下载文档原格式
超导体的迈斯纳效应简介迈斯纳效应是指在超导体中，当外加磁场发生变化时，超导电流会产生相应的变化。
这种现象是由荷兰物理学家迈斯纳于1961年首次发现的，因此得名为迈斯纳效应。
迈斯纳效应是超导体磁场响应的重要现象之一，对于理解超导体的磁性行为具有重要意义。
超导体的基本特性超导体是指在低温下具有零电阻和完全磁场排斥的材料。
超导体的基本特性包括以下几个方面：1.零电阻：超导体在超导态下具有零电阻，电流可以在其中无阻碍地流动，不会产生能量损耗。
2.完全磁场排斥：超导体在超导态下对外磁场表现出完全排斥的特性，磁场无法穿透超导体。
3.临界温度：超导体只有在低于一定的临界温度下才能表现出超导态，超导体的临界温度因材料的不同而有所差异。
迈斯纳效应的原理迈斯纳效应是由于超导体中的库珀对电子在外加磁场的作用下发生变化而产生的。
库珀对电子是指在超导体中存在的一种由两个电子组成的束缚态，具有自旋相反但动量相等的特点。
在超导体中，库珀对电子会形成一个巨大的波函数，可以看作是一个巨大的玻色子。
当外加磁场作用于超导体时，磁场会引起库珀对电子的运动状况发生改变。
根据量子力学的原理，库珀对电子只能存在于离散的能级上，而且能级之间存在能隙。
当外加磁场发生变化时，能级之间的能隙也会发生变化，从而导致库珀对电子的分布发生变化。
迈斯纳效应的关键在于库珀对电子的数量变化对超导电流的影响。
在超导体中，电流是由库珀对电子对的运动所引起的。
当外加磁场发生变化时，库珀对电子的数量会发生变化，进而引起超导电流的变化。
迈斯纳效应的实验观测迈斯纳效应的实验观测主要通过测量超导体的电阻或磁化率来进行。
一般情况下，实验会在低温下进行，以确保超导体处于超导态。
在实验中，首先会给超导体施加一个外加磁场，然后测量超导体的电阻或磁化率。
随后，会改变外加磁场的大小或方向，再次测量电阻或磁化率的变化。
通过对实验数据的分析，可以得到迈斯纳效应的相关信息。
实验观测结果表明，当外加磁场的强度或方向发生变化时，超导体的电阻或磁化率会发生相应的变化。
Nature © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 19988typically slower than ϳ1km s −1)might differ significantly from what is assumed by current modelling efforts 27.The expected equation-of-state differences among small bodies (ice versus rock,for instance)presents another dimension of study;having recently adapted our code for massively parallel architectures (K.M.Olson and E.A,manuscript in preparation),we are now ready to perform a more comprehensive analysis.The exploratory simulations presented here suggest that when a young,non-porous asteroid (if such exist)suffers extensive impact damage,the resulting fracture pattern largely defines the asteroid’s response to future impacts.The stochastic nature of collisions implies that small asteroid interiors may be as diverse as their shapes and spin states.Detailed numerical simulations of impacts,using accurate shape models and rheologies,could shed light on how asteroid collisional response depends on internal configuration and shape,and hence on how planetesimals evolve.Detailed simulations are also required before one can predict the quantitative effects of nuclear explosions on Earth-crossing comets and asteroids,either for hazard mitigation 28through disruption and deflection,or for resource exploitation 29.Such predictions would require detailed reconnaissance concerning the composition andinternal structure of the targeted object.ⅪReceived 4February;accepted 18March 1998.1.Asphaug,E.&Melosh,H.J.The Stickney impact of Phobos:A dynamical model.Icarus 101,144–164(1993).2.Asphaug,E.et al .Mechanical and geological effects of impact cratering on Ida.Icarus 120,158–184(1996).3.Nolan,M.C.,Asphaug,E.,Melosh,H.J.&Greenberg,R.Impact craters on asteroids:Does strength orgravity control their size?Icarus 124,359–371(1996).4.Love,S.J.&Ahrens,T.J.Catastrophic impacts on gravity dominated asteroids.Icarus 124,141–155(1996).5.Melosh,H.J.&Ryan,E.V.Asteroids:Shattered but not dispersed.Icarus 129,562–564(1997).6.Housen,K.R.,Schmidt,R.M.&Holsapple,K.A.Crater ejecta scaling laws:Fundamental forms basedon dimensional analysis.J.Geophys.Res.88,2485–2499(1983).7.Holsapple,K.A.&Schmidt,R.M.Point source solutions and coupling parameters in crateringmechanics.J.Geophys.Res.92,6350–6376(1987).8.Housen,K.R.&Holsapple,K.A.On the fragmentation of asteroids and planetary satellites.Icarus 84,226–253(1990).9.Benz,W.&Asphaug,E.Simulations of brittle solids using smooth particle put.mun.87,253–265(1995).10.Asphaug,E.et al .Mechanical and geological effects of impact cratering on Ida.Icarus 120,158–184(1996).11.Hudson,R.S.&Ostro,S.J.Shape of asteroid 4769Castalia (1989PB)from inversion of radar images.Science 263,940–943(1994).12.Ostro,S.J.et al .Asteroid radar astrometry.Astron.J.102,1490–1502(1991).13.Ahrens,T.J.&O’Keefe,J.D.in Impact and Explosion Cratering (eds Roddy,D.J.,Pepin,R.O.&Merrill,R.B.)639–656(Pergamon,New York,1977).14.Tillotson,J.H.Metallic equations of state for hypervelocity impact.(General Atomic Report GA-3216,San Diego,1962).15.Nakamura,A.&Fujiwara,A.Velocity distribution of fragments formed in a simulated collisionaldisruption.Icarus 92,132–146(1991).16.Benz,W.&Asphaug,E.Simulations of brittle solids using smooth particle put.mun.87,253–265(1995).17.Bottke,W.F.,Nolan,M.C.,Greenberg,R.&Kolvoord,R.A.Velocity distributions among collidingasteroids.Icarus 107,255–268(1994).18.Belton,M.J.S.et al .Galileo encounter with 951Gaspra—First pictures of an asteroid.Science 257,1647–1652(1992).19.Belton,M.J.S.et al .Galileo’s encounter with 243Ida:An overview of the imaging experiment.Icarus120,1–19(1996).20.Asphaug,E.&Melosh,H.J.The Stickney impact of Phobos:A dynamical model.Icarus 101,144–164(1993).21.Asphaug,E.et al .Mechanical and geological effects of impact cratering on Ida.Icarus 120,158–184(1996).22.Housen,K.R.,Schmidt,R.M.&Holsapple,K.A.Crater ejecta scaling laws:Fundamental forms basedon dimensional analysis.J.Geophys.Res.88,2485–2499(1983).23.Veverka,J.et al .NEAR’s flyby of 253Mathilde:Images of a C asteroid.Science 278,2109–2112(1997).24.Asphaug,E.et al .Impact evolution of icy regoliths.Lunar Planet.Sci.Conf.(Abstr.)XXVIII,63–64(1997).25.Love,S.G.,Ho¨rz,F.&Brownlee,D.E.Target porosity effects in impact cratering and collisional disruption.Icarus 105,216–224(1993).26.Fujiwara,A.,Cerroni,P .,Davis,D.R.,Ryan,E.V.&DiMartino,M.in Asteroids II (eds Binzel,R.P .,Gehrels,T.&Matthews,A.S.)240–265(Univ.Arizona Press,Tucson,1989).27.Davis,D.R.&Farinella,P.Collisional evolution of Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt objects.Icarus 125,50–60(1997).28.Ahrens,T.J.&Harris,A.W.Deflection and fragmentation of near-Earth asteroids.Nature 360,429–433(1992).29.Resources of Near-Earth Space (eds Lewis,J.S.,Matthews,M.S.&Guerrieri,M.L.)(Univ.ArizonaPress,Tucson,1993).Acknowledgements.This work was supported by NASA’s Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to E.A.(e-mail:asphaug@).letters to nature440NATURE |VOL 393|4JUNE 1998Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’networksDuncan J.Watts *&Steven H.StrogatzDepartment of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,Kimball Hall,Cornell University,Ithaca,New York 14853,USA.........................................................................................................................Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators 1–4,Josephson junction arrays 5,6,excitable media 7,neural networks 8–10,spatial games 11,genetic control networks 12and many other self-organizing systems.Ordinarily,the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random.But many biological,technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes.Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground:regular networks ‘rewired’to intro-duce increasing amounts of disorder.We find that these systems can be highly clustered,like regular lattices,yet have small characteristic path lengths,like random graphs.We call them ‘small-world’networks,by analogy with the small-world phenomenon 13,14(popularly known as six degrees of separation 15).The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans ,the power grid of the western United States,and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks.Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed,computational power,and synchronizability.In particular,infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.To interpolate between regular and random networks,we con-sider the following random rewiring procedure (Fig.1).Starting from a ring lattice with n vertices and k edges per vertex,we rewire each edge at random with probability p .This construction allows us to ‘tune’the graph between regularity (p ¼0)and disorder (p ¼1),and thereby to probe the intermediate region 0Ͻp Ͻ1,about which little is known.We quantify the structural properties of these graphs by their characteristic path length L (p )and clustering coefficient C (p ),as defined in Fig.2legend.Here L (p )measures the typical separation between two vertices in the graph (a global property),whereas C (p )measures the cliquishness of a typical neighbourhood (a local property).The networks of interest to us have many vertices with sparse connections,but not so sparse that the graph is in danger of becoming disconnected.Specifically,we require n q k q ln ðn Þq 1,where k q ln ðn Þguarantees that a random graph will be connected 16.In this regime,we find that L ϳn =2k q 1and C ϳ3=4as p →0,while L ϷL random ϳln ðn Þ=ln ðk Þand C ϷC random ϳk =n p 1as p →1.Thus the regular lattice at p ¼0is a highly clustered,large world where L grows linearly with n ,whereas the random network at p ¼1is a poorly clustered,small world where L grows only logarithmically with n .These limiting cases might lead one to suspect that large C is always associated with large L ,and small C with small L .On the contrary,Fig.2reveals that there is a broad interval of p over which L (p )is almost as small as L random yet C ðp Þq C random .These small-world networks result from the immediate drop in L (p )caused by the introduction of a few long-range edges.Such ‘short cuts’connect vertices that would otherwise be much farther apart than L random .For small p ,each short cut has a highly nonlinear effect on L ,contracting the distance not just between the pair of vertices that it connects,but between their immediate neighbourhoods,neighbourhoods of neighbourhoods and so on.By contrast,an edge*Present address:Paul zarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences,Columbia University,812SIPA Building,420W118St,New York,New York 10027,USA.Nature © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 19988letters to natureNATURE |VOL 393|4JUNE 1998441removed from a clustered neighbourhood to make a short cut has,at most,a linear effect on C ;hence C (p )remains practically unchanged for small p even though L (p )drops rapidly.The important implica-tion here is that at the local level (as reflected by C (p )),the transition to a small world is almost undetectable.To check the robustness of these results,we have tested many different types of initial regular graphs,as well as different algorithms for random rewiring,and all give qualitatively similar results.The only requirement is that the rewired edges must typically connect vertices that would otherwise be much farther apart than L random .The idealized construction above reveals the key role of short cuts.It suggests that the small-world phenomenon might be common in sparse networks with many vertices,as even a tiny fraction of short cuts would suffice.To test this idea,we have computed L and C for the collaboration graph of actors in feature films (generated from data available at ),the electrical power grid of the western United States,and the neural network of the nematode worm C.elegans 17.All three graphs are of scientific interest.The graph of film actors is a surrogate for a social network 18,with the advantage of being much more easily specified.It is also akin to the graph of mathematical collaborations