Introductory Phrase

英语作文分层次的短语Hierarchical Phrases: Unlocking the Nuances of LanguageLanguage is a complex and multifaceted tool that allows us to convey our thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Within the realm of language, one of the fundamental building blocks is the phrase. Phrases are groups of words that work together to express a specific meaning, and they can be classified into different levels of complexity and hierarchy. Understanding the hierarchical nature of phrases is crucial for effective communication, as it enables us to construct more sophisticated and nuanced expressions.At the most basic level, we have simple phrases. These are the most elementary units of language, consisting of a single word or a small group of words that function together as a single unit. For example, "the cat," "running quickly," or "in the park" are all simple phrases. These basic building blocks form the foundation upon which more complex structures are built.Progressing to the next level, we encounter compound phrases.Compound phrases are formed by combining two or more simple phrases, often linked by a coordinating conjunction such as "and," "or," or "but." These phrases allow us to express more complex ideas and relationships. For instance, "the cat chased the mouse and jumped over the fence" is a compound phrase that combines two simple phrases – "the cat chased the mouse" and "jumped over the fence" – to create a more comprehensive statement.Moving further up the hierarchy, we arrive at complex phrases. Complex phrases are characterized by the inclusion of a subordinate clause, which is a dependent clause that modifies or provides additional information to the main clause. These phrases enable usto convey more nuanced and intricate meanings. An example of a complex phrase would be "Although the weather was cold, the hikers decided to venture out on the trail." Here, the subordinate clause "Although the weather was cold" provides contextual information that modifies the main clause "the hikers decided to venture out on the trail."At the pinnacle of the hierarchical structure, we find absolute phrases. Absolute phrases are independent clauses that are grammatically separated from the main sentence, often by a comma or a semicolon. These phrases add depth and emphasis to our language, allowing us to express additional information or a shift in perspective. For instance, "The sun was shining brightly; the birds were singing in thetrees" is an example of an absolute phrase, where the second clause stands alone as an independent statement.The mastery of hierarchical phrases is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to express our ideas with greater precision and clarity. By understanding the different levels of phrase complexity, we can choose the appropriate linguistic tools to convey our message effectively.For instance, in academic or professional writing, the use of complex and absolute phrases can lend an air of formality and sophistication to the text. Phrases such as "Notwithstanding the challenges faced, the team remained committed to their goal" or "The project was a resounding success; the client was thoroughly impressed" can elevate the tone and demonstrate a command of the language.In creative writing, the strategic use of hierarchical phrases can enhance the richness and depth of the narrative. Simple phrases can be used to create a sense of immediacy and urgency, while compound phrases can introduce a sense of flow and interconnectedness. Complex phrases, on the other hand, can be employed to delve into the intricate thoughts and emotions of the characters, providing the reader with a deeper understanding of their perspectives.Moreover, the ability to manipulate hierarchical phrases is crucial in effective public speaking and persuasive writing. By crafting well-structured sentences that incorporate various levels of phrase complexity, speakers and writers can captivate their audience, emphasize key points, and make their arguments more compelling.In conclusion, the hierarchical nature of phrases is a fundamental aspect of language that deserves careful consideration. By understanding the different levels of phrase complexity – from simple to compound, complex, and absolute – we can unlock the nuances of language and become more effective communicators. Whether in academic, professional, or creative contexts, the mastery of hierarchical phrases can elevate our written and spoken expression, allowing us to convey our ideas with greater precision, depth, and impact.。

as引导的非限制性定语从句研究必备欢迎下载。

As引导的非限制性定语从句可以用于以下句式中。

在这些句子中，关系代词在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语。

1.XXX…像……一样的，像……之类:我们已经找到了他们工厂使用的这种材料。

这些房子的价格如此之低，正如人们所期望的那样。

这本书不是我期望的那种。

你所描述的这类事情现在很少见。

他并不是你所描述的那种人。

他是如此懒惰，以至于没有人愿意和他一起工作。

我想要一本像他所拥有的那样的词典。

我买了一只在电视上广告的手表。

武夷山是一个如此吸引人的旅游胜地，每个人都想去参观。

他挣的钱都花在了烈酒和烟草上。

他并不像我们想象的那样懦弱。

2.The same +名词+as和……同样的:他不再是以前的那个人了。

西方不再是20年前的那个西方。

我喜欢的是和你一样的那本书。

我会用和你一样的方式来做这件事。

这支笔和我昨天丢失的那支一样。

Is this the same mosquito that just bit you?As an introductory phrase。

"as" can be used to introduce a non-restrictive XXX "which," "as" can be placed either before or after the main clause。

It means "just like" and can n as the subject or object of the clause。

Common phrases include "as (it) seems likely," "as (it) often happens," "as (it) was printed out," "as (it) was said earlier," "as I remember (it)," "as I understand (it)," "as (it) appears," "as is known," "as is said," "as is reported," "as announced," "as we had expected," "as everybody can see," and "as is ned above." For example:As we all know。

