北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案)

北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。

北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】原文第一段第一句明确指出“the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels”。

因此A、B、C三个选项均不正确。

22．【答案】D【解析】根据第四段最后一句“Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports”可知，D选项正确，其他选项未被提及。

23．【答案】B【解析】本文在第三段明确指出“There are two common means for control”，并一一加以介绍，因此本题答案为B项。

24．【答案】B【解析】根据第四段第三句“More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas”可知，现在越来越多的城镇通过分区条例，计划将噪声污染严重的工厂和机场与居民区分开。

那么未来机场可能会建在离居民区远的地方，即无人居住的地区。

因此正确答案是B。

25．【答案】A【解析】根据第五段最后一句“The new jumbojets...they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers”可知，新式的大型喷气机能量更高，并且能够装载更多的旅客。

这说明，新式飞机噪声污染低而运输效率高。

因此A项正确。

其他选项不是拿喷气机举例的目的。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe thatelderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research_____on the human brain.A. was⋯ didB. has been⋯ to be doneC. was⋯ doingD. has been⋯ done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like. ”“ Wetold you not to eat at a restaurant.You’d better _______ at home when you are not in theshape. ”A. to throw up⋯ to eatB. throwing up⋯ eatingC. to throw up⋯ eatD. throwing up⋯ eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to theirchildren’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27.According to psychoanalysis, aperson ’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, andinformation content.A. not less than ⋯ asB. as⋯ justasC. so much⋯ asD. not so much⋯ as 28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. itswindows opened D. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to bea distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.32.American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’ Neal,who ______ the “ GreatWall ”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34.She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house“I. actually think there ’s something about the______ of paper that feels morecomforting. ”She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “ Theysaid what we alwaysknew, ”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC.who asked not be named D. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37.He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has leftthe country_______.38.The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he isa terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC.pure and simple D. as pure and simple39.This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and toa rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother ’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted,“ It the’s armistice. The war is over. ”For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was thenarrator family’s when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43.His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC.it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator mother’s wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was verypatriotic B. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be likethem D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of“ Wal-Martization of”America, which refers to the attempt of America ’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they ’ costlyre in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India. The result has been an erosion of one ofAmerica ’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decriedschools in’adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they arepoor D. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46.Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home andabroad C. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop peopl’s mobilityupward 47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it ’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And theyare willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shave broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburbanretirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer,Fran Mc Carthy asks: “ Whoever thought that suburban flight would beroundtrip? ”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48.Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life againstloneliness 49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of constructionwith senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who movedback into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy ’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people ’s moving back into the city would take place all over theUnited StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your ownEnglish the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answerson ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51)Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine thepatient ’s emotional statejust before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results witha control group of uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in“ roadrage, ”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or trafficaccidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury, said” the study ’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numberedblank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation ’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans toinstall 500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But lastyear ’s London bombing,in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for“ anti-terror” (63) a.InBritish poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty toimprove(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begun beganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once amajor component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages forentire senior class, they essentially recreate anapplicant class’s rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“weIf’ relooking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that theyare among the best in their school, with a rank wedon’t necessarily know that, said” Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topicgiven below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled:“ WeShould No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics The”.article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people inthePeople ’s Congress or thePeople ’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64.ready/ willing 65. security北京大学 2006 年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCB ＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of gettingphysically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn ’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for peoplewho intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55.People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high 67.Pore-poreover 68.Anything-something 69.Better-good70.Response-respond 71.Forentire-foranentire 72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Listening Comprehension(略)Part Two Structure and Written Expression21．D【解析】语法题，考查虚拟语气。