centred,traditionally,on P.Erdo¨s (partial data available at /ϳgrossman/erdoshp.html).The graph of the power grid is relevant to the efficiency and robustness of power networks 19.And C.elegans is the sole example of a completely mapped neural network.Table 1shows that all three graphs are small-world networks.These examples were not hand-picked;they were chosen because of their inherent interest and because complete wiring diagrams were available.Thus the small-world phenomenon is not merely a curiosity of social networks 13,14nor an artefact of an idealizedmodel—it is probably generic for many large,sparse networks found in nature.We now investigate the functional significance of small-world connectivity for dynamical systems.Our test case is a deliberately simplified model for the spread of an infectious disease.The population structure is modelled by the family of graphs described in Fig.1.At time t ¼0,a single infective individual is introduced into an otherwise healthy population.Infective individuals are removed permanently (by immunity or death)after a period of sickness that lasts one unit of dimensionless time.During this time,each infective individual can infect each of its healthy neighbours with probability r .On subsequent time steps,the disease spreads along the edges of the graph until it either infects the entire population,or it dies out,having infected some fraction of the population in theprocess.p = 0p = 1Regular Small-worldRandomFigure 1Random rewiring procedure for interpolating between a regular ring lattice and a random network,without altering the number of vertices or edges in the graph.We start with a ring of n vertices,each connected to its k nearest neighbours by undirected edges.(For clarity,n ¼20and k ¼4in the schematic examples shown here,but much larger n and k are used in the rest of this Letter.)We choose a vertex and the edge that connects it to its nearest neighbour in a clockwise sense.With probability p ,we reconnect this edge to a vertex chosen uniformly at random over the entire ring,with duplicate edges forbidden;other-wise we leave the edge in place.We repeat this process by moving clockwise around the ring,considering each vertex in turn until one lap is completed.Next,we consider the edges that connect vertices to their second-nearest neighbours clockwise.As before,we randomly rewire each of these edges with probability p ,and continue this process,circulating around the ring and proceeding outward to more distant neighbours after each lap,until each edge in the original lattice has been considered once.(As there are nk /2edges in the entire graph,the rewiring process stops after k /2laps.)Three realizations of this process are shown,for different values of p .For p ¼0,the original ring is unchanged;as p increases,the graph becomes increasingly disordered until for p ¼1,all edges are rewired randomly.One of our main results is that for intermediate values of p ,the graph is a small-world network:highly clustered like a regular graph,yet with small characteristic path length,like a random graph.(See Fig.2.)T able 1Empirical examples of small-world networksL actual L random C actual C random.............................................................................................................................................................................Film actors 3.65 2.990.790.00027Power grid 18.712.40.0800.005C.elegans 2.65 2.250.280.05.............................................................................................................................................................................Characteristic path length L and clustering coefficient C for three real networks,compared to random graphs with the same number of vertices (n )and average number of edges per vertex (k ).(Actors:n ¼225;226,k ¼61.Power grid:n ¼4;941,k ¼2:67.C.elegans :n ¼282,k ¼14.)The graphs are defined as follows.Two actors are joined by an edge if they have acted in a film together.We restrict attention to the giant connected component 16of this graph,which includes ϳ90%of all actors listed in the Internet Movie Database (available at ),as of April 1997.For the power grid,vertices represent generators,transformers and substations,and edges represent high-voltage transmission lines between them.For C.elegans ,an edge joins two neurons if they are connected by either a synapse or a gap junction.We treat all edges as undirected and unweighted,and all vertices as identical,recognizing that these are crude approximations.All three networks show the small-world phenomenon:L ՌL random but C q C random.00.20.40.60.810.00010.0010.010.11pFigure 2Characteristic path length L (p )and clustering coefficient C (p )for the family of randomly rewired graphs described in Fig.1.Here L is defined as the number of edges in the shortest path between two vertices,averaged over all pairs of vertices.The clustering coefficient C (p )is defined as follows.Suppose that a vertex v has k v neighbours;then at most k v ðk v Ϫ1Þ=2edges can exist between them (this occurs when every neighbour of v is connected to every other neighbour of v ).Let C v denote the fraction of these allowable edges that actually exist.Define C as the average of C v over all v .For friendship networks,these statistics have intuitive meanings:L is the average number of friendships in the shortest chain connecting two people;C v reflects the extent to which friends of v are also friends of each other;and thus C measures the cliquishness of a typical friendship circle.The data shown in the figure are averages over 20random realizations of the rewiring process described in Fig.1,and have been normalized by the values L (0),C (0)for a regular lattice.All the graphs have n ¼1;000vertices and an average degree of k ¼10edges per vertex.We note that a logarithmic horizontal scale has been used to resolve the rapid drop in L (p ),corresponding to the onset of the small-world phenomenon.During this drop,C (p )remains almost constant at its value for the regular lattice,indicating that the transition to a small world is almost undetectable at the local level.Nature © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 19988letters to nature442NATURE |VOL 393|4JUNE 1998Two results emerge.First,the critical infectiousness r half ,at which the disease infects half the population,decreases rapidly for small p (Fig.3a).Second,for a disease that is sufficiently infectious to infect the entire population regardless of its structure,the time T (p )required for global infection resembles the L (p )curve (Fig.3b).Thus,infectious diseases are predicted to spread much more easily and quickly in a small world;the alarming and less obvious point is how few short cuts are needed to make the world small.Our model differs in some significant ways from other network models of disease spreading 20–24.All the models indicate that net-work structure influences the speed and extent of disease transmis-sion,but our model illuminates the dynamics as an explicit function of structure (Fig.3),rather than for a few particular topologies,such as random graphs,stars and chains 20–23.In the work closest to ours,Kretschmar and Morris 24have shown that increases in the number of concurrent partnerships can significantly accelerate the propaga-tion of a sexually-transmitted disease that spreads along the edges of a graph.All their graphs are disconnected because they fix the average number of partners per person at k ¼1.An increase in the number of concurrent partnerships causes faster spreading by increasing the number of vertices in the graph’s largest connected component.In contrast,all our graphs are connected;hence the predicted changes in the spreading dynamics are due to more subtle structural features than changes in connectedness.Moreover,changes in the number of concurrent partners are obvious to an individual,whereas transitions leading to a smaller world are not.We have also examined the effect of small-world connectivity on three other dynamical systems.In each case,the elements were coupled according to the family of graphs described in Fig.1.(1)For cellular automata charged with the computational task of density classification 25,we find that a simple ‘majority-rule’running on a small-world graph can outperform all known human and genetic algorithm-generated rules running on a ring lattice.(2)For the iterated,multi-player ‘Prisoner’s dilemma’11played on a graph,we find that as the fraction of short cuts increases,cooperation is less likely to emerge in a population of players using a generalized ‘tit-for-tat’26strategy.The likelihood of cooperative strategies evolving out of an initial cooperative/non-cooperative mix also decreases with increasing p .(3)Small-world networks of coupled phase oscillators synchronize almost as readily as in the mean-field model 2,despite having orders of magnitude fewer edges.This result may be relevant to the observed synchronization of widely separated neurons in the visual cortex 27if,as seems plausible,the brain has a small-world architecture.We hope that our work will stimulate further studies of small-world networks.Their distinctive combination of high clustering with short characteristic path length cannot be captured by traditional approximations such as those based on regular lattices or random graphs.Although small-world architecture has not received much attention,we suggest that it will probably turn out to be widespread in biological,social and man-made systems,oftenwith important dynamical consequences.ⅪReceived 27November 1997;accepted 6April 1998.1.Winfree,A.T.The Geometry of Biological Time (Springer,New Y ork,1980).2.Kuramoto,Y.Chemical Oscillations,Waves,and Turbulence (Springer,Berlin,1984).3.Strogatz,S.H.&Stewart,I.Coupled oscillators and biological synchronization.Sci.Am.269(6),102–109(1993).4.Bressloff,P .C.,Coombes,S.&De Souza,B.Dynamics of a ring of pulse-coupled oscillators:a group theoretic approach.Phys.Rev.Lett.79,2791–2794(1997).5.Braiman,Y.,Lindner,J.F.&Ditto,W.L.Taming spatiotemporal chaos with disorder.Nature 378,465–467(1995).6.Wiesenfeld,K.New results on frequency-locking dynamics of disordered Josephson arrays.Physica B 222,315–319(1996).7.Gerhardt,M.,Schuster,H.&Tyson,J.J.A cellular automaton model of excitable media including curvature and dispersion.Science 247,1563–1566(1990).8.Collins,J.J.,Chow,C.C.&Imhoff,T.T.Stochastic resonance without tuning.Nature 376,236–238(1995).9.Hopfield,J.J.&Herz,A.V.M.Rapid local synchronization of action potentials:Toward computation with coupled integrate-and-fire neurons.Proc.Natl A 92,6655–6662(1995).10.Abbott,L.F.&van Vreeswijk,C.Asynchronous states in neural networks of pulse-coupled oscillators.Phys.Rev.E 48(2),1483–1490(1993).11.Nowak,M.A.&May,R.M.Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.Nature 359,826–829(1992).12.Kauffman,S.A.Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets.J.Theor.Biol.22,437–467(1969).gram,S.The small world problem.Psychol.Today 2,60–67(1967).14.Kochen,M.(ed.)The Small World (Ablex,Norwood,NJ,1989).15.Guare,J.Six Degrees of Separation:A Play (Vintage Books,New Y ork,1990).16.Bollaba´s,B.Random Graphs (Academic,London,1985).17.Achacoso,T.B.&Yamamoto,W.S.AY’s Neuroanatomy of C.elegans for Computation (CRC Press,BocaRaton,FL,1992).18.Wasserman,S.&Faust,K.Social Network Analysis:Methods and Applications (Cambridge Univ.Press,1994).19.Phadke,A.G.&Thorp,puter Relaying for Power Systems (Wiley,New Y ork,1988).20.Sattenspiel,L.&Simon,C.P .The spread and persistence of infectious diseases in structured populations.Math.Biosci.90,341–366(1988).21.Longini,I.M.Jr A mathematical model for predicting the geographic spread of new infectious agents.Math.Biosci.90,367–383(1988).22.Hess,G.Disease in metapopulation models:implications for conservation.Ecology 77,1617–1632(1996).23.Blythe,S.P .,Castillo-Chavez,C.&Palmer,J.S.T oward a unified theory of sexual mixing and pair formation.Math.Biosci.107,379–405(1991).24.Kretschmar,M.&Morris,M.Measures of concurrency in networks and the spread of infectious disease.Math.Biosci.133,165–195(1996).25.Das,R.,Mitchell,M.&Crutchfield,J.P .in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (eds Davido,Y.,Schwefel,H.-P.&Ma¨nner,R.)344–353(Lecture Notes in Computer Science 866,Springer,Berlin,1994).26.Axelrod,R.The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books,New Y ork,1984).27.Gray,C.M.,Ko¨nig,P .,Engel,A.K.&Singer,W.Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties.Nature 338,334–337(1989).Acknowledgements.We thank B.Tjaden for providing the film actor data,and J.Thorp and K.Bae for the Western States Power Grid data.This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation (Division of Mathematical Sciences).Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.J.W.(e-mail:djw24@).0.150.20.250.30.350.00010.0010.010.11rhalfpaFigure 3Simulation results for a simple model of disease spreading.The community structure is given by one realization of the family of randomly rewired graphs used in Fig.1.a ,Critical infectiousness r half ,at which the disease infects half the population,decreases with p .b ,The time T (p )required for a maximally infectious disease (r ¼1)to spread throughout the entire population has essen-tially the same functional form as the characteristic path length L (p ).Even if only a few per cent of the edges in the original lattice are randomly rewired,the time to global infection is nearly as short as for a random graph.0.20.40.60.810.00010.0010.010.11pb。
I-V characteristic of intrinsic Josephsonjunction arrays and its applications1Tiege Zhou Shaolin Yan Fengbin Song Xu Zhang Lang FangDepartment of Electronics, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China 300071Email: zhoutiege@AbstractI-V characteristic of intrinsic Josephson junction arrays made of misalignedTl-2212 thin films with different shunt resistance was investigated. Constant-currentand negative-resistance phenomena were observed in the I-V characteristic curve.Taking advantage of these new characteristics, we put forward new type of constant-current devices and negative-resistance devices. Applications of both devices wereintroduced.Keywords: High-temperature superconductors, Josephson arrays, Josephson devicemeasurement applications, Negative resistance circuits.1IntroductionHigh-temperature superconductor (HTS) ceramics have a strong anisotropy in its lattice. For most HTS materials, the coherence length of Copper pairs along the c-axis is shorter than the spacing between the superconducting Cu-O planes. This will lead to intrinsic Josephson effects [1] [2]. For Tl-2212 thin films, Cu-O layers are separated by Ba-O and Tl-O layers. The Cu-O layers act as superconducting electrodes of the intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) and the Ba-O and Tl-O layers act as insulator barriers. Much research has been done about misaligned Tl-2212 films IJJs (for details, see[3] [4]). It is of great value to investigate the characteristic of intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs), witha view to possible applications. We investigated I-V characteristic of Tl-2212 film IJJs shunted by gold layer resistors. For shunted IJJs with βc=1, the I-V characteristic shows an obvious constant current region. For IJJs with βc>1, the I-V characteristic shows an obvious negative resistance region. Taking advantage of these new characteristics, we put forward new type of constant current device and negative resistance device. Their applications were investigated. We will present our experimental results in this paper.2ExperimentalDevices were made of HTS Tl2Ba2CaCu2O x (Tl-2212) thin films grown on LaAlO3 single crystal substrates. The substrate surface was cut at an angle of 20o tilted to the LaAlO3 (001) plane. The Tl-2212 superconducting thin film was fabricated in two-step process: deposition of amorphous Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursor film and conversion of the precursor film into Tl-2212 superconducting phase by post annealing process [5]. Briefly, the Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursor film was deposited by1 Support by Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education in Chinaoff-axis magnetron sputtering from a pair of facing Tl-2212 targets in a mixture of Ar and O 2 gases (Ar/O 2=4/1) with a total pressure of about 1.5 Pa. For the second processing step, the precursor film was sealed in a crucible together with a pre-reacted Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O pellet and annealed at temperature of 760℃ in 1 atm pure argon. The resulting thin film was pure Tl-2212 phase and epitaxial growth on the slanting substrate surface, i.e., the Cu-O planes of the Tl-2212 film had an angle of 20o to the substrate surface [6]. In our experiments, all films were of 400 nm thickness, with T c >104K.The Tl-2212 thin film was patterned into microbridge by standard photolithography and wet chemical etching. The direction of the microbridge was along the slanting direction of the Cu-O plane to the substrate surface. Along the microbridge we get a stack of IJJs. The schematic structure of the stacked intrinsic junctions in the microbridge is shown in Figure 1. An 8 μm long microbridge has 1800intrinsic Josephson junctions in series.Figure 1. The schematic structure of the intrmicrobridgeFigure 2. Photograph of a 6 μm wide and 8 μm long microbridge.In order to investigate the influence of shunt resistance to the I-V characteristics of IJJs, we connected resistors in parallel with IJJs. The shunt resistor was made by sputtering a thin layer of gold on the film before photolithography. After photolithography, wet etching with KI+I 2 solution and dilute HCl acid was used to etch the gold layer and the superconducting film, respectively. The resistance can be controlled by the sputtering time. The longer the sputtering time is, the smaller the shunt resistance will be. The corresponding McCumber parameter βc was calculated by the I-V curve and junction’s parameters [7]. Figure 2 shows the photograph of a 6 μm wide and 8 μm long microbridge.I-V characteristics of the devices were measured using the standard four-probe technique. Two gold electrodes were deposited on each terminal of a device to reduce the contact resistance. An adjustable voltage source was used to plot I-V characteristic curves, which can eliminate the voltage jump across IJJs. The use of a voltage source is also the reason why we can get a negative resistance characteristic [8].3 Results and discussionsI-V characteristics of three devices with different thickness of gold layers are shown in Figure 3. To measure the I-V characteristics, an adjustable voltage source was applied. All of the samples were 6 μm wide and 8 μm long. Curve A shows the I-V characteristic of sample I. The sputtering time of the gold layer of this sample was 5 seconds, which resulted in a shunt resistance of 0.49 Ω for each intrinsic junction. The corresponding McCumber parameter βc is about0.52. The I-V curve demonstrates a typical I-V characteristic of RSJ mode.Curve B is the result of Sample II. The sputtering time of the gold layer was 2 seconds. The shunt resistance of each intrinsic junction is 1.07 Ω and βc ≈0.91 which is slightly smaller than 1. It can be find that the current is nearly stabilized at 5.8 mA when the voltage is in the range of 0.5－9 V. This promptsthe use of this sample as a constant-current device.Fig.3 I-V characteristics of three devices with (A)c β=0.52, (B)c β=0.91 and (C)c β =1.66,respectively.Figure 4. Load resistor dependence of the constant current when the voltage sources are 9 V (curve A),6 V (curve B) and 3 V (curve C), respectively. Curve C is the result of sample III. The sputtering time for its gold layer is 1 second. The shunt resistance is 2.54 Ω and βc ≈1.66. It is obvious that there is a negative resistance region which is caused by the use of voltage source and βc >1. If we use current source, the I-V curve will become hysteretic.4 Applications4.1 As constant current devicesWe can see from above that IJJs may work as constant-current devices when βc is close to 1. In order to test this application, we connected Sample II, a voltage source, and a load resistor in serial to see the load resistance dependence of the current. The current change with load resistance is plotted in Figure 4. In the experiment, we used different constant voltage source, i.e., 9V, 6V and 3V. Comparatively obvious turning points in the curves can be seen, 1.7 k Ω on curve A, 1.3 k Ω on curve B and 0.6 k Ω on curve C. Before the turning point the current is nearly constant, and it changes greatly after the turning point. At the turning point the whole voltage is applied across the load resistance and the device is in a zero-voltage state. It is obvious that, to provide a larger load resistance with a constant current, larger voltage source is needed. If using the device to provide bias current for a component in circuits, the current fluctuation will not exceed 1% as the load resistance has a change of 50 Ω.This new kind of device has great value in superconductive circuits, because Josephson junctions in superconductive circuits dissipate little itself, but the current bias resistors dissipate much power. In order to minimize the ohm dissipation, we must exploit new device. Using constant current device as bias can reduce the dissipation. Because it can give a constant current, while the working voltage can be very low. So it dissipates little power.It should be noticed that, according to AC Josephson effects, there is RF modulation on the constant current of the device and the frequency is proportional to the mean value of the voltage across the device. In this particular case, the Josephson oscillations may become a noise. Fortunately, because