改革开放30年经典热词回放经济类三农"问题Issues of agriculture, farmer and rural areaA short term for the issues related with agriculture, farmer and rural areaFormally raised by researchers on rural issues in the late 1980s, the issues were regarded as of high importance for the country's economic and social development.两限房House of "Two Limits"The houses with lower prices and limited areasIn May 2006, the State Council required local governments to boost the supply of houses at low and middle prices to ensure the families of modest income could afford them.农村税费改革Rural Tax and Fee ReformA reform in rural areas to ease the financial burden on farmersIn 2000, a pilot program was started in Anhui province under which the agricultural tax rate was cut, other agriculture-related taxes and fees were either written off or merged. It was soon extended to other regions and the agricultural tax was totally done away with in 2006 throughout the country, marking the completion of this reform."三沿"地区开放Opening-up of seashore, river shore andborder areasA policy to open the areas along the coast, along the major inland rivers and those on the country's borderline to foreign investors, stimulating the economic development with their geographic advantages农村土地承包制Rural Land Contract SystemA fundamental economic system in rural areas guaranteeing farmers' rights to land owned by the collectives and the State by signing long-term contracts抓大放小Restructuring Major Enterprises and Relaxing Control over Small OnesA strategy for reforming the State-owned enterprisesstressing that the major enterprises in key sectors should be supported to gain further development while the smaller ones should compete in the market经济适用房Economical HousingHousing sold at low prices to low-income earners to get them affordable sheltersStarting in 1998, the central government decided to offer favorable policies to housing developers so that they could build apartments of specified sizes and prices.三资企业Foreign-funded enterprisesA term for three kinds of foreign-invested enterprises or ventures in ChinaIt includes Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses, and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises.铁饭碗Iron Rice BowlA guaranteed job many Chinese people dreamed of getting during the era of the planned economy菜篮子工程Non-Staple Food ProjectA project initiative to ensure the supply of vegetables, diary, pork and poultry products other than grainsIn 1988, the Ministry of Agriculture started this project against a background that the country could not produce enough non-grain food with rich diversity.西部大开发Western DevelopmentA drive launched by the central government in 2000 to promote social and economic progress in the central and western parts of the country, which are relatively less developed than the rest of the country.又好又快发展Sound and Fast DevelopmentA goal set for China's economic progress that underscores both quality and speedOfficials attending the Central Economic Work Conference in 2005 made "fast and sound" development one of the country's goals. In 2007, president Hu Jintao said the economy must advance in a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable manner by putting "sound" before "fast".小康社会A moderately prosperous societyA blueprint for the development of the society featuring comprehensive improvement in the economy, democracy, science and technology, social culture, and people's lives循环经济Circular EconomyA model for economic growth which aims at environmental protection, pollution prevention and sustainable development社会主义新农村Socialist New CountrysideThe concept first appeared in early 2005 in a major policy paper on rural developmentThe CPC proposed a blueprint for the country's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-10). It portrays the "new countryside" as featuring "advanced production, a well-to-do life, civilized folkways, a neat look, and democratic management".新型工业化道路New Path of IndustrializationA strategy for industrialization emphasizing reliance on technological progress, improved efficiency in resource and energy utilization, and sustainable economic growth南水北调工程South-to-North Water Diversion ProjectA major project to channel water from the Yangtze River in the southern part of the country to the north through three canalsThe project, considered by the authorities since the 1950s, was formally launched in 2002. With an estimated investment of 486 billion yuan, the three canals will be capable of transferring 44.8 billion cu m of water by 2050.分税制Tax Sharing SystemA policy arrangement between the central government and local governments on collecting and spending of different taxes China started a reform in 1994 to introduce this system and established State taxation administrations as well as local taxation administrations to implement the system.三来一补企业Enterprises of Three Import andCompensation TradeA shorthand for enterprises that process imported raw materials, manufacture products according to imported samples, assemble imported parts and those that repay loans for imported equipments and technologies with products利改税Tax for ProfitsA reform measure requiring State-owned enterprises (SOEs) to pay taxes instead of submitting their profits to the administrationThe State Council introduced this reform in 1983 by levying a 55 percent income tax on medium and large SOEs rather than taking their profits. Other measures soon followed, creating a complete tax scheme to encourage competition.兴边富民行动Program to Revitalize Border Areas and EnrichResidents' LivesA State campaign to boost social and economic development of regions along the land borderlineIn 1998, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission started the program to improve the lives of the ethnic people who comprise 48 percent of the 21 million residents in 135 counties along the borderline.绿色信贷Green CreditA policy to encourage the businesses to observe the rules and regulations about environmental protection with the leverage of bank creditsThe policy requires the commercial banks, when reviewing the application for bank credits, to consider whether the applying businesses have followed the environmental rules.廉租房Low-rent HousingState-owned houses are rented out at modest prices to low-income families who do not have proper housing in the cities.In 1998, the central government required all cities to offer low-rent housing to families with the lowest income before the end of 2006 and the deadline was later changed to the end of 2007.家庭联产承包责任制Household Contract ResponsibilitySystemThe system allows farming households to manage agricultural production on their own initiatives while the farmland remains in the ownership of the rural collective.Started in Xiaogang village in Anhui province in the late 1970s, the system enables farmers to use land through long-term contracts and keep the produce after paying taxes.假日经济Holiday EconomyA popular term to describe the huge public spending during holidays which contributes significantly to economic growth and structural upgradeIn 1999, the State Council decided to extend the public holidays for May Day, National Day and Spring Festival to one week. The holidays became good opportunities for people to travel, shop and generally enjoy themselves.财产性收入Property IncomeEarnings from bank deposits, securities, houses and other personal or family propertiesIn his report to the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2007, General Secretary Hu Jintao stressed, for the first time, that conditions should be created to enable citizens to earn income from their property. Hu's remarks sent the message that China would advance the development of its capital market, enabling investors to share the economic boom.