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，进行倒装。

此句是混合虚拟，从句中有the day after tomorrow表将来的状语，因此应用were to形式，所以答案是D选项。

22．B【解析】语法题。

句子中有last year，所以动词应该用过去式，这里的left school指毕业，school不用加冠词，所以正确答案是B选项。

23．A【解析】语法题。

句意是“一些人谨慎地看待这些发现，他们注意到被动吸烟和癌症之间的因果关系有待揭示”。

remain to be done为惯用法，表示“有待于(被做)”。

所以正确答案是A选项。

24．C【解析】此句子是一个强调句，强调了被动句的主语what the committee has decided，句意是“委员会的决定应该优先执行”。

25．D【解析】owe to的意思是“归功于，得益于”。

比如We owe much to Greek culture (我们得益于希腊文化之处甚多)。

句意是“最新颖的新车与其说是得益于当地的自由精神，还不如说是得益于一种简单的智慧，即雇用几个能人，并让他们为之工作”。

26．A【解析】treat．．．with．．．意为“用……招待……”。

这句话的意思是“过去几年，Jimmy Connors曾向观众展现了他的网球球技及其个性特点，在上周的美国公开赛上他再次展现了这两点”。

也就是说“他以精彩的网球表演，博得观众认可”。

所以正确答案是A选项。

27．C【解析】首先hardly否定词应该放as…as…之前，所以先可排除A、B。

2007.1研究生英语学位课统考真题Part II. Vocabulary ( 10minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovation, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A investmentB resourceC inspirationD stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.A bewilderingB exasperatingC dismayingD upsetting.23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.A all at onceB by and byC to some extentD on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.A optimisticB anxiousC uncertainD scared.25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents’ wishes.A enhancedB revisedC alternatedD modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A arisen fromB contributed toC patched upD participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.A resignedB compromisedC persistedD dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.A inclinedB struggledC arguedD competed.29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A on occasionB at presentC by nowD for sure30. TW A was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims’families.A brieflyB quicklyC accuratelyD earnestlySection B (0.5point each)31. New Y ork probably has the largest number of different language ___in the world.A neighborhoodsB communitiesC clustersD assemblies32. Nuclear waste are considered to ___ a threat to human health and marine life.A composeB imposeC exposeD pose33. Some states in the US have set ___ standards concerning math and science.A energeticB vigorousC rigorousD grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___.A presentationB instructionC convictionD obligation35. Because of ___ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.A incomprehensibleB incomparableC inconceivableD incompatible36. As ___China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A in the light ofB in the event ofC in the case ofD in the course of37. According to an Australian research , moderate drinkers ___ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.A end upB take upC put upD turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ___ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.A stood up toB walked up toC lived up toD added up to39. Many children often ___ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans can’t.A assumeB anticipateC assureD wonder40. The FDA was created to ___the safety of products, review application and grant approvals.A manipulateB adjustC regulateD managePart III. Cloze Test ( 10minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. “Height 41 career success,” says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. “These findings are troubling since, with a few 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job 43 ,” Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. “If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we’re talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall person enjoys,” Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance---- a supervisor’s 46 of how effective someone is ---and 47 measures of performance---such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving them an edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making “fight or run” decisions.41. A makes out B works in C takes on D matters for42. A cases B exceptions C examples D problems43. A performance B operation C condition D environment44. A on B with C over D to45. A deficiency B advantage C loss D necessity46. A imagination B decision C judge D evaluation47. A relative B absolute C objective D initiative48. A state B status C situation D statue49 A origins B sources C courses D organizations50. A a time in B a hold on C a work at D a sing ofPart IV Reading Comprehension (45minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las V egas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The University put in place a new examination-supervision system. “If they’d spend as much time studying, they’d all be A students,”says Ron Y atbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops (笔记本电脑), demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper.“It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad,” said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃)in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people’s writings off the Internet without attributing them. Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. “Some people put too much emphasis on where they’re going to go in the future, and all they’re thinking about is graduate school and the next step,”said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed “sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn’t do.”Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ____A when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail device.B when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmates.C after the university put in place a new examination-supervision system.D after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority.52. According to Ron Y atbin, all the cheating students____A should be severely punished for their dishonesty.B didn’t have much time to study before the exam.C could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enough.D could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system.53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to ____A use many high-tech devicesB cut off Internet access on campusC turn to the oral examination formsD cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, _____A examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheating.B his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writing.C cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examination.D it was more difficult for him to life other people’s writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most significant measure to fight cheating?A Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B Letting students know that honesty is more important.C Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be ____A Cheating Has Gone High-techB Game of Cat and MouseC A New Examination-Supervision SystemD Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape---and the way your body works---fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?“It’s about 55:45, genes to the environment,” says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain’s University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, “They lookquite different, despite being identical twins.”Someone who’s 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won’t automatically push you to Olympic gold. “Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain,” said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain’s Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath’s sports development, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. “In swimming only 5-10 percent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital.”Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women’s rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for “performance genes.”57. It can be concluded from the passage that ____A physical strength is more important for sportsperson s’ success.B training conditions are more important for sportspersons’ success.C genes are more important for sportspersons’ success.D psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons’ success.58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that ____A environment can help determine people’s body shape.B genes are the decisive factors for people’s body shape.C identical twins are likely to enjoy different sports.D identical twins may have different genes for different sports.59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Graig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A The physical strengthB The right training conditionsC The talent for the sportsD The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because ___A she had the talent for rowingB her body shape was right for a rowerC she had the performance genesD she was a skillful rower61. The word “elite” in Paragraph 5 means “_________’A the most wealthyB the most skilledC the most industriousD the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess _____A the best body shapes and an iron purpose.B the extremes of the right physique and strong wills.C the right psychological conditions and sports talents.D the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens’groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon’s involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world’s most profitable corporation. Itmakes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what’s its strategy?The website , using data found in the company’s official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent live on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to preve nt global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled “junk science”. The findings they welcome are labeled “sound science.”This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study----such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling----and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change denies sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive , they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change?A Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C Stressing the unnecessary harm to the global economy.D Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “bogus” ( in Paragraph 4)?A ReasonableB FakeC LimitlessD Inconsistent65. John Christy is mentioned to show _____A how closely these organizations work with scientists.B how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purpose.C how important correct date are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD how one man’s mistake may set back the progress of science.66.The organizations sponsored by Exxon____A have lived up to their promisesB have almost caused worldwide chaos.C have failed to achieve their original goal.D have misunderstood the request of the sponsor.67. The passage is mainly focused on ____A Exxon’s involvement in scientific scandals.B Exxon’s contributions to the issue of climate change.C Exxon’s role in delaying solutions to global warming.D Exxon’s efforts to promote more scientific discoveries.68. What is the author’s tone in Presenting the passage?A FactualB PraisefulC BiasedD EncouragingPassage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to the near death’s door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn’t prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1900s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only fropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arlan Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum,” says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal’s behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal’s behaviour switches back. Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly”at the moment but doesn’t dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “It’ll be the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____A it is possible to live a longer and healthy life.B humans can live as long as scientists predict.C living longer is still considered a good idea.D new anti-ageing treatments are safe for human.70. In the 1980s, the data on people’s health expectancy____A gave an optimistic prediction.B showed an unclear future.C led ot a pessimistic perceptionD turned out to be a mixed blessing.71. In the lab experiment on rats, __________A food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked.B responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal.C the animals’ lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD different amounts of food cause a change in the animals’ behaviour72. Richardson believes that _____A it is impossible for humans to stop ageing.B it is worthwhile to talk about stopping ageing.C stopping ageing is a dream that may come true.D illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing.73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that ____A quality life is out of reach for most people.B quality life can slow down the process of ageing.C how long one can live depends on the genes one carried.D the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is “_____”:A Problems of An Ageing Society.B Healthy Care for the Elderly.C Eating Healthier, Living Longer.D The Future of Old Age.Passage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn’t work, you might say something odd (“Look up! The ceiling is falling!”to divert their attention. If they still don’t stop and you can’t separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention. After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student’s aggressive behavior; use physical restrains as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats; any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.Y ou might conclude that a student’s aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious co nsequence or to protect the other students. Y ou can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him what you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking in a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.Y ou don’t want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A To please the studentsB To surprise the studentsC To get the students’attentionD Todistract the students’ attention.76. What is to be done about a student’s aggressive behavior?A Respond calmly but firmly.B Tell the student’s parents immediately.C Ask other students for help to stop the action.D Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A Use physical restraint.B Give the student a time out.C Point at the student or make threats.D Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word “Punitively” (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A SurprisinglyB DepressinglyC Involving persuasionD Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help an aggressive student?A Encourage the student to be nice to the student the hit.B Ask the student to promise he’ll never do it again.C Force the student to apologize for his behaviorD Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A Problems in ClassroomsB Dealing with Student AggressionC Aggressive Behavior in ClassroomsD Settling a Student Fight.Part V Translation (30minutes, 20 points)Section A (15minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which , among other things , makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today----- the suicide bombers and other terrorists organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interests to wipe out. Section B (15mintues, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革，并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育．最终目标是确保无一人落后．由于此法案的实施，学校有更多的灵活性把资源用于最急需的地方．父母可更多地参与孩子的教育．Part VI Writing (30minutes, 10points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “Work Experience” . Y our composition should be based on the following outline.As the job market becomes more competitive, many employers require work experience. Do you think graduate students should gain work experience before graduation? How can you gain work experience before graduation?。

