四川大学 毕设 文献翻译 文献综述

毕业设计文献综述怎么写文献综述是毕业设计中常用的一种方式，旨在让学生可以从多方面来讨论某一研究课题及其相关领域的研究现状，以便更好地理解所要研究的领域。

在毕业设计的过程中，撰写文献综述的重要性不言而喻。

究其原因，首先，文献综述可以帮助学生熟悉研究课题的有关背景，从而更好地提出一些有价值的研究见解和建议。

其次，有效的文献综述可以使研究者可以清晰梳理出相关研究课题的历史发展过程，从而更好地把握研究课题的脉络，更好地分析研究课题及其相关领域的研究问题，并最终对其进行有效的解决。

总而言之，文献综述是毕业设计中非常重要的一环，也是很多学生最头痛的一部分。

下面我们来谈谈关于如何写一篇 3000的中文文献综述的一些技巧。

首先，在开始写文献综述之前，应该组织起所有的研究资料，收集并分析所有相关文献，这是撰写文献综述的基本前提。

在此过程中，学生们应当尽量搜集尽可能多的关于研究领域最新鲜、最有价值的文献，并细心筛选，把相关文献收集起来，以便结合自己的研究视角挖掘关键文献，把准备好的文献进行分类整理，为撰写文献综述做好准备工作。

第二，在撰写文献综述时，应把文献综述分成三个部分，即概述、评述和总结。

概述部分是文献综述的开头，可以用来简要介绍有关研究课题的基本背景；评述部分是关键部分，是根据相关文献进行分析和总结，以便更好地理解所要研究的研究背景；总结部分是文献综述的结尾，主要是对文献综述的主要观点做出总结，以便更突出研究内容及结果的重要性和价值。

第三，在撰写文献综述时，应尽量选择更简洁的句子，避免使用过于复杂的表达方式，阐述思路要清晰明了，语言要准确精炼，以便保证文献综述的流畅性和表达的准确性。

第四，在最后一步，应当结合自己的研究成果和观点，对有关研究课题及其相关领域的研究现状进行总结，并加以深入剖析，从而为毕业设计研究目标的达成提供参考依据和帮助。

以上就是如何写一篇3000字的中文文献综述的简要介绍。

写文献综述是一个费时又费力的过程，但是学会掌握文献综述写作技巧，可以大大缩短毕业设计的制作时间，完成一份优秀的毕业设计作品。

毕业论文文献综述报告范文[标题：毕业论文文献综述报告范文]尊敬的评委们：非常荣幸能够在此向各位评委们报告我毕业论文的文献综述。

在我完成论文的过程中，文献综述起到了探索前人研究成果的作用，为我提供了有力的理论支持和研究方向的指导。

下面我将对几篇重要的文献进行综述和分析。

1. 文献一：《XXXX学科领域的研究现状与发展趋势》这篇文献主要回顾了XXXX学科领域的研究历程，对各个阶段的研究重点和方法进行了梳理。

作者通过分析多个实证研究的结果，发现XXXX领域在某些特定方面的研究还存在一定的不足，并提出了未来的研究方向和发展趋势。

据此，我可以深入研究那些有待改进的方面，为学科的发展做出贡献。

2. 文献二：《XXXX领域的最新研究进展与争议分析》这篇文献针对XXXX领域的最新研究进展进行了详细的综述，重点关注了近年来出现的一些争议和热点。

作者通过对争议的分析和对比研究结果的呈现，展示了不同观点之间的差异和共同点。

我在阅读这篇文献时，深受启发。

因为我发现争议的存在说明了在某些问题上，研究仍然存在较大的空间。

因此，我决定聚焦在这些争议的核心点上，进行更深入的探索和研究。

3. 文献三：《XXXX领域的前沿研究方法和技术》这篇文献综述了XXXX领域的前沿研究方法和技术，针对各种不同的研究对象和目的，提供了多种可供采用的方法和技术。

通过学习这些方法和技术，我可以更好地选择适合自己研究的方法，提高研究的可信度和科学性。

以上是我在毕业论文文献综述过程中阅读并分析的几篇重要文献，它们为我选择研究方向和方法提供了重要的参考依据。

在综述的基础上，我将进一步展开自己的研究，力求找到新的切入点和突破口，为学科的发展做出一份自己的努力。

我相信，在各位专家、学者的指导和支持下，我的研究一定能够取得有价值的成果。

非常感谢各位评委对我的关注和鼓励。

谢谢！。

本科毕业设计文献综述范例一、引言大学本科毕业设计是学生在校期间的重要任务之一、毕业设计旨在让学生在所学专业领域中运用所学知识和技能，提升实践能力，为将来的职业生涯打下良好的基础。