写英语作文高频短语有哪些在写英语作文时，使用高频短语可以增加文采和表达的流畅性。

以下是一些常用的高频短语，可用于各种类型的英语作文中：1. Introduction（介绍）:To begin with, 。

Firstly, 。

It is well known that, 。

In today's society, 。

Nowadays, 。

2. Presenting Arguments（阐述观点）:From my perspective, 。

I firmly believe that, 。

It seems to me that, 。

As far as I'm concerned, 。

3. Providing Examples（举例）:For instance, 。

Such as, 。

To illustrate, 。

Take, for example, 。

A case in point is, 。

4. Contrasting Ideas（对比观点）:However, 。

Nevertheless, 。

Conversely, 。

In contrast, 。

5. Adding Information（补充信息）: Furthermore, 。

Moreover, 。

Additionally, 。

Besides, 。

Not only... but also, 。

6. Drawing Conclusions（得出结论）: In conclusion, 。

To sum up, 。

All in all, 。

Ultimately, 。

In summary, 。

7. Expressing Agreement（表达同意）:I agree with the statement that, 。

I concur with the idea that, 。

I share the opinion that, 。

I am of the same opinion, 。

学术研究常⽤介绍性短语整理学术研究要求我们仔细审查信息并评估其可信度。

因此，当我们思考各种现象时，我们会检验经验数据，并精⼼制作详细的解释来证明我们的解释是正确的。

构建我们的研究叙事的⼀个重要组成部分是提供⽀持的证据和例⼦。

我们提供的证据类型可以⽀持我们的主张，也可以让读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。

重要的是，我们要使⽤适当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清晰地引导读者从⼀个观点到下⼀个观点。

在这篇⽂章中，我们将讨论在何种情况下应该使⽤证据和⽰例，并对可⽤于⽀持论点的有效语⾔进⾏分类。

When to introduce evidence and examples证据和例⼦为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。

没有证据，你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服⼒。

因此，当你介绍例⼦的时候，确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据，并使⽤短语来恰当⽽清晰地解释证据是如何⽀持你的论点的。

你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你：提出“⾮常识性”的信息；根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议；需要澄清之前的陈述，⽤⼀个例⼦会更有效；需要确定⼀个类别的代表性例⼦；区分不同的概念；通过强调⼀个具体的情况来强调某⼀点。

Introductory phrases to use and their contexts为了帮助你有效地⽀持你的陈述，我们根据它们的功能组织了下⾯的介绍性短语。

这个列表并不全⾯，但它将为你提供你可以使⽤的短语类型的想法。

1.Purpose：stating information that is not “common knowledge”Introductory Phrase：· [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]· As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered· According to [Author]Example：· As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .· According to Marks and Peters . . .2.Purpose：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific dataIntroductory Phrase：· suggests· as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by· based on· can be seen/ observed when· as seen in· which is made apparent when· is demonstrated by/ through/ when· hinges onExample：· The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .· As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .· Based on self-reported survey results . . .· This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .· As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .· The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .· The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .· This conclusion hinges on . . .3.Purpose：clarifying a prior statementIntroductory Phrase：· for example· for instance· by way of illustration· as an example· to clarify· to explain further· namely· to be specific· that is,· in other wordsExample：· This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .· It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .· By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared for . . .· As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .· To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .· To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .· Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.· To be specific, bull markets can . . .· That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .· In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .4.Purpose：identifying representative examples of a categoryIntroductory Phrase：· for example/ instance· such as*· e.g.· one/ another example· like*· excluding· including· an example being*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.Example：· Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.· The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.· The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).· One/ another example of this exception is . . .· I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.· All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.· All stars, including our sun, . . .· Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .5.Purpose：distinguishing conceptsIntroductory Phrase：· in a similar case· unlike the case of· in the same way· as a case in point· in a typical situation· in a normal scenarioExample：· In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .· Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.· Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.· As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .· In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .· In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .6.Purpose：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situationIntroductory Phrase：· for example· indeed· in fact· notably· markedly· as a case in pointExample：· Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .· Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .· Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .· High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .· Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .· As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . ..。

英语作文万能短语模板英文回答：1. Introduction of the topic。

In today's world, English has become a global language, and its importance in various aspects of life can't be overstated. As a result, many language learners are looking for effective ways to improve their English writing skills. One popular approach is using universal short phrase templates.In this comprehensive guide, we will provide you with a collection of万能短语模板 that can be applied to a wide range of writing tasks. These templates cover a variety of sentence structures, including introductions, transitions, and conclusions. By incorporating these phrases into your writing, you can enhance the clarity, coherence, and flow of your essays, reports, and other written pieces.2. Types of Universal Short Phrase Templates。

There are numerous types of universal short phrase templates that can be used in English writing. Here are a few common categories:a. Introductory Phrases:Introductory phrases are used to begin a sentence or paragraph and provide context for the information that follows. Some useful introductory phrases include:As a matter of fact, ...It is worth noting that, ...In light of this, ...To put it differently, ...b. Transitional Phrases:Transitional phrases connect different ideas or paragraphs and help guide the reader through your writing. Examples of transitional phrases are:On the other hand, ...In addition, ...As a result, ...In contrast, ...c. Concluding Phrases:Concluding phrases are used to end a sentence or paragraph and summarize the main point or idea. Some common concluding phrases are:In conclusion, ...To sum up, ...Therefore, ...In short, ...3. Benefits of Using Universal Short Phrase Templates。

