2012年职称英语新增文章11

阅读理解（注：+表示A级文章；*表示B级文章；其他为C级文章）第十九篇Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.十九延长人类生命人类生命的延长使人口增加了。

2012年职称英语综合类新增文章详解汇总阅读判断新增文章详解1Moderate Earthquake Strikes EnglandA moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries."lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3" said the woman.The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5，about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds."I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." said Hendrick van Eck，27，of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London."I then heard the sound of cracking，and it was getting heavier and heavier9.It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.词汇:moderate adj. 中等的magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量topple v. 倾倒，震倒rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒tremor n.震动hop v. 齐足跳起fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场scale /skeil/ n. 震级forthcoming adj. 即将来临的evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散geological adj. 地质的注释:1. power:电力2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。

2012年职称英语理工类新增文章篇目（小抄整理版）阅读理解（6篇）第六篇Making Light of1 Sleep-1页第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength1*第三＋八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四＋五篇Small But Wise+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"完形填空（6篇）第三篇Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Muc h of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；第六篇Making Light of1 SleepAll we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep. ……………………………………………………………段落省洛But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.练习：1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock becauseB、it has a cycle of 24 hours.2. What is implied in the second paragraph?C、Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.3. In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader thatB 、staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?C、Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.5. According to the last two paragraphs，what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?B、The human eye had one light-sensing system. 第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages. New cell phones and personal computers get smaller…………………………………………………………………段落省洛Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.练习：1 .What would change the future of electronics according to engineers?C 、Graphene.2. According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene?C 、It is easy to find graphene.3. Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4?D、put.4. Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs?A 、Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.5. Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact thatC 、It can help to make electronic components smaller.*第三＋八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（理工B级阅读理解）Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.…………………………段落省洛"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."练习：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?C、They have found methane-based life on Titan.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A 、There are life clues there.3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this formof life" refer to?B 、Methane-based life.4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A、Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life onTitan.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?D、A different Life Form, a Possibility.*第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（理工B级阅读理解）In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the………………………………………………段落省洛"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.练习：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?D 、Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2. What is implied in the third paragraph?B 、A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltC uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA 、prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' mathachievements.5. David Geary thinks thatB、the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.+第四＋五篇Small But Wise（理工A级阅读理解）On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is^^…………………………………………………段落省洛cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in theinfrared spectrum they glow.练习：1 .What is so special about WISE?C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word "snap" in the third paragraph?A make.3. The camera on WISEC catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.4. Which of the following is NOT correct about"asteroids" according to paragraph 7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.5.What is implied in the last paragraph?B 、Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation. +第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" （理工A级阅读理解）Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as "ecosystem engineers" and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.……………………………………段落省洛Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem．Ants are important in below ground processes8through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.练习：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?C 、Because their activity affects the environment.2. As predators, antsA 、prey on small as well as large animals.3. Dir Sanders' study centered on how antsD produce such a big impact on the environment.4. What does paragraph 6 tell us?B 、Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?C How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem?完形填空第三篇Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1、money yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2、different currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3、century , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4、within one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5、countries .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6、gathered from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes intotal; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7、because those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8、cotton .Different countries may use different 9、materials to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10、team such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11、currencies with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12、mostly of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13、germs have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14、compare the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15、hands after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it注释：第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries．1、 but according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and2、emotions The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．"For me 3、personally ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4、looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5、 favorite TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6、by making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7、participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8、 group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．9、Finally ,the researchers had participants 10、 complete questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11、secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In 12、their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13、experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14、 eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15、connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities （B级完型）A new examination of urban policies has been 1、carriedout recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 、urban development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3、reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4、gases．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romer o Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5、protect their residents."Cities are 6、major sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate ch ange. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 、benefits．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8、threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9、heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increaseexisting levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10、lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandardhousing 11、without access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, 12、therefore ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13、rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose const ruction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 、 automobile use. In fact, many local governments aretaking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges themto change their 15 、idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk（B 级完型）Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1、charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2、suggest in a newstudy．Statins reduce the 3 、 amount of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 、risk .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5、enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6、eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7、unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8、possibility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9、degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10、like , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11、provided free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2、 customer 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis s aid．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13、measures that lower their risk, 1ike 14 wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5、lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells（A级完型）A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an "optical 1、battery ," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the2、effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3、previously expected. 4、Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect."This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the 5、light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power6、source."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling7、apart of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8、that in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9、material that does not 10、conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said."In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11、effective in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.This new 12、technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13、converting solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells."To manufacture 14 、modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15、both . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage（A级完型）The massive subduction zone1earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil"liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1、widespread severity, a new analysis shows."We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2、extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3、function . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction7is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 、strength and flowduring an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5、collapse .But most earthquakes are much 6、shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7、how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8、recently f illed ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9、phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10、before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9."There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11、events ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12、deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13、near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14、prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15、standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.轻松词汇通轻轻松松词汇通，稳拿满分在其中一、解释版：（一）必记：10大词汇选项要求掌握的单词：（03年8对8分，04年8对8分，05年8对两半10分）（斜体部分为近两年已考）1\account for=explain 理解minute=slight 细小disorder=confusion混乱Accused of=charged with 指控investigate=look into 调查numerous=many 许多obvious=clear 显而易见Odd=strange 奇怪participate in=take part in 参加preserve=keep 保存previously=before以前pull up=stop 停止perceive=notice 注意到possess=own占有substantial=significant 实质的2\spur=encourage 激励coverage=reportage报道dimly=faintly 昏暗(048)，模糊mildly=gently 温和地inevitable=certain 不可避免isolate=solitary 孤立的call of=cancel取消make up one’s mind=decide决定Now and then=occasionally=sometimes 有时find fault with=criticize 批评grasp=take hold of抓住Consideration=account 考虑tolerate=put up with 忍受abandon=give up 放弃lately=recently最近3\Manual=physical 人工harness=utilise(utilize) 利用resident=occupant 居民steadily=continuously不断地Remedy=cure治疗(055)draft==formulate起草practically=almost 几乎endeavor=try=test尝试seldom=rarely 很少而精Readily=willingly 乐意shine=polish 擦亮Extract=take out 取出(045)decent=honest正派Lethal=Deadly=fatal 致命的4\insist on=demand 坚持speed=velocity快过Physician=doctor 医生particularly=especially特别safe=secure安全的branch=division分支机构Abnormal=unusual 不正常的accelerate=step up 加快abundant=plentiful 丰富的accumulate=collect积累Allocate=distribute=assign 分配childish=immature 幼稚barren=bare贫瘠5\appalling=dreadful讨厌的Anyhow=anyway 不管achieve=attain 通过努力达到capability=ability 能力in conjunction=together共同Credible=convincing 可信的diligent=hardworking 勤奋diverse=varied多种多样faulty=wrong有错的Gorgeous=lovely 极美的persist=continue 持续regulate=control 控制scatter=separate分开Stand point=point of view 观点touching=moving 感人的6\vanish=disappear消失phase=stage阶段Deter=inhibit=prevent 阻止porcelain=china 陶瓷prior to=before在。

