阿司匹林与癌症风险
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阿司匹林可大幅降低癌死亡风险2012年03月22日参考消息每天一片连服5年【英国《每日邮报》3月20日报道】题:每天一片阿司匹林能让癌症死亡风险减少37%,可以防止病情扩散最新重大研究显示,每天服用一片阿司匹林可以将癌症死亡风险降低超过1/3。
研究发现,阿司匹林不仅能减少染上癌症的可能性,还能防止病情扩散。
牛津大学的科学家说,证据很有力,国家医疗服务系统(NHS)观察机构全国卫生与临床学会(NICE)今后有可能发布指引方针让医生给癌症患者开阿司匹林。
研究者对20余万名患者进行了一系列研究。
在其中一份研究中,他们发现如果患者连续5年每天服用阿司匹林,他们因为癌症而死亡的风险减少了37%。
另一份研究发现,连续3年服用阿司匹林能将男性患上癌症的几率减少23%,女性减少25%。
研究者还发现,一旦患者被诊断出患有癌症,如果他们每天服用日常剂量的阿司匹林长达至少6年半的时间,病情扩散的风险能减少55%。
这是首次有研究者发现阿司匹林还能用于预防通常都会导致致命的肿瘤扩散或转移。
研究报告刊登在今天出版的最新一期《柳叶刀》杂志上。
研究负责人彼得?罗思韦尔说,还需要尽快进行更多研究。
罗思韦尔教授说,如果全国卫生与临床学会优先考虑这一方法,其影响范围必然不小。
“显然是时候把癌症预防加入阿司匹林药效的分析当中了,现在关于阿司匹林的所有指引方针都只是关于中风和心脏病的预防。
”“这一研究真正显示出阿司匹林在对抗癌症的作用方面,至少和预防心脏病及中风的作用是同样大的。
”科学家们相信血小板在癌症肿瘤形成中也同样扮演着角色。
他们认为血小板将肿瘤扩散到身体的其他地方,阿司匹林则通过降低这些细胞的有效性,从而帮助预防和治疗癌症。
不过罗思韦尔教授说,尽管证据如此有力,病人们还是先别急着开始每天服用阿司匹林。
阿司匹林也有副作用,包括导致胃溃疡和肠道内出血。
人们在服用阿司匹林之前,最好先跟他们的医生讨论一下。
阿司匹林的研究进展及发展前景阿司匹林是一种非甾体类药物,广泛用于为止疼痛和减轻发热。
此外,它还被用于心血管疾病的治疗和预防,包括心肌梗塞和中风。
自从1897年首次合成以来,阿司匹林一直在被积极研究,以逐渐揭开这种药物的神奇之处。
本文将介绍阿司匹林的研究进展以及其发展前景。
阿司匹林的研究进展阿司匹林的药理学特性一直是研究的重点。
近年来,一些研究表明,使用阿司匹林还可以预防多种癌症。
例如,阿司匹林可以抑制肠道的炎症反应,从而预防结肠癌。
此外,阿司匹林还可以减少女性患乳腺癌的风险。
研究表明,长期使用阿司匹林可以减少患癌的风险,特别是男性患前列腺癌的风险。
除了对心血管疾病和癌症的风险降低,阿司匹林还具有镇痛和抗炎的作用。
这是由于阿司匹林能够抑制前列腺素的合成根,进而减轻疼痛和减轻肿胀。
此外,最近有研究表明,阿司匹林可能有助于提高治愈乳腺癌的成功率。
阿司匹林可以抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,从而使治疗更加有效。
发展前景阿司匹林作为一种已经被证明对许多疾病有益的药物,其未来的前景非常光明。
大量的研究已经发现多种疗效,表明使用阿司匹林可能会改善癌症的疗效和预防作用。
除了治疗疾病以外,阿司匹林作为一种非处方药,未来将会成为预防性药物使用的主流。
预防性使用该药可以帮助人们减少患心血管疾病的风险,如心脏病和中风等。
这可以在全球范围内显著降低这些疾病的发生率。
总结阿司匹林是一种非常重要的药物,其研究进展使我们越来越能够理解这种药物的作用和潜力。
我们相信,对于预防心血管疾病和癌症等疾病的治疗,阿司匹林在未来将会发挥出更加重要的作用。
阿司匹林研究报告
阿司匹林(英文名:Aspirin)是一种非处方药,也是一种解热镇痛药和抗血小板药。
它的主要成分是乙酰水杨酸,是一种水杨酸衍生物。
早期研究表明,阿司匹林具有抗炎症、解热和镇痛的功效。
它可以通过抑制环氧化酶活性来减少前列腺素的合成,从而减轻炎症反应和疼痛感受。
除了解热镇痛作用外,阿司匹林还具有抗血小板的作用。
它可以通过抑制血小板聚集和血栓形成来减少心血管疾病的发生风险。
然而,阿司匹林也存在一些副作用和风险。
长期使用高剂量的阿司匹林可能增加胃肠道出血的风险,并可能导致其他不良反应,如溃疡和肝损伤。
因此,在使用阿司匹林时需要根据具体情况权衡利弊,并遵循医生的建议。
近年来,阿司匹林在其他领域的研究也逐渐增多。
有研究表明,长期低剂量的阿司匹林使用可能与减少癌症风险和改善神经退行性疾病相关。
但目前这些研究结果还需要进一步验证和深入研究。
总的来说,阿司匹林是一种广泛应用的药物,具有镇痛、解热和抗血小板的作用。
然而,在使用时需要注意剂量和副作用,并根据个人情况进行合理使用。
阿司匹林的功效与作用阿司匹林(Aspirin)是一种非处方药,它是一种常用的药物,被广泛应用于治疗轻度至中度疼痛,例如头痛、牙痛、关节痛和神经痛等,还用于退热和减轻发热引起的不适感。
此外,阿司匹林还有抗血栓、抗炎和抗癌等多种作用,有助于预防心脑血管疾病。
本文将详细介绍阿司匹林的功效与作用。
首先,阿司匹林是一种非处方药,这意味着它是一种非处方药物,并且可以直接从药店购买。
它是一种非处方药物的原因之一是因为它非常安全,在正常剂量下使用通常不会引起严重的副作用。
阿司匹林被广泛应用于治疗头痛、牙痛、关节痛和神经痛等轻度至中度疼痛。
它可以通过抑制体内产生的化学物质,如前列腺素和血小板活化因子等,从而减轻疼痛和炎症。
其次,阿司匹林是一种非常有效的退热药。
退热是阿司匹林的另一个常见用途。
当我们发烧时,体温会上升。
阿司匹林能够通过抑制体内的物质来降低体温,从而导致发热症状的减轻。
此外,阿司匹林还可以减轻因高热引起的不适感,如头痛、肌肉酸痛和全身不适等。
除了上述常见的用途,阿司匹林还有一系列抗血栓、抗炎和抗癌的作用,这使得它成为一种非常重要的药物。
首先,阿司匹林具有抗血小板活性,可以抑制血小板的聚集和凝集,从而减少血栓形成的风险。
这是因为当血管受到损伤时,血小板会聚集在损伤的部位,形成血栓,从而造成血液循环的障碍。
阿司匹林的抗血小板活性可以减少血栓形成的风险,从而预防心脑血管疾病的发生。
其次,阿司匹林还具有抗炎作用。
它可以抑制体内的炎症反应和炎症介质的产生,从而减轻炎症引起的不适和症状。
这使得阿司匹林在治疗关节炎、风湿病和其他炎症性疾病方面非常有效。
此外,阿司匹林还可以减轻炎症引起的红肿和肿胀,提高患者的生活质量。
最后,阿司匹林还具有一些抗癌的作用。
多项研究表明,长期使用低剂量的阿司匹林可以降低多种癌症的风险,如肺癌、结肠癌和乳腺癌等。
阿司匹林可以通过多种途径发挥抗癌作用,包括抗炎、抗氧化和抗血管生成等机制。
然而,虽然阿司匹林在癌症预防方面具有潜在的益处,但仍需要更多的研究来确定其最佳使用方法和剂量。
阿司匹林实验报告思考题阿司匹林实验报告思考题阿司匹林是一种常见的非处方药,被广泛应用于缓解头痛、发热和关节炎等症状。
它的主要成分是水杨酸乙酯,具有镇痛、退热和抗炎的功效。
然而,除了这些常见的用途,阿司匹林还有一些其他的潜在用途和效果。
在本文中,我们将通过对阿司匹林实验报告的思考,探讨一些相关的问题。
首先,让我们回顾一下阿司匹林的基本原理。
阿司匹林通过抑制体内的一种酶,即环氧化酶,来减少炎症反应和疼痛感。
这种酶在炎症过程中产生的前列腺素的合成中起着重要的作用。
因此,阿司匹林的使用可以减少炎症反应,从而缓解相关的症状。
然而,除了这种基本的作用机制,阿司匹林还有一些其他的影响。
例如,一些研究表明,长期使用阿司匹林可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。
这是因为阿司匹林可以抑制血小板的凝聚,从而减少血栓的形成。
血栓是导致心脏病和中风的主要原因之一。
此外,阿司匹林还可以减少某些癌症的风险,例如结直肠癌和乳腺癌。
这可能与阿司匹林的抗炎作用有关,因为慢性炎症与某些癌症的发生和发展密切相关。
然而,阿司匹林并不是没有副作用的药物。
长期使用阿司匹林可能会导致胃肠道出血的风险增加。
这是因为阿司匹林抑制了一种保护胃黏膜的酶的合成,从而使胃黏膜容易受到损伤。
此外,阿司匹林还可能引起过敏反应和哮喘发作等不良反应。
因此,在使用阿司匹林之前,我们应该权衡其益处和风险,并咨询医生的建议。
除了上述的一些常见的用途和副作用,阿司匹林还有一些其他的潜在用途和效果。
例如,一些研究表明,阿司匹林可能对防止老年痴呆症具有一定的作用。
这是因为阿司匹林可以减少炎症反应和血小板凝聚,从而改善脑部血液循环和减少脑部损伤。
此外,阿司匹林还可能对预防白内障和糖尿病等疾病有一定的保护作用。
然而,这些研究结果仍然需要进一步的研究来验证其有效性和安全性。
总之,阿司匹林是一种常见的非处方药,具有镇痛、退热和抗炎的功效。
除了这些常见的用途,阿司匹林还可能对心脏病、中风、癌症和老年痴呆症等疾病具有一定的预防作用。
长期服用阿司匹林的益处大于风险以前的研究通常将长期服用阿司匹林与有害的副反应联系起来,比如内出血。
但是根据一篇新的发表在Annals of Oncology.的研究,长期服用阿司匹林的益处大于风险,特别是能显著降低患消化道癌症的风险,包括胃,肠及食管癌。
阿司匹林,化学名为乙酰水杨酸,通常用于减轻轻微疼痛,缓解炎症及退烧。
心脏病和中风高危人群长期低剂量服用该药可以起到抗血小板作用。
围绕阿司匹林长期服用的收益问题,一直存在争论。
之前的研究表明,该药可以减低卵巢癌的患病风险,提高结肠癌的生存期,然而另一些研究发现其可以增加老年性黄斑变性的风险。
在这篇研究中,Prof. Cuzick及其同事决定判断连续长期服用阿司匹林的收益是否会大于其风险。
每日服用阿司匹林对降低患癌风险很重要研究者们对所有可用的针对阿司匹林收益和风险的研究进行了分析。
他们估计50-65岁的个体每天服用75-100mg的阿司匹林5-10年,肠道癌的发病几率可以减少35%,死亡率减少40%,胃及食管癌的发病率可以减少30%,死亡率减少35-50%.更多阅读:持续低剂量阿司匹林降低胰腺癌风险总之,研究者们估计连续5-10年每日服用阿司匹林可以使男性的癌症,中风及心脏病的患病几率下降9%,使女性下降7%.估计服用超过20年,由所有疾病导致死亡的概率会下降4%.服用该药3年以下的个体没有发现收益。
Figure 1. Cumulative effects of aspirin taken for 10 years starting at 55 years of age: on deaths over next 20 years in 100 average-risk men (A) and women (B)。
但是研究者们强调持续服用阿司匹林会增加消化道出血风险。
他们发现每日服用阿司匹林10年的60岁个体可以增加1.4%的胃肠出血风险,即从2.2%增至3.6%.然而,这只可能对约5%的人构成生命威胁。
阿匹司林的功效与作用阿匹司林(Aspirin)是一种非处方药,也被称为“阿司匹林”或“乙酰水杨酸”,是一种常见的非甾体抗炎药(NonsteroidalAnti-Inflammatory Drug,简称NSAID)。
阿匹司林具有多种功效和作用,被广泛应用于临床治疗各种疾病。
阿匹司林的作用机制主要通过抑制血小板凝集来发挥。
下面将从不同角度探讨阿匹司林的功效和作用。
一、止痛作用:阿匹司林是一种非处方止痛药,可以缓解轻度到中度的疼痛。
它通过抑制炎症反应产生的物质,如组织激素和前列腺素等,从而缓解疼痛感觉。
阿匹司林常用于缓解头痛、牙痛、关节痛、肌肉酸痛等。
二、退烧作用:阿匹司林还具有退烧作用,可以降低体温。
它通过调节体内“前列腺素E2”(PGE2)的合成和释放,从而抑制中枢神经系统对体温调节的影响。
因此,阿匹司林广泛应用于退烧治疗,并且是许多感冒药的组成部分。
三、抗炎作用:阿匹司林是一种非甾体抗炎药,能够抑制炎症反应。
它通过抑制炎症介质的合成和释放,如血管舒缩素、前列腺素、白细胞活化因子等,减轻炎症症状。
因此,阿匹司林常用于治疗风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎等炎症性疾病。
四、预防心血管疾病:阿匹司林还被广泛用于预防心血管疾病。
它可以抑制血小板凝集,减少血栓形成,降低心血管疾病的风险。
大量研究表明,长期使用适量的阿匹司林可以降低冠心病、心肌梗死、中风等心血管疾病的发生率。
五、预防癌症:阿匹司林研究还发现它有预防癌症的作用。
大量研究表明,长期使用阿匹司林可以降低某些癌症的风险,如结直肠癌、胃癌、食管癌等。
它通过抑制炎症反应和凋亡的调节,抑制肿瘤的生长和扩散。
六、预防血栓形成:阿匹司林可以抑制血小板凝集,减少血栓形成。
因此,它被广泛应用于预防静脉血栓栓塞症和中风。
长期卧床不动的患者、手术后和长时间坐飞机的人群可以适当使用阿匹司林进行预防。
七、治疗偏头痛:阿匹司林被认为是治疗偏头痛的有效药物之一。
它通过抑制前列腺素合成和释放,缓解血管扩张和神经炎症,从而减轻偏头痛症状。
阿司匹林一直被认为有预防癌症的作用,但是由于担心它带来潜在的危害,并没有得到广泛使用。
现在,专家们第一次表明,服用阿司匹林在预防某些肿瘤方面利大于弊。
这一结论来自 8月 6 号发表在Annals of Oncology 上的一篇综述。
以下是对这篇综述的解读。
文章第一作者,来自英国玛丽女王大学癌症预防中心的 Jack Cuzick 博士说“虽然有些副作用,每日阿司匹林是戒烟,减肥之后我们为减少癌症所做的最重要的事情,且更容易实行。
“我们的研究表明,如果 50至 65岁人群开始每日服用阿司匹林至少 10年,在癌症,中风和心脏发作的数量上,男性将减少了 9%,女性减少 7%左右。
最明显的好处是肿瘤相关死亡的减少。
”这篇综述第一次为服用阿司匹林有益于预防癌症提供了强有力的证据。