its frequency is very high, so the device can work very well in low frequency circuits. In the microwave range, because of bad impedance matching of the device, the AC current is so small that it will not impose severe limitations. In particular case, we can connect an inductor with the device to reduce the AC current.4.2 As negative resistance devicesA new microbridg of 2 μm wide and 2 μm long was made to investigate the negative-resistance characteristic. In order to obtain an obvious negative resistance curve, the microbridge has no gold layer on it. The same adjustable voltage source was used to plot its I-V curve.0.00.40.8 1.21.60.00.40.81.21.6C u r r e n t / m AVoltage / VFigure 5: I-V characteristic of a 2 μm wide and 2 μm long microbridge without gold layer Shown in Figure 3 is the I-V characteristic curve in which clear negative resistance region can be seen. We can get that the dynamic resistance is -1400Ω when the voltage is in the range of 0.1-0.7V, thepeak voltage is 0.09 V, the peak current is 1.44 mA, the valley point voltage is 0.75 V, and the valley point current is 1.05 mA.Using this device, we constructed a simple amplifying circuit to examine the possibility of its application. Shown is Figure 6 is the schematics of the circuit. T is a transformer for signal input. E is a 0.4V voltage source. R1 is a 100Ω resistor. R2 is the load resistor for which we adopt different value to make measurements. An oscilloscope was used to observe the voltage across R1 and R2, and then we get the value of current through R1 and R2. The ratio of I R2 and I R1 is the current gain. The signal is AC voltage with a peak-to-peak value of 0.1V and a frequency of 10 kHz. The device was immersed in LN2. Figure 7 shows the AC current gain versus the load resistance. The black spot is the experimental result and the curve is get from negative resistance theory. We can see that they agree with each other verywell.A m p l i f i c a t i o nload resistance (ohm)Figure 6: schematic diagram of the amplifying circuit Figure 7: amplification against load resistance This kind of device is active. It can amplify signals. So this kind of device is of great value for realizing fully superconducting circuits.It is also because of AC Josephson effect, this kind of device can not work at microwave frequency. But it can work in low frequency very well. Research is being done in our group to determine the maximum working frequency of this kind of device.5 ConclusionsWe investigated I-V characteristics of Tl-2212 thin film intrinsic Josephson Junctions by means of shunting resistance. New characteristics were observed. Using these new characteristics, we put forward new type of constant-current device and negative-resistance device. The applications of new devices were introduced. Both of the devices can work in low frequency range very well.Ref e re nc es[1] R. Kleiner and P. Muller, Intrinsic Josephson effects in high-Tc superconductors, Physical Review B, 49(1994),1327-1342[2] R. Kleiner P. Muller H. Kohlstedt N.F. Pedersen and S. Sakai, Dynamic behavior of Josephson-coupledlayered structures, Physical Review B, 50(1994), 3924-3936[3] O.S.Chana et al. Josephson effects in misaligned Tl-2212 films, Physica C 326-327(1999)[4] O.S.Chana et al. Properties of Tl2Ba2CaCuO8 thin film intrinsic Josephson junctions in an in-plane magneticfield, Physica C 362(2001) 265-268[5] S.L. Yan L. Fang Q.X. Song J. Yan, Formation of epitaxial Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 thin films at low temperature inpure argon, Appl. Phys. Lett., 63(1993), 1845-1847[6] S.L. Yan L. Fang M.S. Si J. Wang J.M. Hao Q.X. Song, Intrinsic Josephson junctions of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 thinfilms, Physica C, 282-287(1997), 2433-2434[7] E.J. Tarte, G.A. Wagner, R.E. Somekh et al, The capacitance of bicrystal Josephson junctions deposited onSrTiO3 substrates, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 7(1997), 3662-3665[8] W. C. Stewart, CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS, AppliedPhysics Letters, 12(1968), 277-279。
Abelian group 阿贝尔群，又称Abel群ablation 烧蚀abnormal dispersion 反常色散Abrikosov vortex lattice 阿布里科索夫涡旋线格子Abrikocov vortex state 阿布里科索夫涡旋态absorber 吸收体absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱abundance 丰度acceptor doping 受主掺杂acceptor impurity 受主杂质accumulation layer 累积层achromatic phase matching 消色差相位匹配achromatic wave plate 消色差波片achromatism 消色差[性]ac Josephson effect 交流约瑟夫森效应，又称交流Josephson效应acoustic compliance 声顺acoustic ohm 声欧[姆]acoustic stiffness 声劲[度]acoustic-optic tensor 声光系数张量acousto-optic effect 声光效应acousto-optic Q-switch 声光Q－开关acousto-optic signal processor 声光信号处理器acousto-optical tunable filter 声光可调滤波器actinide element 锕系元素activated tunneling 激活隧穿active device 有源器件active region 激活区addressing electrode 寻址电极adiabatic theorem，绝热定理adiabatic transformation 绝热变换adiabatic transport，绝热输运adiabaton 浸渐子，绝热子advection 平流aerodynamic sound 空气动力声aersol 气溶胶affinity potential 亲和势aggregate 聚集体aggregation 聚集Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect AB效应，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB) 效应Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux AB磁通，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB)磁通allowed state 容许态alpha decay ( -decay) 衰变alpha particle ( -particle) 粒子Altshular-Aronov-Spivak (AAS) effect AAS效应，又称Altshular-Aronov-Spivak效应amplification without inversion 无反转放大amplitude limiting 限幅amplitude transformer 变幅杆Andreev reflection 安德列也夫反射，又称Andreev反射Andreev mirror 安德列也夫镜[子]，又称Andreev镜[子] Andreev scattering 安德列也夫散射，又称Andreev散射angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy 角分辨光电子谱[学] anisotropic confinement 各向异性限域anisotropic scatterer, 各向异性散射体anisotropy energy 各向异性能anomalon 反常子anomalous power laws 反常幂[次]率anomalous proximity effect，反常临近效应anomaly 反常antidot 同quantum antidot 反量子点antidodal point 腹点antigravity 反引力antihyperon 反超子anti-localization, 反局域化antimeson 反介子anti-exclusive principle 反不相容原理antiferromagnetic interaction 反铁磁相互作用antiferromagnetic semiconductor 反铁磁半导体anti-Stokes scattering 反斯托克斯散射anti-time ordered function, 反时序函数anyon 任意子aphelion 近日点, 远核点areal density 面密度armchair nanotube 扶手椅型纳米管arrayed waveguide gratings 阵列波导光栅artificial atom，人[工]构[造]原子artificial barrier 人工势垒artificial elment 人造元素atom laser 原子凝射器atom optics 原子光学atom trapping 原子陷俘，原子捕获atom waveguide 原子波导atomic clock原子钟atomic diffraction 原子衍射atomic fountain 原子喷泉atomic form factor 原子形状因子atomic time 原子时attenuation 衰减attosecond X-ray pulse 阿秒X射线脉冲Auger process 俄歇过程，又称Auger过程avalanche counter 雪崩计数器avalanche effect 雪崩效应avalanche photodiodes,apd 雪崩光电二极管azimuth 方位角back-action evasion 非干扰[测量]background radiation 本底辐射，背景辐射background temperature 本底温度, 背景温度balanced homodyne detection平衡零拍探测ballistic aggregate 弹道聚集体ballistic aggregation 弹道聚集ballistic electron injection 弹道电子注入ballistic transport弹道输运ballistics 弹道学band bending 带弯曲band index 带指标band of rotation-vibration 振转[谱]带band offset 带阶band repulsion 带排斥band theory 能带论bar 巴（压强单位），杆Barkhausen noise 巴克豪森噪声，又称Barkhausen噪声barn 巴恩(截面单位，10－24厘米2)barrier 势垒barrier curvature 势垒曲率barrier height 势垒高度barrier state 势垒态barrier tunneling 势垒隧穿base-centered orthorhombic lattice 底心正交格[子] base line 基线base material 基质base metal 碱金属basis vector 基矢beam 束，梁beam dump 束流捕集器beam focusing 束流聚焦behaviour 行为，性能Bell inequality贝尔不等式，又称Bell不等式bend resistance，弯曲电阻bent crystal 弯晶Berry phase 贝里相位，又称Berry相位βdecay β衰变βradioactivity β放射性βray β射线βspectum β谱βstability line β稳定线bevatron 吉伏质子加速器（高能质子同步稳相加速器）bicritical point 双临界点bicrystal junction 双晶结big bang model 大爆炸模型binary diffractive optical element 二元衍射光学元件bioastrophysics 天体生物物理学biochip 生物芯片bipolar junction transistor 双极[结]晶体管bit rate 比特率blackness 黑度blaze line 闪耀角bleaching effect 漂白效应blob 团迹，链滴Bloch electron 布洛赫电子，又称Bloch电子Bloch frequency，布洛赫频率，又称Bloch频率Bloch oscillation，布洛赫振荡，又称Bloch振荡Bloch theorem 布洛赫定理，又称Bloch定理blockade 阻塞Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk [BTK] model BTK模型body-centered cubic lattice 体心立方格[子]body-centered orthorhombic lattice 体心正交格[子]Bogoliubov [-de Gennes] equations 博戈留波夫[－得简斯]方程，又称Bogoliubov [-de Gennes]方程Boltzmann distribution 玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann transport equation，玻尔兹曼输运方程bond-angle order 键角有序bond-orientational order 键取向有序bond polarizability 键极化性bond valence 键价boojum 布经(超流氦3中的取向织构)bosonization of field operators 场算符的波色化Bragg peak 布拉格峰，又称Bragg峰Bragg plane 布拉格平面，又称Bragg平面Bragg reflection 布拉格反射，又称Bragg 反射Bragg reflectors 布拉格反射器，又称Bragg 反射器Bragg waveguide 布拉格波导，又称Bragg 波导break junction 断裂结breathing mode呼吸模breeder 增殖反应堆breakup reaction 崩裂反应bright state 亮态brittleness 脆性buffer amplifier 缓冲放大器buffer gas 缓冲气体buffer layer, 缓冲层burn-up 燃耗Büttiker formula, 比特克公式，又称Büttiker公式buzzer 蜂鸣器C-15 structure C-15结构C[a]esium clock 铯钟calorie 卡【洛里】candle 烛光candescence 白热，又称白炽canonical commutation relation 正则对易关系canonical variable 正则变量cantact angle 接触角canted spin order倾斜自旋有序cantilever 悬臂（原子力显微镜中的）canthotaxie眼角[式]排列（另文说明）carbon cycle 碳循环(恒星内部的)carbon nanotube 碳纳米管carrier 载流子carrier concentration 载流子浓度carrier diffuse 载流子扩散carrier reservoir 载流子库Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cauchu-Schwarz inequality Cauchu-Schwarz不等式cavity dark state 腔暗态cavity dumping 腔倒空cavity quantum electrodynamics 腔量子电动力学cavity resonator [谐振]腔共振器14C dating 碳14测年celestial X-ray source 宇宙X 射线源center of inversion 反演中心center of moment 矩心central collision中心碰撞center-of-mass energy 质心系能量centrifuge 离心机centrifugal separation 离心分离ceramic 陶瓷chain folding 链折叠chain statistics 链统计学chalcogenide 硫属化物channel waveguide 沟道波导chaos synchronization 混沌同步chaotic communication 混沌通讯chaotic noise 混沌噪声characteristic impedance 特性阻抗characteristic curve 特征曲线charge-separated plasma 电荷分离等离子体(正负电荷在空间不同区域的等离子体) charge imbalance 电荷不平衡charge ordering 电荷有序charge parity effect，电荷宇称效应charge qubit 电荷量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge-phase qubit 电荷-相位量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge reservoir 电荷库charge stiffness 电荷劲度（衡量外场作用下电荷被自由加速的难易程度）charge-spin coupling电荷自旋耦合（用于自旋电子学）charge stripe phase 电荷条纹相charge-to-mass ratio 荷质比charge transfer insulator 电荷转移绝缘体charge transfer salt 电荷转移盐charge velocity 电荷速度（见于电荷－自旋分离现象）charging energy，充电能chemical shift 化学位移chiral liquid crystal 手征液晶chiral molecule手征分子，又称手性分子chiral symmetry broken 手征对称[性]破缺chirp啁啾chirped Gaussian pulse 啁啾高斯脉冲chirp filter 啁啾滤波器，又称线性调频滤波器，或色散延迟线chopper 斩波器circumlunar orbit 环月轨道circumsolar orbit 环日轨道circumterrestrial orbit 环地轨道cis-lunar space 月地空间clad 覆盖clamping 箝位classical fluid 经典液体clean limit [干]净极限cleaved coupling cavity 解理耦合腔cloning fidelity克隆保真度closed shell 满壳层，又称闭壳层，英文又称closure shellcluster state簇态CNO cycle 碳氮氧循环coalescence 聚合, 并合code 1，[代]码；2，密码；3，符号coding 编码codirectional coupling 同向耦合coefficient of correlation 关联系数coefficient of elasticity 弹性系数coexistence line 共存线(相图中的)coexisting phase 共存相coherence factor 相干因子coherence length，相干长度coherent atomic recoil 相干原子反冲coherent electron tunneling 相干电子隧道coherent peak 相干峰coherent photoassociation 相干光缔合coherent population