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考试Chapter20Electromagnetic forces【10】1The current in a coil produces a magnetic fieldaround it,as shown.The magnitude of the potential difference acrossthe coil is increased and its direction isreversed.右手抓握定则What happens to the magnetic field?A The lines become closer together and theright-hand end becomes a south pole.B The lines become closer together and the right-hand end remains a north pole.C The lines become further apart and the right-hand end becomes a south pole.D The lines become further apart and the right-hand end remains a north pole.2An electric current can produce a heating effect and a magnetic effect.Which row shows the effect that a relay继电器uses and one application of a relay?左手定则3Anα-particle is positiveand it enters a uniformmagnetic field directed out ofthe page.In which direction is theα-particle deflected by thefield?A into the pageB out of pageC to the leftD to the right4The diagrams show different particlesmoving through a magnetic field.Proton is positive.只有2个选项。
The 1920s: An IntroductionSocial and Cultural Background:The turn of the 20th century witnessed tremendous changes in English social and spiritual life. Extremesof wealth and pverty became intlerably acute. Besides, the questioning of faith continued into the new century with intensity. The most imoportant developments in the period is the development of philosophy and psychology. Bergson’s notioin of time, Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, Russell’s statements in “A Free Man’s Worship”, and Frazer’s Gold en Bough all had a great influence on the literature of this period.Features of Writers:Writers and sensitive minds began to take a fresh look at man and his life, and discovered substantive changes in the relationship between man and man, between man and nature, and between man and self.Representatives:Virginia Woolf, James JoyceCentury of “isms:ExpressionismDadaismSurrealismFuturismImagismStream of consciousnessThese “isms” explore different ways of expressing the REALITY of the world. Expressionism was a cultural movement originating in Germany at the start of the 20th-century as a reaction to positivism and other artistic movements such as naturalism and impressionism. It sought to express the meaning of "being alive" and emotional experience rather than physical reality. It is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a subjective art form. Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including: painting, literature, theatre, film, architecture and music. The term often implies emotional angst.Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members.ModernismIt represents a new mode of perception, a major feature of which is dusjunctive irony. In the new centyr, God seemed to be gone, and life appeared to be fragmentary and chaotic. This immensely affected the concepts of selfhood and the world. All these accounted for the extraordinary amount of experimentation of the period: the newformal means to better express the new sense of realit, the reformulation of the notion of time, the new methods of character portrayal, the experiments with points of view, structure and style, and the use of such as the technique of the stream of consciousness and symbolism. The literature in this period seemed to be self-reflective. The attempt to cope with chaos and fragmentation led to inward transcendence, to the construction of a more perfect world, a literary cosmos, a self-imposed and self-contained sense of wholeness and harmony in art.Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was also an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy.While of unique historical interest, many of Freud's ideas have fallen out of favor or have been modified by Neo-Freudians and at the close of the 20th century, advances in the field of psychology began to show flaws in many of his theories. Freud's methods and ideas remain important in clinical psychodynamic approaches. In academia, his ideas continue to influence the humanities and some social sciences.。