Cuzick 博士等人调查了来自最近的系统评价和个别研究的关于阿司匹林对主要消化道癌症,乳腺癌,前列腺癌和肺癌的效果的数据。
结果表明,61%到 80%的阿斯匹林获益是来自癌症减少,其中 30%到 60%是结直癌。
阿司匹林使结肠癌的发病风险下降了 30%~35%,死亡风险下降 35%~40%。
食管癌的发病风险和死亡风险分别下降了 25%〜30%和 45%~50%,胃癌的发病风险和死亡风险分别下降了 25%~30%和 35%~40%。
而它对乳腺癌,前列腺癌和肺癌的影响较小。
服用阿司匹林 3年后开始出现获益。
5年后死亡率开始下降,能够获益的每日剂量为 75〜100mg。
阿司匹林最严重的危害是中风,虽然比较罕见,但使死亡风险增加了 21%。
外脑出血比较常。
长期使用阿司匹林增加了 60%~70%消化道出血死亡风险。
70岁以下人群消化道并发症发生率和死亡率较少,而 70岁以上人群则明显增加。
美国副主任医师防癌协会的 Lichtenfeld 博士称,“这篇文章对于医学界非常重要,它表示研究数据数年的最优秀业界人士之前正在达成共识。
”那么医生是否应该建议 50至 65岁患者常规服用阿司匹林呢?Lichtenfeld 博士认为。
阿司匹林胶囊的作用与功效阿司匹林胶囊作用与功效阿司匹林是一种非处方药,是一种常用的非甾体抗炎药物,主要成分是乙酰水杨酸。
它有着广泛的应用范围,在缓解疼痛、退热、消炎、抗血小板凝集等方面具有显著的作用。
阿司匹林胶囊是一种常见的剂型,方便携带和服用。
下面将详细介绍阿司匹林胶囊的作用与功效。
一、阿司匹林胶囊的主要作用1. 缓解疼痛:阿司匹林胶囊能有效缓解各种轻至中度的疼痛,包括头痛、牙痛、关节疼痛、肌肉疼痛和神经痛等。
阿司匹林作用于中枢神经系统,通过抑制前列腺素生成来减少疼痛传导,从而达到缓解疼痛的效果。
2. 退热:阿司匹林胶囊具有退热的作用,能降低发热患者的体温。
当人体发烧时,会增加体内前列腺素E2的产生,而阿司匹林能抑制前列腺素E2的合成,从而降低体温。
3. 消炎:阿司匹林具有明显的抗炎作用。
炎症是机体对外界刺激的一种免疫反应,体内的前列腺素是炎症的重要介质之一。
阿司匹林能够通过抑制前列腺素的合成从而减少炎症反应,达到消炎的作用。
4. 抗血小板凝集:阿司匹林能够抑制血小板的凝集,阻止血小板在血管壁上形成血栓。
这是因为阿司匹林可以抑制前列腺素的合成,而前列腺素是血栓形成过程中一个重要的介质。
二、阿司匹林胶囊的功效1. 防治心脑血管疾病:阿司匹林具有抑制血小板凝集的作用,可以防止心脑血管疾病的发生。
心脑血管疾病是目前世界范围内最常见的疾病之一,如冠心病、心肌梗死、脑卒中等。
长期服用适量的阿司匹林能够降低心脑血管疾病的风险,减少血栓的形成。
2. 缓解关节炎症状:阿司匹林具有明显的消炎和镇痛作用,对于关节炎患者能够缓解关节疼痛、肿胀和活动障碍等症状。
关节炎是一种常见的炎症性关节疾病,如风湿性关节炎和类风湿性关节炎等。
阿司匹林胶囊能够减轻炎症反应,改善关节的症状。
3. 缓解头痛和偏头痛:阿司匹林胶囊对于各种类型的头痛都有一定的缓解作用,包括紧张型头痛、偏头痛和片状头痛等。
阿司匹林能够抑制前列腺素的产生,减轻头痛引起的症状。
阿司匹林的新用途阿司匹林是一种常见的非处方药,主要用于缓解疼痛、退烧和抗血小板聚集。
然而,近年来,研究发现阿司匹林可能还有其他的用途,包括心血管疾病的预防、癌症预防、神经退行性疾病的防治等。
下面将详细介绍阿司匹林的新用途。
首先,阿司匹林被广泛用于心血管疾病的预防。
阿司匹林可以抑制血小板聚集,降低血栓形成的风险。
因此,它被用于预防心脏病和血管疾病,如心绞痛、心肌梗塞和中风。
许多临床研究表明,长期使用低剂量的阿司匹林可以显著降低心血管事件的风险,特别是对于高风险患者,如高血压、高血脂以及有家族史的患者。
另外,阿司匹林还可能对某些癌症的预防具有一定的作用。
多项研究表明,阿司匹林的使用与结直肠癌和其他消化系统癌症的发生率的降低有关。
阿司匹林可以通过减少炎症、抑制肿瘤血供、减少肿瘤血管生成和诱导癌细胞凋亡等方式来发挥抗肿瘤作用。
此外,阿司匹林还可能通过干扰前癌症细胞克隆发展为实际肿瘤等机制起到预防癌症的作用。
阿司匹林还被认为可能对神经退行性疾病的防治有益。
研究表明,阿司匹林可以通过降低炎症反应、清除自由基、抑制凋亡和改善神经元合成等方式来发挥保护神经系统的作用。
临床研究发现,阿司匹林的使用与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的发病率降低有关。
但需要指出的是,相关研究还处于初期,尚需要更多的研究来验证其是否能作为神经退行性疾病的治疗药物。
此外,阿司匹林还可能对其他疾病的预防和治疗具有一定的潜力。
例如,阿司匹林可能有助于降低预激综合征患者的心动过速发作频率;阿司匹林的抗血小板活性可以帮助预防血管内膜增生,对血管支架植入术后的血栓形成起到保护作用;此外,阿司匹林还可能对自体免疫性疾病的治疗具有一定的作用。
总结来说,阿司匹林作为一种老药,近年来的研究发现了其多种新的用途。
它可能对心血管疾病、癌症和神经退行性疾病的预防起到一定的作用,因此被认为可能是一种廉价而有效的治疗和预防药物。
然而,阿司匹林仍然是一种药物,对剂量和用药时间等细节应该谨慎使用。
阿司匹林可以降低癌症相关死亡率的风险---阿司匹林和癌症不得不说的故事江苏奥赛康药业股份有限公司唐建华2012-3-27来自柳叶刀的消息,Peter M. Rothwell(牛津大学教授)的三项研究表明:第一项研究日服阿司匹林对癌症发病率、死亡率短期效应该研究3月21日发表在柳叶刀杂志上,对比日服阿司匹林和不服用阿司匹林的作用,发现在51个临床试验中,阿司匹林均可降低非血管性死亡(1021 vs 1173例死亡;OR,0.88;p=0.003)。
当数据变为34个临床试验时(n=69224;89%总队列),阿司匹林组比对照组的死亡人数明显减少(562 vs 664;OR,0.85;p=0.008)。
鉴于最近和正在进行的临床试验中血管性事件发生率非常低,癌症预防作用可成为这类设置中阿司匹林的主要作用。
引人注目的结果但存在局限性在同期述评中,Andrew T. Chan博士,来自哈佛医学院,指出,尽管这些结果非常令人信服,但是也有其局限性。
这些分析中排除了最大的随机试验。
妇女健康研究(WHS)中,39876名女性隔日服用100mg阿司匹林,超过10年;医师健康研究(PHS)中,22071名男性隔日服用325mg阿司匹林,超过5年。
这两个研究没有被纳入,主要是因为隔日服用和每日服用之间存在生物学效应的差异。
但是,这两个研究表明阿司匹林对降低结直肠癌风险和总体癌症发病率或死亡率没有关联。
另一个限制,是研究者只用了6个随机对照试验去分析低剂量阿司匹林在癌症一级预防中的作用。
在这6个试验中(n=35535),显示阿司匹林在3年后可降低癌症发病率,不管是男性还是女性。
第三个限制是因为这些纳入的研究都旨在讨论心血管终点,没有关于癌症筛查或监测的信息。
最后,一些分析受到数据质量的限制,一些估计是汇总了个体水平的数据。
这些数据应该不是阿司匹林的最终结论,还不足以做出以人群为基础的推荐,因为WHS 和PHS在其中起着重要的制衡作用。
美国最新研究:每周服3次阿司匹林可延长寿命,还可预防部分癌症阿司匹林是一种常见的镇痛药,但除了镇痛以外,它还被一些人说成是一种万能药,就像中国的藿香正气液一样。
近日,《美国医学协会》上的一篇研究报告为这一说法提供了证实,甚至说阿司匹林可以增加长寿的几率。
美国马里兰州洛克维尔的国家癌症研究所领导的一个研究小组在1993年至2008年间跟踪调查了146152名65岁以上的美国人。
他们被问及一系列有关服用阿司匹林的问题,包括他们服用药物的剂量和频率。
同时,研究人员对他们的健康状况进行了约12年的监测。
跟踪调查结果显示,每周服用约3次阿司匹林的人在这段跟踪调查时间内死亡的可能性比不服用的人低19%,死于癌症的可能性也低15%。
研究人员特别发现,阿司匹林似乎对肠癌和胃肠道癌有预防作用,使其分别减少了29%和25%。
该研究小组在美国医学协会(JAMA)网上期刊上写道:“我们发现,在65岁及65岁以上的人群中,阿司匹林的使用与癌症死亡率的降低有着显著关联。
”另一项新的研究表明,老年人可以通过定期服用阿司匹林来显著提高他们的生活质量。
每周服用三片阿司匹林可使长寿的几率增加五分之一。
研究结果表明,每周至少服用三次阿司匹林的老人,比那些没有服用的老人多活大约十年的可能性为百分之二十。
美国近期的新研究为阿司匹林加分,使其广受赞誉。
然而早在去年1月,在《美国医学协会》上发表的一篇名为《13项独立小型研究》的论文表明,研究人员没有发现长期小剂量服用阿司匹林与健康的关联,并警告说长期服用阿司匹林会增加内出血的风险。
用药需谨慎,即便有几项研究结果推崇阿司匹林,也希望大家不要自行决定怎样服用药物,还需咨询医生意见。
关于阿司匹林你该知道的八件事诞生已百余年的阿司匹林,如今可谓是家庭药箱中的必备药品。
由于阿司匹林在临床上应用广泛、疗效确切,美国心脏协会建议那些患有心脏病、中风引起血液凝块,不稳定性心绞痛的患者长期服用阿司匹林。
美国心脏学会还指出,即使是现在还没有得心脑血管疾病,但只要有家族病史,以及那些处于患这类疾病的风险之中的人,也可能受益于阿司匹林。
最近的研究表明,经常服用阿司匹林还可能会产生以下的益处:1.在怀孕期间降低患子痫的风险。
2007年发表在《柳叶刀》杂志上的一份研究报告显示,服用阿司匹林或其他抗血小板药物的孕妇,其患高血压和潜在的严重并发症的概率要低10%。
阿司匹林毫无疑问应当运用于妇产科。
2.降低患大肠癌的风险。
胃肠病学杂志去年早些时候发表的一份研究报告指出,长期服用阿司匹林(和其他非甾体类抗炎)的男子,其患癌症的风险显著降低。
但是,这种药物所带来的好处,只有在患者经常服用阿司匹林超过5年的时间才比较明显。
3.降低妇女患乳腺癌的风险。
美国国立癌症研究所本月发表的一份研究报告指出,对于那些定期服用阿司匹林的妇女,其患乳腺癌的风险比那些不服用的要低13%。
此外,经常使用非甾体抗炎药的妇女,其患乳腺癌的风险降低12%。
之前的研究对乳腺癌和非甾体抗炎药使用的研究结果则正好相反。
4.影响前列腺癌测试结果。
本月的癌症杂志刊登的一篇文章中,研究人员报告说,服用阿司匹林和其他非甾体抗炎药的男性,其前列腺特异性抗原要比正常人低10%左右。
5.预防阿尔茨海默氏症。
研究显示,服用阿司匹林的人,患老年痴呆症的概率要低13%。
这项研究加剧了当前关于哪种类型的非甾体抗炎药,如布洛芬与阿司匹林,更有益的辩论。
6.帮助预防中风——除非患者同时服用布洛芬。
发表在今年临床药理学杂志的一个小型研究发现,中风患者每天服用阿司匹林,以防止再次中风,但因为某种原因,比如关节炎,同时也服用布洛芬,对降低血小板没有任何作用。
在病人停止了服用布洛芬之后,阿司匹林才变得有效。
阿司匹林的作用原理及应用1. 阿司匹林的作用原理阿司匹林是一种非处方药,被广泛用于缓解疼痛、退烧和消炎。
它的作用原理主要是通过抑制脑内前列腺素合成酶,从而减少前列腺素的合成。
前列腺素是一种促使炎症反应、疼痛和发热的物质,阿司匹林的作用可以减少这些不适症状。
阿司匹林属于非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)的一种,除了抑制前列腺素合成酶,还可抑制白细胞黏附和血小板聚集,从而发挥抗炎和抗血栓作用。
2. 阿司匹林的应用阿司匹林具有广泛的应用范围,主要包括以下几个方面:2.1 缓解疼痛和退烧阿司匹林作为一种非处方药,常被用于缓解轻度到中度的疼痛,如头痛、牙痛、关节痛等。
同时,阿司匹林还可以降低体温,因此也常被用于退烧。
2.2 抗炎作用阿司匹林可以减轻炎症反应,对于类风湿性关节炎、风湿热等炎症性疾病具有一定的疗效。
2.3 预防心血管疾病阿司匹林可通过抑制血小板聚集,减少血栓形成的风险,因此在心血管疾病的预防中有一定的应用。
但是,需要注意的是,使用阿司匹林预防心血管疾病需要在医生指导下进行,因为长期使用阿司匹林可能会增加出血风险。
2.4 预防癌症一些研究表明,长期使用低剂量的阿司匹林可以降低某些癌症的发病风险,如结直肠癌、胃癌等。
但是,这一领域的研究还在不断发展中,仍然需要更多的证据来支持这一观点。
2.5 其他应用阿司匹林还被用于其他一些医学领域,如治疗巴氏综合征、缺血性中风等。
不过,在这些领域的应用需要根据具体情况进行判断,并在医生指导下使用。
3. 注意事项阿司匹林是一种药物,使用时需注意以下事项:•阿司匹林可能引起胃肠道不适,如溃疡、出血等,长期使用高剂量时风险增加。
因此,应严格按照医生的建议使用,避免超量使用。
•孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童和老年人使用阿司匹林时需谨慎。
尤其是对于儿童,阿司匹林与病毒感染有关联,可能引发雷氏综合征,因此应避免使用。
•阿司匹林与其他药物可能存在相互作用,因此在使用阿司匹林前需要告知医生你正在服用的其他药物,以避免药物之间的不良反应。
阿司匹林的临床新用途及不良反应阿司匹林是一种历史悠久的药物,自1899年以来一直被广泛用于镇痛、抗炎和抗血小板治疗。
然而,随着科学技术的不断进步,阿司匹林的临床应用已不再局限于这些传统领域。
本文将探讨阿司匹林的临床新用途及不良反应,以帮助读者更全面地了解这一药物。
肿瘤预防:研究表明,阿司匹林可以抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和扩散,降低癌症发病率。
一项基于超过名受试者的研究发现,长期服用阿司匹林可以降低结直肠癌、食管癌和胃癌等消化系统肿瘤的发病率。
心血管保护:阿司匹林通过抗血小板作用,可以降低心血管事件的风险。