英语阅读断句练习题### English Reading Comma Practice Exercise1. The cat, which is black, sits on the mat.- This sentence requires a comma to set off the non-restrictive clause "which is black."2. I bought the book, but I haven't read it yet.- A comma is used here to separate two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction "but."3. To be, or not to be, that is the question.- Commas are used to set off the introductory phrase "To be, or not to be."4. She went to the store, and she bought some groceries.- Commas are used to separate two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction "and."5. My sister, who is a doctor, lives in the city.- A comma is used to set off the non-restrictive relative clause "who is a doctor."6. The old man, the one with the white beard, walked slowly. - Commas are used to set off the appositive "the one with the white beard."7. After the game, we went to the movies.- A comma is used to separate the introductory adverbial phrase "After the game."8. Although he was tired, he continued working.- A comma is used to set off the subordinating conjunction "Although."9. The children, laughing and playing, filled the room with joy.- Commas are used to set off the participial phrase "laughing and playing."10. Before you leave, please turn off the lights.- A comma is used to separate the imperative clause "please turn off the lights" from the introductory adverbial phrase "Before you leave."11. The concert, which was held last night, was a great success.- Commas are used to set off the non-restrictive clause "which was held last night."12. While I was studying, my friend called me.- A comma is used to set off the introductory clause "While I was studying."13. The dog, that was lost, has been found.- Commas are used to set off the restrictive relative clause "that was lost."14. If you are ready, we can start the meeting.- A comma is used to separate the conditional clause "If you are ready" from the main clause.15. He will arrive, as scheduled, at three o'clock.- Commas are used to set off the adverbial phrase "as scheduled."16. The cake, which I baked yesterday, is delicious.- A comma is used to set off the non-restrictive clause "which I baked yesterday."17. Despite the rain, we enjoyed the picnic.- A comma is used to set off the prepositional phrase "Despite the rain."18. The teacher, with a smile on her face, entered the classroom.- Commas are used to set off the participial phrase "with a smile on her face."19. Because he was sick, he stayed home from school.- A comma is used to set off the subordinating conjunction "Because."20. The car, that I saw in the parking lot, is for sale.- Commas are used to set off the restrictive relative clause "that I saw in the parking lot."This exercise is designed to help you understand the use of commas in various sentence structures. Practice identifyingwhere commas are needed to ensure clarity and correct punctuation in your writing.。

SIGNAL PHRASES are used across citation styles to introduce quotations, paraphrases, and summaries.1 They are frequently used together with in-text citations. They signal to a reader that the writer is using an outside source. They help writers avoid plagiarism, integrate quotes, and establish the authority of their sources. Here are two examples:•Peter Ratcliffe, Detective Superintendent of the London City Police, establishes “…”•The National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM) disputed …HOW TO USE SIGNAL PHRASES:A signal phrase can be used at the beginning or end of a sentence. In some cases, signal phrases are omitted in favor of in-text citations. There is no precise formula for when and how to use them. Nonetheless, while becoming comfortable with signal phrases and citation, it can be helpful to follow the steps outlined below: the source (author(s), agency, organization, title of work etc.).2.If your source is not well-known, consider giving an indication of what makes that source an authority.This is done across citation styles but is most commonly seen during the first use of a source in MLA style.3.Choose a signal phrase verb that reflects the source’s tone, attitude, or position.4.Add your quote, paraphrase, or summary.5.Include any information necessary for a full in-text reference in the required citation style.Examples of signal phrases across citation styles:MLA:Marianne Egeland, Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Oslo, argues that1 2 3Plath’s personal story has come to dominate almost all assessments of her work (27).4 5APA:The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that “males take their own lives at1 3 4nearly four times the rate of females” (2013).5CMOS (notes and bibliography):As Eileen Scully, historian, teacher, and author, points out, Dolin’s reference to the “sexual favors1 2 3 4freely offered by native women” is problematic. 25CMOS (author-date):Culture & Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis disputes the notion that “the greatest human import1 3 4resides in the densest forest of symbols”(Renaldo 1993, 2).51 Some instructors request unvoiced summaries. These do not make use of signal phrases.2. Eileen Scully, “Reviewed Work: When America First Met China: An Exotic History of Tea, Drugs, and Money in the Age of Sail by Eric Jay Dolin,” The New England Quarterly 86, no. 2 (2013): 349-51, accessed May 22, 2018, /stable/43285003.Citation Style DifferencesThe Modern Language Association (MLA) and the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) require present tense verbs (e.g. acknowledges, reports) to introduce most quotations.The American Psychological Association (APA) requires the use of past (acknowledged, reported) or present perfect tense (has acknowledged, has reported) verbs to introduce most quotations and research results. SIGNAL PHRASE VERBS:acknowledges adds admits advances affirms agrees alludes analyzes argues asserts attests balancesconfirmsconnectsconsiderscontendscontradictscontrastscreatesdeclaresdefinesdelineatesdemonstratesdeniesdescribesdevelopsdiscountsdiscoversdiscussesdisclosesdisputesdocumentsemphasizesendeavors toestablishesestimatesexplainsexpressesextrapolatesfindsfocuses onintroducesmaintainsmeansgrants highlights hypothesizes illuminates illustrates implies indicates informs insists narrates negates notes notices observes offersorganizespoints outpreparespresentspromisesproposesprovespurportsquestionsrecommendsrecountsrefersreflectsrefutesreiteratesrejectsrelatesremarksrepliesreportsrecognizesrespondsrevealssaysseesshowssignalsspecifiesspeculatesstatessubmitssuggestssupportssupposestheorizesthinkswisheswritesverifiesThis guide consulted the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook,(2016), the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (2010),the 2nd editionof the Little Seagull Handbook by Richard Bullock, MichalBrody and Francine Weinberg (2014), as well as the OnlineWriting Lab (OWL) at Purdue University.。

