基因对OP证候的关联,并未从整体的角度探究OP证候发生发展的本质问题,未来研究仍需构建OP非肾虚证候相关的基因差异表达谱,筛选出与之有关的基因,并从功能基因组学的角度对其调控网络进行分析㊂同时,从 同病异证 和 同证异病 的角度比较基因表达谱的差异,寻找OP证候的同一性和差异性,进而揭示OP证候的科学内涵,并为其客观化诊断提供依据㊂2㊀蛋白质组学研究蛋白质组学是对基因组学的继承与发展,可系统分析细胞内动态变化的蛋白质组成㊁表达水平和修饰状态,了解蛋白质之间存在的相互关系,揭示蛋白质功能与细胞生命活动规律[23-24]㊂证候蛋白质组学研究有助于获得疾病证候的生物学实质与生物标志物,进一步使证候研究走向客观化与标准化[25]㊂国内学者已初步发现绝经后OP肾阳虚证与LTBP1蛋白表达下调相关联,而肾阴虚证与CLCFI 蛋白下调存在关联[26-28]㊂王蕾等[29]研究发现,破骨细胞相关因子蛋白表达水平与肾阳虚证㊁脾胃虚弱证㊁肝肾阴虚证㊁气滞血瘀证具有相关性㊂其中,巨噬细胞集落刺激因子㊁核因子κB受体活化因子可作为区别肾阳虚证与其他证候的生物标志物㊂邓洋洋等[30]发现,肾虚OP模型大鼠Smurf1蛋白在股骨㊁肾中表达降低,在下丘脑中表达水平升高,而补肾中药可能通过调控股骨㊁肾㊁下丘脑中Smurf1表达发挥防治原发性OP的作用㊂章建华等[31-32]运用左归丸与右归丸含药血清,对去卵巢大鼠肾阴虚证与肾阳虚证动物模型进行干预,结果证实两方均能促进成骨细胞增殖与碱性磷酸酶表达水平,并对细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)与β-catenin的蛋白表达具有一定调控作用㊂此外,对比不同动物模型中蛋白表达水平发现, 左归丸滋肾阴 作用更强,而 右归丸温肾阳 作用更强,与中医理论相符㊂伍超等[33]结合网络药理学与实验验证,发现肾精亏虚证可能与促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)信号通路中低氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)㊁生长因子受体结合蛋白2(growth factor receptor-bound protein2,GRB2)㊁MAPK3等蛋白密切相关,而补肾益精中药通过调控EPO信号通路中靶点蛋白水平的降低,可能是治疗肾精亏虚证的作用机制之一㊂另1项研究表明,电针命门穴可促进骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein-2,BMP-2)及其信号传导蛋白Smad1/5表达水平,为电针治疗绝经后OP提供了基础研究证据[34]㊂与证候基因组学的研究现状相似,OP证候层面的蛋白质组学研究仍然集中于对疗效机制的科学阐释,多数聚焦于补肾类中药可能作用的靶点㊂而从证候衍变规律角度出发,探索证候动态变化及其生物学内涵的相关研究还不够深入,尚未形成完整的OP证候蛋白质组学证据链㊂3㊀代谢组学研究代谢组学是对生物体内的代谢物进行定量分析,试图寻找代谢物与生理病理变化相对关系的研407中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年4月第27卷第4期April2021Vol.27.No.4究,也是系统生物学的重要技术方法之一[35-36]㊂OP 属于全身代谢性疾病,代谢组学为OP临床诊断和治疗提供了一种整体的方法,对深入理解OP病理机制及中药等干预机制具有重要作用[37]㊂证候代谢组学通过测定不同证候间代谢产物的差异,为证候生物学基础研究开辟了新途径㊂徐琬梨等[38]应用核磁共振氢谱技术测定绝经后OP常见实证(肾虚对照组㊁肾虚血瘀组㊁肾虚痰湿组㊁肾虚气滞组)血清代谢产物,结果表明各组间存在差异代谢物,主要生物学功能涉及体内能量代谢㊁氨基酸代谢㊁蛋白代谢等方面,证实不同中医证候与代谢产物密切相关㊂张波等[39]通过OP肾虚血瘀证与骨质疏松症常规检测指标相关性研究证实,OP肾虚血瘀证可能与血清Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽㊁骨密度㊁25羟维生素D㊁雌二醇等具有相关性㊂帅波等[40]研究证实,骨转换标志物β-骨原交联㊁血清白细胞介素-6㊁肿瘤坏死因子含量与中医 本痿标痹 证候评分存在正相关,建议骨代谢与炎症指标可作为OP进展评价及疗效判定的依据㊂当前多数研究虽然通过对骨代谢指标相关产物检测,发现与OP证候相关的部分代谢指标,但针对骨代谢终端产物的代谢组学研究依然较少㊂此外,在中医药干预OP的作用机制研究中,虽然应用了代谢组学方法,但因与证候关联性较弱,因此未引用相关原始研究文献㊂除应用基因组学㊁蛋白质组学㊁代谢组学方法研究OP证候外,还有学者运用表观遗传学方法研究中医证候,主要表观遗传机理是miRNA㊁DNA甲基化,但相关研究仍处于探索阶段[41]㊂4 讨论随着生命科学大数据时代的到来,组学技术广泛运用于中医中药研究,各种组学方法已在证候生物学基础研究方面取得了积极进展[43]㊂系统生物学因其强调整体性㊁时效性的特点与中医学整体观念㊁辨证论治的思想较为吻合[44],借助系统生物学的方法与思路,不仅丰富了OP证候的理论内涵,拓宽了研究思路,也有助于搭建微观研究(基因㊁蛋白㊁代谢组学研究)与整体研究(证候研究)的桥梁,为OP证候客观化提供科学依据[45]㊂尽管目前运用系统生物学进行OP证候本质研究尚处于探索㊁发展阶段,但基于系统生物学特点㊁研究思路㊁技术方法为OP证候本质的研究带来了新的方向[46-47]㊂因此,将系统生物学运用于OP证候研究,建立多方向㊁多层次的组学技术平台,并通过计算生物学等数学语言定量描述生物体功能㊁表型及行为,对揭示OP证候本质具有重要意义,进而促进中医药现代化研究进程㊂参考文献:[1]㊀QASEEM 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[45]㊀潘志强,方肇勤.中医证候本质研究现状及引入系统生物学技术新趋势[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2009,16(1):104-107.[46]㊀翟兴,韩爱庆,张文婷,等.我国中医药系统生物学研究文献计量学分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2014,21(4):13-16 [47]㊀WANG X,ZHANG A,SUN H,et al.Systems biologytechnologies enable personalized traditional Chinese medicine:asystematic review[J].American Journal of Chinese Medicine,2012,40(6):1109-1122.收稿日期:2020-06-142021年‘中国中医基础医学杂志“征订启事㊀㊀‘中国中医基础医学杂志“是由国家中医药管理局主管,中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所主办的学术性期刊㊂本刊于1995年元月创刊㊂本刊为中文核心期刊㊃中国医学类核心期刊㊂已为中国科学引文数据库㊁中国学术期刊光盘版㊁中国生物学文摘和文献㊁中文科技期刊等数据库收录㊂从2020年1期开始本刊发表的论文已被中国知网㊁超星㊁维普网㊁万方数据 数字化期刊群全文收录㊂本刊设有理论探讨㊁实验研究㊁临床基础㊁针刺研究㊁方药研究㊁中医多学科研究㊁综述等栏目,适于中医及中西医结合科研㊁临床㊁教学人员阅读㊂本刊官网㊂若想获得更多信息,可通过微信公众号搜索 中国中医基础医学杂志 进行关注㊂国内刊号:CN11-3554/R;国际刊号:ISSN1006-3250㊂本刊为月刊,每月28日出版㊂版面大16开,正文144页㊂每册定价15元㊂国内各地邮局均可订阅,国内邮发代号为:80-330;国外邮发代号为:M-4690,中国国际图书贸易集团有限公司(北京399信箱)订阅㊂。
DOI:10.19368/ki.2096-1782.2023.24.086甲磺酸倍他司汀片治疗耳石症复位后残余头晕的疗效研讨谢书华上海市杨浦区控江医院耳鼻喉科,上海200090[摘要]目的分析在耳石症复位后残余头晕患者中甲磺酸倍他司汀片的治疗效果。
方法选择2021年5月—2023年6月上海市杨浦区控江医院治疗的62例耳石症复位后残余头晕患者作为研究对象,按照治疗方式分为控制组和研究组,各31例。
控制组进行手法复位治疗,研究组在控制组治疗方案基础上给予患者甲磺酸倍他司汀片治疗,对比两组患者的康复指标、脑血流速度、治疗有效率。
结果治疗后,研究组患者的眩晕障碍量表评分、前庭症状指数评分低于控制组,Berg平衡量表评分高于控制组,差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。
研究组患者右椎动脉、左椎动脉、基底动脉的平均血流速度均高于控制组,差异有统计学意义(P均< 0.05)。
研究组患者的总有效率(96.77%)高于控制组(77.42%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.166,P=0.023)。
结论在治疗耳石症复位后残余头晕的过程中,使用甲磺酸倍他司汀片价值发挥显著,临床意义深远。
[关键词]耳石症复位后残余头晕;甲磺酸倍他司汀片;疗效[中图分类号]R764 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-1782(2023)12(b)-0086-04Study on the Efficacy of Betahistine Mesylate Tablets in the Treatment of Residual Dizziness after Repositioning of OtolithiasisXIE ShuhuaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Yangpu District Kongjiang Hospital, Shanghai, 200090 China[Abstract] Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect of betahistine mesylate tablets in patients with residual dizzi⁃ness after repositioning of otolithiasis. Methods A total of 62 patients with residual dizziness after repositioning of oto⁃lithiasis who were treated at Shanghai Yangpu District Kongjiang Hospital from May 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into a control group and a study group according to the treatment method, with 31 cases in each group. The control group was treated with manipulative repositioning, and the study group was given betahistine mesylate tablets on the basis of the treatment program of the control group. The rehabilitation indica⁃tors, cerebral blood flow rates, and treatment effectiveness of the two groups of patients were compared. Results After treatment, the vertigo disorder scale score of the study group and vestibular symptom index score were lower than those of the control group, while the Berg balance scale score was higher than that of the control group, and the differ⁃ences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The mean blood flow velocity of right vertebral artery, left vertebral artery, and basilar artery in the study group were higher than that in the control group, and the differences were sta⁃tistically significant (all P<0.05). The total treatment effectiveness rate of patients in the study group (96.77%) was higher than that in the control group (77.42%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.166, P=0.023).Conclusion In the treatment of residual dizziness after repositioning of otolithiasis, the use of betahistine mesylate tablets has significant value and profound clinical significance.[Key words] Residual dizziness after repositioning of otolithiasis; Betahistine mesylate tablets; Therapeutic effect近几年,耳石症发病率呈上升趋势,最常见的表现是有强烈的眩晕感,一般持续1 min以内,严重[作者简介] 谢书华(1982-),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向为耳源性眩晕疾病。
