华中师范大学二〇一四年研究生入学考试试题院系、招生专业: 外国语学院英语语言文学外国语言文学及应用语言文学考试时间：元月5日午考试科目代码及名称：713基础英语I. In each of the following sentences, 4 WWORDS or PHRASES have been underlined. Choose the one word or phrase that would NOT be appropriate in standard English. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1.Studies have suggested that eating nuts—almonds in particular—might help toAlower blood cholesterol levels in humans and reducing the risk of heart diseaseB Cby protecting the blood vessels.D2. Last summer, when Mary’s aunt and uncle flew from Turkey to visit their relativesAand tour the United States, Marry invited Sandy and I to her house to meet them.B C D3. Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations is a novel which the main character becomesAso obsessed with the idea of becoming a gentleman that his moral judgment isB C Dtemporarily affected.4. My roommate, a drama major, claimed that Ibsen’s plays, unlike Ionesco, areA Btotally conventional in their style.C D5. Because our casserole was smelling surprisingly badly as it baked, the food scienceAteacher came over to ask us what we had put it.B C D6. The problem of storing the sun’s heat is supposed to be studied by scientistsA Ball over the world in the past decades.C D7. It is difficult to predict what kinds of books will be popular in the years ahead,A Bbecause tastes change and topics either get overexplored and lost their relevance.C D8. Ms. Kovak proudly displayed her research group’s most ingenious invention, aA Bvacuum cleaner that empties its own dust bag when pressing a button.C D9. Susan is considered to be as intelligent, or more intelligent than the other studentsA B Cin her class.D10. Large sums of money have to spend each year in painting the steel works ofA B Cbridges, ships, and other exposed structures.D11. Only when the book has assumed its final form an author can declare to the readerA Bwhat he thinks he has accomplished.C D12. Betty spent all evening talking about her book, which none of us had ever heard.A B C D13. I have no idea of Mr. Smith having been promoted to the new post. Y ou should tellA B C me about it earlier.D14. It was years after I had visited my hometown, and I was determined to enjoyA B Cmy stay.D15. The more complex a subject becomes, the more necessary is it to break it up into aA B C number of parts which the reader can visualize.DII. Find the ONE choice that best completes the sentence. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1. She called her friend before she left the city to her friend would miss her.A. insureB. ensureC. assureD. reassure2. The students begin to themselves to their studies after long summer vocation.A. applyB. engageC. convertD. exert3. Before moving to California, Tom Warren has to of his house and the furniture.A. dispenseB. discardC. disposeD. discharge4. The central government is now making unremitting efforts to its policy of poverty relief in the remote rural areas.A. constructB. implementC. demonstrateD. integrate5. Accuracy and expressiveness are the two in translation. The first is to express the exact thought of original article and the second is to make the translation readily understood.A. acquisitionB. inquiriesC. requestsD. requisites6. It is believed that the deal between the two enterprises is finally made through theof the local government.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. termination7. There is no perfect trading system, and each of the proposed ones has its .A. limitationsB. bordersC. frontiersD. prohibitions8. Dr. Hill has just received an invitation from Washington University to join theas a full-time professor.A. committeeB. associationC. facultyD. branch9. People find that expected noise are usually more than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.A. manageableB. controllableC. revocableD. tolerable10. Y ou will have to be very if you want him to come around and approve of the plan.A. diplomaticB. industriousC. vigilantD. sensitive11. The sell their military equipment to whoever needs it, with the purpose of making profit.A. uniqueB. unanimousC. soleD. singular12. Expects suggested that speech stages are reached in the fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who turns out to be of high IQ.A. automaticallyB. eventuallyC. inverselyD. contradictorily13. He has been coughing all day and and has a cold.A. evidentlyB. correspondinglyC. normallyD. admittedly14. This book is wide attention because it gives a detailed description of the life of Princess Diana.A. composed ofB. regardless ofC. worthy ofD. ignorant of15. Would you please these invitations to all the teachers of English department?A. hand overB. hand outC. hand downD. hand inⅢ. Proofreading: (30/150):(Do it in on the ANSWER SHEET)The following passage contains 15 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error.Y ou should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing wor d, mark the position of the missing word with a“八”andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Fast food has grown remarkably, not only in the United States, but alsoaround the world. Restaurant chains represent a multi-billion-dollars (1)industry that shows no sign of slowing down. Innovations for operations (2)and products have kept the industry growing and, some cities wouldargue, leading to speeding up the pace of contemporary