北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试（PKU-GATE）2015年12月27日说明：考试总共180分钟，试题题型包括五大题型，主要是常规性题目和新题型，常规题目包括听力、阅读理解，新题型有材料听写、比较写作；外文书籍阅读与写作；转译。

试题共有试题册和答题卡组成，还会发下自己的条形码（不愧为帝国最高学府，科研开发制作技术高端大气上档次！）第一大题：听力（分值20%）记得是三段材料（或两段），前两段材料是选择题，下面给出3-4个问题，供选择。

某不才听的材料不够准确，第一段材料大约是讨论美国楼市关键词有zombie house、us hosing market。

坚持使用美国等国外原汁原味的材料，勇气可嘉，与从小到大听Chinglish的某不习惯，但是趣味性强。

还有一题是听力默写，材料中空出了十个空，每个空去掉不止一个词汇，让你填。

听力材料大约长800-1000个词（a4纸的基本上都是这个材料）。

这段材料关于智能医学的似乎，关键词是autogenic training。

听力播放的时间：14点-14点25分。

朗读人员：一男一女，女的是Chinese、男的是foreigner（似乎），地道的美式发音。

第二大题：阅读理解（分值40%）。

共四篇阅读材料，每一篇阅读下有五个题目，和高考、硕考没大区别，但是材料明显要长，每篇材料大约有1000-1200个单词，生词量也大，平均每1-2句就有个生词。

每篇的题目中有单词理解、有细节理解、有main idea等。

Passage one：似乎是关于伦理学的学术论文，题目的中关键词和生词有：turn the other cheek、ethical precept、moral urge、morality、moral precepts、give without thought of reward、altruistic、ironically、selfish agendas 、kin、等，经过多方搜索没有搜集到原文出处。

北京⼤学博⼠英语考试试题及解析P a r t T w o：S t r u c t u r e a n d W r i t t e n E x p r e s s i o n（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35. According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century,“consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie. Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant. But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit.And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality.Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose cla im to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the bodyremains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them.It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales.(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online.(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it. (74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满⾜需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