论著DOI:10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2023.15.001补肺活血胶囊治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床疗效分析佘其美,王新芳,董亚苒首都医科大学石景山教学医院/北京石景山医院全科医学科,北京100043[摘要]目的分析补肺活血胶囊治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床疗效。
方法方便选取2019年12月—2021年12月于北京市石景山医院就诊的66例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者为研究对象。
根据患者自愿选择的治疗方式进行分组:联用中药组34例,常规方案组32例。
常规方案组采用常规治疗方案;联用中药组在常规方案组的基础上应用补肺活血胶囊进行治疗。
比较两组治疗效果,治疗前后中医证候积分、肺功能、生活质量以及不良反应发生情况。
结果联用中药组治疗有效率为94.12%(32/34),高于常规方案组的71.88%(23/32),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.872,P=0.015)。
治疗前,两组咳嗽、喘促、乏力、发绀评分对比,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);治疗后,两组咳嗽、喘促、乏力、发绀评分均降低,且联用中药组低于常规方案组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
治疗前,两组FEV1、FVC、FEV1% pred、PaO2、PaCO2水平对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组FEV1、FVC、FEV1% pred、PaO2水平均升高,且联用中药组高于常规方案组,差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。
治疗前,两组活动受限、呼吸症状以及疾病影响得分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组活动受限、呼吸症状以及疾病影响得分均降低,且联用中药组低于常规方案组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
两组患者术后均未出现较为明显的不良反应。
结论常规治疗基础上加用补肺活血胶囊能够更有效提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的治疗效果,促使患者得到更高的恢复,从而获得极好的生活质量。
[关键词]补肺活血胶囊;慢性阻塞性肺疾病;临床疗效[中图分类号]R5 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1674-0742(2023)05(c)-0001-06Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Bufei Huoxue Capsule for Chronic Obstruc⁃tive Pulmonary DiseaseSHE Qimei, WANG Xinfang, DONG YaranDepartment of General Practitioner, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital / Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100043 China[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of Bufei Huoxue capsule in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods66 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who attended Beijing Shijingshan Hospital from December 2019 to December 2021 were conveniently selected for the study. The patients were classified according to their voluntary choice of treatment, 34 cases in the combined Chinese medicine group and 32 cases in the conventional regimen group. The conventional regimen group used the conventional treatment regimen. The combined Chinese medicine group was treated with Bufei Huoxue capsule on the basis of the conventional regi⁃men group. The treatment effect, pre-treatment and post-treatment TCM syndrome score, lung function, quality of life and the occurrence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results The effective rate of the com⁃bined traditional Chinese medicine group was 94.12% (32/34), which was higher than the conventional regimen group 71.88% (23/32), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.872, P=0.015). Before treatment, there was no [基金项目]北京市石景山医院院级科研项目(sjsky-201905)。
胆囊癌临床诊疗的新进展中华外科杂志普外空间 2022-08-10 10:00 发表于北京作者:杨自逸,刘诗蕾,蔡晨,吴自友,熊逸晨,李茂岚,吴向嵩,全志伟,龚伟文章来源:中华外科杂志, 2022, 60(8)摘要胆囊癌的恶性程度极高,尚缺乏早期诊断方法和有效治疗手段,亟需高质量研究突破诊疗瓶颈。
本文回顾了2021年国内外发表的胆囊癌研究相关文献,对临床诊疗领域的重要进展进行综述,详细介绍了胆囊癌最新流行病学数据及危险因素、新兴的外周血实验室检查和影像学诊断方法、病理学类型新分类、外科治疗的热点与争议及系统性综合治疗动态。
这些研究结果有助于探索更有效的胆囊癌诊治方法,为改善胆囊癌患者的预后带来希望。
胆囊癌是胆道系统常见的恶性肿瘤,具有症状隐匿、发展迅速、早期转移、预后极差的特点。
我国是胆囊癌的高发地区之一,近年来发病率和病死率呈缓慢上升趋势。
目前仍缺乏特异度和灵敏度均较好的胆囊癌早期诊断手段,临床发现的胆囊癌多为中晚期。
尽管医学科技不断发展,早期诊断和根治性手术切除仍是可能治愈胆囊癌的手段,行之有效的系统性治疗方法依然在不断探索中。
本文展示了2021年胆囊癌临床诊疗领域的研究进展,以探索更好的胆囊癌诊疗方法。
一、流行病学特征(一)发病率与死亡率2020年全球癌症统计数据显示,全球胆囊癌新发115 949例(男性41 062例,女性74 887例),死亡84 695例(男性30 265例,女性54 430例)[1],均居消化系统肿瘤第6位。
胆囊癌全球发病率存在明显的地域差异,全球年龄标准化发病率平均为2.3/10万人,以东亚、南美最高,西欧、北美则发病率较低[2];且近年来男性和年轻群体的胆囊癌发病率呈升高趋势。
我国国家癌症中心数据显示,国内胆囊癌发病率为3.95/10万人(男性3.70/10万人,女性4.21/10万人),死亡率为2.95/10万人(男性1.9/10万人,女性2.1/10万人)[3]。
创伤性与非创伤性应激对大鼠内皮祖细胞的影响熊建华;焦峻峰;刘丽;贾叶华;张建宁【期刊名称】《中国现代神经疾病杂志》【年(卷),期】2009(009)006【摘要】目的观察大鼠在创伤性和非创伤性应激状态下外周血内皮祖细胞数目的变化,探讨可能影响其变化的相关因素.方法 36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,随机接受颅脑创伤、电休克和冷水游泳刺激,分别于应激前(0 h)及应激后3 h、6 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和7 d采集内眦球后静脉从血,分离单个核细胞,CD34和CD133双荧光标记内皮祖细胞,流式细胞术计数内皮祖细胞数目.结果颅脑创伤组大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞数目于伤后3 h即明显减少(P=0.000);随后迅速增加,至6 h达峰值水平(P=0.005);至24 h降至正常值范围(P=0.728).而非创伤性应激(电休克和冷水游泳)后3 h,大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞数目即开始增加(P=0.000,0.019);至24 h达峰值水平(P=0.000,0.004);随后逐渐减少,至72 h恢复至正常值范围(P=0.999,0.055).对照组大鼠各观察时间点外周血内皮祖细胞数目变化,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).结论应激反应可以促进骨髓内皮祖细胞的动员,创伤性应激后内皮祖细胞数目先减少后增加的特征与非创伤性应激明显不同,其短暂性减少可能与组织损伤修复导致的内皮祖细胞消耗有关.【总页数】6页(P599-604)【作者】熊建华;焦峻峰;刘丽;贾叶华;张建宁【作者单位】300052,天津医科大学总医院神经外科,天津市神经病学研究所;300052,天津医科大学总医院神经外科,天津市神经病学研究所;300052,天津医科大学总医院神经外科,天津市神经病学研究所;300052,天津医科大学总医院神经外科,天津市神经病学研究所;300052,天津医科大学总医院神经外科,天津市神经病学研究所【正文语种】中文【相关文献】1.内皮祖细胞对糖尿病心肌病大鼠氧化应激作用的研究 [J], 成永霞;李志强;刘贵波;颜彬;郭素芬;冯玉宽;陈丽丽;曹永;王宏伟;孙立新2.骨髓源内皮祖细胞分泌的外泌体对大鼠创伤性皮肤缺损修复的促进作用 [J], 徐兵;李海乐;刘丹平;张凤蔚3.内皮祖细胞对老年大鼠创伤性颅脑损伤的影响 [J], 唐钰4.sCD40L对大鼠内皮祖细胞及CD40基因沉默的内皮祖细胞功能的影响 [J], 周小雄;魏伟超;孙策;叶桃春;王嵩;卿立金;吴辉;冼绍祥5.辛伐他汀对大鼠平滑肌祖细胞和内皮祖细胞P27蛋白表达的不同影响 [J], 刘艳霞;张坡;朱鲜阳;黄岚因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
肿瘤退缩分级标准的对比及其在直肠癌诊治中的应用进展中华结直肠疾病电子杂志2016 年12 月第5 卷第6 期Chin J Colorec Dis ( Electronic Edition ) , December 2016,V ol.5, No.6 ·458··述评·肿瘤退缩分级标准的对比及其在直肠癌诊治中的应用进展谭伊诺陈海燕丁克峰丁克峰教授、主任医师、博士生导师。
现任浙江大学医学院附属第二医院院长助理、肿瘤外科副主任、大肠外科病区主任、浙江大学肿瘤研究所副所长。
中国抗癌协会理事,中国抗癌协会大肠癌专业委员会副主任委员,中国医师协会结直肠外科委员会常委兼副秘书长,浙江省抗癌协会肿瘤转移专业委员会主任委员等职务。
长期从事大肠癌综合诊治和大肠癌腹腔镜微创治疗方面的工作,率先在国内提出并开展腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌快速康复治疗模式,规范MDT 模式,协助制定全国《大肠癌诊治规范》,推动我院成为“全国结直肠癌多学科综合治疗先进技术示范推广工程”首批示范医院之一。
主要从事肿瘤转移和肿瘤耐药机制研究,主持并完成国家自然科学基金课题5 项,卫生部课题1 项,省部级课题10 余项,主持临床研究3 项,发表SCI 及国内核心期刊论文50 余篇。
DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2016.06.001基金项目:2014 年中国国家卫生行业公益性基金项目(No.201402015);国家自然科学基金项目(No.81272455,81472664);浙江省重点研发项目(No.2016CG1360721)作者单位:310009杭州,浙江大学医学院附属第二医院肿瘤外科通讯作者:丁克峰,Email:dingkefeng@【摘要】随着新辅助治疗在直肠癌中的规范化推广,肿瘤退缩分级(TRG)标准逐渐引起广泛关注和重视。
多项研究证实TRG 与直肠癌患者新辅助治疗反应、生存预后有一定相关性,在患者生存预测、随访和临床诊疗策略等方面均有应用前景,甚至也有报道考虑将其纳入临床试验替代终点。