2012年职称英语（理工类）教材变化最新教材内容！为使您更好的把握2012年职称英语（理工类）考试教材内容，言必行教育小编根据2011年教材与2012年教材的内容特别整理的最新教材变化表，希望对您的考试有所帮助。

一、2011、2012年职称英语（理工类）教材变化表题型2011、2012年题量2012年新增文章C级B级A级C级B级A级2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012词汇选项题量不变，一共10组词汇，每组15道小题没有新增阅读判断10篇10篇2篇2篇3篇3篇没有新增概括大意与完成句子10篇10篇2篇2篇3篇3篇没有新增阅读理解16篇16篇10篇10篇10篇10篇2篇2篇2篇补全短文10篇10篇2篇2篇3篇3篇没有新增完形填空10篇10篇2篇2篇3篇3篇2篇2篇2篇二、2012年教材新增文章（一）阅读理解1.第六篇：Making Light of Sleep2.第十九篇：Graphene's Superstrength3.*第三十八篇："Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan4.*第四十篇：Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety5.+第四十五篇：Small But Wise6.+第四十六篇：Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" （二）完形填空1.第三篇：Germs on Banknotes2.第十篇：Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness6.*第十一篇：Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities7.*第十二篇：Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk11.+第十三篇：Solar Power without Solar Cells12.+第十四篇："Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage温馨提示：每年教材中新增篇幅的考试几率非常大，是考试复习的重点！。