转载北大07英语文学专业方向研究生入学试题2007-08-06 13:30文学，翻译，美国研究方向试题（150分）1,Please answer ONE of the following questions (40)h In Milton's Paradise Lost, Satan displays tremendous heroic energy, and we cannot but admire him. Is Satan a hero? Why (not)? You might want to compare Satan with Adam and Christ the Son to make your point.2,A conceit is a far-fetched and ingenious comparison. Themetaphysical conceit is a more intellectualized, many-leveled comparison, giving a strong sense of the poet's ingenuity in overcoming obstacles. John Donne's conceits leap continually in a restless orbit from the personal to the cosmic and back again. Please pick two examples of metaphysical conceits form Donne and comment on them.II.Please answer ONE of the following questions.(40)1,Many people believe that the Puritan Movement and the Puritan migration to North American in early 17th century are a form of religious revivalism. However, critics argue that the Puritan enterprise is a much more complicated phenomenon, which cannot be limited only to its religious aspect. Which view do you agree? Please give two or more examples (and with proper analyses) from the writings of Puritan Era to explainyour opini on.2,In 19th century American novelists, Nathaniel Hawthorne stands out for his extraordinaiy familiarity with the social and religious life of early New England society and for his profound understanding of the innate complexity of human nature (its irrepressible tendencies and ambivalent impulses, the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart)・ Please give two or more examples (with proper analyses) from the novels or tales of Howthome in order to demonstrate and explain both the historical imagination of Howthome and his Mastery of psychological insight.III.Answer ONE of the following questions. (40)IThe Romantic Age in Britain was a time when domestic unrest combined with international turmoil to raise the awareness of Englishness on the part of the people・Briefly analyze two literary works of this period, focusing on how they reflect such heightened national/internationalconsciousness.2. Choose two among the great number of heroines of the English novel and briefly analyze the source(s) of their social power. What, for example, give these women advantage over their rivals or men, and how?IV,The following passage is taken from an essay by the modem French critic Roland Barthes・ See if you are aware of any intellectual background against which Barthes's view may have occurred, and elaborate upon or respond to or refute the passage in a way you see fit. (30)Whatever the complexity of literature theory, a novelist or a poet is supposed to speak about objects and phenomenon which, whether imaginary or not, are external and anterior to language・ The world exists and the writer use language; such is the definition of literature. The object of criticism is very different; it deal with "the world'； but with the linguistic formulations made by others; it is a comment on a comment, a secondary language or meta-language (as the logicians would say), applied to a primary language (or language-as-object). It follows that critical activity must take two kinds of relationships into account: the relationship between the critical language and the language of the author under consideration and the relationship between the latter (language-as-object) and the world・ Criticism is defined by the interaction of these two languages and so bears a close resemblance to another intellectual activity, logic, which is also entirely founded on the distinction between language-as-object and meta-language・北京大学2007年硕上研究生入学考试试题（专业能力）英翻汉A strong common sense, which it is not easy to unseat or disturb, marks the English mind for a thousand years: a rude strength newly applied to thought, as of sailors and soldiers who had lately learned to read.They have no fancy, and never are surprised into a covert or witty word, such as pleased the Atheniims and Italians, and was convertible into a fable not long after; but they delight in strong earthy expression, not mistakable, coarsely true to the human body, and, though spoken among princes, equally fit and welcome to the mob・ This homeliness, veracity, and plain style, appear in the earliest extant works, and in thelatest. It imports into songs and ballads the smell of the earth, the breath of cattle, and, like a Dutch painter, seeks a household charm, though by pails and pans・ They ask their constitutional utility in verse. The kail and herrings are never out of sight. The poet nimbly recovers himself from every sally of the imagination. The English muse loves the farmyard, the lane, and market. She says, with De Stael, tramp in the mire with wooden shoes, whenever they would force me into the clouds.H For, the Englishman has accurate perceptions; takes hold of things by the right end, and there is no slipperiness in his grasp. He loves the axe, the spade, the oar, the gun, the steampipe: he has built the engine he uses. He is materialist, economical mercantile・ He must be treated with sincerity and reality, with muffins, and not the promise of muffins; and prefers his hot chop, with perfect security and convenience in the eating of it, to the chances of the amplest and Frenchiest bill of fare, engraved on embossed paper. When he is intellectual, and a poet or a philosopher, he carries the same hard truth and the same keen machinery into the mental sphere・ His mind must stand on a fact. He will not be baffled, or catch at clouds, but the mind must have a symbol palpable and resisting. What he relishes in Dante, is the vice-like tenacity with which he holds a mental image before the eyes, as if it were a scutcheon painted on a shield. Byron M liked something craggy to break his mind upon.M A taste for plain strong speech, what is called a biblical style, marks the English. It is in Alfred, and the Saxon Chronicle, and in the Sagas of the Northmen. Latimer was homely. Hobbes was perfect in the "noble vulgar speech.n Donne, Bunyan, Milton, Taylor, Evelyn, Pepys, Hooker, Cotton, and the translators, wrote i匸How realistic or materialistic in treatment of his subject, is Swift・ He describes his fictitious persons, as if for the police・ Defoe has no insecurity or choice・Hudibras has the same hard mentality, —keeping the truth at once to the senses, and to the intellect・It is not less seen in poetry. Chaucers hard painting of his Canterbury pilgrims satisfies the senses・Shakspeare, Spenser, and Milton, in their loftiest ascents, have this national grip and exactitude of mind. This mental materialism makes the value of English transcendental genius; in these writers, and in Herbert, Henry More, Donne, and Sir Thomas Browne. The Saxon materialism and narrowness, exalted into the sphere of intellect, makes the very genius of Shakspeare and Milton. When it reaches the pure element, it treads the clouds as securely as the adamant.Even in its elevations, materialistic, its poetry is common sense inspired; or iron raised to white heat. Contributed by Ralph Waldo Emerson - The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson - Volume V - English Traits (1856)汉翻英笑是垠流动、最迅速的表情，从眼睛里泛到口角边。