根据一项涉及名受试者的研究,长期服用阿司匹林可以使心肌梗死和脑卒中的发生率降低25%。
糖尿病防治:阿司匹林可以改善胰岛素抵抗和血糖控制,降低糖尿病的发病率。
一项为期12年的研究发现,服用阿司匹林可以将糖尿病的发病风险降低18%。
胃肠道反应:阿司匹林最常见的不良反应是胃肠道反应,包括胃痛、恶心、呕吐等。
这些症状通常在服药初期出现,但随着时间的推移会逐渐缓解。
出血倾向:长期服用阿司匹林可能导致出血倾向增加。
虽然这种风险相对较低,但仍需注意。
如有出血迹象,应立即就医。
肾功能损害:部分研究表明,阿司匹林可能会影响肾功能,加重肾病患者的病情。
但对于大多数健康人来说,阿司匹林对肾功能的负面影响并不明显。
精准医疗:随着精准医疗技术的发展,阿司匹林的使用将更加个性化。
基于基因和表型特征,针对不同患者制定最合适的用药方案,以提高疗效并减少不良反应。
新型制剂:目前,新型阿司匹林制剂的研究正在进行中。
这些新制剂可能具有更好的生物利用度、更长的半衰期和更少的不良反应,为患者提供更多选择。
联合治疗:未来阿司匹林可能会与其他药物联合使用,以治疗多种疾病。
例如,将阿司匹林与抗肿瘤药物、抗炎药物或降糖药物联合使用,可提高疗效并降低不良反应。
阿司匹林作为一种经典药物,在镇痛、抗炎、抗血小板等领域仍具有广泛应用。
然而,随着科学研究的深入,其临床新用途不断被发现,如肿瘤预防、心血管保护和糖尿病防治等。
规律服用小剂量阿司匹林,肠癌将无处可逃!:medicalnewstoday长期服用阿司匹林与中等程度地降低所有癌症风险有关,尤其是胃肠道肿瘤。
在过去,阿司匹林最常用于治疗或预防头痛、关节炎、肌肉骨骼疼痛和心血管疾病(CVD)。
最近,美国预防服务工作队建议定期服用阿司匹林以预防心血管疾病(CVD)和结直肠癌(CRC)。
来自波士顿麻省总医院的Andrew T. Chan博士和同事对美国参与两项大型队列研究的卫生保健专业人员当中的135,965名注册参与者进行了阿司匹林防治癌症相关作用的研究。
护士健康研究项目的时间是从1980年至2010年,而卫生专业人员随访研究则是从1986年至2012年。
每周服用阿司匹林可降低19%结直肠癌风险该研究小组对88,084名女性当中的20414名癌症患者以及47,881名男性当中的7,571名癌症患者进行了为期32年的调查研究。
那些每周服用0.5-1.5片普通阿司匹林的人群中,癌症的总体患病率降低了3%,其中胃肠道癌症的风险降低了15%而结直肠癌的风险降低了19%。
结果表明阿司匹林预防结直肠癌的有效性呈剂量依赖性。
规律服用阿司匹林与乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌或其他主要癌症的风险没有相关性。
如果有的话,阿司匹林是否影响其他类型的癌症风险尚未可知。
研究结果表明,阿司匹林可能会影响胃肠道肿瘤形成的的其他机制。
这就可以解释阿司匹林与胃肠道癌症风险降低的关联性更强。
阿司匹林可预防结直肠癌不论患者是否经过癌症筛查。
然而,研究结果表明,在大多数情况下,更多的是预防那些没有经过癌症筛查的人群。
在一般人群中,研究人员建议,50岁或以上的人规律服用阿司匹林可以预防那些无法坚持进行癌症筛查的人群罹患结直肠癌。
该小组估计,在未接受低肠镜检查的结直肠癌患者中,有17%的病例得到预防,而在经过癌症筛查的结直肠癌患者中,有8.5%的病例得到预防。
作者建议在阿司匹林预防心血管疾病和癌症的益处与其潜在危害如胃肠道出血之间做好权衡工作。
阿司匹林:“老司机”跨界抗癌作者:暂无来源:《家庭医学(上)》 2017年第1期主任医师欧阳学农(解放军福州总医院福建福州350012)蔡先生今年61岁,因患有心血管疾病一直服用阿司匹林,平时饮食生活也比较注意。
日前,黄先生在做无痛肠镜时查出患有肠道癌前病变。
听说阿司匹林对癌症有防治作用,这让他多了一个希望。
说起阿司匹林,许多人都不会陌生,那可是医药史上最经典的“老司机”之一。
国外研究表明,阿司匹林对乳腺癌、胃癌、食道癌和结直肠癌等多种癌症都有降低风险作用。
那么,它跨界转战抗癌界是否依然呼风唤雨呢?跨界“厮杀”癌症领域的阿司匹林阿司匹林是一种历史悠久的解热镇痛药,现多用于预防血栓等疾病。
阿司匹林能否应用于临床抗癌治疗,成为当今的研究热点之一。
与肿瘤化疗药物相比,阿司匹林的副作用较小。
美国预防服务工作组发布的指南中,阿司匹林作为心血管疾病和结/直肠癌的一级预防药物。
研究认为每日服用日常剂量阿司匹林,此后10 年罹患或死于胃癌、食道癌和结/ 直肠癌的可能性将降低40%,死于其他癌症的可能性将降低12%。
总体而言,死于各种癌症的风险降低了16%。
指南推荐10 年心血管风险≥10%且无出血风险增加的50~69 岁人群,应考虑服用低剂量阿司匹林来预防心血管病和结/ 直肠癌。
临床研究发现,阿司匹林可能提高乳腺癌患者的生存率,抑制癌细胞的生长和浸润;可降低胰腺癌发病率和死亡率;明显降低胃肠道肿瘤的发生率,可能有助部分结/ 直肠癌患者改善生存预期。
科学家还从生化途径角度解释了阿司匹林的防癌机制,认为与其可大幅减少血液及结/ 直肠癌细胞系中2- 羟戊二酸(癌症的驱动因子)的含量有关。
需要强调的是,大多数研究纳入的患者同时接受了传统的癌症治疗,阿司匹林不能代替这些治疗。
阿司匹林本身是一种抗凝血药物,能改善人体血液循环,有助于清除体内有毒物质,增强人体内氧化物的耐受性,从这一点上来说,对降低某些癌症的发生率有一些作用。
Annals of Oncologydoi:10.1093/annonc/mds113review Aspirin and cancer risk:a quantitative review to 2011C.Bosetti 1*,V.Rosato 1,2,S.Gallus 1,J.Cuzick 3& Vecchia 1,21Department of Epidemiology,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘‘Mario Negri’’,Milan;2Department of Occupational Health,Universita `degli Studi di Milano,Milan,Italy;3Centre for Cancer Prevention,Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine,Queen Mary University of London,London,UKReceived 20February 2012;accepted 26March 2012Background:Aspirin has been associated to a reduced risk of colorectal and possibly of a few other commoncancers.Methods:To provide an up-to-date quantification of this association,we conducted a meta-analysis of allobservational studies on aspirin and 12selected cancer sites published up to September 2011.Results:Regular aspirin is associated with a statistically significant reduced risk of colorectal cancer [summary relativerisk (RR)from random effects models =0.73,95%confidence interval (CI)0.67–0.79],and of other digestive tractcancers (RR =0.61,95%CI =0.50–0.76,for squamous cell esophageal cancer;RR =0.64,95%CI =0.52–0.78,foresophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma;and RR =0.67,95%CI =0.54–0.83,for gastric cancer),withsomewhat stronger reductions in risk in case–control than in cohort studies.Modest inverse associations werealso observed for breast (RR =0.90,95%CI =0.85–0.95)and prostate cancer (RR =0.90,95%CI =0.85–0.96),whilelung cancer was significantly reduced in case–control studies (0.73,95%CI =0.55–0.98)but not in cohort ones(RR =0.98,95%CI =0.92–1.05).No meaningful overall associations were observed for cancers of the pancreas,endometrium,ovary,bladder,and kidney.Conclusions:Observational studies indicate a beneficial role of aspirin on colorectal and other digestive tractcancers;modest risk reductions were also observed for breast and prostate cancer.Results are,however,heterogeneous across studies and dose–risk and duration–risk relationships are still unclear.Key words:aspirin,epidemiology,neoplasm,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,meta-analysis,risk factorsintroduction Aspirin has been associated to a reduced risk of colorectal and possibly of a few other cancers [1–3].The chemopreventive effect of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)has been attributed to their inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX),the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins.COX—in particular the isoform COX-2—has been reported to be abnormally expressed in many cancer cell lines and has been implicated in the process of carcinogenesis,tumor growth,apoptosis,and angiogenesis [4–9].Additional mechanisms of the anticarcinogenic effect of aspirin and other NSAIDs include the induction of apoptosis through COX-independent pathways,the inhibition of NF jb factor,and the up-regulation of tumor suppression genes [8,9].A quantitative review of epidemiological studies considering the association between aspirin and cancer risk published up to 2005[2]reported a 30%reduction in the risk ofcolorectal cancer [relative risk (RR)=0.71].It also found evidence—although more limited and mainly from case–control studies—that aspirin has a favorable effect on cancer of the esophagus (RR =0.72),stomach (RR =0.84),breast (RR =0.90),ovary (RR =0.89),and lung (RR =0.94).No significant associations were found for pancreatic,prostate,and bladder cancer,while an increase in risk has been suggested for kidney cancer.A few subsequent reviews and meta-analyses also reported an inverse association