文献综述是毕业设计中的重要步骤之一，通过对相关领域的文献进行梳理和总结，可以了解研究领域的最新进展和研究现状，为毕业设计的进行提供指导和参考。

本篇综述将介绍如何撰写一篇完整的本科毕业设计文献综述。

二、文献综述的目的与意义文献综述是对所选择研究课题的相关文献进行查找、分析、整理和评价的过程。

通过文献综述，研究者可以了解研究领域的发展历程、研究动态和热点问题，明确研究问题和目标，规划研究方法和方案。

文献综述的目的在于为研究问题提供依据和背景知识，并为后续研究提供参考和借鉴。

三、文献综述的步骤与方法1.选择研究课题：选择一个合适的研究课题是进行文献综述的第一步。

研究课题可以根据个人兴趣、专业背景、社会需求等方面进行选择。

2.收集文献资料：通过检索学术数据库、阅读专业期刊、参考专著和研究报告等方式，收集相关领域的文献资料。

4.进行文献分析和整理：将收集到的文献资料进行分类和整理。

可以按照研究方法、研究对象、研究结果等进行分类，以帮助理清研究领域的研究现状。

5.撰写文献综述：根据整理好的文献资料，撰写文献综述。

综述一般包括引言、研究背景、文献总结、存在问题和研究动态等内容。

四、文献综述的结构与内容1.引言：介绍文献综述的目的和意义，概括研究领域的发展背景和重要性。

2.研究背景：对研究领域的历史发展和现状进行介绍，分析研究领域的问题和挑战。

3.文献总结：对已有文献的主要内容进行概述和总结，包括研究方法、研究对象、实验设计和结果等。

4.存在问题：分析已有文献中存在的不足和亟待解决的问题，并提出研究的动力和动机。

5.研究动态：介绍研究领域的最新发展和热点问题，说明自己研究项目的创新点和价值。

五、结论本篇综述介绍了本科毕业设计文献综述的步骤和方法，并给出了一个完整的文献综述结构和内容的范例。

Improving poly(3-hexylthiophene)-TiO2heterojunction solar cellsby connecting polypyrrole to the TiO2nanorodsFeilong Li,Xiuyuan Ni nState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymer,Department of Macromolecular Science,Fudan University,Shanghai200433,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received13June2013Received in revised form8August2013Accepted12August2013Keywords:Heterojunction solar cellsPoly(3-hexylthiophene)TiO2nanorod arraySurface modificationPhotopolymerizationInterfacea b s t r a c tA heterojunction solar cell is prepared from poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)and the purposely surface-modified TiO2nanorod array.The modification is carried out by connecting polypyrrole(PPy)to the TiO2nanorod array through an in-situ polymerization,which is initiated by photoexcited TiO2nanorods.Theas-prepared compositefilms are investigated by using photoluminescence emission spectroscopy,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy.Theanalysis results demonstrate that modifying TiO2nanorod array with PPy increases the efficiency ofcharge separation and prolongs the electron lifetime.It is observed that the modified P3HT/PPy/TiO2solar cell shows the power conversion efficiency which is77%higher than that of the P3HT/TiO2solarcell.These results prove that the in-situ photopolymerization is an efficient method to modify for theheterojunction solar cell.&2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe organic/inorganic hybrid heterojunction solar cells,whichadopt conjugated polymers as the electron donors and inorganicsemiconductors as the electron acceptors,have attracted greatattention due to the potential to become low-cost and photostabledevices[1–10].The inorganic semiconductors in most of thestudies are in the form of nanocrystal or one-dimensional nanos-tructure.The latter has recently been focused on due to rapidelectron-transfer ability[9,11–14].In response to the illumination,the conjugated polymer such as poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)generates the excitons(i.e.,the electron–hole pairs)[4].Subse-quently,the charge separation takes place at the interface betweenthe polymer and the inorganic semiconductor(e.g.,TiO2)alongwith the electrons injecting into the conduction band of theinorganic semiconductor.Motivated by the knowledge that inter-actions at the interface strongly affect the charge-separationefficiency and thefinal energy-conversion efficiency[5,6],con-siderable studies have focused their attentions on dissolving theorganic/inorganic incompatibility[14–21].Coating inorganic semi-conductors with the dye molecules which include the Ru dyes andmetal-free organic dyes has been widely used and proved toimprove the heterojunction solar cells[14–18].Moreover,Jiangand coworkers[19]have synthesized several aromatic acids suchas naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and anchored the carboxylicacid groups on CdS nanorods.With an affinity to the conjugatedpolymer,the naphthalene rings on the modified CdS nanorods canintensify the interaction with the polymer.Recently,functionaloligomers of conjugated structure have been synthesized for thepurpose of modification.Chen and coworkers[20]have