oscillation相干布居振荡coherent population trapping相干布居囚禁coherent population transfer相干布居迁移coherent structure 拟序结构coherent terahertz waves相干太赫波coherent transient effects 相干暂态效应coherent trap 相干捕获cold finger 冷头cold fusion 冷聚变collective coordinate 集体坐标collective mode 集体模collective motion 集体运动collective pinning model 集体钉扎模型collinear phase matching 共线相位匹配colloid 胶体，胶质colloidal metal 胶体金属colored noise 色噪声colossal magnetoresistance [CMR] 庞磁电阻commensurate lattice 公度格子compact star 致密星compensated impurity 补偿杂质complementary metal oxide semiconductor [CMOS] 互补金属氧化物半导体complex 1，复合体；2，络合物complex analytical signal theory 复解析信号理论complex-conjugate pulses 复共轭脉冲compliance 1，柔度；2，顺度composite Fermion 复合费米子compression of ultrashort pulses 超短脉冲压缩compressor 压缩器，压机concurrence并发纠缠,又称量子并发condensate 凝聚体condensation energy 凝聚能condenser 冷凝器conductance fluctuation, 电导涨落conductance quantization 电导量子化conduction electron 传导电子confinement 1，约束（等离子）；2，限域（凝聚态）；3，禁闭（高能）congregating effect 聚集效应conjugate variable 共轭变量conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒conservation of crystal momentum 晶体动量守恒conservative dislocation motion 保守位错运动(位错沿滑移面平行于Burgers矢量运动无净质量流)conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation law of flux 磁通守恒律conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservation of particle number粒子数守恒contact angle 接触角contact potential 接触势contact resistance 接触电阻continuation 延拓continuous group 连续群contour line 等值线contour map 等值线图contradirectional coupling反向耦合conventional unit cell 惯用单胞，简称单胞convergence factor 收敛因子conversion electron 内转换电子coolant moderator 载热减速剂cooperative diffusion 合作扩散Cooperon, 库珀子Cooper pair box 库珀对盒子coplanar waveguide 共面波导copolymer 共聚物core energy 芯能core nucleus 核芯[核]correlated spontaneous emission 关联自发发射correlation exponent 关联指数cosmic aerodynamics 宇宙气体动力学cosmic age 宇宙年龄cosmic constant 宇宙常量cosmic [microwave] background radiation [CMBR] 宇宙[微波]背景辐射cosmic microwave background 宇宙微波背景cosmic string 宇宙弦cosmochemistry 宇宙化学，天体化学cosmological nucleosynthesis 宇宙核合成cosmos 宇宙co-tunneling 共隧穿Couette flow 库埃特流Coulomb blockade 库仑阻塞Coulomb gap 库仑隙Coulomb interaction 库仑[相互]作用Coulomb island 库仑岛，又称单电子岛（single electron island）Coulomb potential 库仑势Coulomb repulsion 库仑斥力Coulomb staircase 库仑台阶counter telescope 计数器望远镜coupled-channels model 耦合道模型coupled mode theory 耦合模理论coupled waveguides，耦合波导coupled wells耦合阱coupling energy 耦合能coupling strength 耦合强度covalent bond 共价键creep wave蠕波，又称爬波critical assembly [核反应堆]临界装置critical density 临界密度critical dimension 临界维度cross-phase-modulation 交叉相位调制cross field 交叉场cross junction, 十字结crosstalk attenuation 串扰衰减crystal-field splitting 晶［体］场劈裂crystalline anisotropy晶态各向异性crystal symmetry class 晶体对称类cubic lattice 立方格子cuprate 铜氧化物curie 居里(非国际制放射性活度单位)current bias 电流偏置current operator 电流算符cutoff energy，截止能量cyclone 气旋cyclotron effective mass 回旋有效质量D/A converter 等于digital to analog converter 数模转换器damping radiation 阻尼辐射dark current 暗电流dark energy 暗能量dark state 暗态dark-state polariton 暗态光极化子date line 日界线dc Josephson effect 直流约瑟夫森效应，直流Josephson效应dc SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) 直流超导量子干涉器Debye wave vector 德拜波矢decay heat 衰变热decay time，衰减时间deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decoherence 退相干，又称消相干decoherence-free 无退相干，又称无消相干decontamination factor 去污因子decoupling epoch 退耦期decoy state 诱骗态deformation potential，形变势degeneracy collapse 简并塌缩degenerate pressure 简并压degenerate star 简并星de Gennes-Taupin length de Gennes-Taupin长度degree of order 有序度de Haas-Shubnikov effect de Haas-Shubnikov效应delay time，延迟时间demultiplexer 解复用器dendrite 1,枝晶；2，枝蔓；3，枝蔓体dense coding 密集编码dense wavelength division multiplexing 密集波分复用density correlation function，密度关联函数density distribution 密度分布density wave 密度波depairing 拆对dephasing length，退相位长度depinning 脱钉[扎]depleted Uranium 贫化铀deplation force 排空力（胶体物理用语）depletion layer 耗尽层descreening 去屏蔽deterministic equation 确定(论)的方程deuterium 氘, 即重氢deuterium oxide 重水dextrorotation 右旋diabatic approach 非绝热近似diagnostics 诊断学diagonal element 对角元diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagonalization 对角化diamond structure 金刚石结构diblock copolymer 双嵌段共聚物dielectric response function 介电响应函数dielectric function，介电函数dielectric microcavity 介电[质]微腔dielectric reflector 介[电]质反射器differential conductance 微分电导differential input 差分输入differential rotation 较差自转（天文学用语）differential scanning calorimetry 差分扫描量热术diffraction-free beam 消衍射光束diffractive binary optics 衍射二元光学diffuseness [parameter] 弥散参数diffusion constant，扩散常数diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion region 扩散区diffusive transport，扩散输运digit 数字digital circuit 数字电路digital cross connect 数字交叉连接digit[al] to analog converter (DAC) 数模转换器digital micromirror device 数字微镜器件dilation 膨胀dilute phase 稀相dilation symmetry 伸缩对称dimensionless conductance 无量纲电导dimer 二聚体dimerization 二聚化dipole interaction 偶极相互作用dipole giant resonance 偶极巨共振Dirac braket 狄拉克括号Dirac picture 狄拉克绘景, 即相互作用绘景directed diffusion 定向扩散directional bond 定向键directional coupler 定向耦合器directional ordering 取向有序directional quantization 方向量子化direction of magnetization 磁化方向direct lattice 正格子，又称正点阵direct transition 直接跃迁dirty limit 脏极限dirty-metal regime，脏金属区discontinuity 1，不连续[性]；2，突变[性] dislocation network 位错网络disordered alloy 无序合金disordered system 无序系统dispersion compensation 色散补偿dispersion-managed solitons 调控色散孤子dissipationless flow 无耗散流dissociation energy 离解能distillable entanglement 可萃取纠缠distinguishable states可区分态distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器domain 1，畴；2，[定义]域；3，区域donor level 施主能级dopant 掺杂物doping 掺杂dosimetry 剂量学double-barrier tunneling，双势垒隧穿double exchange interaction 双交换相互作用double heterostructure DH 双异质结doublet state 双重态dressed atom 着衣原子，又称缀饰原子droplet model 小液滴模型Drude model，德鲁德模型duty ratio 占空比d-wave pairing d波配对dyad 并矢dynamical mass 动力学质量(08.02dynamic random access memory [DRAM] 动态随机存储器dynamic screening，动态屏蔽dynamically induced coherence 动态诱导相干dynamo theory 发动机理论dyne 达因early universe 早期宇宙eccentricity 偏心率eclipse 1，食；2，交食edge channel，边缘通道edge dislocation 刃[型]位错edge state，边缘态effective field theory 有效场理论effective Hamiltonian 有效哈密顿量effective mass approximation，有效质量近似Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment EPR思想实验Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect EPR效应Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair EPR对Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox EPR佯谬elastic compliance 弹性顺度elastic deformation 弹性形变electrical isolation 电绝缘electric breakdown 电击穿electric capacity 电容electric resistance 电阻electrical quadrupole moment 电四极矩electrochemical potential 电化学势electromagnetic absorption 电磁吸收electromagnetically induced absorption 电磁感生吸收electromagnetically induced transparency 电磁感生透明electromagnetic-environment effect，电磁环境效应electron backscattering pattern 电子背散射图样electron-beam lithography 电子束刻蚀electron configuration 电子组态electron density 电子密度electron-doped high temperature superconductor 电子掺杂的高温超导体electronegativity 电负性electron-electron interaction，电子－电子相互作用electron-hole pair 电子空穴对electron-hole recombination 电子-空穴复合electron hologram 电子全息术electron transition 电子跃迁electron pair 电子对electron pair tunneling 电子对隧穿electron-phonon coupling 电子声子耦合electron temperature，电子温度electron tunneling 电子隧穿electron waveguide，电子波导electron volt (eV) 电子伏electrorheological effect 电流变效应electrorheological fluid 电流变液Eliashberg equations Eliashberg方程Eliashberg theory of strong coupling Eliashberg强耦合理论elliptical orbit 椭圆轨道elliptic flow 椭圆流emittance 发射度empirical pseudopotential method 经验赝势方法empty lattice approximation 空晶格近似endohedral fullerene 内嵌原子富勒烯end-butt coupling 端面对接耦合energy relaxation length，能量弛豫长度energy transport velocity 能量传输速度ensemble average，系综平均entangled state 纠缠态entanglement 1，纠缠；2，纠缠度entanglement concentration 纠缠浓缩entanglement measure 纠缠度量entanglement monotone 单调纠缠量entanglement of formation 生成纠缠entanglement purification 纠缠纯化entanglement witness 纠缠见证entropy force 熵力envelope function，包络函数epithermal neutron 超热中子epoxy 环氧树脂erbium-doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器error correction 纠错Esaki diode 江崎二极管evanescent state，衰逝态even-odd nucleus 偶奇核even parity 偶宇称evolution of inflation 暴涨演化Ewald construction Ewald作图法Ewald sphere Ewald球excess current 过剩电流excess neutron 过剩中子exchange-correlation hole 交换关联空穴exchange-correlation functional 交换关联泛函exchange hole 交换空穴exchange integral 交换积分excitation spectrum 激发谱excluded volume 排除体积exclusion of flux 磁通排斥exclusion principle 不相容原理exotic nucleus 奇特核expanding universe 膨胀宇宙extended [Brillouin] zone scheme 扩展[布里渊]区图式extraterrestrial life 地外生命extravehicular activity(EV A) [太空]舱外活动f-sum rule f求和规则face-centered orthorhombic lattice 面心正交格[子] face-on 正向facsimile 传真，英文简写为faxfacula 光斑Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计faint object 暗天体fan diagram 扇形图F-center F中心Feno lineshape Feno线型Feno resonance Feno共振fan spin order 扇状自旋有序farad (F) 法拉（电容单位）Faraday depolarization 法拉第退偏振Faraday law of electrolysis 法拉第电解定律far-from-equilibrium system，远离平衡态系统far-side 背面（far-side of the moon, 月球背面）far-ultraviolet (FUV) 远紫外fast fission 快裂变fatigue crack 疲劳裂纹fatigue fracture 疲劳断裂fatigue strength 疲劳强度feed [source] 馈源feeder 馈线femto (f) 飞（＝10-15）(01)femtosecond pulse shaping 飞秒脉冲成形Fermi age 费米[中子]年龄Fermi age-diffusion equation 费米年龄扩散方程Fermi arc 费米弧Fermi coupling constant 费米耦合常数Fermi energy 费米能量Fermi gas 费米气体Fermi golden rule 费米黄金定则Fermi liquid 费米液体Fermi liquid parameter 费米液体参数Fermi loop 费米环Fermi point 费米点Fermi transition费米跃迁Fermi vacuum 费米真空Fermi velocity 费米速度Fermi wavelength 费米波长Fermi wave vector，费米波矢Fermi’s golden rule费米黄金规则ferrielectric crystal 亚铁电晶体ferrimagnet 亚铁磁体ferroelectric 铁电体ferroelectric crystal 铁电晶体ferromagnet 铁磁体few-cycle pulse少周[期]脉冲few nucleon transfer 少[数]核子转移Feynman path，费曼路径Feynman path integral，费曼路径积分fiber cross connect 光纤交叉连接fiber grating 光纤光栅Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fiducial confidence bar 置信棒fiducial point 基准点field intensity 场强field quantization 场量子化field quantum 场量子field strength 场强figure of merit，又称qualityfactor 品质因数filament 1，丝；2，丝极finite-amplitude wave 有限振幅波，又称大振幅波finite-difference method 有限差分方法finite element method 有限元法finite size effect 有限尺寸效应finite-size scaling 有限尺寸标度first approximation 一级近似first Brillouin zone 第一布里渊区first point of Aries 春分点，英文又称：vernal equinoxfirst point of Cancer 夏至点，英文又称：summer solsticefirst point of Capricornus 冬至点，英文又称：winter solsticefirst point of Libra 秋分点，英文又称：autumnal equinoxFiske steps 费斯克台阶，又称自感应台阶fissility 易裂变性fission 1，裂变；2，分裂fission isomer 裂变同质异能素fission nuclide 裂变核素fission reactor 裂变反应堆fission-spectrum neutron 裂变谱中子fission track dating 裂变径迹年代测定fitting curve 拟合曲线five-fold symmetry 5重对称fixed-range hopping 定程跳跃flash memory 闪速存储器，简称闪存flat spectrum 平谱flattening factor 扁率floating probe 浮置电极，又称浮置探针floating phase 浮置相Floquest theorem 弗洛开定理flow resistance 流阻fluctuating wall 涨落壁fluctuation 涨落（统计物理〕，又称起伏（声学〕fluence 注量fluorescence probe 荧光探剂flux，通量flux 1通量，又称流量；2，注量率；3，焊料；4 助熔剂flux bundle 磁通束flux flow amplifier (FFA) 磁通流放大器flux flow oscillator (FFO) 磁通流振荡器flux flow transistor（FFT）磁通流三极管,又称涡旋流三极管(vortex flow transistor) flux-line lattice 磁通线格子flux line 磁通线flux tube 磁流管flux quantum 磁通量子flux