高频短语英语作文模板英文回答：High-Frequency Phrases in English Composition。

High-frequency phrases are groups of words that are frequently used together in a specific context. They can be used to improve the fluency, coherence, and overall quality of your writing. Here are some high-frequency phrases that are commonly used in English composition:Introductory Phrases:Firstly, first and foremost, to begin with。

Subsequently, secondly, thirdly。

In the first place, on the one hand。

Transitional Phrases:In addition to, furthermore, moreover。

However, conversely, on the other hand。

For example, for instance, in fact。

Descriptive Phrases:A large number of, a significant number of。

A wide range of, a variety of。

Of great importance, of crucial importance。

Comparative Phrases:In comparison to, compared to。

Similarly to, likewise。

In contrast to, on the contrary。

Useful Phrases1.at the thought of一想到…2.as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论3.be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于，富有4.access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近，进入，了解5.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地，意外. Without6.accident(=safely) 安全地，7.in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同…。

不一致8.in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照，根据9.on one’s own account1) 为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责3) (=by oneself)依靠自己10.take…into account(=consider)把…考虑进去11.give sb. an account of 说明，解释 (理由)12.account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释，说明。

13.on account of (=because of) 由于，因为。

14.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)15.accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth.16.on sb. ; complain about) 指控，控告17.be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。

18.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解，熟悉19.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编，改写(以适应新的需要)20.in addition (=besides) 此外，又，加之in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外21.adhere to粘附; 坚持，遵循22.adjust..(to)调节; 适应;23.admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地。

英语幅度词Modifiers, an integral part of the English language,play a pivotal role in shaping the precision and clarity of our communication. These words and phrases, which modify nouns or verbs, add depth and nuance to our sentences, allowing us to express ideas more accurately and comprehensively.The beauty of modifiers lies in their ability to convey complex concepts with simplicity. Whether it's through adjectives, adverbs, or phrases, modifiers allow us topaint vivid pictures in the listener's mind. They add color, texture, and dimension to our words, transforming them from bland statements into vivid narratives.Adjectives, for instance, modify nouns, describingtheir qualities or attributes. They help us categorize and understand the world by adding descriptive details. For example, the word "beautiful" modifies the noun "flower," creating a mental image of an aesthetically pleasing bloom. Similarly, adverbs modify verbs, describing how or when an action occurs. They add a layer of context and clarity, making our sentences more dynamic and engaging.However, the power of modifiers extends beyond mere description. They can also influence our thoughts and perspectives. The choice of modifiers can shape our understanding of a concept or idea, influencing how we interpret and respond to it. For instance, the use of positive modifiers like "exciting" or "inspiring" can激发我们的积极性和动力，while negative modifiers like "frightening" or "disappointing" can dampen our spirits.Moreover, modifiers can be used to create subtle shifts in meaning. The choice of modifiers can alter the tone and intent of a sentence, affecting how it's received by the listener. For example, the phrase "a slightly overweight person" suggests a gentle reminder about weight issues, while "an obese individual" carries a more severe and judgmental tone.In addition to their descriptive and persuasive powers, modifiers can also enhance the readability and flow of our writing. They help to establish a rhythm and pace, keeping the reader engaged and interested. Well-placed modifiers can add variety and interest to our sentences, making our writing more enjoyable to read.In conclusion, modifiers are a powerful tool in the English language. They not only add precision and clarityto our communication but also shape our thoughts and perspectives. By mastering the use of modifiers, we cancraft more engaging and impactful writing that captures the attention of our readers and leaves a lasting impression.**英语幅度词的力量：塑造语言与思维**幅度词，作为英语语言的重要组成部分，在我们的交流中扮演着至关重要的角色。