between aspirin and cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia [10],stomach [11],breast [12–15],but not with pancreatic [16],lung [17],and prostate [18]cancer.In order to provide an up-to-date quantification of theassociation between aspirin use and cancer risk,we conducted a meta-analysis of all observational studies on the issue published up to September rmation on the relation with frequency,dose,and duration of use was considered in order to better understand the causal role,if any,of aspirin on cancer risk.material and methodssearch strategy and selection criteriaThe meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMAguidelines [19].Papers were identified through a search of theliterature using PubMed/Medline and the following keywords:[aspirin or ‘nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’or NSAID]and [neoplasms or cancer or carcinoma]and risk and [‘case-r e v i e w *Correspondence to:Dr C.Bosetti,Department of Epidemiology,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘‘Mario Negri’’,Via La Masa 19,Milan 20156,Italy.Tel:+39-023*******;Fax:+39-023*******;E-mail:cristina.bosetti@marionegri.it ªThe Author 2012.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology.All rights reserved.For permissions,please email:journals.permissions@Annals of Oncology Advance Access published April 19, 2012 by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromcontrol study’or‘cohort study’or‘prospective study’or meta-analysis].We retrieved and assessed potentially relevant articles and checked the reference lists of all papers of interest to identify additional relevant publications.Studies were considered eligible if(i)they provided information on aspirin use in relation to the cancers considered separately from other NSAIDs;(ii)they included original data from case–control or cohort studies;(iii)they were not based on selected patients with specific diseases(adenomas,ulcerative colitis,Barrett’s esophagus,prior cancer);(iv)they were published in English language;(v)their publication date was before30September 2011.We did not include a few selected cohorts of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis[20–22];a study on users on low-dose aspirin only was also excluded[23].Randomized controlled trials of aspirin,usually with cardiovascular events as the primary endpoint,have not been included and have been meta-analyzed elsewhere[24–26].When multiple reports were published on the same population or subpopulation,we included in the meta-analysis only the most recent and the informative one.We did not assign quality scores to studies and no study was excluded a priori for weakness of design or data quality.For each study,we abstracted information on study design, country,number of subjects(cases,controls,or cohort size), RR[approximated by the odds ratio(OR)for case–control studies],and the corresponding95%confidence interval(CI) for‘regular’aspirin use(at least1–2tablets per week)or alternatively ever/any use.If available,information related to frequency,dose,and duration of aspirin use was also retrieved. Whenever available,estimates adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors were used.When the RR—or the corresponding95%CI—was not given,it was derived from tabular data.Two investigators(CB and VR)independently reviewed and cross-checked the data,and disagreements were resolved by consensus.statistical analysisWe derived summary estimates of the RR for each neoplasm—overall and separately for case–control and cohort studies—using bothfixed effects models(i.e.as weighed averages on the inverse of the variance of the log RR)and random effects models(i.e.as weighed averages on the sum of the inverse of the variance of the log RR and the moment estimator of the variance between studies)[27].Only the results from the latter models were,however,presented in order to take into account the heterogeneity of risk estimates(thus being more conservative). We assessed heterogeneity between studies using the v2test (defining a significant heterogeneity as a P value<0.10)[28]and quantified the inconsistencies using the I2statistic,which represents the percentage of the total variation across studies that is attributable to heterogeneity rather than chance[29].The primary analysis concerned regular aspirin use;for some studies, the estimate for regular use was computed pooling the RRs for various categories of frequency or duration of use.Whenever possible,we also computed summary estimates for different aspirin doses(low-dose/baby aspirin used for cardiovascular prevention,$100mg;regular strength aspirin,between300and 500mg)and duration(short-term use,approximately<5years; long-term use,approximately‡5years).We carried out sensitivity analyses excluding studies based on prescription databases,where some misclassification of aspirin use was possible,since the frequent over-the-counter aspirin use may not have been accounted for.For selected neoplasms,we provided a forest plot,in which a square was plotted for each study,whose center projection on the underlying scale corresponds to the study-specific RR.The area of the square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the log RR and thus gives a measure of the amount of statistical information available.A diamond was used to plot the summary RR,whose center represents the RR and its extremes the corresponding95%CI.Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and quantified by the Egger’s and Begg’s test[30,31].resultsFrom the original literature search,we identified and screened450papers;of these,195were considered of interest and their full text was retrieved for detailed evaluation.Thirty-two additional studies were identified through the references of the retrieved papers.Eighty-eight papers were subsequently excluded from the meta-analysis (reviews,papers on patients with specific diseases, duplicate reports on the same study population).A total of 139studies were considered in the present meta-analysis (Supplemental Appendix Figure S1,available at Annals of Oncology online).The main characteristics andfindings of case–control and cohort studies on aspirin and the risk of cancer at12sites are given in the supplemental Appendix Tables S1–S12(available at Annals of Oncology online).Table1gives the corresponding pooled results overall and by study design.For seven major cancer sites,forest plots are also given in Figures1–7.Risk estimates shown in thesefigures may differ from those presented in the corresponding supplemental Appendix Tables and in the original study publications,since they were computed on the basis of RRs for various categories of exposure.We present results on colorectal cancerfirst and then other selected neoplasms.colorectal cancerThirty studies considered the association between aspirin use and colorectal cancer,including15case–control studies ona total of21414cases and15cohort studies including a total of 16105cases(supplemental Appendix Table S1,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure1).Overall,there was evidence of a27%reduced risk of colorectal cancer for regular aspirin use(RR=0.73,95%CI0.67–0.79,P<0.001),with stronger risk reductions in case–control studies(RR=0.63,95%CI0.56–0.70,P<0.001) than in cohort ones(RR=0.82,95%CI0.75–0.89,P<0.001) (P for heterogeneity<0.001,Table1,Figure1).Most studies reported an inverse relation for regular aspirin use,although the strength of the association varied across studies,with a few small studies reporting particularly strong inverse associations.A significant heterogeneity was thus observed both in case–control(P<0.001)and in cohort studiesreview Annals of Oncology2|Bosetti et al. by guest on April 23, 2012 / Downloaded from(P<0.001),but only two cohort studies reported RRs above unity.There was an indication of publication bias,both from visual inspection of funnel plot and from statistical tests(Egger’s test P=0.003;Begg’s test P=0.053).The RR for colon cancer was0.71(95%CI0.63–0.80) overall,0.61(95%CI0.50–0.76)in six case–control studies[32–38],and0.77(95%CI0.67–0.89)in seven cohort ones[39–52];corresponding estimates for rectalTable1.Summary relative risk(RR)and95%confidence interval(CI)for regular aspirin use by cancer site,and study designCancer,study design No.of studies No.of cases RR(95%CI)a Heterogeneity,P-value I2(%)Heterogeneitybetween study designColorectalCase–control15214140.63(0.56–0.70)<0.00165.4<0.001 Cohort15161050.82(0.75–0.89)<0.00166.0Overall30375190.73(0.67–0.79)<0.00175.5 Esophageal(SCC/NOS)Case–control710750.54(0.44–0.67)0.97000.165 Cohort411180.73(0.51–1.07)0.08355.1Overall1121930.61(0.50–0.76)0.06043.6 Esophageal and gastric cardiaadenocarcinomaCase–control932220.60(0.48–0.75)<0.00176.70.029 Cohort24990.88(0.68–1.15)0.5760Overall1137210.64(0.52–0.78)<0.00174.3GastricCase–control724110.60(0.44–0.82)<0.00180.30.252 Cohort621080.77(0.58–1.04)<0.00180.3Overall1345190.67(0.54–0.83)<0.00181.6PancreaticCase–control314060.82(0.68–1.00)0.30915.00.190 Cohort764710.95(0.85–1.05)0.21328.2Overall1078770.91(0.83–1.01)0.13634.0LungCase–control548630.73(0.55–0.98)0.00276.20.051 Cohort15113560.98(0.92–1.05)0.17625.Á2Overall20162190.91(0.84–0.99)0.00157.3BreastCase–control10258350.83(0.76–0.91)0.08041.70.050 Cohort22270910.93(0.87–1.00)<0.00165.9Overall32529260.90(0.85–0.95)<0.00163.0 EndometrialCase–control416570.86(0.70–1.06)0.374 3.70.479Cohort518240.94(0.82–1.07)0.5970Overall934810.92(0.82–1.02)0.6130OvarianCase–control1179230.90(0.79–1.02)0.06542.70.938Cohort410170.91(0.71–1.17)0.16541.1Overall1589400.91(0.81–1.01)0.06039.1ProstateCase–control957950.87(0.74–1.02)0.01259.30.612Cohort15316570.91(0.85–0.97)<0.00166.3Overall24374520.90(0.85–0.96)<0.00163.1BladderCase–control328480.81(0.63–1.05)0.18341.20.093Cohort64134 1.02(0.94–1.11)0.4130.5Overall969820.95(0.83–1.07)0.12237.1KidneyCase–control54546 1.14(0.94–1.39)0.05157.60.766Cohort5792 1.22(0.82–1.83)0.00672.1Overall105338 1.14(0.95–1.37)0.00463.3a Summary estimates from random effects models.NOS,not otherwise specified;SCC,squamous cell carcinoma.Annals of Oncology reviewdoi:10.1093/annonc/mds113|3 by guest on April 23, 2012 / Downloaded fromcancer were 0.68(95%CI 0.55–0.83)overall,0.52(95%CI 0.35–0.77)from three case–control [32,36,53],and0.78(95%CI 0.63–0.98)from six cohort [40,44,46,47,51,54]studies.The summary estimate was 0.66(95%CI 0.57–0.77)for daily aspirin use [32,35,37–39,44,47–49,52,54].In relation to duration of aspirin use,the RR was 0.80(95%CI 0.71–0.91)for <5years and 0.75(95%CI 0.70–0.80)for ‡5years (P for heterogeneity =0.369)[33,38,44,45,48,49,54,55].A few studies suggested that the protection was less strong (P for heterogeneity =0.037)for low (RR =0.95,95%CI 0.76–1.19)as compared with regular/high strength aspirin (RR =0.69,95%CI 0.57–0.85)[42,45,55].squamous cell esophageal cancerWith reference to squamous cell esophageal cancer (or esophageal cancer not otherwise specified),seven case–control and four cohort studies were identified,including a total of 1075and 1118cases,respectively (supplemental Appendix Table S2,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 2).An overall 39%reduction in the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer (RR =0.61,95%CI 0.50–0.76,P <0.001)was observed for regular aspirin users,the protective relation being non-significantly stronger (P for heterogeneity =0.165)in case–control studies (RR =0.54,95%CI 0.44–0.67,P <0.001)than in cohort ones (RR =0.73,95%CI0.51–1.07,Figure 1.Summary relative risk (RR)of colorectal cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.C,colon;CI,confidence interval;CR,colorectum;R,rectum.review Annals of Oncology 4|Bosetti et al. by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromP =0.105,Table 1,Figure 2).All risk estimates were below unity;some