北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes. Cities have always been noisy, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago.Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the population. Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist. As a matter of fact, this is one instance where the knowledge of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment.There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding.The second approach is being used more often today as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apartments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent materials and construction designed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports.There are many examples of available noise control methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power generators can be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorbers. Truck tires can be made with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for example, are quieter than the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers.All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its source, therefore saving through prevention the large costs of hearing loss.21．The noise level for possible hearing loss begins at about ______.A．30 decibels B．75 decibels C．100 decibels D．none of the above 22．Jet pilots are being advised to land ______.A．on longer runways B．from nearby areas C．after dark D．with reduced power 23．How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.24．The reader can assume that airport of the future will ______.A．have runways in a north-south patternB．be located in unpopulated areasC．be required to warn passengers of high noise levelsD．in nearby areas25．Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of ______.A．efficient transportation with low levels of noiseB．vehicles that cause serious air pollutionC．scientific advances that do more harm than goodD．quieter and older vehiclePassage 2Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C．These include dark green leafy vegetables; deep yellow vegetables; and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individual to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.26．Food preference in America is ______.A．culturally oriented B．inherited C．individualistic D．according to ages 27．Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in ______.A．celery B．banana C．milk D．cabbage28．According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with ______.A．improving the vitamin content of processed foodsB．restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC．informing the public about wholesome foodsD．helping people enjoying uninformed about nutrition29．Some people judge their nutrition by the ______.A．status of their health B．grocery stores where they shop C．amount of protein in their diets D．food they took30．The author advocatesA．requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB．making information on nutrition available to the publicC．forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packagesD．people has the right to choose foodPassage 3Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses Ⅱused the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government project' namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.Counting costs have risen since 1790．The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person. That's a long way since 3800 B．C．.31．The first known census report took place in Babylonia in ______.A．1085 B．1200 B. C．3800 B.C. D．179032．The first census was created for the sole purpose of ______.A．counting available troops B．dividing farmlandC．providing manpower D．taxing the populace33．The American census today costs the government approximately ______.A．$0.01/person B．$0.10/person C．$1.00/person D．$10.00/person 34．Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it ______.A．might give valuable news to EnglandB．would give England's enemies cause for rebellionC．would be too expensiveD．might disclose information to England's enemies35．The author implies the American census is ______.A．relatively inexpensive to conductB．important to various government branchesC．an exact count of the citizenryD．fairly expensive before 1790Passage 4It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows.Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.36．The author attributes today's air pollution to ______.A．the growth of civilization B．man's carelessnessC．environmental imbalance D．some mysterious cause37．The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to ______.A．protective foliage B．thick bark C．genetic makeup D．tainted air38．Air pollution causes the most damage to ______.A．hardwoods B．conifers C．fruit trees D．fluorides39．The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is ______.A．heavy industry B．chemical processing plantsC．urban expansion D．salt spray40．We can conclude that ______.A．air pollution is easier to control than water pollutionB．the problem of polluted air is a problem overnightC．the impact of air pollution has been known for centuriesD．research on the efforts of air pollution is incompletePart ⅢVocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41．Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.A．careful B．clever C．ignorant D．economical 42．Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven.A．molten B．serene C．isolated D．snobbish 43．Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.A．criminal B．pump C．psychology D．lodgings44．History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes.A．attempts B．insults C．mistakes D．arguments45．The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.A．ridiculed B．entertained C．ignored D．drew46．The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.A．encounter B．stick to C．prepare D．anticipate 47．Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906～1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.A．convoluted B．belied C．encumbered D．stoked 48．Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. A．provision B．cylinder C．contradiction D．exhaustion49．The attack was meticulously planned and executed.A．negligently B．slovenly C．fussily D．discreetly50．At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.A．damaging B．magnificent C．useful D．relevant51．The batteries can be recharged when they run ______.A．over B．down C．out D．along52．The rioters headed downtown, ______ they attacked city hall.A．since B．as C．whereupon D．yet53．Monday's earthquake ______ windows and woke residents.A．slammed B．prosecuted C．rattled D．pierced 54．Environmentalists ______ that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.A．deliver B．deserve C．contrast D．concede 55．Lately, the restaurant chain, which______ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.A．caters B．fabricates C．facilitates D．flees56．The nation ______ the death of its great war leader.A．protruded B．lamented C．rebuked D．racked57．The report ______ poor safety standards for the accident.A．blames B．charges C．complains D．accuses58．The new school building is ______ completion.A．nearly to B．close to C．almost at D．just about at 59．Walking is excellent for working ______ tension.A．out B．away C．down D．off60．Any negative statements and accusations made should be ______ and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.A．promptly B．thoroughly C．punctually D．exactlyPart ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now. There are still 61 a few very old women who in their youth have worked 62, with harness round their waists, and a chain 63 passed between their legs, crawling on all 64 and dragging tugs of coal. They used to go on 65 this even when they were pregnant.And 66 now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it 67 and fro, I fancy we should let them do it 68 than deprive ourselves of coal. But most of the time, of course, we should 69 to forget that they were doing it. It is the 70 with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its existence. More than anything 71 perhaps, the miner can stand as the type of manual worker, not only because it is so vitally necessary and 72 so 73 , that we are capable 74 forgetting it as we forget the blood in our veins. In 75 way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working. It raises in you a momentary doubt 76 your own status as an “intellectual” and a superior person generally. For it is brought 77 to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only 78 miners sweat their guts out 79 superior persons can 80 superior.61．A．alive B．living C．walking D．breathing 62．A．underground B．above C．below D．late63．A．it B．this C．who D．that64．A．limbs B．fours C．legs D．bodies 65．A．making B．working C．do D．doing66．A．just B．even C．right D．well67．A．from B．for C．to D．at68．A．rather B．more C．would D．less69．A．ask B．prefer C．make D．willing70．A．same B．what C．so D．that71．A．more B．beside C．too D．else72．A．but B．yet C．however D．also 73．A．efficient B．silent C．black D．required74．A．to B．for C．of D．at75．A．the B．its C．a D．that76．A．about B．with C．for D．of77．A．point B．home C．much D．it78．A．for B．why C．because D．how79．A．so B．that C．why D．therefore 80．A．retain B．do C．remain D．makePart ⅤTranslation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe.Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the so-called “dark matter” that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe.All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the “missing mass” is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects.According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modern cosmology today.The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.Part ⅥWriting (15 points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the Answer Sheet(2): Opportunity and Success.。