ʌ临证验案ɔ基于 核心病机观 从脾胃浊毒辨治干燥综合征❋郝新宇1,王彦刚2ә,刘㊀宇1,周平平1,姜㊀茜2(1.河北中医学院,石家庄㊀050200;2.河北中医学院附属医院,石家庄㊀050011)㊀㊀摘要:介绍王彦刚教授运用化浊解毒法从脾胃辨治干燥综合征的临证经验,王彦刚教授从 核心病机观 出发,认为干燥综合征与脾胃关系密切,浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,气机升降失常,津液输布失司,机体失养是干燥综合征的核心病机,贯穿疾病始末㊂在治疗上以化浊解毒为基本大法,遵循疾病发展之规律,抓住每一阶段主要病机,不忘核心病机,以虚实为纲,着眼于脾胃,佐以解毒㊁行气㊁祛湿㊁清热㊁祛瘀㊁滋阴等法,病证结合,辨证施治,治疗效果显著㊂文末以典型案例佐证,供同道参考借鉴㊂㊀㊀关键词:干燥综合征;核心病机观;脾胃;浊毒;王彦刚㊀㊀中图分类号:R442.8㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1006-3250(2021)01-0158-03Pattern Differentiation and Treatment of Sjogren's Syndrome According to Turbid Toxin of The Spleen and Stomach Based on The Theory of "Core Pathogenesis"HAO Xin-yu 1,WANG Yan-gang 2ә,LIU Yu 1,ZHOU Ping-ping 1,JIANG Qian 2(1.Hebei University of Chinese Medicine,Shijiazhuang 050200,China;2.Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine,Shijiazhuang 050011,China)㊀㊀Abstract :The article introduces professor WANG Yan-gang's clinical experience of treating Sjogren s syndrome by using resolving turbid and eliminating toxin method of spleen and stomach.My tutor starts from the view of "core pathogenesis"and thinks that Sjogren's syndrome is closely related to the spleen and stomach ,and turbid toxin violating on the spleen and stomach ,leading to the disorder of Qi ,the body fluid ,and the nourishment is the core pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome which runs through the whole course of the disease.In the treatment ,my tutor uses resolving turbid and eliminating toxin method as the basic way ,follows the regular of disease development ,grasps the main pathogenesis of each stage and keeps the core pathogenesis in mind ,takes the deficiency and excess as the outline ,focuses on spleen and stomach ,uses methods of eliminating toxin ,moving Qi ,dispelling dampness ,clearing heat ,dispelling stasis and nourishing Yin ,combines the disease and syndrome ,uses the method of syndrome differentiation ,the treatment effect is remarkable.At the end of the article ,typical case is used for reference.㊀㊀Key words :Sjogren's syndrome ;Core pathogenesis ;Spleen and stomach ;Turbid toxin theory ;WANG Yan-gang❋基金项目:河北省临床医学优秀人才培养和基础课题研究项目(361025)-基于浊毒理论对慢性萎缩性胃炎癌变预警及其机制研究作者简介:郝新宇(1990-),女,河北石家庄人,在读博士研究生,从事中西医结合临床与基础研究㊂ә通讯作者:王彦刚(1967-),男,教授,主任医师,博士研究生,从事中西医结合临床与基础研究,Tel :*************,E-mail :piwei001@ ㊂㊀㊀干燥综合征(sjogren s syndrome ,SS )是一种主要累及外分泌腺功能的慢性炎症性自身免疫病,以唾液腺和泪腺受损㊁功能下降而出现的口干㊁眼干为主要表现,同时可累及其他组织器官,表现出皮肤干燥㊁关节疼痛㊁乏力㊁低热等全身症状㊂西医学主要采用糖皮质激素和免疫调节剂治疗[1],但其不良反应较大且疗效未得到普遍认可㊂中医学根据证候将此病归为 燥证 虚劳 渴证 等病证范畴,且在治疗本病能显著改善症状,控制延缓病情进展,提高患者的生活质量,存在一定优势[2-3]㊂王彦刚教授在治疗疑难杂症方面积累了丰富的临床经验㊂同时总结前人经验,结合临床实践,在各种病机理论基础上系统总结,提出 核心病机观 理论,其认为干燥综合征的核心病机为浊毒阻滞中焦,致机体失调诸症由生,治疗上从 浊毒 立论进行辨治,疗效显著㊂现笔者将王彦刚治疗干燥综合征经验总结如下㊂1㊀诸症丛生,责之脾胃,浊毒致病,核心病机王彦刚通过多年的临床实践,在各种病机理论基础上,将哲学理论与中医学理论相结合,提出 核心病机观 理论,认为在疾病的发生㊁发展㊁演变过程中,必定存在一种贯穿疾病始末㊁起决定作用的 基本矛盾 ,是疾病的本质所在,即 核心病机 ㊂而在疾病发展各阶段,常出现不同于核心病机的其他病机,是疾病某一阶段的 主要矛盾 ,即疾病当前所处阶段的主要病机,因此核心病机是推动整个疾病发生发展的内在因素,主要病机则决定了疾病各阶段的表现㊂故在治疗上需抓住疾病某一阶段的主要病机,同时不忘顾及疾病的本质原因,标本兼顾,辨证施治㊂王彦刚在浊毒理论[4]的基础上进行发挥,认为 浊毒 为滞㊁湿㊁热㊁瘀㊁毒[5]等诸邪胶结不解而成,故其认为SS 核心病机为浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,气机升降失常,津液输布失司,机体失养以致病,851中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年1月第27卷第1期January 2021Vol.27.No.1同时气机不畅㊁气血津液阻滞或运行无力,不能将代谢产物及时排出,蕴积体内以致浊毒内生,浊毒日久,灼伤阴液,从而出现SS典型症状,如眼干㊁口干㊁鼻干,以及全身症状如身痒㊁乏力㊁肢体麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂1.1㊀眼㊁口㊁鼻㊁唇干燥脾在窍为口,其华在唇㊂‘灵枢㊃五阅五使“曰: 口唇者,脾之官也 ,同时脾在液为涎, 涎出于脾而溢于胃 ,故若浊毒侵袭中焦,脾胃失健,津液乏源,化生不足,或浊毒日久,多从热化,伤气耗血,灼伤阴液,致阴液亏虚,则见口干㊁唇干㊁舌燥;脾主升清,输布水谷精微与津液濡养全身,若脾主升清功能异常,津液不得上承,则目鼻失养,见眼干㊁鼻干㊂1.2㊀周身乏力㊁肌肤干涩㊁身痒脾胃为气机升降之枢纽,脾主运化,胃主受纳,二者密切合作,维持饮食物的消化及精微㊁津液的传输,机体得以滋养㊂若浊毒外袭或机体失调,浊毒内生,损伤脾胃,脾失健运,胃失和降,气血津液生化乏源,输布失常,机体营养不足则见周身乏力;气血津液不足,一则不能濡养滋润肌肤,二则津伤化燥,燥盛则干,故见肌肤干涩㊁身痒等㊂1.3㊀肌肉疼痛㊁肢体麻木脾在体合肉主四肢,全身肌肉的壮实丰满,有赖于脾胃运化的水谷精微及津液的滋养濡润㊂正如‘素问㊃五脏生成篇“所云: 脾主运化水谷之精,以生养肌肉,故主肉㊂ 若浊毒阻滞中焦气机,脾胃升降失常,水谷精微的生成与输布障碍,肌肉失于营养滋润,不荣不通则痛,可见肌肉软弱无力㊁疼痛㊂四肢同样需要脾胃运化的水谷精微和津液滋养,以维持正常的生理功能㊂‘素问㊃太阴阳明论篇“云: 四肢皆禀气于胃,而不得至经,必因于脾,乃得禀也㊂ 故若脾失健运,不能为胃行其津液,四肢不得水谷之气濡养,则脉道不利,肢体麻木㊂2 浊毒立论,辨证施治基于核心病机观理论㊁SS的临床表现及与脾胃的生理病理关系,王彦刚认为SS的治疗应以化浊解毒为基本大法,遵循疾病发展之规律,抓住主要病机,不忘核心病机,以虚实为纲,着眼于脾胃,以解毒㊁行气㊁祛湿㊁清热㊁祛瘀㊁滋阴等法辨证施治㊂2.1㊀化浊解毒以清胃腑2.1.1㊀清热祛湿以截浊毒之源㊀浊毒因水湿代谢失常凝而成浊,蕴结日久化热而成[6],故当以清热祛湿治法,截断浊毒生成之源泉㊂王彦刚常用黄芩㊁黄连以清热燥湿㊁泻火解毒,用于清中焦湿热;当SS患者出现身痒时,常用苦参㊁白鲜皮㊁地肤子同用,既可清热燥湿㊁除脾胃之湿热,又可止痒以对症治疗;若湿浊较重,症见肢体困重,常用藿香㊁佩兰㊁苍术以燥湿健脾,用于湿阻中焦之证;砂仁为 醒脾调胃之要药 ,既可化湿醒脾又可行气,故王彦刚常用此药治疗脾胃气滞及湿阻中焦证,症见胃脘胀痛㊁大便黏腻不爽等,同时湿和痰常兼夹出现,若患者因胃气上逆出现恶心呕吐㊁头目眩晕等,常用半夏㊁旋覆花燥湿化痰㊁降逆止呕,若因胃热呕吐则当用竹茹清热化痰止呕㊂2.1.2㊀行气导滞以通浊毒之路㊀浊毒之邪易于阻滞气机,亦可随气机升降遍布全身㊂而脾胃为气机升降之枢纽,故当脾胃受邪㊁清阳不升㊁浊阴不降,以致气机升降失调,邪无以出路,积聚体内而致病,故需用行气导滞之药通胃腑㊁畅气机,给邪以出路㊂王彦刚常用陈皮㊁青皮以行气导滞㊁健脾和中,用于偏中焦寒湿之气滞;香橼㊁佛手气香醒脾,辛行苦泄,入脾胃以行气宽中,常用于SS患者出现脘腹胀痛之症状;枳实㊁厚朴同用,二者皆入脾胃经,辛行苦降,既能燥湿消痰又可下气除满,常用于食积气滞;SS患者除典型症状外,常表现出抑郁㊁胁痛㊁不思饮食等症状,故王彦刚常用甘松以芳香行气㊁开郁醒脾㊂‘本草纲目“记载: 甘松,芳香,能开脾郁,少加入脾胃药中,甚醒脾气㊂2.1.3㊀解毒消瘀以化浊毒之物㊀浊毒停滞体内,阻碍气机运行,气不行血则血液瘀滞致血瘀,故浊毒致病常形成瘀血之病理产物㊂‘血证论“中曰: 有瘀血,则气为血阻,不得上升,水津因不得随气上升 ,故当瘀血内停㊁气机受阻,以致津液不能正常输布,除出现SS典型症状眼干㊁口舌干燥㊁口渴等症状外,还常常伴有胃脘部疼痛不适及肌肤甲错㊁面色晦暗㊁舌有瘀点瘀斑等症状,故王彦刚采用活血祛瘀之药,如川芎㊁姜黄㊁郁金㊁延胡索等,既能活血祛瘀又能行气止痛,且延胡索能行血中气滞,气中血滞,专治一身上下诸痛,为活血化气第一要药,诸药合用旨在祛瘀血㊁畅气机㊁通津液㊁养机体;若热毒较深,SS患者可见紫癜㊁荨麻疹㊁结节红斑等血管病变[7],则常用板蓝根㊁青黛以凉血消斑,蒲公英㊁败酱草清热解毒㊁泄降滞气,同时对于解毒除湿效果显著㊂2.2㊀滋阴益气以健脾胃浊毒日久,灼伤阴液,深入脏腑,耗气伤津,导致阴液亏虚㊁正气亏损,以致SS疾病后期病性由实转虚或虚实夹杂㊂在诊治过程中需结合八纲辨证及脏腑辨证,根据证候表现综合考量㊂阴虚津伤是SS后期的主要病机,表现为眼干无泪㊁口唇干燥㊁皮肤干枯㊁舌有裂纹等,故治疗当滋阴生津为主,并着眼于脏腑,既要滋补脾胃之阴以复津液生化之源,又要顾及久病伤肝肾之阴,故王彦刚常选用北沙参㊁麦冬㊁石斛㊁玉竹以养阴益胃生津,此药皆入胃经,可养胃阴㊁清胃热,对于胃阴虚有热之口干多饮㊁大便干结㊁舌红少津效果尤甚㊂同时不忘滋肝肾之阴以护先天之气,故常选用入肝肾经之药枸杞子㊁女贞子㊁旱莲草㊁桑葚以滋补肝肾㊁生津润燥㊂病久则耗气,正气9512021年1月第27卷第1期January2021Vol.27.No.1㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine虚弱,邪气可干,故亦当调护脏腑之气,尤重护脾胃之气㊂若SS患者兼见气短懒言㊁神疲倦怠㊁嗳气㊁面色萎黄㊁食少等,当以黄芪㊁白术㊁山药益气健脾㊂‘医学衷中参西录“记载: 黄芪能补气,兼能升气 ,白术为 脾脏补气健脾第一要药 ㊂‘神农本草经“云: 山药,补中,益气力,长肌肉 ㊂故此三者配伍使用,旨在调护后天之气,使水谷精微生化有源,气血津液输布畅达㊂3 典型病案王某,女,70岁,2017年1月21日初诊:主诉口眼干燥㊁皮肤瘙痒伴肢体麻木6个月,加重1个月㊂患者半年前感到口眼干燥,皮肤瘙痒,口渴欲饮,伴有肢体麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂曾于某医院查抗核抗体谱抗SSA㊁抗dsDNA抗体阳性,行腮腺造影㊁唇腺活检等,确诊为干燥综合征㊂电子胃镜示慢性萎缩性胃炎㊂间断服用药物治疗病情改善不明显,后因症状加重就诊于本院㊂刻见口眼干燥,舌干辣,皮肤瘙痒,烧心,反酸,夜间肢体麻木,肌肉疼痛,脐上及下肢发凉,大便干燥,小便尚可,舌紫暗,苔黄腻,脉弦㊂中医诊断燥痹,治宜化浊解毒㊁养阴生津㊂处方:茵陈15g,黄芩12g,黄连12g,栀子12g,知母15g,生石膏30g,生大黄9g,玉竹10g,玄参20g,地肤子15g,白鲜皮15g,石斛9g,赤芍15g,蒲公英30g,海螵蛸15g,枳实15g,厚朴15g,瓦楞粉30 g,元明粉3g,焦槟榔15g,每日1剂,水煎服,分早晚2次温服㊂服药半个月后复诊,口眼干燥,舌干辣症状较前缓解,身痒不明显,肢体麻木较前改善,偶烧心,遂守原方,随症加减,继服6个月,口眼干燥㊁身痒㊁肢体麻木疼痛等症状基本消除,随访半年病情稳定㊂按语:患者以口眼干燥㊁皮肤瘙痒伴肢体麻木为主诉就诊,根据症状㊁舌脉及西医诊断,辨证属浊毒内蕴证㊂浊毒侵犯中焦脾胃,脾胃气机升降失常,气血生化乏源,水谷精微及津液输布障碍,机体失于濡养,出现口眼干燥㊁舌干㊁身痒㊁四肢麻木㊁肌肉疼痛等症状㊂同时浊毒侵犯,胃腑受损,胃失滋养,胃液减少,腺体萎缩,故SS患者常呈现慢性萎缩性胃炎及相关症状㊂浊毒内蕴日久,胃络瘀阻,阳气不能随血液输布于下肢及胃部,故见脐上及双下肢发凉,以黄芩㊁黄连㊁蒲公英化浊解毒共为君药;茵陈㊁栀子清利湿热;石膏㊁知母清热泻火,且知母清润兼备,能滋阴润燥;枳实㊁厚朴㊁焦槟榔行气消积,通降胃腑之气共为臣药;佐以玉竹㊁玄参㊁石斛养阴益胃生津滋养机体,同时防苦寒之药伤及脾胃;生大黄㊁元明粉通腑泄浊,给邪以出路;赤芍清热散瘀;地肤子㊁白鲜皮清热燥湿止痒;海螵蛸㊁瓦楞粉抑酸以对症治疗㊂全方攻补兼施,清润并用,气阴兼顾,补中有通,临床疗效显著㊂参考文献:[1]㊀赵福涛,周曾同,沈雪敏,等.