heterogeneity was found among cohort studies (P =0.083),with a small study reporting a particularly strong inverse association.Publication bias was observed both from visual inspection of funnel plot and from statistical tests (Egger’s test P <0.001;Begg’s test P =0.073).Figure 2.Summary relative risk (RR)of oesophageal cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval;E,esophagus not otherwise specified;SCC,squamous cellcarcinoma.Figure 3.Summary relative risk (RR)of oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval;EA,esophageal adenocarcinoma;GCA,gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.Annals of Oncology reviewdoi:10.1093/annonc/mds113|5 by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromData on frequency and duration of aspirin use were limited but did not indicate any strong inverse risk for more frequent or longer use.esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma Nine case–control studies on a total of 3222cases and two cohort studies including a total of 499cases reported information on aspirin use and the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (supplemental Appendix Table S3,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 3).Overall,the RR was 0.64(95%CI 0.52–0.78,P <0.001),being0.60(95%CI 0.48–0.75,P <0.001)from case–control studies,and 0.88(95%CI 0.68–1.15,P =0.357)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity =0.029,Table 1,Figure 3).There was a significant heterogeneity among case–control studies (P <0.001),although only two of them reported risk estimates above unity.Only a few studies gave information on daily use,reporting similar risk estimates than for overall regular use.Likewise,no difference was found according to duration of aspirin use.gastric cancer With reference to gastric cancer,seven case–control and six cohort studies were identified,including a total of 2411and 2108cases,respectively (supplemental Appendix Table S4,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 4).The overall RR for gastric cancer for regular aspirin use was 0.67(95%CI 0.54–0.83,P <0.001),being 0.60(95%CI 0.44–0.82,P =0.001)from case–control studies,and 0.77(95%CI 0.58–1.04,P =0.089)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity =0.252,Table 1,Figure 4).Significantheterogeneity was observed both among case–control (P <0.001)and cohort (P <0.001)studies,although only in one case–controland one cohort study,the risk estimate was above unity.Similar inverse association was found in a few studies reporting information on daily use of aspirin,while there was a suggestion of stronger risk reduction (P forheterogeneity =0.088)for longer aspirin use (RR =0.80,95%CI 0.66–0.98,for <5years and RR =0.62,95%CI 0.50–0.77,for ‡5years)[56–59].pancreatic cancerThree case–control studies including a total of 1406pancreatic cancer cases and seven cohort studies including a total of 6471cases provided information on aspirin use (supplemental Appendix Table S5,available at Annals of Oncology online).A small nonsignificant inverse association was found with aspirin,with a RR of 0.91(95%CI 0.83–1.01,P =0.085)overall,0.82(95%CI 0.68–1.00,P =0.052)from case–control studies,and 0.95(95%CI 0.85–1.05,P =0.321)from cohortones (P for heterogeneity =0.190,Table 1).No difference in risk was observed in relation to daily use versus less often or for duration of use,although data were limited.lung cancerFive case–control studies on a total of 4863cases and 15cohort studies including 11356cases included information on aspirin use and lung cancer risk (supplemental Appendix Table S6,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 5).Figure 4.Summary relative risk (RR)of gastric cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval.review Annals of Oncology 6|Bosetti et al. by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromThe RR of lung cancer for regular aspirin use was marginally significantly reduced overall (RR =0.91,95%CI 0.84–0.99,P =0.024),again being 0.73(95%CI 0.55–0.98,P =0.035)from case–control studies,but only 0.98(95%CI 0.92–1.05,P =0.546)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity 0.051,Table 1,Figure 5).Some heterogeneity was observed,particularly among case–control studies (P =0.002),four studies reporting inverse relations and a large one reporting a direct association.Moreover,visual inspection of funnel plot and statistical tests suggested the presence of publication bias (Egger’s test P =0.003;Begg’s test P =0.014).No difference in risk was observed in relation to frequency,dose,or duration of use,although again a limited number of studies analyzed the issue.A few studies reported risk estimates in strata of tobacco smoking and lung cancer subsites but did not show any meaningful difference in risk.breast cancer Ten case–control and 22cohort studies,including a total of 25835and 27091breast cancer cases,respectively,analyzed the relationship with aspirin (supplemental Appendix Table S7,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 6).Overall,they gave a highly significant summary RR of 0.90(95%CI 0.85–0.95,P <0.001),significant in both case–control studies (0.83,95%CI 0.76–0.91,P <0.001)and cohort studies (0.93,95%CI 0.87–1.00,P =0.043,P for heterogeneity =0.050,Table 1,Figure 6).Risk estimates were,however,heterogeneous,particularly among cohort studies (P <0.001),with six cohort studies providing risk estimates above unity,significant in a large one.There was also evidence of some publication bias from visual inspection of funnel plot and statistical tests (Egger’s test P =0.032;Begg’s test P =0.059).The summary RR was 0.89(95%CI 0.82–0.98)for daily use [39,48,49,51,60–68];the RR was 0.88(95%CI 0.75–1.03)for low dose and 0.80(95%CI 0.65–0.99)for regular/high dose (P for heterogeneity =0.478)[69–72];with reference to duration of aspirin use,the RR was 0.96(95%CI 0.91–1.02)for <5years and 0.93(95%CI 