飞机外蒙皮上非受力结构有限元模型设计浅析摘要:飞机外蒙皮上的非受力结构具有这样的特性,既要向飞机传递本身的气动载荷,又不参与飞机整体受力。
所以为该类结构建立有限元模型时,要综合考虑上述两个因素,以免出现有限元局部模型失真的情况。
本文根据实际工作中所碰到的一些特殊问题,总结出该类结构的有限元模拟方法。
关键词:非受力结构RBE2 RBE3 MPC Independent node Dependent node1 引言为了保证更好的设计精度和安全性,现代飞机设计对细节的要求越来越高。
我们在Patran中建立飞机有限元模型时,经常会碰到一些用普通单元无法解决的问题,比如,民机的旅客观察窗、外蒙皮的非受力口盖等。
这些结构具有这样的特性,既要向飞机传递本身的气动载荷,又不参与飞机整体受力,即该结构需要设计为只向外传递气动载荷而不传递机身载荷。
2 理论依据为了解决这类问题,我们需要使用Patran中的MPC单元:RBE2和RBE3,下面先叙述这两种MPC单元的工作原理。
2.1 RBE2RBE2单元是一种刚性单元,它由一个主节点(independent node)和若干个从节点(dependent node)构成。
主节点和从节点之间被约束的自由度不能有相对位移,从节点之间被约束的自由度也不能有相对位移,即RBE2内所有的节点在被约束的自由度上是刚性的。
所以RBE2的从节点适用于连接在一个较为刚性的子结构上。
2.2 RBE3RBE3单元是一种柔性连接单元,由若干个主节点(independent node)和一个从节点(dependent node)构成。
它建立了不同节点的力与力矩的分配关系,也称之为插值单元。
其局部刚度为零,不会对系统刚度产生影响。
力和力矩在RBE3单元的作用下,通过相应的权值,被从节点分配到一系列主节点上。
3 建立模型由于民机的旅客观察窗、外蒙皮的非受力口盖等非承力结构仅仅承受气动载荷,其在总体有限元模型中所起的作用也仅仅是在不影响飞机总体传力的前提下,使飞机承受的气动载荷完整而精确。
UUnit 9Disney World is the ultimate showcase for postmodernism and postmodern society becauseof the way it uses simulation to create the illusionwe can overcome the limits of time and space,self and society. But many of the ideas it conveysare false, making it a realm of illusion in more than one sense.Plaque at the entrance of Disneyland which reads: "Here you leave today and enter the world of yesterday, tomorrow, and fantasy"PostmodernismPostmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged asan area of academic study since themid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not clear exactly when postmodernism begins.amusement parkTomorrow landAdventurelandFantasylandFrontierlandDisney Cartoon Characters:Mickey Mouse 米奇/米老鼠Minnie Mouse 米妮Donald Duck唐老鸭Pluto布鲁托Little PigsSnow White白雪公主Bambi 斑比Dumbo大耳象DumboPinocchio小木偶PinocchioDisneyland history.Disneyland was a dream of Walt Disney from the time his two daughters were quite young. He used to take them places on Saturday... he called it "Daddy's day with the two daughters". He would watch them having fun while he waited around "sitting on a bench eating peanuts". He thought thereshould be some sort of "amusement enterprise" where the whole family could have fun together. So, he dreamed about a theme park... a place where people could come and see Mickey Mouse, ride on a merry-go-round, take a trip on a train... He wanted to have the park near the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank but his little idea kept growing until it wouldn't fit there! That is why it was eventually built in Anaheim, California instead.Once Walt convinced his brother Roy, and Roy convinced the investors that this would be a good project, they purchased the land and started building. Disneyland cost $17 million dollars and was completed in a little over a year. It opened on July 17th 1955. simulationthe activity of producing conditions which are similar to real ones, especially in order to test something, or the conditions that are produced仿真a computer simulation used to train airline pilotssimulation ofa simulation of a rainforest environment utopia noun[C or U](the idea of) a perfect society in which everyone works well with each other and is happyPara 1essence(IMPORTANCE) noun[S or U] the basic or most important idea or quality of something:The essence of his argument was thateducation should continue throughout life.Yet change is the very essence of life. revolve around/round sb/sth phrasal verbto have someone or something as the main or most important interest or subject:=centre aroundThe conversation revolved around childcare problems.His whole life revolves around football.conform to sth phrasal verbto obey a rule or reach the necessary stated standard, or to do things in a traditional way:Before buying a pram, make sure that it conforms to the official safety standards.Members must conform to a strict dress code.fiction noun1 [U] the type of book or story whichis written about imaginary characters and events and not based on real people and facts:The book is a work of fiction and not intended as a historical account.a writer of children's fiction2[C or U] a false report or statement which you pretend is true:[+ that]At work she kept up the fiction that she had a university degree.When he's telling you something, you never know what's fact and what's fiction.fictional adjectiveimaginary:a fictional storyfictional charactersfictionalize, UK USUALLY fictionalise verb[T]to write about a real event or character, but adding imaginary details and changing the real facts: a fictionalized account of the life of St Francisphysical (REAL) adjectiverelating to things you can see or touch, or relating to the laws of nature:the physical worldAll physical objects occupy space.thrill noun[C]a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant:the thrill of winning a competitionSo why do people still go hunting - is it the thrill of the chase?It gave me a real thrill to see her again after so many years.The video shows the thrills and spills (= excitement and accidents) of motor racing.defy verb[T]1to refuse to obey, or to act or be against, a person, decision, law, situation, etc:children openly defying their teachers A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity.2defy belief /description/explanationto be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe/describe/explain:The