life. (3) From its inception, fast food has lived up its name. In the early (4)days of fast food, as Americans came to depend more on their cars, outletsoffered drive-in service, enabled customers to park and eat in their cars. (5)This service reduced the cost and established relative low prices. (6) Giving the popularity of fast food for lunch and dinner, it was only a (7)matter of time after marketers and franchisees realized they could (8)expand their line of products by offering breakfast to hungry peoplein a hurry.For many people, moreover, fast food has become symbolic of a (9)fast-paced lifestyle that is neither natural or healthy. An organization (10)called Slow Food was established in Italy in 1986 to oppose fast food andtheir assembly-line approach to cooking and eating. The Slow Food (11) manifesto, endorsing in Paris 1989 by delegates from 15 countries, states, (12)“We are slaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidiousvirus: Fast Life, who disrupts our habit, pervades the privacy of our (13)homes and forces us to eat Fast Foods.” To fight the positive connotations (14)of fast food, many companies now emphasize on the word “fresh” (15)in their advertising and use the term “quick service” to describe theiroperations.Ⅳ. Fill in each blank with THE BEST ANSWER from the four choices given under the correspondent number. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (30/150)One of the most pressing challenges that the world will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing 1 the environment. The consequences are just too great to 2 . Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments 3 more land. Plant and animal species are becoming 4 at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth’s history. 5 as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.6 , there is reason to have hope for the future.7 in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers8 a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the9 for some major, and timely actions that would 10 our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been 11 that the world’s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water 12 have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only two percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good 13 , and close to 40 percent of native fish 14 are rare to extinct.To prevent outbreaks of 15 diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species——as 16 as humans and other species they infect——are 17 by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has 18 to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Researchers 19 new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and 20 the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.1. A. at B. in C. cover D. on2. A. notice B. speculate C. ignore D. emphasize3. A. take over B. take up C. take in D. take on4. A. dangerous B. risky C. extinct D. insecure5. A. As B. So C. Too D. very6. A. Likewise B. Y et C. Consequently D. Furthermore7. A. Advances B. projects C. Inventions D. Proposals8. A. hold B. receive C. gain D. pay9. A. basis B. base C. stage D. ground10. A. affirm B. consolidate C. hinder D. improve11. A. advocated B. expected C. estimated D. calculated12. A. supply B. use C. pollution D. shortage13. A. health B. condition C. status D. situation14. A. foods B. products C. species D. races15. A. serious B. infectious C. fetal D. deadly16. A. much B. long C. well D. far17. A. affected B. restricted C. distributed D. compensated18. A. referred B. allocated C. contributed D. attributed19. A. call in questionB. take advantage ofC. give rise toD. bring into operation20. A. see B. report C. guess D. predictV. Read the following passages carefully and choose THE ONE BEST ANSWER to each question from the four choices given. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20/150)Text A[1] “Aggression”means a mixture of three features: injury (real or symbolic), intent, and emotion. Having a toe trodden upon may or may not make you the object of aggression: it all depends on the emotion and intent of a man inside the boot. One recurring question is the exact nature of the motivation. If the answers to this and similar questions were known, better solutions might be offered. Instead, the expects continue to offer contradictory opinions. It has been suggested that competitive sports decrease aggression. But many have suggested that such sports may cause it. Similar conflicting opinions have been offered about violence on film and television. How do we begin to make sense of rival views? One way is by looking at how the ideas developed historically.[2] When Freud first considered human aggression, he suggested that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure-seeking drive. He later changed his mind, suggesting that the aggressive drive was something independent of the blocking of pleasure, and that aggression was inherent part of human conditions. These two very different views have formed the basis of contemporary thinking on the nature of aggression. Freud’s earlier idea, that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure drive, led to the frustration theory. It suggested that interference with any pleasure including, or rewarding activity, once this had begun, would produce a state of frustration, which would then evoke anger. The frustration theory has stimulated much research on both human and animals. But its limitations in explaining all human aggression are now very apparent. If you are frustrated, for example, by someone turning up to an appointment on time, anger is indeed a likely outcome. Bur so other reactions: anxiety and nervousness, trying to find the missing person, or making light of the situation by joking.