2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试听力真题Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.1. A.To do some experimentsB. To attend a class.C. To review his lesson.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel.B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3 A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D .He got his tumor removed4 A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5 A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6 A. Get more time to relax.B. Take some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7 A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B .He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8 A. Excited.B. Frustrated.C. Annoyed.D. Relieved.9 A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets four hours and an half per week.D. The classmeets for half an hour three times a week.10 A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman couldn‟t ski.C. The woman didn‟t intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn‟t like Swiss.11 A. She‟s an insurance agent.B. She‟s an insurance client.C. She…s a bank clerk.D. She‟s a driver.12 A. He tripped over some crutches.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13 A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can‟t wait for the new semester.14 A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15 A. To visit his son.B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16 A. A pharmacist.B. A visitor.C. A physician.D. A dieter.17 A. Cough.B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset18 A. Pain-killers.B. Cough syrup.C. Antidiarrheas.D. Indigestion tablets.19 A. The cold weather.B. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20 A. Take the medicine from the woman.B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21 A. Headaches.B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22 A. On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23 A. 94.B. 41.C.130.D. 135.24 A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anythingtraumatic.25 A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage Three26 A. A brief history of British pubs.B. Beer—the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in British.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27 A. As early as 659AD.B. After 659ADC. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28 A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29 A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30 A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.PartⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or pareses, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choosethe word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _______ the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm healed will, but she died of the pneumonia which followed as a _______.A. complementB. complimentC. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately, our vacation plans _____ on account of transport strikes.A. fell backB. fell throughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The ______ climate of Hawaii attractsvisitors form all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the ______ in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should ____ him nicely after his operation.A. set…offB. set …upC. set…offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so ______ that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. ______ to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very _______ nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic _______ such as fine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC. luxuriesD. luresSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined,beneathwhich are four words or phrases. Choose the word or phrase whichwould best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for the Presidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot look down upon our opponent, who is an experienced swimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patients without any complaint.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years‟ imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and local governments tried to wipe out rats to preventthe spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook was encumbered by lack of funds.A canceled B. condensed C. hampered D. haunted49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic and magnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of this dynamic personality, he seems to have unlimitedenergy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the homes are large according to the standards of many counties. Even___51__inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern __52__.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions. “Family rooms”are popular features in modern houses; these are __53__, “living rooms”since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, __54__.Recreational homes are also popular__55___ Canadians. Some Canadians own summerhomes, cottages, or camps. These may __56__ from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.” They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might __57__the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to __58__ to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some ___59___, neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be __60__ of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B. halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A. stability B. mobility C. reality D. tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling form favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart’s music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years age that listening to Mozart brings about short-term improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved, Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw’s experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how to paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart, another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn’t exist. “It’s about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get.”he says.Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart, but Steele didn’t separate his students into groups based on ability. “We’re still at the stage where it needs to be examined.”Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we’ll be able to design tests that give a robust effect.”61. It has been recently found out that _________A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematical thinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve one’s mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD.music favors one’s mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A.Paper cutting and spatial thinkingB.The nature of a task and the type of thinkingC.Classical music and mathematical performanceD.Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning63. In Shaw’s test, the students would most probably_______A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele‟s experiment we say that_______.A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than Shaw’sC.the result were statistically significantD.Shaw’s results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical of _________A.Steele‟s results presented at a wrong stageB.Steele‟s wrong selection of the testeesC.Steele‟s ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steele‟s test designPassage TwoLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car: men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers---half of them men, half women---to find their way out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteers’brain activityusing a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different brain areas to complete the task. “I didn’t expect it to be so dramatic,”says Riepe.Previous students have been shown that woman rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps progress how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researchers say could help with assessing geometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their “working memory”, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.“It fits very well with the animal studies,”says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female’s sense of direction, but not a male‟s.66. The studies on the driving issue have evolved__________A.from the car to the driverB.from the reality to the virtual -realityC.from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD.from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find their way around, according to the passage, refer to________A.the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB.the right and left side of their hippocampuses respectivelyC.the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD.the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain why they____________.e geometric cues to navigateB.have a better memory than menC.rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD.behave less aggressively than men in driving69. The reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe, could be ___________A.the environmental factorB.the psychological factorC.the innate factorD.all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A.How do women and men drive differently?B.How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C.Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D.Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense of direction?Passage ThreeWork has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back from the gym…don’t pop those aspirins just yet. Think hot springs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a natural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. There are numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints.There ate three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on thebody: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy’s motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water’s healing potential has long been known.We don’t tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said, “Great ideas originate in the muscles.”Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stresses by tightening our muscles and creating a kind of “body armor.”He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, by letting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with, what does the author insist we avoid doing?A.Undergoing physical pain and stress.B.Taking aspirin tablets.C.Going to the gym.D.Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A.The origin of spas.B.The popularity of hot springs.C.The flux of people to mid America.D.The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles____A.will lead to arthritisB.contain plenty of microscopic tearsC.can cause blood pressure to declineD.will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity______A.can be enforced by the ‘body armor”B.does not occur in mind but in the musclesC.can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD.is good only when we are free of mental an d physical stress75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Spas, the Best RelaxationB.A Brief History of Spas.C.Spa Resorts in the USAD.Soak Away StressPassage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact of sunshine. For the past 20years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they venture outside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchers in other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day---can prevent most other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D. which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made thisdiscovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen---UV radiation----to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as many lives as they can.What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun---and for covering up. It is patronizing( 施恩于人的) to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs, the problem seems to be that the public______A.cannot be reached by health messagesB.is torn between two health messagesC.never trust those health researchersD.are divided over health problems77. The recent opposition goes to __________A.the protective value of sunshineB.the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC.the debate over the health impact of sunshineD.the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the critics, the health impact of sunshine_________A.will be epidemiologically provedB.is misleading the public altogetherC.merits a comprehensive investigationD.can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be made easy_______A.to debateB.to swallowC.to estimateD.to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the public_________A.decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB.avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC.be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD.facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I‟ve never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place.They call it Katie‟s kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it‟s now a respectable restaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity andjob skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent(穷的)persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she‟s here ---what her story is;what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich---a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here.We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. “It’s okay.”she says. “We‟ ll buy your lunch. It‟ll be our pleasure.”Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. “We‟re really tight,”he says.”The executive committee tells me we may not eventhough money to build the new critical care wing this year.”He frowns, hesitates, then adds, “It‟s flu season, though, and perhaps by seeing patients in person rather than treating so many over the phone, we‟ll recoup some of our losses.”It‟s budget time, and I know that this means our gratis (免费的) fitness center memberships may be cancelled. We‟re in a tough bind.Three streets away, a tattered man in a throwaway overcoat sits shivering in the diner. Sister L slowly fills his cup full of hot coffee. Holding the cup with trembling hands, he stares deeply into its dark center. There is healing in its rising steam.81. The doctor in the story enters a restaurant which___________.A.has a one-hundred-year old barB.has won a reputation for its managementC.performs charities among the immigrants。