原发性干燥综合征多学科诊治建议[J].老年医学与保健,2019,25(1):7-10.[2]㊀黄钰婷,汲泓.从中医五脏理论论治干燥综合征[J].现代医学与健康研究电子杂志,2018,2(16):132-134.[3]㊀姜兆荣,于静,金明秀.金明秀教授从 燥毒瘀血津枯 辨治干燥综合征的经验[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(3):716-717. [4]㊀王彦刚,吕静静,董环,等.慢性糜烂性胃炎HGF㊁c-Met相关性研究[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2017,37(4):410-413. [5]㊀王彦刚,刘宇,李佃贵.化浊解毒法治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎疗效的Meta分析[J].中医杂志,2015,56(23):2017-2020. [6]㊀王彦刚,田雪娇,李佃贵,等.李佃贵治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎用药规律研究[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2017,23(5):702-705.[7]㊀L.HERETIU,D.PREDEEANU.Sicca to Lymphoma:SjogrenSyndrome[J].Open Journal of Rheumatology and AutoimmuneDiseases,2013,3(1):26-30.收稿日期:2020-05-16(上接第123页)说“: 尝见一医方开小草,市人不知为远志之苗,而用甘草之细小者㊂又有一医方开蜀漆,市人不知为常山之苗,而另加干漆者㊂凡此之类,如写玉竹为萎蕤,乳香为薰陆,天麻为独摇草,人乳为蟠桃酒,鸽粪为左蟠龙,灶心土为伏龙肝者,不胜枚举㊂ 现代许多医生也常用此法处方保密,古今一致㊂保密 都会留下一些线索㊂裴松之借‘华佗别传“透露: 青黏者,一名地节,一名黄芝,主理五脏,益精气 ㊂据此才有 青蓁 凡蔽之草 凡薮之草 青菾 等线索,先贤洞悉青黏玄机,但看破未说破;叶天士破解漆叶为豺漆,使人知其然;李维贤的考证又点明因何名豺漆,使人知其所以然,都为考证提供了线索与证据㊂参考文献:[1]㊀刘自忠.华佗所传漆叶青黏散考辨[J].浙江中医杂志,1999,34(12):531-532.[2]㊀李永海,熊昌栋.漆叶青黏散治疗慢性腹泻200例[J].湖北中医杂志,1994,16(1):26.[3]㊀程从容,郭泉.古方漆叶青黏散中的青黏之考证[J].基层中药杂志,2001,15(1):48.[4]㊀江苏新医学院.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1986.[5]㊀王明.新编诸子集成㊃抱朴子内篇校释[M].北京:中华书局,1980.[6]㊀吴征镒,王锦秀,汤彦承.胡麻是亚麻非脂麻辨 兼论中草药名称混乱的根源和‘神农本草经“的成书年代及作者[M].植物分类学报,2007,45(4):458-472.[7]㊀李维贤,曹先兰.古代药用五加品种的探讨[J].新中医,1984(4):55-57.[8]㊀李维贤,曹先兰.古代药用五加品种的探讨(一)[J].自然资源研究,1983(2):31-34.[9]㊀祝之友.青蘘临床注意事项[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2019,17(6):62.收稿日期:2020-05-23061中国中医基础医学杂志Journal of Basic Chinese Medicine㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2021年1月第27卷第1期January2021Vol.27.No.1。
美国人体治疗药展望等5则
武士华
【期刊名称】《解放军健康》
【年(卷),期】1997(000)003
【摘要】无
【总页数】1页(P38)
【作者】武士华
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
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因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
张晶晶等.叙事护理模式对首诊癌症化疗患者创伤后成长的影响分析2192组患者心理情绪结果显示,进行叙事护理模式干预后观察组患者心理情绪情况优于对照组,表示进行叙事护理模式干预后对改善首诊癌症化疗患者情绪有一定作用。
究其原因可能在于:进行叙事护理模式时,患者向干预人员讲述内心苦闷,而干预人员根据患者叙事内容引导患者发觉自身过往积极事件,并引导患者根据积极事件进行错误认知修正,进行新的行动规划,有助于患者负面情绪缓解。
孙妞妞等[⑸研究认为,进行叙事护理有助于患者负面情绪缓解,与本研究结果一致。
本研究结果还显示,干预后观察组生活质量高于同期对照组,说明进行叙事护理有利于首诊癌症化疗患者生活质量提升。
其原因可能与患者接受叙事护理后,改变原有的生活态度,愿意接受周围人的鼓励,有利于减轻患者负面情绪,故患者生活质量有所提高。
综上所述,叙事护理模式用于首诊癌症化疗患者中,可帮助患者创伤后成长,缓解患者癌性疲乏及负面心理情绪,并有助于患者生活质量提高。
参考文献[1]肖红英,蒋运兰,杨飞霞,等.癌症长期幸存者创伤后成长的心理调查[J].四川医学,2018,39(10):1112-1115.[2]李玉梅,黄瑛,薛智颖,等.叙事护理对晚期肺癌患者心境与症状群管理的效果[J].解放军护理杂志,2018,35(21):28-31,41-[3]佟俊萍,王宁,李静,等.腮腺肿瘤切除患者围术期个性化舒适护理与叙事护理干预模式的构建[J].中国医药导报,2018,15(14):138-142.[4]张晓义,何红,吴爱娟•叙事医学教育模式对中高危糖尿病足患者足部知识水平及代谢指标的影响[J].中华现代护理杂志,2016,22(5):639-642,643.[5]陈万青,郑荣寿,张思维,等.2011年中国恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析[J]•中国肿瘤,2016,25(1):1-10.[6]郝素敏,郝素聪,贾海潮•心理痛苦分层管理模式对改善肿瘤门诊化疗患者负性情绪和社会支持状态的应用价值[J].癌症进展,2019,17(6):731-735.[7]曾秋霞,何海燕,徐春美,等.急性心肌梗死患者创伤后成长特征及其与社会支持和应对方式的关系[J]•第三军医大学学报,2018,40(2):176-182.[8]张凤玲,丁坍,韩丽沙.癌症疲乏量表中文版的信效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(11):16-19.[9]王建平,陈海勇,苏文亮,等.简式简明心境问卷在癌症病人应用中的信、效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(6)=404-407.[10]晁敏,梁丰,孙涛,等.不同强度抗阻训练对老年癌症生存者癌因性疲乏及生存质量的影响[J]•中国康复医学杂志,2015,30⑻:777-781. [1叮王义会,李颖,李文娟,等.叙事护理在自然分娩产妇中的应用效果[J]•护理研究,2019,33(7):1247-1250.[12]张慧,刘桂霞.化疗期肺癌患者自我感受负担与疾病感知,乐观倾向及创伤后成长的相关性[J]•广东医学,2020,41(2):169-173. [13]田琳琳,马丽莉,李艳萍•结构式团体心理干预对改良根治术后年轻乳腺癌病人创伤后成长的影响[J]•护理研究,2016,30 (27):3384-3386.[14]王明,戴经纬,齐向秀,等•选择性心理干预对乳腺癌患者术后癌性疲乏及生存质量的影响[J]•河北医药,2018,40(2)=292-294,298.[15]孙妞妞,史素玲,李转珍,等•叙事护理对冠状动脉搭桥术患者焦虑抑郁干预效果的观察[J]・中国实用护理杂志,2019,35 (31):2407-2411.(收稿日期:2020-11-30;修回日期:2021-03-12)参考文献著录格式文献尽量引用近5年登载论文作,内部资料和尚未发表者请勿列入。
针刺对照帕罗西汀治疗原发性早泄的临床观察及机制探讨王福;耿强;郭军;张强;余国今;赵家有;高庆和【期刊名称】《中国性科学》【年(卷),期】2013(022)002【摘要】目的:探讨针刺治疗原发性早泄是否有效.方法:来自于2011年12月~2012年08月中国中医科学院西苑医院男科门诊60名病人,随机分为帕罗西汀组、针刺组以及针刺对照组.三组在年龄、病程、疗前IELT以及PEDT等无明显差异,具有可比性.结果:帕罗西汀组因恶心等消化道反应剧烈脱落1例患者.帕罗西汀组、针刺组与针刺对照组相比较,皆可以延缓IELT(P<0.001),但帕罗西汀组延缓IELT较针刺组更明显.帕罗西汀组、针刺组与针刺对照组相比较皆可以降低PEDT积分(P<0.001),但帕罗西汀组与针刺组相比降低无差异(P=0.07>0.05).结论:针刺可以延缓早泄患者IELT,降低PEDT,疗效显著.【总页数】3页(P59-61)【作者】王福;耿强;郭军;张强;余国今;赵家有;高庆和【作者单位】中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091;天津中医药大学第一附属医院男科,天津,300193;中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091;中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091;中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091;中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091;中国中医科学院西苑医院男科,北京,100091【正文语种】中文【相关文献】1.帕罗西汀联合叶酸与单用帕罗西汀治疗原发性早泄疗效及血浆5-HT水平的对比研究 [J], 胥艳;袁丹;陈昌珍;刘东亮;张超;朱蜀侠;龙家才2.帕罗西汀治疗原发性早泄后血浆5-羟色胺浓度的变化 [J], 罗兵;龙家才;李炜;朱科;刘三荣;张超;李昕3.盐酸帕罗西汀联合盐酸坦索罗辛治疗原发性早泄的临床研究 [J], 张超;孙腾达;李波军;王明松;李彦锋4.帕罗西汀联合针刺治疗难治性强迫症的对照研究 [J], 李爱凤;徐文军;张双春5.盐酸帕罗西汀联合复方利多卡因乳膏治疗原发性早泄的短期疗效观察 [J], 张君俊;杨祖佑;杜春明;宋嘉胤;施东辉因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
组胺H_1受体拮抗剂盐酸依匹斯汀片人体药动学与生物等效性研究(英文)师少军;李忠芳;陈华庭;曾繁典【期刊名称】《中国临床药理学与治疗学》【年(卷),期】2007(12)2【摘要】目的:研究盐酸依匹斯汀片的药动学与生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。
方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服盐酸依匹斯汀试验或参比制剂各40mg;采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度。
结果:人体药动学研究表明,口服盐酸依匹斯汀片的药-时曲线符合二室开放模型。
受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(2.2±0.5)和(2.0±0.4)h;Cmax分别为(66±16)和(68±13)μg/L;t1/2分别为(10.1±1.3)和(10.4±2.4)h;AUC0-36分别为(592±88)和(601±94)μg.h.L-1;相对生物利用度为(99±13)%。
结论:盐酸依匹斯汀片两种制剂具有生物等效性。
【总页数】5页(P214-218)【关键词】盐酸依匹斯汀;高效液相色谱法;药动学;生物等效性【作者】师少军;李忠芳;陈华庭;曾繁典【作者单位】华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院药剂科;华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院妇产科;华中科技大学同济医学院临床药理研究所【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R969.1【相关文献】1.LC-MS/MS法研究盐酸曲美他嗪片的人体药动学及生物等效性 [J], 张峻颖;杨洁;熊守军;刘赛;曹艺;邓书岚;吴春勇;陈沄2.盐酸伐昔洛韦片的人体药动学及生物等效性研究 [J], 赵曼;洪博;隋欣蕙;赵春杰3.国产与进口盐酸依匹斯汀片人体药动学和相对生物利用度研究 [J], 骆泽宇;彭伟文4.盐酸左氧氟沙星片人体药动学及生物等效性研究 [J], 颜永芽;周燕文;石全;梁燕5.盐酸甲氯芬酯胶囊/分散片的人体药动学和生物等效性研究 [J], 荆莉因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