高中英语阅读必备拓展词汇approach 1.接近v. 2.方法n.reproach 责备resolve v.下定决心做 resolutely adv.坚决的soluble 可解决的 insoluble solutiondiscrepancy 分歧discrimination 歧视delegate 代表，授权delegation 代表团抑制suppress inhibit hinder stifle下降decline descend plunge slide slip slump引诱lure tempt seduce(deduce推论)soar 高涨roar 呼啸synthetic 人工合成的integral 完整的ethic 道德 ethical=moral unethicalethnic 种族prime 主要的prim 循规蹈矩的compel sb. to do sth. 强迫做propel推进concede 承认 contend 主张reverse 相反的reserve 预定的 reservationdismiss 取消，解雇anticipate 预料predict 预测process 处理proceed 继续做nearly 几乎 hardly，barely 几乎不merely 仅仅rarely 很少roughly 大体的formally 正式的 informally 非正式的randomly 随意的convene convention 开会intervene intervention 干涉timid 羞涩的humid 潮湿的 humidityfertile 肥沃的 fertility 肥料feasible 可行的 unfeasible 不可行的 edible 可食用的alleviate 减轻eliminate 消除illuminate 照亮，说明illustrate 举例说明industrialization 工业化的 industry 工业 industrialhumanity humanistic 人文的domocracy democratic 民主的theory 理论 theoretician 理论家philosophy 哲学 philosopher 哲学家journal 日报杂志 journalism 新闻业 journalist 记者cite 引用引证 citation 参考文献 footnote 脚注evaluate =estimate evaluation 评价，估价evaporate evaporation 蒸发dimension 规格，尺寸circulation 循环，发行量imply 暗示 implication implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明确的基础的`：preliminary=elementary=primaryequality 平等 inequality 不平等 injustice 不公平的obstacle n. 阻碍hinder v. 阻碍entity 实体entitle 命名最后的：ultimately=finally=eventually=virtually(事实上)=consequently intimate=simulate 模仿intimidate 威胁sweat 流汗swear 发誓illusion 幻想disillusioned 醒悟的，幻想破灭的delusion 错觉elevate=ascend 提升 elevator 电梯descend 下降 ascend 上升chronic 慢性的 chronicle 编年史sympathy 同情empathy 同感empathy 冷漠precedent adj.前面的 n.前驱 unprecedented 史无前例的pension 养老金 pensioner 退休人员penalty 惩罚petition 请愿书affluent 富裕的extravagant 奢侈的extraordinary 非凡的exaggerate 夸张的muscle 肌肉 masculine=male adj. 男性化的 masculinization n. 男性化的female=feminine adj. 女性的 femininity n. 女性化，温柔capital n. 首都，资本资金，大写字母 adj. 首都的，资本的，最重要的capitalism 资本主义制度defer 服从，推迟deferential 恭敬的solidarity n. 团结一致solitary adj. 单独的retrieve 回复，取回，重新得到revise 修订refine 改善ambitious 雄心壮志的 ambitionambiguous 模棱两可的 ambiguity 歧义insulate 隔离，绝缘 insulation 绝缘材料segregate 隔离 segregationassume=presume 假设assumption=hypothesis 假设perspective n. 远景，看法prospect 前景contrive 设计，发明出retrieve 重新得到infer 推断，猜想verify 检验confer 开会，授予 conference 会议extend 延伸extention 紧张extent 程度intrinsic and extrinsic 本质的和外在的instinct 本能的patrol 巡逻petrol 汽油patriotic 爱国的contract 合同，萎缩，感染proponent 支持者propel 推进punctuate强调organ 器官组织 organic chemistry 有机化学 linear algebra 线性代数obese obesity 肥胖diabetes 糖尿病board 甲板董事会 board seats导师：mentor tutor instructordeem 认为 be deemed to beseem 视为autonomy 自主权 autonomous 自治权的automation 自动化 automatic 自动化的track=trail 追踪paradox 矛盾的 orthodox 正统的collaborate=cooperate 合作coordinate 协调misery 痛苦mystery 神秘的事物myth 神话neutral 中立的 neutralityneural 神精的self- validation 自我验证self- disclosure 自我剖析单词eradicate 根除perception 观念companion 活动exceptional 卓越的pronounced 显著的distract 分心分散 distractioninnovate 创新 innovative innovationmaintain 保持，运营 maintenance 修养，保护diverse diversive 多样性的 diversion 多样性 diversify diversification 多样化unprecedented 史无前例的conceive 构想，怀孕，持有，以为 unconceivable，inconceivable 难以置信的prevail=prevalent 流行的demonstrate=show=indicate 显示出，展示alternate=change 改变 alternative 替代，选择exert 发挥，付出profitable=lucrative 有利益的impose on 强加prescribe prescription 处方submit 顺从服从，提交，建议elaborate 精心制作，详细描述disclose=reveal 揭露primitive 原始的but for 要不是integral adj.基本的，一体化的，完整的 integrity 正直，完整firm n.公司 adj. 坚定地sufficient=adequate 充足的severe 严峻的accomplish 杰出的fury furious=angry 愤怒的knotty=complicated复杂的 make a knot 打结discipline 纪律，学科 essential discipline 基础学科impoverished 贫困的underfunded 资金不足的distinguish distinction 区别rival 对手，挑战independence 独立notorious 臭名昭著deliberate 故意的，深思熟虑的appeal 呼吁，吸引encounter 遭遇validate validation 确认prominent prominence 杰出stereotype 陈词滥调的sentiment 感情，意见 sentimental 多愁善感的contradict 矛盾，反驳 contradictioncontroversiy controversial=detable 有争议的proportion 比例 proportionate 按比例的foundation 基金会resent 怨恨 resentmentcorruption 腐败methodology 方法论biased 有偏见的。