2012年职称英语变化二、2012年教材新增文章（一）阅读判断1.第七篇：Moderate Earthquake Strikes England2.*第十一篇：Computer Mouse（二）概括大意与完成句子1.第六篇：How We Form First Impression2.第十篇：Washoe Learned American Sign Language（三）阅读理解1.第一篇：Telling Tales about People2.第八篇：The Changing Middle Class3.第十篇：A Letter from Alan4.第十一篇：The Development of Ballet5.第十六篇：The Sahara 6.*第十七篇：Eiffel Is an Eyeful（2011年教材中为C级文章）7.*第十八篇：Goal of American Education（2011年教材中为C级文章）8.*第十九篇：The Family9.*第二十篇：Tales of the Terrible Past10.*第二十一篇：Spacing in Animals（2011年教材中为C级文章）11.*第二十二篇：Some Things We Know about Language（2011年教材中为C级文章）12.*第二十三篇：The Only Way Is Up（2011年教材中为C级文章）13.*第二十四篇：Clone Farm（2011年教材中为C级文章）14.*第二十五篇：Income（2011年教材中为C级文章）15.*第二十六篇：Seeing the World Centuries Ago16.*第二十七篇：Importance of Services（2011年教材中为C级文章）17.*第二十八篇：The National Park Service（2011年教材中为C级文章）18.*第二十九篇：Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends（2011年教材中为C级文章）19.*第三十篇："Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead20.*第三十三篇：Oseola McCarty21.+第三十四篇：To Have and Have Not22.+第三十五篇：Going Her Own Way23.+第三十六篇：A Tale of Scottish Rural Life（2011年教材中为B级文章）24.+第三十七篇：Pop Music in Africa25.+第三十八篇：Why So Many Children26.+第三十九篇：Eat to Live（2011年教材中为B级文章）27.+第四十篇：Narrow Escape（2011年教材中为B级文章）28.+第四十七篇：Narrow Escape（四）补全短文1.第九篇：Heat Is Killer2.*第十一篇：Virtual Driver（五）完形填空1.第一篇：A Life with Birds2.第二篇：S Lucky Break3.第三篇：Global Warming4.第四篇：A Success Story5.第五篇：Traffic in Our Cities6*.第六篇：Teaching and Learning 7.*第七篇：The Difference between Man and Computer8.*第八篇：Look on The Bright Side9.*第九篇：The First Bicycle10.*第十篇：Working Mothers11.+第十一篇：School Lunch12.+第十二篇：A Powerful Influence13.+第十三篇：The Old Gate14.+第十四篇：Family History15.+第十五篇：Helen and Martin温馨提示：每年教材中新增篇幅的考试几率非常大，是考试复习的重点！职称英语2012年考试全解析】一、职称英语考试难度自1996年推出职称英语考试，根据人事考试网提供的数据来看，全国每年的通过率平均在60%左右。

2012年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目阅读判断（2篇）第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes England*第十一篇Computer Mouse概括大意与完成句子（2篇）第六篇How We Form First lmpression第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language阅读理解（15篇）第一篇Telling Tales about People第八篇The Changing Middle Class第十篇 A Letter from Alan第十一篇The Development of Ballet第十六篇The Sahara*第十九篇The Family*第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago*第三十篇“Lucky”Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead*第三十三篇Oseola McCarty+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?+第四十七篇Narrow Escape补全短文（2篇）第九篇Heat Is Killer*第十一篇Virtual Driver注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、阅读判断，请参见第4页；概括大意与完成句子，请参见第8页；阅读理解，请参见第13页；补全短文，请参见第43页3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