0.84–1.03)for ‡5years of use (P for heterogeneity =0.594)[48,49,60,65,67,69,71,73–76].In 10studies providing information on breast cancer andaspirin use according to hormone receptor (HR)status,the RRwas 1.01(95%CI 0.91–1.14)for HR-negative women and 0.90(95%CI 0.84–0.98)for HR-positive breast cancers (P for heterogeneity =0.098)[23,60,65–68,74,75,77,78].endometrial cancerAt least nine studies were published over the last years on aspirin and endometrial cancer,including fourcase–controlFigure 5.Summary relative risk (RR)of lung cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval.Annals of Oncology reviewdoi:10.1093/annonc/mds113|7 by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromstudies on a total of 1657cases and five cohort studies on a total of 1824cases (supplemental Appendix Table S8,available at Annals of Oncology online).Overall,the RR for regular aspirin use was 0.92(95%CI 0.82–1.02,P =0.111),0.86(95%CI 0.70–1.06,P =0.161)from case–control studies,and 0.94(95%CI 0.82–1.07,P =0.327)from cohort ones (P for heterogeneity =0.479,Table 1).No significant association was observed for daily use and nomeaningful trend with duration of use was identified.ovarian cancer Eleven case–control studies based on a total of 7923ovarian cancer cases and four cohort studies including a total of 1017cases (supplemental Appendix Table S9,available at Annals of Oncology online)gave respectively a summary RR of 0.90(95%CI 0.79–1.02,P =0.097)and 0.91(95%CI 0.71–1.17,P =0.476)for regular aspirin use (P for heterogeneity =0.938);overall the RR was 0.91(95%CI 0.81–1.01,P =0.076,Table 1).A few studies providing information on frequency and duration of use did not indicate meaningful patterns of risk.prostate cancerTwenty-four studies—nine case–control studies on a total of5795cases and 15cohort studies including a total of 31657cases—investigated the relation between aspirin use and prostate cancer (supplemental Appendix Table S10,available at Annals of Oncology online,Figure 7).Figure 6.Summary relative risk (RR)of breast cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval.review Annals of Oncology 8|Bosetti et al. by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromThe summary RR for regular aspirin use was 0.90(95%CI 0.85–0.96,P =0.001)overall,0.87(95%CI 0.74–1.02,P =0.086)from case–control,and 0.91(95%CI 0.85–0.97,P =0.006)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity =0.612,Table 1,Figure 7).Results were significantly heterogeneous (particularly among cohort studies,P <0.001),with 17studies out of 24reporting risk estimates below unity,of which only 8were significant.The RRs were similar for low (RR =0.81,95%CI 0.69–0.95)[79–84]and regular/high (RR =0.83,95%CI 0.70–0.97)[80–84]aspirin dose (P for heterogeneity =0.834).Likewise,no trend in risk was found with increased exposure either measured bydaily use (RR =0.88,95%CI 0.81–0.95)[39,49,79,83,85–88]or for long-term use (RR =0.92,95%CI 0.83–1.01,for ‡5years as compared with RR =0.92,95%CI 0.86–0.99,for <5years,P for heterogeneity =1.00)[49,80,81,83,84,88–91].Risk estimates were similar for low-grade/less aggressive cancers (RR =0.97,95%CI 0.85–1.10)[83,84,86,87,90]and high-grade/more aggressive ones (RR =0.87,95%CI 0.80–0.95,P for heterogeneity =0.169)[79,81,83,84,86–88,90–92].bladder cancer Three case–control and six cohort studies,including respectively 2848and 4134cases,provided information on aspirin use and bladder cancer (supplemental Appendix Table S11,available at Annals of Oncology online).No evidence of an association with regular aspirin use was found,with a summary RR of 0.95(95%CI 0.83–1.07,P =0.395)overall,0.81(95%CI 0.63–1.05,P =0.110)from case–control studies,and 1.02(95%CI 0.94–1.11,P =0.671)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity =0.093,Table 1).Likewise,no meaningful trends were shown either with frequency or with duration of aspirin use.kidney cancer Ten studies—five case–control studies on a total of 4546cases and five cohort studies on a total of 792cases—considered aspirin in relation to kidney cancer (supplemental Appendix Table S12,available at Annals of Oncology online).The summary RR of kidney cancer for regular aspirin use was 1.14(95%CI 0.95–1.37,P =0.149)overall,1.14(95%CI 0.94–1.39,P =0.183)from case–control studies,and 1.22(95%CI 0.82–1.83,P =0.330)from cohort studies (P for heterogeneity =0.766,Table 1).The estimates from most studies were aroundunity.There was,however,significant heterogeneity betweenstudies (P =0.004),with one large case–control study and twocohort studies reporting a direct association.Data on daily use,dose,and duration were scanty but did not indicate any meaningfulassociation.Figure 7.Summary relative risk (RR)of prostate cancer for regular aspirin use versus never use from case–control and cohort studies,and overall.CI,confidence interval.Annals of Oncology reviewdoi:10.1093/annonc/mds113|9 by guest on April 23, 2012/Downloaded fromdiscussionThis updated analysis of observational studies on aspirin and cancer risk confirms the existence of a protective effect for colorectal cancer and other neoplasms of the digestive tract and supports a possible inverse association with cancers of the breast and the prostate.It also indicates that the relation with lung cancer is inconsistent and that there is no meaningful association of aspirin use with pancreatic,endometrial,ovarian,bladder,and kidney cancer.Among the weaknesses of our meta-analysis are inherent limitations of observational studies on aspirin,related in particular to measurement errors in the exposure to aspirin. Estimates from cohort studies are considered to be more reliable than those from case–control ones since they are generally less prone to(differential)information or selection bias.However,case–control studies generally provide a more detailed lifelong history of aspirin and other NSAIDs use and allow to