[3] Freud’s later idea—that there is a separate aggressive drive—influenced a totally different set of ideas. Most important among these is the notion that the act of violence can release a tense which has previously built up in someone. Ideas of this sort not only have a long history, but also have a intuitive appeal because of thefeeling of relief that often follows an emotional act, such as an aggressive outburst. The later Freud saw aggression as a drive building up spontaneously until the act occurred, which then reduced the tension. This embodies a profoundly pessimistic belief about human nature. It led Freud to comment that it is fruitless to try to eliminate human violence, but we can only provide safe outlets for it.[4] One extension of the frustration approach is my own discrepancy theory, which I originally put forward to explain the animal fighting. Animal fight in response to sudden pain or novelty or frustration. All three situations can be thought of in terms of animal finding a large discrepancy between events and what is expecting on the basis of its past experience. When this happens, either fear or aggression is likely to occur, though many traditional factors will determine which of the two takes place in a given situation. On this view, aggression occurs because the animal compares events in its environment with its expectations built up from the past experiences.[5] The same idea can be extended to human aggression. We are likely to become angry when our expectations, wishes, beliefs or attitudes are not fulfilled by what we experience. One very clear example occurs after a person has lost a marriage partner, close relative or friend. There is distress, and attempts to escape, at first. These are replaced later by aggression.1. The author of the passage believes that if we know the nature of aggressionA. we may find better ways to deal with human violenceB. we may better understand people’s intent and emotionC. we may have a clear view of its historical developmentD. experts may stop arguing about violence on film and television2. Freud thought later on that human aggression was caused byA. the blocking of a pleasure driveB.an inherent aggressive driveC. frustration, anger and anxietyD. unexpected failures3. Freud’s later idea is pessimistic because it implies thatA. it’s impossible to eliminate human violenceB. it’s impossible to find safe outlets for violenceC. man will never understand the nature of aggressionD. man will never find ways to reduce tension4. The author’s own theory is influenced byA. Freud’s earlier ideaB. Freud’s later ideaC. research on animalsD. studies on frustration5. according to the author, whether fear or aggression occurs in a situation of discrepancy is determined byA. the extent of discrepancyB. the degree of frustrationC. our expectationsD. other factorsText B[1] Consider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and wrestling with its siblings at all hours of the day and night.[2]Such behavior is not unusual among social animals. From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups of mammals and even some birds play for a significant fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and kittens, stalk and wrestle with one another in imaginary battles. Wolves play solitary games with rocks and sticks.Chimpanzees tickle one another.[3]However fascinating these displays of youthful exuberance may be, play among animals was ignored by scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior, and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study. Even the term "play" caused problems for researchers, because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not an activity for serious scientists.[4]But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of behavior with an important role in the social, physical, and mental development of many animals. In one study, kittens, mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and the parts of their brains regulating movement. Kittens were 30 most playful between 4 and 20 weeks of age; rats, from 12 to 50 days; and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human infant. At these precise times in the development of these animals, muscle fibers differentiate and the connections to areas of the brain regulating movement are made. Such changes apparently are not unique to kittens, mice, and rats,but apply to mammals in general.[5]Thus, research on play has given biologists an important tool with which to probe the development of the brain and 40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten builds its muscle and brain connections in a way that allows it to perform those actions later in life.