chaos at the airport defies description.Para 2perpetual adjective1 continuing forever in the same way；everlastingThey lived in perpetual fear of being discovered and arrested.He has hard, cold eyes and his mouth is set in a perpetual sneer.2 frequently repeated: = continualperpetual vandalismI thought her perpetual complaints were going to prove too much for me.perpetually= continuallyadverbShe's perpetually asking me for money. He perpetually interferes in political affairs. parade noun[C]a large number of people walking or in vehicles, all going in the same direction, usually as part of a public celebration of something:a victory paradecfprocessionnoun[C] a line of people who are all walking or travelling in the same direction, especially in a formal way as part of a religious ceremony or public celebration:a wedding/funeral processionThe festival will open with a processionled by the mayor.march (PUBLIC EVENT) noun[C]an event in which a large number of people walk through a public place to express their support for something, or their disagreement with or disapproval of something:She's going on a march on Saturday in protest over the closure of the hospital. march verb[I]Over four thousand people marched through London today to protest against the proposed new law. costume noun1 [C or U] the set of clothes typical of a particular country or period of history, or suitable for a particular activity: Singers performing Mozart's operas often dress in/wear historical costume.The dancers leading the procession were in colourful and elaborate costumes.UK The shop has a good selection of bikinis and bathing/swimming costumes.2[C] (UK ALSO fancy-dress costume) a set of clothes worn in order to look like someone or something else, especially for a party or as part of an entertainment:Our host was wearing a clown costume. The children were dressed in halloween costumes.banish verb[T]1to send someone away, especially from their country, and forbid them to come back:He was banished to an uninhabited island for a year.They were banished (= sent out)from the library for making a noise.2 to get rid of something completely: You must try to banish all thoughts of revenge from your mind.Para 3transcend verb [T] FORMALto go beyond, rise above or be more important or better than something, especially a limit: (超越)The best films are those which transcend national or cultural barriers. The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else. transcendence noun[U]FORMAL （超越）transcendent adjective FORMALgreater, better, more important, or going beyond or above all others: transcendent power/beauty/loveHe describes seeing Stanley Matthews play football as one of the transcendent moments of his life.transcendental adjective FORMAL describes an experience, event, object or idea that is extremely special and unusual and cannot be understood in ordinary ways:a transcendental vision of the nature of Godmundane adjectivevery ordinary and therefore not interesting:Mundane matters such as paying bills and shopping for food do not interest her.Para 4undoto remove the good or bad effects of an action or several actions:I did a really tough aerobics class and then went out for a meal and undid (all) the good work!It's very difficult to undo the damage that's caused by inadequate parenting in a child's early years.enchant (PLEASE) verb[T]to charm or please someone greatly: The audience was clearly enchanted by her performance.enchanting adjectivevery pleasant:It's described in the guide book as 'anenchanting medieval city'. disenchanted adjectiveno longer believing in the value of something, especially having learned of the problems with it:Many voters have become disenchanted with the government. disenchantment noun[U]There is (a) growing disenchantment with the way the country/school/club is being run.alien adjective1 coming from a different country, race, or group; foreign:an alien culture2 strange and not familiar:When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me.3[before noun] relating to creatures from another planet:an alien spacecraftalien noun[C]1 LEGAL a foreigner, usually someone who lives in a country of which they are not a legal citizen:When war broke out the government rounded up thousands of aliens and put them in temporary camps.2 a creature from a different world para 5evolve verb[I or T]to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually:Humans evolved from apes.The company has evolved over theyears into a multi-million dollar organization.Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.showcase1．an event or situation that is designed to show the good qualities of a person, organization, product etcshowcase forThe new musical is a good showcase for her talents.2．