姜黄素抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用与MAPK信号通路的相关性分析王晓静;吴华璞;李子广;郭道华【期刊名称】《中西医结合心脑血管病杂志》【年(卷),期】2010(008)006【摘要】目的探讨姜黄素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)、C-Jun氨基末端(JNK)/应激化蛋白激酶(SAPK)及p38MAPK信号转导通路的影响.方法采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉(MCAO)建立局灶性脑缺血模型,观察不同浓度姜黄素(20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、80 mg/kg)对脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠神经行为学评分的影响,并用Western blot法检测p38MAPK、P-p38MAPK、ERK1/2、P-ERK1/2及JNK的表达.结果假手术组无神经行为学改变;各用药组神经行为学评分明显低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05).与缺血再灌注组相比各用药组p-p38MAPK及JNK表达明显降低(P<0.05),而P-ERK1/2表达显著增加(P(0.05),p38MAPK及ERK1/2表达各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论姜黄素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其保护作用机制可能与抑制p38MAPK和JNK/SAPK信号转导通路以及增强ERK1/2信号转导通路有关.【总页数】3页(P711-713)【作者】王晓静;吴华璞;李子广;郭道华【作者单位】蚌埠医学院,233003;蚌埠医学院,233003;蚌埠医学院,233003;蚌埠医学院,233003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R743;R285.6【相关文献】1.姜黄素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤炎症反应和血脑屏障通透性的作用研究 [J], 李冠;夏振2.小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤皮质区超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、活性氧表达与细胞凋亡的关系及姜黄素的干预作用 [J], 李焰;刘凤丽;程冉冉;王芳;周燕3.姜黄素对脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经保护作用及其机制 [J], 谢佳佳;张丹参;景永帅4.姜黄素对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用机制研究进展 [J], 刘小艳;田野;刘骥飞;苏刚;张振昶5.姜黄素对新西兰大白兔脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用及缺氧诱导因子-1α表达的影响 [J], 苏峻峰;胡小辉;夏烈新因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
摩罗丹治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎疗效的Meta分析刘 凤 吕 军 白文艳 弓梅芳中国医科大学航空总医院,北京 100012[摘要] 目的 评价摩罗丹治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的临床效果。
方法计算机检索万方、维普、CNKI、Pubmed数据库至2018年8月,纳入有关摩罗丹治疗CAG的临床随机对照试验,按照修改后的Jadad质量评价标准对纳入文献进行评价,使用Revman 5.3软件计算比值比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI),检验研究异质性及发表偏倚,对不能合并分析的研究进行描述性分析。
结果 共纳入12项研究,包括1678例患者。
Meta分析结果显示:摩罗丹组与对照组相比,临床综合疗效、胃镜检查改善、胃黏膜组织病理总体改善、异型增生改善、症状改善方面显示出较好的疗效,但Hp转阴率两组之间差异无统计学意义。
结论 研究表明,摩罗丹治疗CAG效果良好,但仍需高质量的随机对照研究进一步的验证支持。
[关键词] 摩罗丹;慢性萎缩性胃炎;黏膜炎症;Meta分析[中图分类号] R259 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2019)07-30-05A Meta-analysis of therapeutic effect of Morodan on chronic atrophic gastritisLIU Feng LV Jun BAI Wenyan GONG MeifangGeneral Hospital of Aeronautics,China Medical University,Beijing 100012,China[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect on chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG) treated by Moluodan. Methods The database of Wanfang,Weipu,CNKI and PubMed was searched by computer until August 2018,and included in the clinical randomized controlled trials on the treatment of CAG by Morodan.According to the revised Jadad quality evaluation criteria,the included literature was evaluated.The ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by Revman 5.3 software to test the heterogeneity and publication bias.Descriptive analysis is done for research that could not be combined. Results A total of 12 studies were included,including 1678 patients.Meta analysis results showed that:Compared with the control group,the Morodan group showed better clinical efficacy,improved gastroscopy,overall improvement of gastric mucosal pathology,dysplasia and symptoms,but there was no statistical difference in the negative rate of Hp between the two groups. Conclusion Studies have shown that Morodan is effective in the treatment of CAG,but further validation support from high-quality randomized controlled trials is needed.[Key words] Morodan;Chronic atrophic gastritis;Mucosal inflammation;Meta-analysis慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)约占慢性胃炎的10%~30%,是消化内科的常见病、多发病之一。
International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal DisordersIFFGDP.O. Box 170864 Milwaukee, WI 53217-8076Phone: 414-964-1799 Toll-free (U.S.): 888-964-2001Fax: 414-964-7176Internet: HD (830) © Copyright 2005-2009 by the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal DisordersRevised and Updated By the Author April 2009 Defecation Disorders After Surgery forHirschsprung’s DiseaseBy: Paul Hyman, M.D.Professor of Pediatrics, Louisiana State UniversityChief, Pediatric Gastroenterology,Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LAIFFGDP.O. Box 170864Milwaukee, WI 53217Phone: 414-964-1799Toll-free: 888-964-2001Fax: 414-964-7176Defecation Disorders After Surgery for Hirschsprung’s DiseaseBy: Paul Hyman, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, Chief, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LAOver 1,000 new cases of Hirschsprung’s disease are diagnosed in the USA every year. More than half the children treated appropriately with surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease suffer from chronic problems with constipation, incontinence, and/or abdominal pain. Even as adults, over half will experience occasional episodes of incontinence, and 10% will endure constipation unresponsive to medical management. In the six decades since Ovar Swenson recognized that the distal bowel segment (lower part – most frequently the anal canal, rectum and sigmoid colon) lacking ganglion (nerve) cells was the diseased portion and created the first successful surgical technique, surgeons have been frustrated with the imperfect response to a surgery, which eliminates the disease. Parents are frustrated and children shamed when the children fail to gain control over their bowel movements. Over the past 10 years the pediatric motility community has discovered reasons and solutions for chronic post-operative problems. It is clear that it is not the child’s uncooperative behavior, but rather recognizable and treatable causes that produce the symptoms.ConstipationThere are three mechanisms for chronic post-operative constipation: functional constipation; neuropathy, or abnormal functioning of nerves, proximal to (above, toward the stomach) the aganglionic segment; and hypertensive anal sphincter in which the sphincter doesn’t relax normally, making it difficult to push stool past it. It is not easy to distinguish among these conditions when they follow Hirschsprung’s disease surgery. Only colon and anorectal