[6]Play may also provide insight into the social development of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may be learning the limits of their strength and how to control themselves among others. Those are essential lessons for an animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists guess, as mammals gathered into social groups, play took on the function of socializing members of the group. Not everyone agrees with this theory, though. Another explanation is that play may not have evolved to confer any advantage but is simply a consequence of higher cognitive abilities or an abundance of nutrition and parental care.[7]Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but after ten years of studying brown bears of Alaska, biologist R obert Fagen has his own opinion. “Why do people dance?” he asks. “Why do b irds sing?” For the bears, we are becoming increasingly convinced that aesthetic factors are primary." Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the fun of it.6. In the paragraph 2, the references to animals primarily serve toA. emphasize physical similarities between and humansB. prove a controversial point about animal playC. suggest that animal play can be difficult to studyD. show the variety of animal play7. Which of the following claims do the findings of "one study" mentioned inParagraph 4 support?A. Play is a key factor in the social organization of some animal groups.B. Most animal species tend to begin playing as they approach adulthood.C. Research into play may help us understand animals’physiological development.D. Researchers do not always recognize behavioral similarities among diversespecies8. How do expect who agree with “this theory”mentioned in Paragraph 6 look at animal play?A. It is an enjoyable activity.B. It serves as a useful purpose.C. It occurs only among mammals.D. It varies from one animal to another.9.The discussion of Robert Fagen’s work serves toA. show that varying explanations may be logically relatedB. expand the discussion by introducing a different opinionC. strengthen the earlier argument with corroborating evidenceD. illustrate the resistance conservative scientists to new ideas10.Fagan compares bears playing to people dancing in order to suggest that bothactivitiesA. have little practical functionB. promote physical coordinationC. are associated wills social developmentD. involve peer groups in shared physical activityⅥ. Read the following article and answer the questions about it in ENGLISH.Y ou may borrow words or phrases from the article, are but not allowed borrow clauses or sentences. Both the content and language accuracy of your answers will be considered. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40/150)[1]If the new art is not accessible to everyone, which certainly seems to be the case, this implies that its impulses are not of a generically human kind. It is an art not for people in general but for a special class who may not be better but who are evidently different.[2]Before we go further, one point must be clarified. What is it that the majority of people call aesthetic pleasure? What happens in their minds when they “like” a work of art; for example, a play? The answer is easy. They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented, when the love and hatred, the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life. And they call a work “good” if it succeeds in creating th e illusion necessary to make the imaginary personages appear like living persons. In poetry the majority of people seek the passion and pain of the human being behind the poet. Paintings attract them if they find in them figures of men or women it would be interesting to meet.[3]It thus appears that to the majority of people aesthetic pleasure means a state of mind that is essentially indistinguishable from their ordinary behavior. It differs merely in accidental qualities, being perhaps less utilitarian, more intense, and free from painful consequences. But the object toward which their attention and, consequently, all their other mental activities are directed is the same as in daily life: people and passions. When forced to consider artistic forms proper-for example, in some surrealistic or abstract art-most people will only tolerate them if they do not interfere with their perception of human forms and fates. As soon as purely aesthetic elements predominate and the story of John and Susie grows elusive, most people feel out of their depth and are at a loss as to what to make of the scene, the book, or the painting. A work of art vanishes from sight for a beholder who seeks in that work of art nothing but the moving fate of John and Susie or Tristan and Isolde. Unaccustomed to behaving in any mode except the practical one in which feelings are aroused and emotional involvement ensues, most people are unsure how to respond toa work that does not invite sentimental intervention.[4]Now this is a point that has to be made perfectly clear. Neither grieving nor rejoicing at such human destinies as those presented by a work of art begins to define true artistic pleasure; indeed, preoccupation with the human content of work is in principle incompatible with aesthetic enjoyment proper.Questions;1. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 1?2. How does aesthetic pleasure happen to the majority of people?3. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 3?4. Why, according to this article, can’t most people appreciate a work of abstract art?5. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 4?。
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