阅读判断第七篇Moderate Earthquake Strikes EnglandA moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007，toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries."lt felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3" said the woman.The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel5，about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds."I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me." said Hendrick van Eck，27，of Canterbury8about 60 miles southeast of London."I then heard the sound of cracking，and it was getting heavier and heavier9.It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down."There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，Musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.词汇:moderate /'mɔdəri t / adj. 中等的magnitude /'mægnitju:d/ n. 值，强度量topple /‟tɔpl/ v. 倾倒，震倒rouse /ravz/ v. 唤醒tremor /‟tremə (r) / n.震动hop /hɔp/ v. 齐足跳起fun-fair n. 公共露天游乐场scale /skeil/ n. 震级forthcoming /…fɔ:θ‟kʌmiŋ)/ adj. 即将来临的evacuate /i'vækjveit / v. 疏散geological / dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl/ adj. 地质的注释:1. power:电力2. Kent County:肯特郡[位于英格兰东南部]3.It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. 它(地震)给人的感觉是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动.ride是游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置。

2012年职称英语综合类新增文章—阅读理解含译文（C类）1.第一篇：Telling Tales about People讲述关于人们的故事2.第八篇：The Changing Middle Class变化中的中产阶级3.第十篇：A Letter from Alan艾伦的来信4.第十一篇：The Development of Ballet芭蕾舞的发展5.第十六篇：The Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠第一篇Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write.词汇：backdrop /'b k,dr?p/ n. 背景interchangeable /int? 't?end??bl/ adj. 可转换的注释：1. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 就像本杰明富兰克林和海伦凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。

World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (1)Weaving with Light (3)Batteries Built by Viruses (4)Longer Lives for Wild Elephants (6)Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others (8)Marvelous Metamaterials (10)What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe? (12)Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens (14)Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores (16)2012年理工类职称英语教材新增文章下载目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventiona l crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。

2012年卫生类教材新增文章今年卫生类的新增文章还是集中在阅读理解和完形填空两部分，共增加新增文章10篇。

其中阅读理解的文章总共增加5篇，A级新增两篇，B级新增两篇，C级新增一篇；完形填空部分也是一共增加5篇，其中A级增加3篇，B级增加1篇，C级增加1篇。

1、卫生类新增文章难度变化分析1）阅读理解。

去年的卫生类的新增文章的题目是比较难的，今年整体难度并没有增加。

今年的C级的文章在难度上都没有太大的变化。

A级和B级新增文章难度要大一些，难度主要体现在：第一点阅读理解的文章比较长，段落比较少的文章其段落很长。

句子也是以长句子为主；第二点题面句子都比较长；第三点是阅读理解题目中，推断类和态度类的题目比较多，难度要大一些。

2）完形填空。

完形填空的难度变化不是很大。

其中A级的完形填空题目中的“Health Profil e健康概貌”这篇文章的难度是C级难度。

文章段落和题目都相对比较简单一些。

所以整体而言，完形填空新增文章的题目难度有所降低，但是备考的范围增加了，因为A级要准备3篇文章。

3、卫生类文章替换规律变化1）2012年的阅读理解和完形填空的新增文章总数都是5篇，这5篇的分布情况阅读理解是1（C）+2（B）+2（A），完型是1（C）+1（B）+3（A）的分配规律。

C级的这两种题型新增的均是1篇。

2）与去年（2011年新增文章）相比，新增文章替换数量的变化：阅读理解发生的变化是：去年A级和C 级各新增1篇，B级新增两篇，比其他各个级别多新增一篇；今年整体数量上增加1篇，这一篇是A级新增，也就是今年A级比去年的新增数量多了一篇。

完型填空发生的变化是：去年完形填空Ａ级新增１篇，Ｂ级新增2篇，C级新增1篇；今年不仅是整体数量上增加了一篇，在分布上也发生了改变，今年的A级新增了3篇文章，比去年新增文章多出了两篇，而B级的新增情况是减少了一篇，今年只是新增了一篇。

整体的分析而言，不管是阅读理解和完形填空，C级文章在新增文章数量上都没有发生改变，而B级完形填空的新增文章数量均发生了变化，A级的阅读理解和完型填空在新增文章数量上都发生了变化。