Introductory Phrase (引导的，开端的，介绍的)The introductory phrase is used best when it contains information that helps explain or clarify the subject or the main idea in the independent clause. This information can help define the "who, what, where, when, why, and how" of the main idea.Add an introductory phrase or phrases to each independent clause in the following sentences.1._____________ the plane returned to the airport.2. _____________ fishing became a favorite pastime.3. _____________ the clouds darkened，and the rain came pounding down on the village.4. _____________ the two teams shook hands and went to the locker room.5. _____________ losing to her opponent was especially painful.6. ____________ Denise decided the Mediterranean cruise was much too expensive.7. _____________ they needed to buy extra ice and fans.8. _____________ Lonnie jumped right back up into the saddle(马鞍).9. _____________ three hundred geese landed on the small pond.10. _____________ all three intersections were blocked by the train.Special effects, properties, and relationships that exist about and between people»Speeding»Voting»War»Flowers»Breakfast»Math»Cooking»Pets»moneyCommas After Introductory PhrasesAn introductory phrase is like a clause, but it doesn’t have its own subject and verb; it relies on the subject and verb in t he main clause. Unless the phrase is very short (fewer than 5 words) and begins with a preposition (to, for, at, etc.), there should be a comma between the introductory phrase and the main clause. You can use your own judgment here: if you were saying the sentence out loud, would you pause after the introductory phrase?Because the introductory phrase by flashlight is short and begins with a preposition, a comma is not required; regardless, it wouldn’t be considered incorrect if there were a comma after flashlight.Introductory PhrasesIntroductory phrases and clauses pretty much do what they say do. They introduce something. We like to think of it as setting the stage for the rest of the sentence. You should use a comma after you have prepared readers with an introductory element in order to let them know that the main subject and verb are yet to follow. Introductory parts of a sentence can be small, medium or large in length but cannot stand alone as a complete thought. For more information about what constitutes a clause, see our article: what are phrases?What is an introductory clause?An introductory clause will describe where, how, when, why or how. They can be small, medium or large in length but, regardless of their size, a comma should follow them. Here are some sentences, can you spot where the comma should be placed?•Having just returned from work Julie was not in the mood for an argument about the washing up.•Given that it was the third Saturday of the month Karen knew that her monthly magazine subscription would be delivered.•When exercising you need to be aware of your limitations.Here's the correct version of the sentences:•Having just returned from work, Julie was not in the mood for an argument about the washing up.•Given that it was the third Saturday of the month, Karen knew that her monthly magazine subscription would be delivered.•When exercising, you need to be aware of your limitations.What is an introductory phrase?Introductory phrases are similar to introductory clauses but are not complete clauses because they do not have both a verb and a subject. For example:•Checking methodically, we never miss a mistake.•To stay top of the class, you have to study hard every day.。