a glass box containing objects for people to look at in a shop, at an art show etcPara 6promise noun[U]when someone or something is likely to develop successfully and people expect this to happen:His English teacher had written on his report that he showed great promise. As a child I was quite a good dancer, but I didn't fulfil my early promise. promising adjectiveSomething which is promising shows signs that it is going to be successful or enjoyable:"How's your new venture going?" "It's looking quite promising."usher sth in phrasal verb[M]to be at the start of a new period, especially when important changes or new things happen, or to cause important changes to start happening: Yesterday's match between Arsenal and Spurs ushered in the start of the new football season.Banksie threw a huge party to usher in(= celebrate) the New Year.The legislation should usher in a host of new opportunities for school leavers. affluent adjectivehaving a lot of money or owning a lot of things; rich:affluent nations/neighbourhoods affluence noun[U]What we are seeing increasingly is a society of private affluenceThe postwar era was one of new affluence for the working class.para 7constraint nounsomething which controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits: The constraints of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thoughtabout his cooking.Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff.magic wand noun[C]1 a small stick used by people who perform tricks for entertainment:He waved his magic wand and a rabbit appeared.魔杖，魔棒2 a quick and easy solution:She warned that she had no magic wand to solve the problem. masquerade as sb/sthto pretend or appear to be someone or something:Hooligans masquerading as football fans have once again causeddisturbances.culminate verbculminate in/with sth If an event or series of events culminates in something, it ends with it, having developed until it reaches this point: My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and it all culminated in my deciding to change jobs.Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease.culmination noun[U]Winning first prize was the culmination of years of practice and hard work. Para 8render (GIVE) verb [T] FORMALto give something such as a service, apersonal opinion or expression, or a performance of a song or poem, etc. to people:The singers rendered the song with enthusiasm.We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service.rendering noun [C] (ALSO rendition) the way that something is performed, written, drawn, etc:Her rendering of the song was delightful.bring …to lifeA gifted teacher can really bring literature to life for his or her students.Para 9falsify verb [T] DISAPPROVINGto change something, such as adocument, in order to deceive people: The certificate had clearly been falsified.innocent adjective(of a person) having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing) harmlessly intended:He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her.It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings.regress verb[I] FORMALto return to a previous and less advanced or worse state, condition or way of behaving:She suffered brain damage from the car accident and regressed to themental age of a five-year-old. regression noun [U] FORMALfilter verb[T]to remove solids from liquids or gases, or to remove particular types of light, using special equipment:The water is filtered to remove any impurities.Devices in the two chimneys would filter (out)(= remove)dust from smokepara 10inherent adjectiveexisting as a natural or basic part of something:There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport.I have an inherent distrust of lawyers.inherently adverbThere's nothing inherently wrong with his ideas.take sb for a ride INFORMALto deceive or cheat someone:Be careful or he'll take you for a ride. narcissism noun [U]too much interest in and admiration for your own physical appearance and/or your own abilitiesnarcissist noun[C]someone who has too much admiration for themselvesnarcissistic adjectivea narcissistic personalitypara 11cautionary tale noun[C]a story which gives a warning:Her story is a cautionary tale for women travelling alone.reassure verb[T]to comfort someone and stop them from worrying:[+ to infinitive] I was nervous on my first day at college, but I was reassured to see some friendly faces.[+ (that)] He reassured me (that) my cheque would arrive soon.reassuring adjectivemaking you feel less worried:He smiled at me in a reassuring way. reassurancenoun [C or U]words of advice and comfort intendedto make someone feel less worried:I felt I couldn't cope with the situation and was in desperate need of some reassurance.Despite her father's reassurances, she was still frightened of the dark.CfAssureassure (SAY WITH CERTAINTY) verb [T]to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry:The unions assured the new owners of the workers' loyalty to the company. [+ speech] "Don't worry, your car will be ready tomorrow, " the mechanic assured him.[+ (that)] She assured him (that) the car would be ready the next day.The Prime Minister assured theelectorate (that)taxes would not be increased after the election.You can rest assured (= feel confident) that I shall be there as promised. assurance noun1[C] a promise:[+ (that)] She gave me her assurance (that)she would post the cheque immediately.Despite the Government's repeated assurances to the contrary, taxation has risen over the past decade.2[U] confidence:He spoke with calm assurance. assured adjective(ALSO self-assured)showing skill and confidence:an assured performanceassuredly adverbAfter a disappointing first set, Hewitt played assuredly (= confidently)and went on to win the match.。