2012年职称英语卫生类阅读和完型新增文章(含练习解析)2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章篇目2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）阅读理解（5篇）第八篇 Eat Healthy （2011年综合类第一篇）第十九篇Prolonging Human Life （2011理工类第十九篇）*第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（2011年理工类第二十八篇；综合类第二十篇）+第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever? （2011年综合类第三十一篇）+第四十篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others（2011年理工类第四十五篇）完形填空（5篇）第二篇Going on a diet 已有*第八篇 Old And Active已有+第十二篇 Dreams已有+第十四篇 A Health Profile （2009年综合类教材）+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years（2011综合类教材）注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空，请参见第18页；3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化。

阅读理解第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.词汇:orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿belly /'beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票注释:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?重点What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃which —l（occurred）— in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in—2（space）一. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃．The temperature depends upon —3（whether）— you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space —4（suits）—that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect onlyOur area l of the solar Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your —6（location）—．We are taughtit is supposedly —7(impossible)—to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely —8(above)—absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case2．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting —9(theory)— aboutparticles we now call photons．Bose had trouble —l0(convincing)— other scientists to believe—11(so)—he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize—12(would)— behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that —13(ultra-cold)—atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate todaythey would only lose3 0ne second —14(every)—six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=v×t)．With5 the long distances involved in space —15(travel)—to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．*第十一篇China to Help Europe Develop GPS Rival(不重点)China is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system__1(__a more accurate civilian alternative to the Global Positioning System(GPS). operated by the US military. China will provided 230m Euros (USD 259m) in__2__and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. “China will help Galileo to__3__the major world infrastructure for the growing market for location services,” said Loyola de Palacio, EU transport commissioner.A new center that will coordinate co-operation wasalso announced__4__the European Commission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology not long__5__.The China-Europe Global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and Cooperation Center will be__6__at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the Galileo satellites.The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere__7__the US ability to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that US opposition__8__the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.The Galileo satellite constellation will__9__27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23, 600 km. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degreesinclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2008 and the entire project is expected to__10__around 3.2 billion Euros(USD 3.6 billion).The European Commission has said Galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.Galileo will provide two signals; a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal__11__the Public Regulated Service (PRS). This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. European Commission __12__ have said China will not be given access to the PRS.The first Galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004, Clocks on board the__13__Will be synchronized through 20 ground sensors stations, two command centers and 15 uplink stations.Receivers on the ground will use time signals from。

2012年职称英语理工类新增文章2012年职称英语理工类新增文章阅读理解（6篇）……………………3页第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphene's Superstrength1*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四＋五篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"完形填空（6篇）……………………20页第三篇 Germs on Banknotes第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could阅读理解第六篇 Making Light of1 SleepAll we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to getout of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，it automatically resetsitself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.词汇：circadian/s3:'keidiən/ adj. 昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的adolescent/ædəu'lesənt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的puberty/ 'pju:bəti/ n．发育；青春期sync/siŋk/ n. （口语）同步；和谐，协调synchronize/'siŋkrənaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步注释：1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。

Making Light of Sleep不要太在意睡眠我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。

人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。

青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。

这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。

生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。

位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。

”其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。

很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。

但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。

Graphene's Superstrength 石墨烯的超强力量当今重大科学技术均以“微型”来呈现，新手机和个人电脑每年都在变得更小，这就意味着电子设备要求内部零件更小，工程师们正在寻求制造这些零件的方法，他们逐渐把目光投向了石墨烯——一种由碳元素构成的超薄材料。

这种材料将改变电子设备的未来。

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给了来自英国曼切斯特大学的Andre Geim和Kostya Novoselov，以表彰他们对石墨烯的发现。

Novoselov说：“石墨烯不仅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料。

”他把它称作“神奇材料”。

石墨烯极薄，25 000片石墨烯叠放在一起才与一张普通白纸一样厚。

2012年职称英语理工类教材新增文章篇目
阅读理解（6篇）
第六篇Making Light of1 Sleep (详细内容)
第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength1 (详细内容)
第三＋八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan (详细内容)
第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety (详细内容)
第四＋五篇Small But Wise (详细内容)
第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" (详细内容) 完形填空（6篇）
第三篇(详细内容)
第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness (详细内容)
第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities (详细内容)
第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk (详细内容)
第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells (详细内容)
第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage (详细内容)
注：
1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章。