manometry (measurement of pressure or contractions in the intestinal tract) clarify the diagnosis and treatment.Constipation is the most common condition referred to pediatric gastroenterology clinics, and functional constipation is the most common variant in children. It often arises when an infant or toddler has a painful bowel movement. Infants and toddlers normally respond to a painful event by thereafter avoiding the event, like when they burn a finger on a hot stove. When they have a painful bowel movement, they attempt to avoid defecation, and after a few days have an even bigger, more painful bowel movement. This cycle of painful defecation and withholding behavior will continue until the child experiences a sustained period of painless defecation.Children with Hirschsprung’s disease are even more likely to experience painful or frightening defecations than healthy children, because they have so many different negative experiences around their bottoms. First, they get enemas and rectal studies before surgery. Next they have the surgery itself. Immediately following successful surgery, many children with Hirschsprung’s disease have diarrhea for weeks. Diarrhea may break down sensitive skin under the diaper, and the child recognizes intense pain after each bowel movement. Because of the pain, infants learn to hold back their stools, and continue retentive behavior even after the diarrhea resolves because they fear the pain associated with a bowel movement.A few children need dilation (stretching) when there is scar formation that narrows the new rectal cavity (lumen) just above the anus. Dilations require that a surgeon or parent stretch the narrowing by running a few inches of a lubricated, smooth plastic or metal spindle through the anus. If dilations are done without proper analgesia and sedation, this painful, frightening event discourages the infant or toddler from defecation.Sometimes surgeons suspect that a severe infection called enterocolitis is brewing inside. Enterocolitis is diagnosed when there is blood and pus in the stool, fever, abdominal pain, and distention. The physician will order daily enemas and washouts to clean out the colon. These procedures, although possibly lifesaving, prevent the child from learning to control his bottom, and may provoke fear and consequently more retentive behavior. Then the infant’s abdomen swells from retaining stool, and the surgeon worries more about enterocolitis, so that the cycle of fear (for clinician, parents, and infant) and pain (for the infant) is perpetuated.The treatment for functional constipation is outlined in detail in IFFGD fact sheet No. 810 – Childhood Defecation Disorders: Constipation and Soiling. Treatment begins with educating the child and parents about the disorder. It is not dangerous. It is not a disease; it is a maladaptive but understandable response to painful stools. The colon cannot burst. Toxins do not leak back into the body from the colon. Non-stimulant laxatives are safe and effective. The clinician will prescribe enough oral polyethylene glycol to melt away the mass of stool in the rectum over a few weeks. Polyethylene glycol is a crystal powder that dissolves odorless, colorless, and tasteless into the child’s favorite drink, so that adherence to the prescribed dose is not a problem. It is not an emergency to get out the stool mass, and the more important goal is to return control of the child’s bottom back to the child. It is a good idea to see the doctor at least once a week for a few weeks, so that the doctor can listen to the parents’ concerns and evaluate the stool mass by feeling the abdomen. There must be no rectal examinations during this period, because rectal examinations frighten the child with functional constipation, and so interfere with treatment. Time is an ally. The child will let the stool out when he wants to do so. After the stool mass is gone the physician will continue to prescribe polyethylene glycol for many months, until the child and theparents are confident that acquisition of toilet skills is complete, and the fear is gone.Neuropathy proximal to the aganglionic segment is the second mechanism for chronic post-operative constipation. About 10% of all Hirschsprung’s children have this problem. Although the aganglionic segment is removed (resected) and the remaining tissue appears healthy on examination under a microscope (histology), the nerve connections are not right. Children with neuropathy proximal to the aganglionic segment have abnormal results from colon manometry, a test that measures pressure or contractions. Sometimes there is a high-pressure zone in one spot that does not relax to let colon contents flow by. Sometimes there are simultaneous contractions, but no coordinated, propulsive contractions. Sometimes there are no contractions at all. Most of the time the neuropathy is part of the Hirschsprung’s disease, present from birth but unrecognized. Occasionally there may be a transient, treatable neuropathy due to the complications of inflammation after Hirschsprung’s enterocolitis. When there is a history of enterocolitis it may be worth a trial of anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., sulfasalazine) or antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole or clarithromycin). When there is no history of enterocolitis, one choice the doctor may recommend is using polyethylene glycol to keep stools watery for life, so that they flow without needing good motility. Another choice, better when the neuropathy involves a long segment of colon but the small bowel is spared, is surgery to remove all of the diseased colon. Colon ManometryColon manometry discriminates functional constipation from colon neuropathy. Colon manometry is a simple test taking two or three hours in most cases, but preparation is complicated. First, the colon must be free of all solid stools. Cleaning out the colon may be unnecessary in a child with diarrhea, or a difficult problem in a child with a colon filled with hard stool. Cleaning out the colon may be planned over weeks, so that it does not cause fear or pain. If it is necessary to clean out the colon quickly