[标签:标题]篇一：新世纪大学英语综合教程4(第二版)_习题答案_U3篇二：新世纪大学英语(第二版)综合教程4答案Unit4第四章答案Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action▇Working with Words and Expressions1 In the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■Answers: 1) mass 2) gambled 3) voluntary 4) hunted 5) classified 6) abolished 7) division 8) senseless 9) fashions 10) coordination 11) declarations 12) committed 13) necessity 14) moderately 15) slightest16) considerable 17) evaluate 18) derived2 In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Complete the sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■Answers:1) stands/stood a chance 2) ruled out 3) consist /consists of 4) gone through 5) in the strict sense 6) At a guess 7) earns a living 8) coincide with 9) gone in for 10) got their teeth into ▆Increasing Your Word Power 1 Word BuildingDid you notice the suffix -ary and -ory in words such as “voluntary”and “satisfactory”in Texts A and B? The suffix -ary or -ory can be added to a noun to form an adjective. Now add the suffixes of -ary or -ory to the nouns in the following table to form adjectives, then translate them into Chinese.▆1) imaginary 2) congratulatory 3) Migratory 4) documentary 5) legendary 6) introductory 7) contradictory 8) explanatory2 Study the following usage notes and then complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate word from the box. ▆Answers for reference: 1) vocation2) posts3) trade 4) job5) work6) profession 7) career8) position3 Underline the mistakes in the following sentences, paying special attention to the use of prepositions. Write down your corrections in the space provided. If there is no mistake, write “No Mistake”. ▇Answers:1) ( of will.2) ( against black people.3) (for 4) (with) The deceased musician was buried in his home village in5) (over) The mayor (市长stone of the new museum.6) (of always pretend otherwise.7) (in ) The old man’s will was signed witnesses—his younger sister and one of his favourite students.8) ( No Mistake ) When Britain declared war on Germany, Jack’s grandpa joinedthe army and his grandma was frightened for his safety all the time.9) (of) The marketing strategy that I designed proved successful and my10) (No Mistake ) The new theatre is very spacious, but unfortunately, it is difficultof access for wheel-chair users.11) (for to know that his passport had been revoked (吊销) by the US government.12) (of “popular”writers, whom he describes as talentless and worthless.Grammar in Context1 Turn the following complex sentences into simple sentences. ▇Answers for reference:1) I don’t remember having borrowed/borrowing anything from you. 2) She’ll stay here for a couple of weeks before going on to New York. 3) The prospect of Professor Smith’s coming to see us cheered us all. 4) Jim, a man of strong character, naturally didn’t give in.5) Arriving at the school gate, he found his classmates had already assembled.2 Replace the that-clause in each of the sentences with a prepositional phrase. ▇Answers for reference:1) He was afraid of falling behind the others.2) We were all amused at Hey’s running after the dog in his slippers. 3) Have they informed you of the change in the plan?4) We’re grateful to you for having given us so much help. 5) We assured them of our willingness to cooperate with them.ClozeComplete the following passage with words chosen from this unit. The initial letter of each is given. ▇Answers: (1) enjoy (2) physical (3) compelled (4) necessity (5) support (6) mental (7) idealize (8) status (9) values (10) classified (11) essential(12) mind (13) attitude (14) fortunateTranslation1 Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or expressions given in brackets.▇Answers for reference:1) As more and more details of her private life were disclosed by the media, she was compelled to resign her post as general manager (or: resign as general manager/ resign from the post of general manager) of the company. 2) She is very satisfied with her new job as it coincides with her interests.3) I bought this shirt because the pricet was reduced from 300 yuan to 80 yuan. 4) To bring her children up, the mother really went through all kinds of hardships. 5) The police have ruled out murder in the case of the old lady’s death.6) The municipality (municipal government) promised to take effective steps as soon as possible to solve the problems of air pollution.7) I did not go in for the Campus Tennis Championships held last month because of my injured leg.8）If you can get the support of the majority of the girls, you stand a good chance of winning the election and becoming Chairman of the Students Union.9) Not all the books he wrote were as successful as this one so I recommend that you borrow it from the library and read it.10) At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games Liu Xiang won the championship of the men’s 110-meter hurdle and broke the world record, which had been previously held by an American athlete.2 Translate the following passage into English. ▇Answers for reference:Some people think that they’ve fulfilled their tasks as long as they go on duty and come off dutyon time. They never think about what is meant by “work”and why they should work at all. In fact, “work”involves such qualities as wisdom, enthusiasm, imagination and creativity.To do his work well, a worker must have a spirit of dedication, and be capable of bearing hardships and standing hard work. In addition, he should have initiative and creativity. Having initiative means the worker should be ready to grasp every opportunity to display his outstanding ability.In addition, a worker should make clear the nature and significance of the work he does, be responsible for whatever he is doing and plunge himself into the work with vigorous enthusiasm. If he can do so, he will find a job no longer a burden but an indispensable part of his life. Whatever he does, he can always find values and pleasure in the work and achieve extraordinary results in otherwise ordinary work.THEME-RELATED WRITINGWrite a composition of no less than 150 words on the topic “My Career Choice”. Your writing should cover the following points: 1) the kind of job you prefer to do2) factors you consider when choosing the job 3) conclusion ▆Sample Essay:My Career ChoiceWhen it comes to the choice of career, different people consider the matter from different perspectives. Personally I prefer to be a teacher.I have three reasons for my decision. The first reason is that the profession of teaching is in agreement with my personality. Being an outgoing, patient and understanding person, I think I am able to communicate with my students and understand their feelings easily, which constitutes an important factor in ensuring success in teaching. The second reason is that I am interested in the job. It would always give me great joy and satisfaction to see the happy faces of my students, to share my knowledge and life experience with them and to participate in their process of growing up. The third reason is related to my occupational attitude. I always believe that school teachers all over the world are respected for their profound knowledge and higher social status. I have always held my teachers in respect and I hope I would be respected as a teacher, too, in the future.I think teaching is an ideal career for me. Being a university student now, I will work hard to realize my dream.(198 words)篇三：新世纪大学英语综合教程4第二版unit1课文翻译人在自然界亚历山大·斯伯金1人类生活在大自然的王国里。