2012年职称英语理工、综合和卫生教材（电子版已经发布，欢迎下载）完形填空（6篇）第三篇Germs on Banknotes第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章2、阅读理解3、2012年词汇部分与2011年教材相比未作任何变化第三篇Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it词汇：pesos/pi:səvs/ n ．比索bacterium /kæk'tiəriəm/ n ．细菌（单数）germ/dʒə:m/ n．病菌bacteria /bæktiəriə／细菌（复数）banknote/bæŋknəvt/ n．纸币centimeter/senti,mi:tə。

一、2012年教材新增文章总览1、2012年新增文章预览2、2011年文章替换掉的文章阅读理解被替换掉的文章综合类阅读理解第一篇Eat Healthy第八篇The State of Marriage Today第十篇New York—the Melting Pot第十一篇Late-night Drinking第十六篇Driven to Distraction*第十九篇Taxi Riding*第二十篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories*第二十六篇Forecasting Methods*第三十篇Wikipedia Imposes New Curbs On Editing Articles *第三十三篇A Ride in a Cable-car+第三十四篇Career With a Uniform+第三十五篇Dorm Food More Comfy+第三十七篇Who Wants to Live Forever?+第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People+第四十七篇Spoilt for Choice理工类阅读理解第六篇Weaving with Light第十九篇Prolonging Human Life*第三十八篇Longer Lives for Wild Elephants*第四十篇Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials卫生类阅读理解第八篇Attitudes to AIDS Now*第十九篇Adaptation of Living ings*第二十四篇Preventing Child Maltreatment+第三十四篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance+第四十篇 Thirsty in Karachi卫生类完形填空第二篇Influenza【流行性感冒】*第八篇Food Safety and Foodborne Illness【食品安全与食源性疾病】+第十二篇Pandemic H1N1 2009【2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行】+第十四篇 Homosexuals【同性恋者】+第十五篇 Is Your Child’s Stomach Pain All in His Head?【你的孩子肚疼是他想象出来的吗？】理工类完形填空第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?【宇宙中哪种气体温度最低】第十篇Less I More【更少是更多】*第十一篇China to Help Europe Develop GPS Rival【中国帮助欧洲发展全球定位系统的竞争】*第十二篇Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens【吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪】+第十三篇Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out【手机泄露了你的秘密】+第十五篇 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores【运动的年轻人智商更高】二、2012年综合类教材新增文章变化分析今年综合类教材文章整体呈现一个大洗牌的趋势，阅读理解新增15篇文章，完形填空替换全部的15篇文章，此外阅读判断，概括大意和完成句子，补全短文也相应的各新增两篇文章。

2012年职称英语综合类阅读理解新增文章详解112012年职称英语综合类阅读理解新增文章篇目职业培训教育网2011-12-28 10:58【大中小】【我要纠错】编者按：2012年职称英语考试教材已经开始陆续领取，下面是职业培训教育网为考生整理的2012年职称英语考试用书阅读判断新增篇目，祝学习愉快！阅读理解（15篇）第一篇Telling Tales about People第八篇The Changing Middle Class第十篇A Letter from Alan第十一篇The Development of Ballet第十六篇The Sahara*第十九篇The Family*第二十篇Tales of the Terrible Past*第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries Ago*第三十篇“Lucky” Lord Lucan ----- Alive or Dead*第三十三篇Oseola McCarty+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?+第四十七篇Narrow Escape2012年职称英语综合类阅读理解新增文章详解11职业培训教育网2011-12-31 09:36【大中小】【我要纠错】2012年职称英语考试大纲未做变化，2011年版仍可以使用。

但是教材有一定的变化，职业培训教育对于新增的文章进行了整理分析，希望对考生有帮助！+第三十四篇To Have and Have NotIt had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into smallrecords, reading their titles. And there was more...“Can I help you？” She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said,though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. “If you use it.”I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.词汇：impersonal /im'p?:s?n?l/ adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；[语] 非人称的n.[语]非人称动词；不具人格的事物antique /æn'ti:k/ adj. 古老的，年代久远的n. 古董，古玩startle /'stɑ:tl/ vt. vi. 使吓一跳，使惊奇n.惊愕，惊恐arid / 'ærid/ adj. 干旱的，枯萎的。