quantization 磁通量子化foam 泡沫focal point 焦点focal ratio 焦比focus 1，焦点；2，震源folding Brillouin zone 折叠布里渊区forbidden beta decay 禁戒b衰变forecast 预报forward bias 正向偏压four-Josephson junction logic (4JL) 四约瑟夫森结逻辑门Fourier analysis 傅里叶分析Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fourier [transform] nuclear magnetic resonance 傅里叶[变换]核磁共振Fourier [transform] Raman spectroscopy 傅立叶[变换]拉曼谱学four probe method 四探针法four-terminal resistance，4端电阻fractional chain yield 相对链产额fractional cumulative yield 分积累产额fractional distillation 分馏fractional independent yield 分独立产额fractional statistics 分数统计法fragment 1，碎片；2，片段Franck-Condon principle弗兰克-康登原理free electron approximation 自由电子近似free electron gas 自由电子气体free energy 自由能free –free transition 自由－自由跃迁，又称自由态间跃迁freely falling body 自由落体free radical 自由基free spectral range 自由光谱范围freezing point 凝固点Frenkel exciton 弗仑克尔激子frequency conversion 频率转换Frequency division multiplexing 频分复用frequency jitter 频率抖动frequency multiplication 倍频friction 摩擦Friedel oscillation，Friedel振荡Friedel sum rule Friedel求和规则Frohlich interaction Frohlich相互作用front velocity波前速度frustrated magnet 窘组磁体fuel cell 燃料电池Fulde-Ferrell state Fulde-Ferrell态fullerene 富勒烯full moon 满月function 函数functional (1)泛函(2)功能（的）fundamental interaction 基本相互作用fundamental space-filling mode 基本空间填充模fuse (1)熔解(2)保险丝fused silica熔融石英fusion reactor 聚变[核反应]堆fuzzy information 模糊信息fussy mathematics 模糊数学gain-clamping 增益箝位gain efficiency 增益效率Galton plate 伽尔顿板-陈gamma(γ)伽马（地磁场强单位γ＝nT）gamma rayγ射线gap 1，隙；2，能隙gap anisotropy 能隙各向异性gap parameter 能隙参数gaseous state 气态gate1，门；2，栅（极）gate voltage 门电压gauge symmetry 规范对称性gauss (G) 高斯（磁感应强度单位G＝10－4T）Gaussian fluctuation 高斯涨落Gauss law 高斯定理Gauss surface 高斯面generalized Balmer formula 广义巴尔末公式generalized work 广义功general refractive index 广义折射率（量子信息）geomagnetic declination 地磁偏角geomagnetic inclination 地磁倾角geometrical structure factor 几何结构因子geometrization of gravitation 引力几何化German silver 德银g-factor g因子g-factor of electrons 电子的g因子g shift g移位ghost imaging 鬼成像giant magnetoresistance (GMR) 巨磁电阻Giaever tunneling 盖沃尔隧穿（单电（粒）子隧穿）Gibbs ensemble 吉布斯系综gilbert 吉尔（磁通势单位）Ginzburg-Landau coherence length 金兹堡-朗道(GL)相干长度Ginzburg-Landau equation 金兹堡-朗道(GL)方程Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov Go’rkov theory（GLAG）金兹堡-朗道-阿布里科索夫－高里科夫理论Glan-Thompson prism 格兰－汤普森棱镜Glan-Taylor prism 格兰-泰勒棱镜glass phase 玻璃相glassy ceramics 微晶玻璃glassy metal 玻璃态金属Glauber state Glauber态glide axis 滑移轴glide line 滑移线global phase 整体相位（量子信息）goniometer 测角器graded bandgap layer 缓变带隙层Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model 高特－卡西米尔二流体模型Graded index lens (GRIN) 梯度折射率透镜gradient of electric potential 电势梯度gram-molecule 克分子，摩尔（mole）grand free energy 巨自由能granular matter 颗粒物质granular superconductor 颗粒超导体granule 颗粒granularity 颗粒性granular metal 颗粒金属graphite 石墨graphite structure 石墨结构graph [线]图graph state 图态（量子信息）gravitational deflection of light 光线的引力偏折gravity acceleration 重力加速度Gray code 格雷码grazing angle 1，掠射角；2，擦边角greenhouse effect 温室效应group index of refraction 群折射率group theory 群论group velocity dispersion 群速度色散growth 生长growth model 生长模型guest host liquid crystal 宾主型液晶guided wave optics 导波光学gyroscopic effect 回转效应half metal 半金属half metallic magnet 半金属磁体half wave filter 半波滤波器half wave oscillator 半波振子half- wave zone method 半波带法half-wave voltage 半波电压Hall angle 霍尔角Hall coefficient 霍尔系数Hall field 霍尔电场[强度]Hall plateau 霍尔平台Hall resistance 霍尔电阻Hall voltage 霍尔电压halo nucleus 晕核halogen 卤素Hamiltonian matrix哈密顿［量］矩阵hard sphere 硬球hard sphere approximation 硬球近似harmonic generation 谐波产生Hartree-Fock electron 哈特里-福克电子H-center H心health physics 保健物理heat conductivity 1,导热性;2,热导率heat flow vector 热流矢量heat flux 热通量heat switch 热开关heavy electron 重电子heavy element 重元素heavy fermion superconductor 重费米子超导体heavy [fission] fragment 重【裂变】碎片heavy hole 重空穴heavy wall 重壁heavy water 重水hedgehog 猬缺陷height of potential barrier 势垒高度Heisenberg Hamiltonian 海森伯哈密顿量Heisenberg operators 海森伯算符Heisenberg uncertainty principle 海森伯不确定【性】原理Heitler-London theory 海特勒－伦敦理论Helfrich spontaneous curvature model 黑弗里希自发曲率模型helical spin order螺旋自旋有序helium liquefier 氦液化器heptahgedron 七面体Hermite polynomial 厄米多项式Hermitian matrix 厄米矩阵hertz (Hz) 赫兹, 频率单位heterotic superstring theory 杂化超弦理论Heusler alloy 霍伊斯勒合金hexadecapole 十六极hexahedron 六面体hexatic phase 六角相high coherence model 高相干模型high electron mobility transistor 高电子迁移率晶体管（简写：HEMT）high energy particle 高能粒子high-field domain 强场畴high-order dispersion 高阶色散high-order harmonic generation 高阶谐波产生high pass filter 高通滤波器high temperature reservoir 高温热源high temperature superconductor（HTS）高温超导体high vacuum 高真空high voltage electron microscopy 高压电子显微术Hohenberg-Kohn energy functional 霍恩伯格-科恩能量泛函hole-electron recombination 空穴－电子复合hole surface 空穴面(k空间中未占据态区的表面)hole-type high temperature superconductor 空穴型高温超导体holey fiber 多孔光纤hollow core optical fibers 空心光纤holon 空穴子homodyne零拍homodyne detection 零拍探测homolog[ue] 同系物homopolymer 单聚合物honeycomb photonic band gap fiber 蜂窝型光子带隙光纤hopping conductance 跳跃电导hopping energy，跳跃能hopping probability 跳跃概率hopping transport 跳跃输运host 基质host crystal 基质晶体，又称主晶hot carrier 热载流子h/e oscillation h/e振荡h/2e oscillation h/2e振荡Huang equations 黄[昆]方程组Huang-Rhys factor 黄昆－里斯因子Hubbard Hamiltonian 哈勃德哈密顿量Hubbard model 哈勃德模型Hubble time 哈勃时间hybrid bond 杂化键hybrid field effect 混合场效应hydrodynamics 流体［动］力学hydrodynamic mode 流体［动］力学模hydromagnetic disturbance 磁流体扰动hydromagnetic instability 磁流体不稳定性hydrophilic force 亲水力hydrophobic association 疏水缔合hydrophobic force 疏水力hyperbolic point 双曲点hypernucleus 超核hyper-Rayleigh scattering 超瑞利散射hyperspherical coordinate 超球座标hysteresis loop 1，滞后回线；2，磁滞回线hysteresis loss 1，滞后损失；2，磁滞损耗。
Abelian group 阿贝尔群，又称Abel群ablation 烧蚀abnormal dispersion 反常色散Abrikosov vortex lattice 阿布里科索夫涡旋线格子Abrikocov vortex state 阿布里科索夫涡旋态absorber 吸收体absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱abundance 丰度acceptor doping 受主掺杂acceptor impurity 受主杂质accumulation layer 累积层achromatic phase matching 消色差相位匹配achromatic wave plate 消色差波片achromatism 消色差[性]ac Josephson effect 交流约瑟夫森效应，又称交流Josephson效应acoustic compliance 声顺acoustic ohm 声欧[姆]acoustic stiffness 声劲[度]acoustic-optic tensor 声光系数张量acousto-optic effect 声光效应acousto-optic Q-switch 声光Q－开关acousto-optic signal processor 声光信号处理器acousto-optical tunable filter 声光可调滤波器actinide element 锕系元素activated tunneling 激活隧穿active device 有源器件active region 激活区addressing electrode 寻址电极adiabatic theorem，绝热定理adiabatic transformation 绝热变换adiabatic transport，绝热输运adiabaton 浸渐子，绝热子advection 平流aerodynamic sound 空气动力声aersol 气溶胶affinity potential 亲和势aggregate 聚集体aggregation 聚集Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect AB效应，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB) 效应Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux AB磁通，又称Aharonov-Bohm (AB)磁通allowed state 容许态alpha decay ( -decay) 衰变alpha particle ( -particle) 粒子Altshular-Aronov-Spivak (AAS) effect AAS效应，又称Altshular-Aronov-Spivak效应amplification without inversion 无反转放大amplitude limiting 限幅amplitude transformer 变幅杆Andreev reflection 安德列也夫反射，又称Andreev反射Andreev mirror 安德列也夫镜[子]，又称Andreev镜[子] Andreev scattering 安德列也夫散射，又称Andreev散射angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy 角分辨光电子谱[学] anisotropic confinement 各向异性限域anisotropic scatterer, 各向异性散射体anisotropy energy 各向异性能anomalon 反常子anomalous power laws 反常幂[次]率anomalous proximity effect，反常临近效应anomaly 反常antidot 同quantum antidot 反量子点antidodal point 腹点antigravity 反引力antihyperon 反超子anti-localization, 反局域化antimeson 反介子anti-exclusive principle 反不相容原理antiferromagnetic interaction 反铁磁相互作用antiferromagnetic semiconductor 反铁磁半导体anti-Stokes scattering 反斯托克斯散射anti-time ordered function, 反时序函数anyon 任意子aphelion 近日点, 远核点areal density 面密度armchair nanotube 扶手椅型纳米管arrayed waveguide gratings 阵列波导光栅artificial atom，人[工]构[造]原子artificial barrier 人工势垒artificial elment 人造元素atom laser 原子凝射器atom optics 原子光学atom trapping 原子陷俘，原子捕获atom waveguide 原子波导atomic clock原子钟atomic diffraction 原子衍射atomic fountain 原子喷泉atomic form factor 原子形状因子atomic time 原子时attenuation 衰减attosecond X-ray pulse 阿秒X射线脉冲Auger process 俄歇过程，又称Auger过程avalanche counter 雪崩计数器avalanche effect 雪崩效应avalanche photodiodes,apd 雪崩光电二极管azimuth 方位角back-action evasion 非干扰[测量]background radiation 本底辐射，背景辐射background temperature 本底温度, 背景温度balanced homodyne detection平衡零拍探测ballistic aggregate 弹道聚集体ballistic aggregation 弹道聚集ballistic electron injection 弹道电子注入ballistic transport弹道输运ballistics 弹道学band bending 带弯曲band index 带指标band of rotation-vibration 振转[谱]带band offset 带阶band repulsion 带排斥band theory 能带论bar 巴（压强单位），杆Barkhausen noise 巴克豪森噪声，又称Barkhausen噪声barn 巴恩(截面单位，10－24厘米2)barrier 势垒barrier curvature 势垒曲率barrier height 势垒高度barrier state 势垒态barrier tunneling 势垒隧穿base-centered orthorhombic lattice 底心正交格[子] base line 基线base material 基质base metal 碱金属basis vector 基矢beam 束，梁beam dump 束流捕集器beam focusing 束流聚焦behaviour 行为，性能Bell inequality贝尔不等式，又称Bell不等式bend resistance，弯曲电阻bent crystal 弯晶Berry phase 贝里相位，又称Berry相位βdecay β衰变βradioactivity β放射性βray β射线βspectum β谱βstability line β稳定线bevatron 吉伏质子加速器（高能质子同步稳相加速器）bicritical point 双临界点bicrystal junction 双晶结big bang model 大爆炸模型binary diffractive optical element 二元衍射光学元件bioastrophysics 天体生物物理学biochip 生物芯片bipolar junction transistor 双极[结]晶体管bit rate 比特率blackness 黑度blaze line 闪耀角bleaching effect 漂白效应blob 团迹，链滴Bloch electron 布洛赫电子，又称Bloch电子Bloch frequency，布洛赫频率，又称Bloch频率Bloch oscillation，布洛赫振荡，又称Bloch振荡Bloch theorem 布洛赫定理，又称Bloch定理blockade 阻塞Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk [BTK] model BTK模型body-centered cubic lattice 体心立方格[子]body-centered orthorhombic lattice 体心正交格[子]Bogoliubov [-de Gennes] equations 博戈留波夫[－得简斯]方程，又称Bogoliubov [-de Gennes]方程Boltzmann distribution 玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann transport equation，玻尔兹曼输运方程bond-angle order 键角有序bond-orientational order 键取向有序bond polarizability 键极化性bond valence 键价boojum 布经(超流氦3中的取向织构)bosonization of field operators 场算符的波色化Bragg peak 布拉格峰，又称Bragg峰Bragg plane 布拉格平面，又称Bragg平面Bragg reflection 布拉格反射，又称Bragg 反射Bragg reflectors 布拉格反射器，又称Bragg 反射器Bragg waveguide 布拉格波导，又称Bragg 波导break junction 断裂结breathing mode呼吸模breeder 增殖反应堆breakup reaction 崩裂反应bright state 亮态brittleness 脆性buffer amplifier 缓冲放大器buffer gas 缓冲气体buffer layer, 缓冲层burn-up 燃耗Büttiker formula, 比特克公式，又称Büttiker公式buzzer 蜂鸣器C-15 structure C-15结构C[a]esium clock 铯钟calorie 卡【洛里】candle 烛光candescence 白热，又称白炽canonical commutation relation 正则对易关系canonical variable 正则变量cantact angle 接触角canted spin order倾斜自旋有序cantilever 悬臂（原子力显微镜中的）canthotaxie眼角[式]排列（另文说明）carbon cycle 碳循环(恒星内部的)carbon nanotube 碳纳米管carrier 载流子carrier concentration 载流子浓度carrier diffuse 载流子扩散carrier reservoir 载流子库Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cauchu-Schwarz inequality Cauchu-Schwarz不等式cavity dark state 腔暗态cavity dumping 腔倒空cavity quantum electrodynamics 腔量子电动力学cavity resonator [谐振]腔共振器14C dating 碳14测年celestial X-ray source 宇宙X 射线源center of inversion 反演中心center of moment 矩心central collision中心碰撞center-of-mass energy 质心系能量centrifuge 离心机centrifugal separation 离心分离ceramic 陶瓷chain folding 链折叠chain statistics 链统计学chalcogenide 硫属化物channel waveguide 沟道波导chaos synchronization 混沌同步chaotic communication 混沌通讯chaotic noise 