When it comes to describing someones appearance in an English essay,there are several key elements to consider.Here is a detailed approach to crafting a descriptive composition about a persons physical attributes:1.Introduction:Begin by introducing the person you are describing.You could mention their name or simply refer to them as he or she if you prefer a more general description.2.General Impression:Start with an overall impression of the persons e adjectives that capture their general demeanor or the first thing that stands out about them.He has an imposing stature that commands attention.She exudes a gentle aura with her soft features.3.Height and Build:Describe the persons height and body type.He is tall and lean,with a physique that suggests an active lifestyle.She is petite,with a delicate frame that complements her graceful movements.4.Facial Features:Go into detail about the persons face,including the shape of their face, eyes,nose,mouth,and any distinctive features.His eyes are a striking blue,framed by thick,dark eyebrows that give him a serious yet approachable look.Her smile is warm and inviting,accentuated by dimples that appear when she laughs.5.Hair:Describe the persons hair,including its color,texture,and style.His hair is a rich chestnut color,styled in a neat,professional cut that suits his business attire.Her hair cascades down her back in soft waves of auburn,catching the light in a way that highlights its natural shine.6.Skin Tone and Complexion:Mention the persons skin tone and any notable aspects of their complexion.His skin has a warm,olive hue that speaks of his Mediterranean heritage.Her complexion is fair,with a light dusting of freckles across her nose that adds a charming touch to her features.7.Dress and Style:Describe the persons clothing and overall style,noting anyaccessories or unique fashion choices.He is impeccably dressed in a tailored suit,with a pocket square that matches his tie, indicating a keen eye for detail.She has a penchant for vintage clothing,often pairing unique pieces with modern accessories to create a look that is both timeless and contemporary.8.Posture and Movement:Describe how the person carries themselves and how they move.He moves with a confident stride,his posture upright and commanding.She glides across the room with an elegance that is both understated and captivating.9.Personality Reflection:Sometimes,a persons appearance can reflect their personality. You might want to tie in any observations about their demeanor or character that can be inferred from their appearance.The sharp lines of his suit mirror his nononsense approach to business.Her warm smile and approachable style suggest a kind and open personality.10.Conclusion:End your essay by summarizing the persons appearance and how it contributes to the overall impression they make.In essence,his appearance is a testament to his disciplined nature and attention to detail.Her unique blend of vintage and modern fashion choices reflects her creative spirit and individuality.Remember to use a variety of descriptive language and sensory details to paint a vivid picture of the person you are describing.This will engage your reader and help them to visualize the person as you see them.。

在写文章之前，我想解释一下“overused phrases”的概念。

“overused phrases”指的是那些被过度使用、陈词滥调的短语或词语，它们在文章、演讲、谈话中频繁出现，导致读者或听众对其产生疲劳感，甚至失去了原本的表达效果。

这些短语可能源自流行文化、广告、网络用语等各种渠道，因此被大量引用，但却因频繁出现而失去了新颖和独特性。

1. "At the end of the day" - 这个短语常用于强调一件事情的最后结果，但在很多情况下，它会被滥用，用来填充空白或作为开场白，使得句子显得平淡无奇。

2. "Think outside the box" - 这个短语最初用来鼓励人们破除常规思维，寻找创新解决方案。

然而，由于被过度引用，它的原意逐渐被淡化，变成了一个毫无新意的空话。

3. "Literally" - 这个词在口语中经常被滥用，被用来加强语气或夸张描述，使得原本的意义变得含糊不清。

4. "Bite the bullet" - 这个短语原本指的是迫使自己去做一件不情愿的事情，但在很多场合下，它可能会被滥用，导致失去了原本的表达意义。

5. "Kill two birds with one stone" - 这个短语原本用来形容一种高效率的做事方式，但由于被滥用，有时候用它反而会让人感到陈词滥调。

我们可以看到，overused phrases的存在是不可避免的，但过度使用它们会导致语言表达的贫乏和无趣。

在写作和交流中，我们应该尽量避免滥用这些陈词滥调，而是更多地去寻找新颖、生动的表达方式，这样才能让我们的文字更加生动有趣，更具有说服力。

总结回顾：在本文中，我们探讨了“overused phrases”这一主题，并举例阐述了一些常见的陈词滥调。

通过分析这些短语的滥用情况，我们可以看到过度引用陈词滥调会导致语言表达的枯燥和缺乏新意。

英语里逗号的使用规则 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GTCOMMA（逗号）(在一系列——三个或三个以上项目之间放置一个逗号由并列连接词连接)Caution:Do not place commas between two items separated by and or between three items separated from one another by ands.(警告:两个项目之间不加逗号隔开或由and三个项目之间彼此分开)Incorrect(错误的)：Correct:Remember to place a comma before the coordinating conjunction joining the last two elements of the series. Otherwise, the intended meaning of the sentence may not be clear.（记得把逗号并列连接词前加入的最后两个元素系列。

否则,句子的含义可能不清楚。

）Confusing：Confusing：with nobetween them.（之间协调的形容词——与不平等的形容词之间加逗号协调它们之间的结合。

）Example:Incorrect:3.Beforebetween Independent Clauses in（之前粉丝复合句句子独立子句之间的）The war lasted for two years,but very few people supported it.（战争持续了两年,但是很少人支持它。

）Caution: Do not place a comma between two items with FANBOYS when one item is not a complete sentence.（警告:不要将两个项目之间的逗号粉丝当一个项目不是一个完整的句子。