in an uncooperative child, it may be helpful to hospitalize the child for a nasogastric tube, a flexible plastic tube placed through the nose and throat and into the stomach, followed by medicine given through the tube that causes bowel movements in rapid succession. In children who vomit easily a nasogastric tube may not work, and repeated enemas may be necessary. Once the colon is cleaned out, the child is sedated. While he or she sleeps, the doctors place a thin plastic tube through the child’s anus to measure the pressure in the anal sphincter. Then the doctors use a colonoscope, a plastic tube with a camera at the end, to look inside the colon. A colon manometry catheter, a thin plastic tube with recording sites spaced 10 or 15 cm apart, is then placed through the anus to the beginning of the colon, and the colonoscope taken out. The catheter is taped in place and its position confirmed with an x-ray.As the child wakes, the study begins. The child is encouraged to stay awake with peaceful, quiet-time activities. Parents are encouraged to comfort the child, and to ask questions about the study as they watch the results appear on the computer screen next to the bed. After an hour, the child eats lunch, which normally causes an increase in colon contractions. In healthy unconstipated children and children with functional constipation the colon makes high-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs), the physiologic marker for colon neuromuscular health. HAPCs are strong coordinated contractions that start at the beginning of the colon and move colon contents towards the anus before ending in the sigmoid colon, just before the rectum, the last portion of the colon.Once HAPCs begin, it is most important to observe the child’s behavior: many children show distress, or stiffen and straighten their legs to hold stool in. Sometimes it can be pointed out to the child that the HAPC on the computer screen correlates with the urge to have a bowel movement or the pain that they feel. The child can also be told that what he or she is feeling is normal, and the suggestion made that they allow themselves to have a bowel movement instead of holding it. In neuropathy, HAPCs and the increase in contractions after a meal are absent. If there are no HAPCs before or after the meal, the doctor will give bisacodyl, a stimulant laxative, through the catheter directly into the colon. In healthy children with functional constipation bisacodyl stimulates HAPCs in 10 or 20 minutes. In children with neuropathy, there are no HAPCs after bisacodyl. When the study is completed the catheter is withdrawn painlessly through the anus. Kids say the worst part of the testing is taking the tape off the IV and the catheter.If HAPCs occur during manometry, the risk of enterocolitis is low, and chances are that the problem is one of failed toilet learning. When HAPCs are present, the best course is to stop doing all procedures that frighten the child, stop all procedures through the child’s anus, and assure painless defecation. Moreover, it is often necessary to get a mental health professional familiar with Hirschsprung’s disease and childhood defecation disorders to treat the child and help the family to cope. Often the child is too frightened to have a bowel movement for many days. With each passing day the parents get more anxious that something is wrong. The child catches the fear from the parents, and the fear keeps the child from having a bowel movement. If the doctor recognizes the symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction, and fears disease complications, he will order a battery of tests and treatments. In fact, there is an obstruction, but in the situation described it is exactly at the anal sphincter because the child is afraid to relax the anal sphincter. This can be managed; the cycle of fear and withholding behavior can be broken. To do so, frequent communications, confidence, and trust – among the parents, mental health professional, and physicians – are absolutely necessary.Hypertensive anal sphincter is the least likely cause of constipation, affecting about 5% of children with constipation after Hirschsprung’s disease surgery. In children with hypertensive anal sphincter, the anal sphincter pressures are so high that stool cannot pass even when there is a high-amplitude propagating contraction. Hypertensive anal sphincter is diagnosed by anal manometry when the child is asleep. If the child is studied while awake, there might be a false positive result because the child tenses up with fear when a tube is inserted through the anus to measure the sphincter pressure. Occasionally a hypertensive anal sphincter may respond to botulinum toxin (Botox) injection. However, Botox treatment often fails, immediately or within a few months after a transient response. Surgical anal sphincterotomy is the best treatment for hypertensive anal sphincter, but sphincterotomy (cutting through the sphincter) is a delicate procedure. If the surgeon cuts too little there is no effect; if the surgeon cuts too much there may be lifetime stool incontinence. Therefore, sphincterotomy should be considered only if a hypertensive anal sphincter is documented by manometry under anesthesia [and only after careful consideration of risks, benefits, and alternative treatments].Fecal incontinenceFecal incontinence has more than one mechanism in post-operative Hirschsprung’s disease: high-amplitude propagating contractions through the neorectum (newly created rectum), and functional fecal retention. The rectum is a storage area for stools, and in Hirschsprung’s disease the diseased rectum has been removed. In the healthy colon, stool moves several times each day when there is a very strong contraction that travels from the beginning of the colon all the way to the sigmoid colon, the area just above the rectum. When the rectum is healthy these high-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs) dump the colon contents into the rectum. The decision of whether to have a bowel movement or not is voluntary, because the rectum can relax and stretch to the volume required. After Hirschsprung’s surgery, the