“三步走”战略Three-Step Development StrategyA plan for boosting the economy by hitting three major targets over three different time spansOriginally floated by the central government in 1987, the first step was to double the GDP of 1980 by 1990 and to ensure that most of the population had enough food and clothing. The second step was to double the annual GDP of 1990 by 2000 and ensure that most people were living prosperous lives. The third step is to quadruple the GDP of 2000 by 2020, ensure that most people are living well-off lives and have a fully operational market economy in China.金税工程Golden Tax ProjectThe establishment of a uniform computer network across the country through which taxation authorities at all levels can better serve taxpayersStarted in 1994, the project aims to improve the transparency and efficiency of tax collection and supervision.时政类一国两制One Country, Two SystemsAn idea formally put forward by Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s to reunify the countryDeng suggested that there should only be one China, but the regions of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, once reunifiedwith the rest of the country, could retain their original economic and political systems while other parts keep pursuing socialism.三通Three Direct LinksShorthand for direct links in post, transportation and trade between the Chinese mainland and TaiwanIn the early 1980s, the central government appealed to the Taiwan authorities for opening "three links". The latter has consistently refused, but had to make concessions in the face of growing cross-Straits exchanges.和谐社会A Harmonious societyA blueprint for social development featuring decent living standards for the majority of people, a tolerant society and peaceful coexistence between the human society and nature The concept was first floated in 2004 and then amplified in October 2006, when the Party set specific goals for building a harmonious society by 2020.大部制Super-Ministry SystemA very recent idea to restructure central governmentoffices so that ministries, commissions and departments of the State Council with similar or overlapping functions can be merged into super-ministries三个代表Three RepresentsFormer CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin, who was credited with its creation, literally admonished his comrades to "represent the development trend of China's most advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's most advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people".科学发展观Scientific Outlook on DevelopmentA concept initiated by the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2003It stresses a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development that is people-orientated.双拥Double SupportShorthand for the administrative effort to enhance ties between the army and civilian communitiesIn essence, the expression means local governments andcommon people should support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of service people, particularly those killed while on the job, while soldiers should support the government and love the people.保持党员先进性教育Campaign to Educate Party Members toPreserve Their Vanguard NatureA campaign by the Communist Party of China to educate its members to stick firmly to the principles of the Party and serve the people so as to keep the Party's vigor and leading role in the country.和平共处五项原则Five Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceA set of norms governing relations between nations first raised by ChinaPut forward by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1953 during negotiations between China and India, the five principles were originally meant to maintain friendly ties. Under the principles, both sides agreed to respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of each other, not to invade the soil of each other, do not interfere in each other's internal affairs, the ties should be equally based, and mutually beneficial for the two countriesto coexist peacefully.社会主义荣辱观Socialist Concept of Honor and DisgraceAn idea put forward to instill a value of moral standards among the public, especially youngsters, in line with Chinese traditional values and modern virtuesThe concept underscores the value of patriotism, consciousness of serving the people, belief in science, hard work, solidarity, honesty, observation of the law and plain living. It condemns the opposite of these virtues as disgraces."三讲" 教育"Three Emphasis" EducationA campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) to remind Party officials to pay more attention to theoretical study, improve their political awareness, and be honest and upright党务公开Open Management of Party AffairsAn institutional arrangement for branches of the Communist Party of China (CPC) at all levels to improve transparency爱国统一战线Patriotic United FrontA political union of all socialist laborers, patriots supporting socialism and patriots supporting the unification of China南巡讲话South Tour SpeechesA series of speeches delivered by the late leader Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, during his inspection tour of southern Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai in early 1992实事求是To Seek Truth from FactsA term stresses that facts or practices are the single standard by which to judge whether a theory is valid It is one of the core ideas of the Communist Party of China about socialism with Chinese characteristics.与时俱进Keep Up With the TimesAn expression that has become popular in official documents and speeches, accentuating the need on the part of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to keep pace with the rapid changes that have taken place in society信访Letters and VisitsA special term referring to actions of citizens or institutions to give information, make comments or suggestions and lodge complaints to the special administrative department in charge of receiving them through various forms星火计划Spark ProgramA State effort to popularize modern technologies in the rural areas to stimulate rural development and raise the farmers' income以人为本Put People FirstAn idea of the Communist Party of China (CPC) stresses that boosting the people's interests and development are the purpose of the Party as well as the State两岸直航包机Direct Chartered Flight Across the TaiwanStraitsFlights between designated airports on the Chinese mainland and Taiwan during major Chinese festivals基层群众自治制度System of Community LevelSelf-GovernanceA grassroots democratic system in which rural and urban citizens manage the public affairs in their organizations and communities多党合作和政治协商制度System of Multi-party Cooperationand Political ConsultationA basic political system in China under which the Communist Party of China (CPC), as the party in power, consults all non-Communist parties and representatives of non-party personages to reach a common understanding before taking major decisions依法治国Rule of LawA fundamental principle of governance that stresses that the country should be administered in accordance with the law民主集中制Democratic CentralismA principle of organization in the Communist Party of China (CPC) as well as in the country's political life, stressing both democracy and centralism政企分开Separate Government Functions from EnterpriseManagementAn effort to draw a clear line between the roles of the administration and of the businesses农转非Change From Rural Residents to Urban ResidentsA change in the residential status of people under the household registration system863计划863 ProgramA government program to stimulate the development of advanced technologies. The figure "863" comes from the fact that it was created in the third month of 1986社会类蛤蟆镜goggles太阳镜的一种，流行于上世纪80年代初以后，由于其夸张的造型而被戏称为“蛤蟆镜”。