清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)(请将答案写在答题纸上)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear a talk about some language problems you may encounter while in the United States. The speaker will mainly talk about five problems. Listen to the recording and write down the five problems. Make your answers as brief as possible. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分1～5题的答案写在答题纸上)Topic: language problems you may encounter in the United States1．________________________________________________________________________ 2．________________________________________________________________________ 3．________________________________________________________________________ 4．________________________________________________________________________ 5．________________________________________________________________________ Section TwoDirections:In this section you will hear a lecture by a journalism professor. Listen to the recording and take notes to fill in the outline below. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分6～15题的答案写在答题纸上)Main Idea: Government regulation of television has had limited success and will continue to be a challenge in the future.Original problems/reasons for regulation:— watching TV violence leads to violent behavior —________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ — Solutions: Telecommunications Act— TV industry responsibility: ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ Manufacturer responsibility: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Continuing problems: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________Part ⅡReading Comprehension (40 points)(请将答案涂在答题卡上，从16题开始)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different—despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analystsquestion how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996,the stock traded between a range of $ 36.10 and $ 54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2.48．Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40.30 and $ 45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $ 2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.16．This passage is probably a part of ______.A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word “stagnant” (Line 4, P ara. 1) can be best paraphrased as ______.A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because ______.A．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT ______.A．The cash dividend has increasedB．The earning power has become strongerC．Both businesses have continued to growD．The stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author, one had better ______.A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price falls downPassage TwoQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today's college students are more narcissistic (自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating …You're special' and having children repeat that back,” said the study's lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown o f close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlli ng and violent behaviors.” Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before,” said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be m ore authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, andnobody should stand in your way,” Kader said, “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,” she said, “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, …No, I'm not special‟.”21．According to the passage, a narcissistic person may ______.A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．all the above22．The italicized word “commended” (Line 1, Para. 3) means ______.A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24．It is implied that ______.A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be ______ when you hear someone say “I'm special.”A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedPassage ThreeQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the US Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights,” said the National A ssociation of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫)from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes fro m employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals, while managers talking to workers aren't,” Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and n ot would be the difference between night and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款)as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional.” “I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees' income.27．According to its opponents, the bill ______.A．will protect employees' rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．Th e word “it” (Line 5, Para. 5) refers to ______.A．the change B．the legislation C．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.A．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level C．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30．It is implied that ______.A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers' coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterPassage FourQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people's views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhaimmad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the US Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois born in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books,four journals and many other scholarly article s. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be]the problem of the color-line.”Martin Luther King Jr.The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；做先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964．Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the US major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army.B．He learned to fight at an early age.C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D．He loves peace.32．The italicized word “prolific” (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to ______.A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U. S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C．Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death.C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of famous African AmericansB．Influence of famous African AmericansC．Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectualsPart ⅢVocabulary(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to ______ the weight of the building.A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very ______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative 38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong ______ to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was ______ by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be ______ in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______ from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years ______ before he returned home from the United States.A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______ plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X______ the unknown number.A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much ______ by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's ______ was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get ______ quickly.A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a ______ action to strengthen the market management.A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to ______ it.A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same ______ on the matter.A．potentiality B．sentiment C．postscript D．subscription 54．We cannot be______ with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously ______ their progress to their destination in that region.A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPart ⅣCloze(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be 56 : New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. 60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking watersupplies, and irreplaceable, natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops.Human health would also be affected. Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today's colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered57．A．which B．where C．when D．what58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflectedPart ⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10 points)(请将翻译写在答题纸上) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part ⅥWriting(15 points)(请将作文写在答题纸上)Directions:You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。