Series OGZ Pneumatic Miniature Parallel Gripper• Available in 4 sizes• Integral linear guide for high rigidity and precision • Base dowel mounting for accurate locating • S tandard magnets on pistons for externally mounted switches • Drop-in replacement for other manufacturersThe Price AlternativeOGZ01(800) 624-85112(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ01© Copyright 2019, by PHD, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.MODEL NO.OGZ D 1 5SWITCH BUNDLE DESIGN NO.5 = Metric-x SIZEMINIMUM TOTAL JAW TRAVEL SIZE 10162025D = DC ReedN = DC Solid State NPN - Sink P = DC Solid State PNP - SourceTYPED = DOUBLE ACTING, STANDARD STROKEJAW STYLE 1 = STANDARD TAPPED HOLENOTES:1) Switch bundle option includes 2 switches 2) Switch bundle available with actuator only 3) Switches available in quick connect only 4) Magnets standard for switch sensing 5) Only use PHD’s switches with actuator3(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ01standard mountingpatterns and thread sizesintegral linear guide for high rigidity and precisionstandard magnet on piston for externally mounted switches• Available in 4 sizes• Integral linear guide for high rigidity and precision • Base dowel mounting for accurate locating• S tandard magnets on pistons for externally mounted switches • Drop-in replacement for other manufacturers4(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ01Operating Pressure = 5 bar , Grip Length = 20 mmExternal GripInternal Grip5(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ016(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ01External GripInternal GripThe grip force F is shown in the graphs to the right and represents the force of one jaw with the workpiece in contact with both jaws and attachments. The total grip force is two times the grip force per jaw.4[0.9]8[1.8]12[2.7]16[3.6]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]Grip Length L (mm [in])G r i pF o r c e F (N [l b f ])010[2.2]20[4.5]30[6.7]40[9.0]50[11.2]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-16x6 External GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-20x10 External GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]120[4.7]20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]120[4.7]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-25x14 External GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])40[9.0]80[18.0]120[27.0]160[36.0]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-25x14 Internal GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])020[4.5]40[9.0]60[13.5]80[18.0]100[22.5]020[4.5]40[9.0]60[13.5]80[18.0]100[22.5]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-20x10 Internal GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])10[2.2]20[4.5]30[6.7]40[9.0]50[11.2]60[13.5]70[15.7]10[2.2]20[4.5]30[6.7]40[9.0]50[11.2]60[13.5]70[15.7]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-16x6 Internal GripG r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])05[1.1]10[2.2]15[3.4]20[4.5]25[5.6]30[6.7]Grip Length L (mm [in])G r i p F o r c e F (N [l b f ])at 7 bar [101.5 psi]at 6 bar [87.0 psi]at 5 bar [72.5 psi]at 4 bar [58.0 psi]at 3 bar [43.5 psi]at 2 bar [29.0 psi]7(800) 624-8511/ogzOGZ01The grip length L and grip offset H must stay within the range for the operating pressure as shown in the graphs to the right. If the grip point exceeds the range limits, the life of the gripper will be reduced.External GripInternal Grip10[0.4]20[0.8]30[1.2]40[1.6]50[2.0]60[2.4]010[0.4]20[0.8]30[1.2]40[1.6]50[2.0]60[2.4]010[0.4]20[0.8]30[1.2]40[1.6]50[2.0]60[2.4]20[0.8]10[0.4]30[1.2]50[2.0]40[1.6]60[2.4]20[0.8]10[0.4]30[1.2]50[2.0]40[1.6]60[2.4]20[0.8]10[0.4]30[1.2]50[2.0]40[1.6]60[2.4]Grip Length L (mm [in])G r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])10[0.4]20[0.8]30[1.2]40[1.6]50[2.0]60[2.4]70[2.8]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-16x6 External GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])20[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]020[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]40[1.6]20[0.8]60[2.4]100[3.9]80[3.1]40[1.6]20[0.8]60[2.4]100[3.9]80[3.1]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-20x10 External GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])020[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]120[4.7]020[0.8]40[1.6]60[2.4]80[3.1]100[3.9]120[4.7]40[1.6]20[0.8]60[2.4]100[3.9]120[4.7]80[3.1]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-25x14 External GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-25x14 Internal GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])40[1.6]20[0.8]60[2.4]80[3.1]Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-20x10 Internal GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])Grip Length L (mm [in])OGZD15-16x6 Internal GripG r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])20[0.8]10[0.4]30[1.2]50[2.0]40[1.6]Grip Length L (mm [in])G r i p O f f s e t H (m m [i n ])at 6 bar [87.0 psi]at 7 bar [101.5 psi]at 6 & 7 bar at 5 bar [72.5 psi]at 4 bar [58.0 psi]at 3 bar [43.5 psi]at 2 bar [29.0 psi]8NOTES:1) Dimensions are in mm2) Designated centerline is centerline of unit 3) Unless otherwise dimensioned,mounting hole patterns are centered on designated centerline of unitALL DIMENSIONS ARE REFERENCE ONLY UNLESS SPECIFICALLY TOLERANCED.。
