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Definitions and Origins of Culture
• Culture is the sum of the “ values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned, shared by a group of people, and transmitted from generation to generation” ” • Culture has been conceptualized as: 1, “ Software of the mind” culture is a guide for ” humans on how to think and behave; it is a problemsolving tool (Hofstede) 2, An invisible barrier ```a completely different way of organizing life, of thinking, and of conceiving the underlying assumptions about the family and the state, the economic system, and even Man himself” ” (Hall) 3, A” thicket” (U.S. Ambassador Hodgson) ” ”
Origins of Culture: Geography
• Geography, which includes climate, topography, flora, fauna, and microbiology, influences our social institutions • Two researchers suggest that geography influences everything from history to present-day cultural values • First, Jared Diamond states that historically innovations spread faster east-to-south • Second, Philip Parker reports strong correlations between the latitude( climate) and the per capita GDP of countries
Introduction
• Culture refers to the human-made part of human environment—the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society” • Importance of culture in international marketing • A successful marketer must be a student of culture • Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities— in pricing, promotion, ch
Origins of Culture: Social Institutions
• Social institutions including family, religion, school, the media, government, and corporations all affect culture • The family, social classes, group behavior, age groups, and how societies define decency and civility are interpreted differently within every culture • (1)Family behavior varies across the world, e.g., extended families living together Dad washing dishes • (2)Religious value systems differ across the world, e.g., Muslims not allowed to eat pork to Hindus not allowed to consume beef
Origins of Culture: History
• The impact of specific events in history can be seen reflected in technology, social institutions, cultural values, and even consumer behavior For e. g., American trade policy depended on tobacco being the original source of the Virginia colony’s economic survival in the 1600s • The military conflicts in the Middle East in 2003 bred new cola brands, Mecca Cola, Muslim Up, and Arab Cola
Culture’s Pervasive Impact
• Culture influences every part of our lives. • Cultures impact on birth rates in Taiwan, Japan, and Singapore • Birthrates have implications for sellers of diapers, toys, schools, and colleges • Consumption of different types of food influence is culture; Chocolate by Swiss, seafood by Japanese preference, beef by British, wines by France and Italy • Even diseases are influenced by Japanese preference, beef by British, wines by France and Italy • Even diseases are influenced by culture: stomach cancer in Japan, and lung cancer in Spain.
Origins of Culture: Technology
• Technological innovations also impact institutions and cultural • Jet aircraft, air conditioning, televisions, computers, and the internet have all influenced culture • Arguably the greatest impact is the pill that has allowed women to have careers and freed men to spend more time with kids
Chapter 4
Cultural Dynamics in Assessing Global Markets
Chapter Learning Objectives
• The importance of culture to an international marketer • The origins and elements of culture • The impact of cultural borrowing • The strategy of planned change and its consequences
Origins of Culture: Social Institutions
• (3)School and education, and literacy rates affect culture and economic growth • (4)Media( magazines, TV, the Internet) influences culture and behavior • (5)Government policies influence the thinking and behaviors citizens of adult citizens, e.g., the French government offers new “birth bonuses” of $800 given to women as an incentive to increase family size • (6)Corporations influence culture via the products they market, e.g., MTV
Origins of Culture: The Political Economy
• For most of the 20th Century three approaches to governance competed for world dominance: fascism, communism, and democracy/ free enterprise • Necessary to appreciate the influence of the political economy on social institutions and cultural values and ways of thinking