混沌噪声characteristic impedance 特性阻抗characteristic curve 特征曲线charge-separated plasma 电荷分离等离子体(正负电荷在空间不同区域的等离子体) charge imbalance 电荷不平衡charge ordering 电荷有序charge parity effect，电荷宇称效应charge qubit 电荷量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge-phase qubit 电荷-相位量子比特（超导量子比特的一种）charge reservoir 电荷库charge stiffness 电荷劲度（衡量外场作用下电荷被自由加速的难易程度）charge-spin coupling电荷自旋耦合（用于自旋电子学）charge stripe phase 电荷条纹相charge-to-mass ratio 荷质比charge transfer insulator 电荷转移绝缘体charge transfer salt 电荷转移盐charge velocity 电荷速度（见于电荷－自旋分离现象）charging energy，充电能chemical shift 化学位移chiral liquid crystal 手征液晶chiral molecule手征分子，又称手性分子chiral symmetry broken 手征对称[性]破缺chirp啁啾chirped Gaussian pulse 啁啾高斯脉冲chirp filter 啁啾滤波器，又称线性调频滤波器，或色散延迟线chopper 斩波器circumlunar orbit 环月轨道circumsolar orbit 环日轨道circumterrestrial orbit 环地轨道cis-lunar space 月地空间clad 覆盖clamping 箝位classical fluid 经典液体clean limit [干]净极限cleaved coupling cavity 解理耦合腔cloning fidelity克隆保真度closed shell 满壳层，又称闭壳层，英文又称closure shellcluster state簇态CNO cycle 碳氮氧循环coalescence 聚合, 并合code 1，[代]码；2，密码；3，符号coding 编码codirectional coupling 同向耦合coefficient of correlation 关联系数coefficient of elasticity 弹性系数coexistence line 共存线(相图中的)coexisting phase 共存相coherence factor 相干因子coherence length，相干长度coherent atomic recoil 相干原子反冲coherent electron tunneling 相干电子隧道coherent peak 相干峰coherent photoassociation 相干光缔合coherent population oscillation相干布居振荡coherent population trapping相干布居囚禁coherent population transfer相干布居迁移coherent structure 拟序结构coherent terahertz waves相干太赫波coherent transient effects 相干暂态效应coherent trap 相干捕获cold finger 冷头cold fusion 冷聚变collective coordinate 集体坐标collective mode 集体模collective motion 集体运动collective pinning model 集体钉扎模型collinear phase matching 共线相位匹配colloid 胶体，胶质colloidal metal 胶体金属colored noise 色噪声colossal magnetoresistance [CMR] 庞磁电阻commensurate lattice 公度格子compact star 致密星compensated impurity 补偿杂质complementary metal oxide semiconductor [CMOS] 互补金属氧化物半导体complex 1，复合体；2，络合物complex analytical signal theory 复解析信号理论complex-conjugate pulses 复共轭脉冲compliance 1，柔度；2，顺度composite Fermion 复合费米子compression of ultrashort pulses 超短脉冲压缩compressor 压缩器，压机concurrence并发纠缠,又称量子并发condensate 凝聚体condensation energy 凝聚能condenser 冷凝器conductance fluctuation, 电导涨落conductance quantization 电导量子化conduction electron 传导电子confinement 1，约束（等离子）；2，限域（凝聚态）；3，禁闭（高能）congregating effect 聚集效应conjugate variable 共轭变量conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒conservation of crystal momentum 晶体动量守恒conservative dislocation motion 保守位错运动(位错沿滑移面平行于Burgers矢量运动无净质量流)conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation law of flux 磁通守恒律conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservation of particle number粒子数守恒contact angle 接触角contact potential 接触势contact resistance 接触电阻continuation 延拓continuous group 连续群contour line 等值线contour map 等值线图contradirectional coupling反向耦合conventional unit cell 惯用单胞，简称单胞convergence factor 收敛因子conversion electron 内转换电子coolant moderator 载热减速剂cooperative diffusion 合作扩散Cooperon, 库珀子Cooper pair box 库珀对盒子coplanar waveguide 共面波导copolymer 共聚物core energy 芯能core nucleus 核芯[核]correlated spontaneous emission 关联自发发射correlation exponent 关联指数cosmic aerodynamics 宇宙气体动力学cosmic age 宇宙年龄cosmic constant 宇宙常量cosmic [microwave] background radiation [CMBR] 宇宙[微波]背景辐射cosmic microwave background 宇宙微波背景cosmic string 宇宙弦cosmochemistry 宇宙化学，天体化学cosmological nucleosynthesis 宇宙核合成cosmos 宇宙co-tunneling 共隧穿Couette flow 库埃特流Coulomb blockade 库仑阻塞Coulomb gap 库仑隙Coulomb interaction 库仑[相互]作用Coulomb island 库仑岛，又称单电子岛（single electron island）Coulomb potential 库仑势Coulomb repulsion 库仑斥力Coulomb staircase 库仑台阶counter telescope 计数器望远镜coupled-channels model 耦合道模型coupled mode theory 耦合模理论coupled waveguides，耦合波导coupled wells耦合阱coupling energy 耦合能coupling strength 耦合强度covalent bond 共价键creep wave蠕波，又称爬波critical assembly [核反应堆]临界装置critical density 临界密度critical dimension 临界维度cross-phase-modulation 交叉相位调制cross field 交叉场cross junction, 十字结crosstalk attenuation 串扰衰减crystal-field splitting 晶［体］场劈裂crystalline anisotropy晶态各向异性crystal symmetry class 晶体对称类cubic lattice 立方格子cuprate 铜氧化物curie 居里(非国际制放射性活度单位)current bias 电流偏置current operator 电流算符cutoff energy，截止能量cyclone 气旋cyclotron effective mass 回旋有效质量D/A converter 等于digital to analog converter 数模转换器damping radiation 阻尼辐射dark current 暗电流dark energy 暗能量dark state 暗态dark-state polariton 暗态光极化子date line 日界线dc Josephson effect 直流约瑟夫森效应，直流Josephson效应dc SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) 直流超导量子干涉器Debye wave vector 德拜波矢decay heat 衰变热decay time，衰减时间deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decoherence 退相干，又称消相干decoherence-free 无退相干，又称无消相干decontamination factor 去污因子decoupling epoch 退耦期decoy state 诱骗态deformation potential，形变势degeneracy collapse 简并塌缩degenerate pressure 简并压degenerate star 简并星de Gennes-Taupin length de Gennes-Taupin长度degree of order 有序度de Haas-Shubnikov effect de Haas-Shubnikov效应delay time，延迟时间demultiplexer 解复用器dendrite 1,枝晶；2，枝蔓；3，枝蔓体dense coding 密集编码dense wavelength division multiplexing 密集波分复用density correlation function，密度关联函数density distribution 密度分布density wave 密度波depairing 拆对dephasing length，退相位长度depinning 脱钉[扎]depleted Uranium 贫化铀deplation force 排空力（胶体物理用语）depletion layer 耗尽层descreening 去屏蔽deterministic equation 确定(论)的方程deuterium 氘, 即重氢deuterium oxide 重水dextrorotation 右旋diabatic approach 非绝热近似diagnostics 诊断学diagonal element 对角元diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagonalization 对角化diamond structure 金刚石结构diblock copolymer 双嵌段共聚物dielectric response function 介电响应函数dielectric function，介电函数dielectric microcavity 介电[质]微腔dielectric reflector 介[电]质反射器differential conductance 微分电导differential input 差分输入differential rotation 较差自转（天文学用语）differential scanning calorimetry 差分扫描量热术diffraction-free beam 消衍射光束diffractive binary optics 衍射二元光学diffuseness [parameter] 弥散参数diffusion constant，扩散常数diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion region 扩散区diffusive transport，扩散输运digit 数字digital circuit 数字电路digital cross connect 数字交叉连接digit[al] to analog converter (DAC) 数模转换器digital micromirror device 数字微镜器件dilation 膨胀dilute phase 稀相dilation symmetry 伸缩对称dimensionless conductance 无量纲电导dimer 二聚体dimerization 二聚化dipole interaction 偶极相互作用dipole giant resonance 偶极巨共振Dirac braket 狄拉克括号Dirac picture 狄拉克绘景, 即相互作用绘景directed diffusion 定向扩散directional bond 定向键directional coupler 定向耦合器directional ordering 取向有序directional quantization 方向量子化direction of magnetization 磁化方向direct lattice 正格子，又称正点阵direct transition 直接跃迁dirty limit 脏极限dirty-metal regime，脏金属区discontinuity 1，不连续[性]；2，突变[性] dislocation network 位错网络disordered alloy 无序合金disordered system 无序系统dispersion compensation 色散补偿dispersion-managed solitons 调控色散孤子dissipationless flow 无耗散流dissociation energy 离解能distillable entanglement 可萃取纠缠distinguishable states可区分态distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射器domain 1，畴；2，[定义]域；3，区域donor level 施主能级dopant 掺杂物doping 掺杂dosimetry 剂量学double-barrier tunneling，双势垒隧穿double exchange interaction 双交换相互作用double heterostructure DH 双异质结doublet state 双重态dressed atom 着衣原子，又称缀饰原子droplet model 小液滴模型Drude model，德鲁德模型duty ratio 占空比d-wave pairing d波配对dyad 并矢dynamical mass 动力学质量(08.02dynamic random access memory [DRAM] 动态随机存储器dynamic screening，动态屏蔽dynamically induced coherence 动态诱导相干dynamo theory 发动机理论dyne 达因early universe 早期宇宙eccentricity 偏心率eclipse 1，食；2，交食edge channel，边缘通道edge dislocation 刃[型]位错edge state，边缘态effective field theory 有效场理论effective Hamiltonian 有效哈密顿量effective mass approximation，有效质量近似Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment EPR思想实验Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect EPR效应Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair EPR对Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox EPR佯谬elastic compliance 弹性顺度elastic deformation 弹性形变electrical isolation 电绝缘electric breakdown 电击穿electric capacity 电容electric resistance 电阻electrical quadrupole moment 电四极矩electrochemical potential 电化学势electromagnetic absorption 电磁吸收electromagnetically induced absorption 电磁感生吸收electromagnetically induced transparency 电磁感生透明electromagnetic-environment effect，电磁环境效应electron backscattering pattern 电子背散射图样electron-beam lithography 电子束刻蚀electron configuration 电子组态electron density 电子密度electron-doped high temperature superconductor 电子掺杂的高温超导体electronegativity 电负性electron-electron interaction，电子－电子相互作用electron-hole pair 电子空穴对electron-hole recombination 电子-空穴复合electron hologram 电子全息术electron transition 电子跃迁electron pair 电子对electron pair tunneling 电子对隧穿electron-phonon coupling 电子声子耦合electron temperature，电子温度electron tunneling 电子隧穿electron waveguide，电子波导electron volt (eV) 电子伏electrorheological effect 电流变效应electrorheological fluid 电流变液Eliashberg equations Eliashberg方程Eliashberg theory of strong coupling Eliashberg强耦合理论elliptical orbit 椭圆轨道elliptic flow 椭圆流emittance 发射度empirical pseudopotential method 经验赝势方法empty lattice approximation 空晶格近似endohedral fullerene 内嵌原子富勒烯end-butt coupling 端面对接耦合energy relaxation length，能量弛豫长度energy transport velocity 能量传输速度ensemble average，系综平均entangled state 纠缠态entanglement 1，纠缠；2，纠缠度entanglement concentration 纠缠浓缩entanglement measure 纠缠度量entanglement monotone 单调纠缠量entanglement of formation 生成纠缠entanglement purification 纠缠纯化entanglement witness 纠缠见证entropy force 熵力envelope function，包络函数epithermal neutron 超热中子epoxy 环氧树脂erbium-doped fiber amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器error correction 纠错Esaki diode 江崎二极管evanescent state，衰逝态even-odd nucleus 偶奇核even parity 偶宇称evolution of inflation 暴涨演化Ewald construction Ewald作图法Ewald sphere Ewald球excess current 过剩电流excess neutron 过剩中子exchange-correlation hole 交换关联空穴exchange-correlation functional 交换关联泛函exchange hole 交换空穴exchange integral 交换积分excitation spectrum 激发谱excluded volume 排除体积exclusion of flux 磁通排斥exclusion principle 不相容原理exotic nucleus 奇特核expanding universe 膨胀宇宙extended [Brillouin] zone scheme 扩展[布里渊]区图式extraterrestrial life 地外生命extravehicular activity(EV A) [太空]舱外活动f-sum rule f求和规则face-centered orthorhombic lattice 面心正交格[子] face-on 正向facsimile 传真，英文简写为faxfacula 光斑Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计faint object 暗天体fan diagram 扇形图F-center F中心Feno lineshape Feno线型Feno resonance Feno共振fan spin order 扇状自旋有序farad (F) 法拉（电容单位）Faraday depolarization 法拉第退偏振Faraday law of electrolysis 法拉第电解定律far-from-equilibrium system，远离平衡态系统far-side 背面（far-side of the moon, 月球背面）far-ultraviolet (FUV) 远紫外fast fission 快裂变fatigue crack 疲劳裂纹fatigue fracture 疲劳断裂fatigue strength 疲劳强度feed [source] 馈源feeder 馈线femto (f) 飞（＝10-15）(01)femtosecond pulse shaping 飞秒脉冲成形Fermi age 费米[中子]年龄Fermi age-diffusion equation 费米年龄扩散方程Fermi arc 费米弧Fermi coupling constant 费米耦合常数Fermi energy 费米能量Fermi gas 费米气体Fermi golden rule 费米黄金定则Fermi liquid 费米液体Fermi liquid parameter 费米液体参数Fermi loop 费米环Fermi point 费米点Fermi transition费米跃迁Fermi vacuum 费米真空Fermi velocity 费米速度Fermi wavelength 费米波长Fermi wave vector，费米波矢Fermi’s golden rule费米黄金规则ferrielectric crystal 亚铁电晶体ferrimagnet 亚铁磁体ferroelectric 铁电体ferroelectric crystal 铁电晶体ferromagnet 铁磁体few-cycle pulse少周[期]脉冲few nucleon transfer 少[数]核子转移Feynman path，费曼路径Feynman path integral，费曼路径积分fiber