北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答1-5题。

The rise of digital technology has transformed the way welive and work. It has also changed the way we communicate. In the past, people mainly relied on face-to-face communicationor letters to convey messages. However, with the advent ofthe internet and smartphones, instant messaging and social media have become the primary means of communication for many.1. What is the main topic of the passage? (4分)A. The impact of digital technology on communication.B. The history of communication methods.C. The importance of face-to-face communication.D. The disadvantages of social media.2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a communication method mentioned? (4分)A. Face-to-face communication.B. Letters.C. Instant messaging.D. Radio broadcasts.3. What does the passage imply about the future of communication? (4分)A. It will become more personal.B. It will rely more on digital technology.C. It will return to traditional methods.D. It will become less frequent.4. What is the purpose of the passage? (4分)A. To inform readers about new communication technologies.B. To persuade readers to use traditional communication methods.C. To describe the history of communication methods.D. To analyze the effects of digital technology on communication.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? (4分)A. The passage argues that digital technology has had a negative impact on communication.B. The passage suggests that digital technology has made communication more efficient.C. The passage states that people no longer use face-to-face communication.D. The passage claims that the internet and smartphones have replaced all other communication methods.二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank.6. The company has decided to ________ its employees with the latest technology.A. equipB. qualifyC. supplyD. provide7. Despite the heavy rain, they ________ the mountain successfully.A. climbedB. ascendedC. roseD. lifted8. The new policy will ________ a significant impact on the economy.A. haveB. takeC. makeD. get9. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential10. The book is ________ interesting that I can hardly put it down.A. soB. veryC. tooD. quite三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正在经历转型。

北京大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 考试时间180分钟)Part One: Listening Comprehension略Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.Part Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)II.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). Examples: eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(66) begun beganeg.2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up. Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(68) notPart Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).答案：21-25范文。

北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One: Listening Comprehension略Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided [B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided [D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than [B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to [D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores have improved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A]crashed on [B]bumped into [C]fallen against [D]puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies ther e is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s __________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing ―__________ evidence‖ that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ close examination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the w ord ―explain‖ suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces ―really‖ are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, ―is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathe dral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.‖ Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward ―how‖ things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directe d toward ―why‖ things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces ―really‖ ar e[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression ―speculated on‖ (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and selling Passage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As oneexample, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws[C]friends’ opinions[D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word ―contingent‖ in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that __________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%) (51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive. (53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be bo th the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best.(68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education.(74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular.The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country.Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition.Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Structure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory is very important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This is true for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist using military power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s his tory as their guide and field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensive Proofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economy。