estimate long-term effects of drug use.Stronger inverse associations were generally found in case–control studies as compared with cohort ones.Some of the apparent differences may be due to the fact that case–control studies tend to collect particularly valid information on the short term before cancer diagnosis.Aspirin and other NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and heartburn[93,94]and it is possible that patients with early symptoms of esophageal,gastric,and other digestive tract neoplasm selectively avoid using it.Prospective studies based on prescription databases may be limited by the lack of accounting for over-the-counter medication use,although we did notfind meaningful differences in risk estimates when excluding those studies.Moreover,a limitation of summarizing this body of studies is the high variability of aspirin usedefinitions across studies—and the difficulty to havea homogeneous definition of‘regular’use—which may partly explain the heterogeneity in risk estimates across studies. Evidence from at least30studies on colorectal cancer, including over37500cases,indicates that risk reduction for (regular)aspirin use is around20%–30%.Data suggest that a use of at least5years of regular/high strength aspirin is necessary to convey such a protection.The consistency of risk estimates in case–control and cohort studies supports the causality of this association,although there was some heterogeneity across studies and some evidence of publication bias,with various small studies reporting the strongest inverse associations.Data from randomized clinical trials(RCTs) showed that aspirin reduces the risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with a history of colorectal cancer or adenomas [95–99].Additionally,a pooled analysis of four RCTs of aspirin use for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases showeda reduction in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality,but only after a latency period of at least10years and for treatments of‡5years[24,25].The beneficial effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer was evident for any dose over75mg/day.In a recent RCT of aspirin in the prevention of colorectal cancer in carriers of the Lynch syndrome,600mg of aspirin per day significantly reduced colorectal cancer incidence after a3-year follow-up[100].However,two RCTs of low-dose aspirin—including the Physicians’Health Study(PHS)and the Womens’Heath Study(WHS)—with an average follow-upof$10years,did not show any reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer[101,102].For other cancers of the digestive tract(i.e.esophageal and gastric cancer),risk reductions were around30%.Data are too limited to evaluate dose–risk and duration–risk relationships.At least part of this inverse association may, however,be due to reverse causation,given also the stronger risk reduction observed in case–control studies than in cohort ones.Since aspirin and other NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal bleeding[93,94],it is possible that patients with early symptoms of esophageal and gastric cancer avoid using these drugs.However,it is also possible that aspirin use increases the likelihood of being diagnosed with a cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract,thus leading to an underestimate of the risk.In the pooled analysis of RCTs of aspirin use for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases,treatment with aspirin for at least5years conveyed a significant reduction in esophageal cancer death after a latent period of5years,while a nonsignificant reduction for stomach cancer mortality was observed even after a long period of latency[25].Aspirin does not seem to modify the risk of pancreatic cancer,although evidence is too limited to draw any definite conclusion[46,103].A modest overall reduction($10%)in lung cancer risk has been reported in20studies on$16000cases,which,however, seems restricted to case–control studies.Moreover,there is evidence of publication bias,with several small studies reporting the strongest inverse associations.A recent meta-analysis also observed that the inverse relations were mainly observed in low-quality studies[17].Among RCTs,the Women Health Initiative showed a nonsignificant benefit for daily low-dose aspirin on lung cancer incidence[102],and the pooled analysis of RCTs of aspirin for cardiovascular prevention[25]reported a reduction in mortality,which was significant only in patients with at least5years of treatment and after a latent period of‡10years.A reduction of$10%has also been found for breast cancer in over30studies on$54000cases,with consistent results in case–control and cohort studies.Some heterogeneity in risk estimates was,however,observed,as well as evidence of publication bias.Moreover,there was no indication of dose–risk and duration–risk relationships.Similarfindings have been reported also for other NSAIDs[14,15].Data from an RCT have not shown an effect of aspirin on breast cancer incidence[102]. With reference to endometrial and ovarian cancer,data are limited but do not seem to indicate any meaningful association with aspirin use.In particular,the inverse association suggested for ovarian cancer in some early studies[2]was not confirmed in recent ones.At least24studies on>37000cases indicate that prostate cancer risk was reduced by10%in regular aspirin users,with similar risk reductions in case–control and cohort studies,and for less aggressive versus more aggressive cancers.However, there was no evidence of a relation with frequency,dose,or duration of use.Moreover,detection bias is possible since men taking aspirin regularly may have had more frequent medical contacts and consequently prostate-specific antigen(PSA) measurements,thus increasing their probability of beingreview Annals of Oncology10|Bosetti et al. by guest on April 23, 2012 / Downloaded from。