rectum is gone, and HAPCs move colon contents to the anal verge with pressures that exceed the anal sphincter pressure. The child has two choices: relax the sphincter and experience incontinence, or hold tight as long as possible and experience intense crampy pain, the kind that we all get when we have to go urgently but cannot get to the restroom.There is another abnormality that makes incontinence even more likely in many children with HAPCs through the new rectum. When the colon is surgically cut (transected), there are more than the usual numbers of high-amplitude propagating contractions. Instead of several HAPCs each day, there may be as many as several each hour. In health there are no HAPCs during sleep, but after colon surgery, HAPCs may occur during sleep, causing incontinence. Day and night incontinence improves in most instances with a prescribed small dose of amitriptyline at bedtime. Amitriptyline reduces the pressure waves pushing out the stool, and reduces chronic pain.The second cause of post-operative fecal incontinence is functional fecal retention. A large stool accumulates in the rectum. However, just like all of us, the child still needs to pass gas about 20 times every day. The sensitive lining of the anal canal (anoderm) can detect the difference between hard stool and gas, and between hard stool and liquid, but not between gas and liquid. Occasionally, some liquid stool will ooze around the big, hard stool mass. When the child relaxes the anal sphincter to pass gas, liquid that has seeped around the hard stool leaks out at the same time. While at first children may deny or try to avoid discussing the problem, by school-age many children will finally endorse this explanation for their incontinence. The treatment of functional fecal retention is discussed above.Many children over 4 years of age blame absence of anal and colon sensation for incontinence. Sensation of the colon and anal sphincter are never affected by Hirschsprung’s disease. The child may be having a problem with misunderstanding the signals coming from the bowel to the brain, but restoring the brain’s recognition of normal sensations is part of the child’s learning experience as he or she acquires normal toilet behaviors. Abdominal PainAbdominal pain may occur whenever the child senses an urge to defecate, but chooses to tighten the sphincter and avoid a bowel movement. Some children with a normal increase in colon contractions after a meal perceive those contractions as a pain rather than an urge to have a bowel movement. Over time the urge to defecate may change to a pain perception, so that the child no longer recognizes when it is time to have a bowel movement.This change in perception from a sensation that does not hurt to one that does is called hyperalgesia, and is caused by physiological changes in the pain nerves that run from the gut to the brain, and in pain centers in the brain. A child who has had early life pain experiences, like surgery for Hirschsprung’s disease, is at risk for developing hyperalgesia. The abnormal nerve physiology is reversible, and there are effective treatments for visceral hyperalgesia. Prescription drugs such as amitriptyline and gabapentin slowly return pain nerve transmissions to normal in most children. For older children, in some families cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be preferred to drugs. CBT is a program that takes an hour each week, usually for about 10 weeks. CBT teaches the child to use the thinking part of the brain to take control of pain centers that may seem beyond control. Some children benefit from a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and drugs that reduce pain transmission to the brain. OutcomesParents worry that life for children with constipation or incontinence after Hirschsprung’s disease surgery will not be as good as for other children. Parents worry that suffering from these problems, or years with a colostomy or ileostomy may impair a child’s personality or quality of life in later years. There is good news for these parents. Adjustment for teenagers and young adults with Hirschsprung’s disease is no different than for healthy children. The number of interventions or amount of suffering experienced does not correlate with getting along in life. The most important predictor of successful adjustment for children growing up with Hirschsprung’s disease is unconditional love and acceptance by their families.Currently only a handful of motility centers across the USA offer colon manometry. However, if your child with Hirschsprung’s disease is not doing well after surgery, and if there are unanswered questions about diagnosis or treatment, talk to a physician experienced in pediatric GI motility and get the answers to your questions before you make life-altering decisions. IFFGD Suggested ReadingLanger, J. Disorders of Defecation in Children: What is the Role of the Surgeon? IFFGD, Fact Sheet No. 816.Di Lorenzo, C. Colon Manometry: Questions and Answers. IFFGD, Fact Sheet No. 812.Hyman, P. Childhood Defecation Disorders: Constipation and Soiling. IFFGD, Fact Sheet No. 810.Cocjin, J. Do We Need Colonic Manometry to Diagnose Functional Fecal Retention? IFFGD, Fact Sheet No. 808. Langer, J. Hirschsprung’s Disease: A Comprehensive Brochure for Parents and Caregivers. IFFGD, Fact Sheet No. 803. Opinions expressed are an author’s own and not necessarily those of the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). IFFGD does not guarantee or endorse any product in this publication nor any claim made by an author and disclaims all liability relating thereto.This article is in no way intended to replace the knowledge or diagnosis of your doctor. We advise seeing a physician whenever a health problem arises requiring an expert's care.IFFGD is a nonprofit education and research organization. Our mission is to inform, assist, and support people affected by gastrointestinal disorders. For more information, or permission to reprint this article, write to IFFGD, P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217-8076. Toll-free (U.S.): 888-964-2001 or 414-964-1799. Visit our websites at: or .。