4代词(pronoun)

• 人称代词作主语补语按传统语法用主格，但实际运用中常 用宾格，如： --- Who’s there? --- it’s me. If I were you, I wouldn’t have dropped out of university. • 人称代词在it is __ who/ that… 的分列句（cleft sentence） 结构中做中心成分（focal element）在分句中做主语则用 主格，做宾语用宾格： It was she that danced in the party.（主语） It is we who must ask what we can do for our country. （主语） It was him that I treated as my brother.（宾语） It is her that we are looking for.（宾语）
代词(pronoun） V.S 限定词 （Determiner）
• • • • • • This is a very boring book. This book is very boring. That's an excellent film. That film is excellent. Whose are these books on the desk? What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? • Whose books are these on the desk? • What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
属格还是宾格
-ing 分词前的代词的格： • -ing分词分句作宾语用属格(非正式语体中也可用宾格）。 I won’t care your criticizing me. The broken of the bicycle deferred his going on a travel. • -ing 分词分句作介词补足成分可用宾格也可用属格(用属 格居多）： I told them about your/you resigning from office. I am surprised at his/him making that mistake. • 人称代词作宾语后跟-ing 分词分句作补语用宾格： They caught him stealing. • 人称代词后跟不定式分句在主句中做宾语，人称代词用宾 格。 Everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.
• • • • • • • •
The white car is mine. My car is white. Yours is the blue coat. Your coat is blue. The car in the garage is his/hers . His/her car is in the garage. Some students have gone to the concerts. Some have gone to the concert, others are still here. ＊定冠词和不定冠词永远不可能做代词。它们总是 限定词。
代词与先行项数的一致
• 先行项为every-, some-等复合代词： everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody代词通常用单数。 • 但在非正式语体中也可用复数，尤其是表示人的 代词everybody, everyone： Everyone is enjoying their gifts. Everybody thinks of their own interests. • Anything, something, nothing 等表物的词做先行 词时，一般只用单数： nothing is cheaper than it was before. something goes wrong, doesn’t it？
• 先行项为某些并列结构，或某些集体名词时，按 该并列结构或集体名词本身的单复数意义来决定 代词或其他限定词的单复数选择，试比较： The poet and writer has come. The poet and the writer have come. The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket. 先行项为“复数名词或代词+each”时，代词的选 择： They each had their problems. They had each his own problems. P.87, Ex. 8A
代词的格
• 主格（subjective case)：作主语 She doesn't believe us. • 宾格（objective case）：作宾语或介词补 足成分 They are always making jokes about me. • 属格（genitive case）：表 “所有” His house is much larger than mine.
代词与先行项“人称”的一致
• 在同一句及上下文中代词必须与先行项保 持人称上的一致，否则将造成语病，试观 察： When one goes to see her, you should plan on spending the whole day there because she always has to bake something for you to eat. 保持语篇中说话人或作者所使用人称的一 致（P92，Ex. 8C)
代词（pronoun）
Pronoun are a varied closed-class words with nominal function. 主要用来指代上下文中提到的名词、 名词词组或更高层次的语法结构。
代词的体系
• • • • • • • • 人称代词(personal p): I, you, she, we, they, 物主代词(possessive p): my, your, mine, yours, 反身代词(reflexive p): myself, themselves, 相互代词(reciprocal p): each other, one another, 指示代词(demonstrative p): this, that, these, 疑问代词(interrogative p): who, what, which, 关系代词(relative p): that, where, when 不定代词(indefinite p): anyone, somewhere,
Hale Waihona Puke 物主代词（Possessive P.)
• 双重属格(Double Genitive)： They are friends of mine. He is very interested in the work of yours.
反身代词（Reflexive p）
• 反身代词做主语补语： I will finish the work myself. I myself will finish the work. Smith himself is responsible for the error. • 反身代词做介词补语： The enemy will not perish by himself. The secret is between ourselves. After heard the news, I was beside myself with joy.
• 1. The idea of traveling through _______space to other planets interests many people today. • a. a b. the c. / d. one 1995 • 2. _______human problems that repeat themselves in_______life repeat themselves in_______literature. • a. /, /, the b. /, the, / c. The ,/ ,/ d. The, the, the 1994
• Everybody / nobody + but / except + 人称代词时，作主语 用主格，做宾语用宾格，出现在句尾时均用宾格： Nobody but she drunk in the party.（主语） I don’t trust anyone but him. (宾语） Nobody drunk in the party but her.（主语，句尾） I know everyone here except him.（宾语，句尾） • Who / whoever 的格依其在句中的地位而定，作主语用主格 作宾语或介词补足成分用宾格： Who can solve our problem? I don’t trust whomever they elect. ＊I don’t know who you will nominate.（informal） ＊紧跟介词后必须用宾格，如： From whom did you learn the news?
• 1. -----_______of the twins was arrested, ----because I saw both at a party last night. • a. None b. Both c. Neither d. All 2002 • 2. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and_______ he was warmly received. • a. as such b. such as c. as that d. so that 1997