cross connect 光纤交叉连接fiber grating 光纤光栅Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fiducial confidence bar 置信棒fiducial point 基准点field intensity 场强field quantization 场量子化field quantum 场量子field strength 场强figure of merit，又称qualityfactor 品质因数filament 1，丝；2，丝极finite-amplitude wave 有限振幅波，又称大振幅波finite-difference method 有限差分方法finite element method 有限元法finite size effect 有限尺寸效应finite-size scaling 有限尺寸标度first approximation 一级近似first Brillouin zone 第一布里渊区first point of Aries 春分点，英文又称：vernal equinoxfirst point of Cancer 夏至点，英文又称：summer solsticefirst point of Capricornus 冬至点，英文又称：winter solsticefirst point of Libra 秋分点，英文又称：autumnal equinoxFiske steps 费斯克台阶，又称自感应台阶fissility 易裂变性fission 1，裂变；2，分裂fission isomer 裂变同质异能素fission nuclide 裂变核素fission reactor 裂变反应堆fission-spectrum neutron 裂变谱中子fission track dating 裂变径迹年代测定fitting curve 拟合曲线five-fold symmetry 5重对称fixed-range hopping 定程跳跃flash memory 闪速存储器，简称闪存flat spectrum 平谱flattening factor 扁率floating probe 浮置电极，又称浮置探针floating phase 浮置相Floquest theorem 弗洛开定理flow resistance 流阻fluctuating wall 涨落壁fluctuation 涨落（统计物理〕，又称起伏（声学〕fluence 注量fluorescence probe 荧光探剂flux，通量flux 1通量，又称流量；2，注量率；3，焊料；4 助熔剂flux bundle 磁通束flux flow amplifier (FFA) 磁通流放大器flux flow oscillator (FFO) 磁通流振荡器flux flow transistor（FFT）磁通流三极管,又称涡旋流三极管(vortex flow transistor) flux-line lattice 磁通线格子flux line 磁通线flux tube 磁流管flux quantum 磁通量子flux quantization 磁通量子化foam 泡沫focal point 焦点focal ratio 焦比focus 1，焦点；2，震源folding Brillouin zone 折叠布里渊区forbidden beta decay 禁戒b衰变forecast 预报forward bias 正向偏压four-Josephson junction logic (4JL) 四约瑟夫森结逻辑门Fourier analysis 傅里叶分析Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fourier [transform] nuclear magnetic resonance 傅里叶[变换]核磁共振Fourier [transform] Raman spectroscopy 傅立叶[变换]拉曼谱学four probe method 四探针法four-terminal resistance，4端电阻fractional chain yield 相对链产额fractional cumulative yield 分积累产额fractional distillation 分馏fractional independent yield 分独立产额fractional statistics 分数统计法fragment 1，碎片；2，片段Franck-Condon principle弗兰克-康登原理free electron approximation 自由电子近似free electron gas 自由电子气体free energy 自由能free –free transition 自由－自由跃迁，又称自由态间跃迁freely falling body 自由落体free radical 自由基free spectral range 自由光谱范围freezing point 凝固点Frenkel exciton 弗仑克尔激子frequency conversion 频率转换Frequency division multiplexing 频分复用frequency jitter 频率抖动frequency multiplication 倍频friction 摩擦Friedel oscillation，Friedel振荡Friedel sum rule Friedel求和规则Frohlich interaction Frohlich相互作用front velocity波前速度frustrated magnet 窘组磁体fuel cell 燃料电池Fulde-Ferrell state Fulde-Ferrell态fullerene 富勒烯full moon 满月function 函数functional (1)泛函(2)功能（的）fundamental interaction 基本相互作用fundamental space-filling mode 基本空间填充模fuse (1)熔解(2)保险丝fused silica熔融石英fusion reactor 聚变[核反应]堆fuzzy information 模糊信息fussy mathematics 模糊数学gain-clamping 增益箝位gain efficiency 增益效率Galton plate 伽尔顿板-陈gamma(γ)伽马（地磁场强单位γ＝nT）gamma rayγ射线gap 1，隙；2，能隙gap anisotropy 能隙各向异性gap parameter 能隙参数gaseous state 气态gate1，门；2，栅（极）gate voltage 门电压gauge symmetry 规范对称性gauss (G) 高斯（磁感应强度单位G＝10－4T）Gaussian fluctuation 高斯涨落Gauss law 高斯定理Gauss surface 高斯面generalized Balmer formula 广义巴尔末公式generalized work 广义功general refractive index 广义折射率（量子信息）geomagnetic declination 地磁偏角geomagnetic inclination 地磁倾角geometrical structure factor 几何结构因子geometrization of gravitation 引力几何化German silver 德银g-factor g因子g-factor of electrons 电子的g因子g shift g移位ghost imaging 鬼成像giant magnetoresistance (GMR) 巨磁电阻Giaever tunneling 盖沃尔隧穿（单电（粒）子隧穿）Gibbs ensemble 吉布斯系综gilbert 吉尔（磁通势单位）Ginzburg-Landau coherence length 金兹堡-朗道(GL)相干长度Ginzburg-Landau equation 金兹堡-朗道(GL)方程Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov Go’rkov theory（GLAG）金兹堡-朗道-阿布里科索夫－高里科夫理论Glan-Thompson prism 格兰－汤普森棱镜Glan-Taylor prism 格兰-泰勒棱镜glass phase 玻璃相glassy ceramics 微晶玻璃glassy metal 玻璃态金属Glauber state Glauber态glide axis 滑移轴glide line 滑移线global phase 整体相位（量子信息）goniometer 测角器graded bandgap layer 缓变带隙层Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model 高特－卡西米尔二流体模型Graded index lens (GRIN) 梯度折射率透镜gradient of electric potential 电势梯度gram-molecule 克分子，摩尔（mole）grand free energy 巨自由能granular matter 颗粒物质granular superconductor 颗粒超导体granule 颗粒granularity 颗粒性granular metal 颗粒金属graphite 石墨graphite structure 石墨结构graph [线]图graph state 图态（量子信息）gravitational deflection of light 光线的引力偏折gravity acceleration 重力加速度Gray code 格雷码grazing angle 1，掠射角；2，擦边角greenhouse effect 温室效应group index of refraction 群折射率group theory 群论group velocity dispersion 群速度色散growth 生长growth model 生长模型guest host liquid crystal 宾主型液晶guided wave optics 导波光学gyroscopic effect 回转效应half metal 半金属half metallic magnet 半金属磁体half wave filter 半波滤波器half wave oscillator 半波振子half- wave zone method 半波带法half-wave voltage 半波电压Hall angle 霍尔角Hall coefficient 霍尔系数Hall field 霍尔电场[强度]Hall plateau 霍尔平台Hall resistance 霍尔电阻Hall voltage 霍尔电压halo nucleus 晕核halogen 卤素Hamiltonian matrix哈密顿［量］矩阵hard sphere 硬球hard sphere approximation 硬球近似harmonic generation 谐波产生Hartree-Fock electron 哈特里-福克电子H-center H心health physics 保健物理heat conductivity 1,导热性;2,热导率heat flow vector 热流矢量heat flux 热通量heat switch 热开关heavy electron 重电子heavy element 重元素heavy fermion superconductor 重费米子超导体heavy [fission] fragment 重【裂变】碎片heavy hole 重空穴heavy wall 重壁heavy water 重水hedgehog 猬缺陷height of potential barrier 势垒高度Heisenberg Hamiltonian 海森伯哈密顿量Heisenberg operators 海森伯算符Heisenberg uncertainty principle 海森伯不确定【性】原理Heitler-London theory 海特勒－伦敦理论Helfrich spontaneous curvature model 黑弗里希自发曲率模型helical spin order螺旋自旋有序helium liquefier 氦液化器heptahgedron 七面体Hermite polynomial 厄米多项式Hermitian matrix 厄米矩阵hertz (Hz) 赫兹, 频率单位heterotic superstring theory 杂化超弦理论Heusler alloy 霍伊斯勒合金hexadecapole 十六极hexahedron 六面体hexatic phase 六角相high coherence model 高相干模型high electron mobility transistor 高电子迁移率晶体管（简写：HEMT）high energy particle 高能粒子high-field domain 强场畴high-order dispersion 高阶色散high-order harmonic generation 高阶谐波产生high pass filter 高通滤波器high temperature reservoir 高温热源high temperature superconductor（HTS）高温超导体high vacuum 高真空high voltage electron microscopy 高压电子显微术Hohenberg-Kohn energy functional 霍恩伯格-科恩能量泛函hole-electron recombination 空穴－电子复合hole surface 空穴面(k空间中未占据态区的表面)hole-type high temperature superconductor 空穴型高温超导体holey fiber 多孔光纤hollow core optical fibers 空心光纤holon 空穴子homodyne零拍homodyne detection 零拍探测homolog[ue] 同系物homopolymer 单聚合物honeycomb photonic band gap fiber 蜂窝型光子带隙光纤hopping conductance 跳跃电导hopping energy，跳跃能hopping probability 跳跃概率hopping transport 跳跃输运host 基质host crystal 基质晶体，又称主晶hot carrier 热载流子h/e oscillation h/e振荡h/2e oscillation h/2e振荡Huang equations 黄[昆]方程组Huang-Rhys factor 黄昆－里斯因子Hubbard Hamiltonian 哈勃德哈密顿量Hubbard model 哈勃德模型Hubble time 哈勃时间hybrid bond 杂化键hybrid field effect 混合场效应hydrodynamics 流体［动］力学hydrodynamic mode 流体［动］力学模hydromagnetic disturbance 磁流体扰动hydromagnetic instability 磁流体不稳定性hydrophilic force 亲水力hydrophobic association 疏水缔合hydrophobic force 疏水力hyperbolic point 双曲点hypernucleus 超核hyper-Rayleigh scattering 超瑞利散射hyperspherical coordinate 超球座标hysteresis loop 1，滞后回线；2，磁滞回线hysteresis loss 1，滞后损失；2，磁滞损耗。
科技英语翻译技巧科技英语翻译题，由于科技的用词可能太过晦涩大家会觉得难，但是久了也就发现其实很简单的。
下面是店铺给大家整理的科技英语翻译技巧，供大家参阅!科技英语翻译技巧科技英语诞生于20世纪50年代,是第二次世界大战后科学技术迅猛发展的产物,它具有客观,准确,严密的特点.近年来,随着科技信息的大量引进,科技英语的翻译已成为翻译领域的一个重要组成部分.而要真正做好简明,正确,恰当的科技英语翻译工作,则非易事,并非像有些人所认为的,科技翻译比较单纯,它必须要掌握一定的翻译技巧.笔者试从以下四个方面分析一下科技英语的翻译技1-5.1.领会科技英语的翻译准则科技英语主要是述说实理,描写现象,推导公式,论证规律,其特点是结构严谨,逻辑严密,行文规范,用词准确,技术术语正确.针对科技英语的这些特点,在翻译科技英语时,首先考虑的就是忠实原文,着名翻译家严复一直倡导"信,达,雅","信"即"忠实",要完整地,准确地表达原作的思想内容,这是科技英语翻译的首要要求:其次要讲究的就是"达",即通顺.着名学者傅雷先生曾指出:理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作.海外学者钱歌川先生也指出,科技英语的翻译虽不像小说那样要求雅致优美,姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫,押韵合辙,但要求至少文从宇顺,明白流畅.所以,在翻译科技英语时首先要坚持忠实,通顺,客观,严谨的准则,力求精炼,决不可卖弄文字,炫耀才华,随意堆砌华丽的词藻.例如:.(热空气上升.)只能这样翻译,一个宇也不能多.从文学修辞角度来说,译成"炽热空气上升"似乎音调上比较好听,而且符合中文四六骈体的传统,但却破坏了科技英语翻译的风格与规则.2.正确理解原文在坚持了准则之后,接下来就是要正确理解原文.实践证明,翻译之成败,理解是关键.作为翻译的第一步,就要进入原文,吃透原文."全文精神,融会于心"(严复语).翻译时要超越与原作者在时间和空间上的距离,力求与原作者达到心灵相通.要弄清每个词语,每个词组,每个单句以及整篇文章的确切含义和所属范畴,也要弄清每一句话的结构,逻辑,重点,与上下文的关系,即弄清原作者所表达的全部精神实质,只有正确理解原意,才能准确通顺地进行表达.例如,有份资料的题目是:"———1"短短的几十个字符呈,就有两个必须弄清楚的问题.第一,""是什么?许多词典都未收录此词,不过,我们用构词法就会发现,它是由一个双元音和一个单元音组成的双音节词,即和两部分.从副标题可以看出:是一种轴承材料,由往往就会想到(尼龙),从而可以译为"油尼龙";另一个问题是""中的""是何成份与意义?当然,我们可以判断出,它们应该用以修饰"轴承材料"这个名词,可是""是动词原型,怎么会起形容词作用收稿日期:2004—03—28作者简介:沈声松(1964一),男,安徽无为人,中国石化安庆石化总厂外事办公室翻译.?102?&;铜陵学院学报)2004年第2期呢?在这种情况下,只有去正确理解原文,才能得到准确含义.原文在列举了油尼龙的优点之后,以黑体字印出:"",亦即"装上就可以忘掉它":这样通过对上下文的理解,整个标题应译为:"尼拉卡斯特油尼龙——一种装上去就不用管的轴承材料."由此可见,正确理解原文是何等重要.正确理解原文要注意以下几点:(1)领略全文大意,辨认具体词义.任何一篇科技文献都是一个有机的整体,都有它的所属范畴,译前应通读全文,领略原文大意,进行宏观分析.如果一开始就把注意力集中在一词一句的推敲分析上,那就像一个人钻进了森林一样,只看见一棵棵树,而看不见森林全貌,在这种情况下,就着--翻译,必然会事倍功半,甚至满纸荒.唐.(2)正确理解原文的科技内容.科技英语翻译,必须认识到科技英语的特殊性,它与文学作品不同,前者着重于逻辑性,准确性和严密性,后者则着重于思想性和艺术性.因此,在翻译科技英语时,必须充分注意从原文所包含的技术内容--理解.不懂原文的科技内容就很难正确地理解原文,也不可能把原文的科技内容准确翻译过来.例如:,,,,?如果不熟悉环氧树脂的性能,则很可能译为:"环氧树脂熟化时有良好的粘合性能,发生粘合反应不逸散挥发物,甚至经常不需加热或加压."较确切的译文应是:"环氧树脂在熟化过程中有良好的粘合性能,在反应过程中不释出挥发物,经常甚至不发热或产生压力."(3)理解原文的逻辑关系.从语言和专业角度理解原文的同时,还要理解句子内部以及句子之间的逻辑关系.'在对原文的理解过程中,单纯性限于语言现象的理解往往不能解决所有问题,还必须透过原文的文字准确弄清作者所阐明的事理和事物间的逻辑关系.苏联语言学家巴尔胡达罗夫在所着&;语言与翻译》中指出,在翻译实践中存在着"非语言成份",就是指翻译中遇到的有些问题,超出了语言学范围,实际上,在科技英语的翻译中不少问题都要靠逻辑判断和事理分析才能搞清.例如:",,,."句子的第二个""的先行词是哪个,是""的三个并列宾语,还是只说明其中一个?语法分析已无能为力.根据常识进行逻辑推理,这个""只能说明"".所以,正确译文应是:"北美洲生长着二十种野玫瑰,它们都有多刺的茎,羽状的叶片和芳香四溢的大花朵."理解原作的事理和逻辑关系时,必须仔细推敲,反复斟酌,根据自己的生活体验和客观道理来验证自己的理解是否合乎道理,有无漏洞.再如:''.,'".如果译成:"功率最大的旅行电话是在船上使用的.这里没有重量问题,像在飞机上那样",则大错特错.从原文字面上看,似乎并无大错,但从逻辑客观道理上就违背了事理,船舶对重量的要求不像飞机那样严格,只是常识.正确译文应是:"船舶上使用功率最大的旅行电话.因为这里不像飞机上那样存在着重量问题."3.词义的选择与确定词义理解和选择,要结合上下文和语言环境,凭借事理和逻辑关系甚至还要考虑原科技英语翻译的5种常用翻译技巧1 顺译法：(Synchronizing)有些英语长句所叙述的事物基本上是按照时间或逻辑的顺序安排的。
设计应用技术ＤＯＩ：１０．１９３９９／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｔｐｔ．２０２３．０５．０１３一种W波段八倍频放大芯片的设计傅琦，高显（中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所，河北石家庄050051）摘要：介绍了基于砷化镓（GaAs）伪形态高电子迁移率晶体管（pseudo-morphology High Electron Mobility Transistor，pHEMT）工艺，输出信号为W波段的八倍频放大芯片的设计方法。
通过合理划分电路方案，将倍频器方案设计为输入频率经过四倍频器在Q波段进行放大，最后通过二倍频输出W波段信号。
基于上述方案，设计了一款输入频率为10.8～11.5 GHz、输出频率为86.4～92 GHz的八倍频多功能芯片。
芯片通过探针台在片测试，在工作频带内七次谐波抑制均优于15 dBc，九次谐波抑制均优于20 dBc，输出功率大于0 dBm。
关键词：砷化镓（GaAs）；单片微波集成电路（MMIC）；八倍频；W波段Design of A W-Band Octave Amplifier ChipFU Qi, GAO Xian(The 13th Research Institute, CETC, Shijiazhuang 050051, China)Abstract: This paper introduces the design method of an octave amplifier chip with W-band output signal based on the pseudo-morphology High Electron Mobility Transistor (pHEMT) technology of GaAs. By reasonably dividing the circuit scheme, the frequency multiplier scheme is designed such that the input frequency is amplified in Q-band by quadrupler, and finally the W-band signal is output by frequency doubling. Based on the above scheme, an octave multifunctional chip with input frequency of 10.8～11.5 GHz and output frequency of 86.4～92 GHz is designed.The chip passed the probe station on-chip test, and the seventh harmonic suppression is better than 15 dBc, the ninth harmonic suppression is better than 20 dBc, and the output power is greater than 0 dBm.Keywords: GaAs; Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC); octave; W-band0 引 言随着人们对通信容量、频谱带宽、组件小型化等需求的日益提高，W波段收发组件、接收组件在星间通信、扫描成像、测损、车载雷达以及无人机探测等领域得到广泛应用[1-3]。