synthe-sized the anamine-terminated3-hexylthiophene(3HT)oligomerand anchored the oligomer to ZnO nanorods via the anaminegroup.The energy-conversion efficiency of the solar cell whichwas prepared from the3HT-modified ZnO nanorods and P3HT wasincreased by35%[20].To enhance the interfacial compatibility ofTiO2nanorods with P3HT,Su and coworkers[21]have used thecarboxylic acid-and bromine-terminated3HT oligomer to coat theTiO2nanorods.They have reported that the use of this3HToligomer obtains better photovoltaic conversion as compared toother modifications which use pyridine and Cu phthalocyaninedye as modifiers[21].In the above strategies,a stepwise synthesis is generallyrequired for tailoring the modifiers to combine with the inorganicsemiconductors.Despite of their success,it is worthwhile to seekmore facile and efficient strategy.Previously,we have reported anin-situ polymerization which is initiated by photoexcited nano-crystals[22–24].In particular,the polymers are connected to thenanocrystals immediately after the reaction.By using this poly-merization,we have prepared several composites with the poly-mers being grafted to the nanocrystals,which include thecomposite of polyacrylic acid and ZnS[22],the composite ofpolyvinylcarbazole and ZnO[23],and the composite ofContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/solmatSolar Energy Materials&Solar Cells0927-0248/$-see front matter&2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.012n Corresponding author.Tel.:þ862165640982.E-mail address:xyni@(X.Ni).Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells118(2013)109–115polythiophene and WO3[24].It is important that the in situphotopolymerization seems to provide a straightforward approachto modify the surfaces of inorganic semiconductors.In this work,we explore whether or not using this polymerization can improvethe performances of heterojunction solar cells.By taking the well-known hybrid heterojunction of TiO2nanoarray and P3HT as the model,we here use the in-situphotopolymerization to modify TiO2nanoarray and probe theinfluences of this modification on the solar cell.A TiO2nanoarrayon thefluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)substrate is prepared.By using the TiO2nanoarray to the polymerization of pyrroleunder UV illumination,we modify the TiO2nanoarray withpolypyrrole(PPy)leading to the PPy/TiO2/FTO compositefilm.The solar cells are fabricated by coating P3HT on the composite film.The reason for us to adopt PPy as the modifier is the fact that PPy has the LUMO(the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital)level(À3.6eV vs vacuum[25])lower than the LUMO of P3HT(À3.0eVvs vacuum[17])and higher than the conduction band(CB)of TiO2(À4.2eV vs vacuum[14]).From the view point of energy offset,the electron transfer from P3HT to TiO2nanoarray,which is one ofthe essential steps in the photovoltaic conversion,should proceedwithout energy barrier in the presence of PPy.Moreover,the TiO2nanoarray offers an ordered,direct path to deliver the separatedelectrons to the FTO substrate which serves as the collectionelectrode[14].For comparison,another device is prepared fromP3HT and neat TiO2nanorods.It is measured that the PPymodification increases the energy-conversion efficiency by77%.In order to explore the functions of PPy in the devices,thecompositefilms are investigated using the photofluorescencespectroscopy,the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy andthe intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy.2.Experimental details2.1.Preparation of the TiO2nanorod arrayThe TiO2nanorod arrays were prepared using a hydrothermalsynthesis described previously[26].9mL of deionized water wasmixed with9mL of the concentrated hydrochloric acid(36.5–38%in weight).After the mixture solution was stirred for5min,0.3mLof titanium butoxide(97%,Aldrich)was added.The mixturesolution was stirred for another5min,and then the solutionwas moved into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of50mL.Subsequently,one piece of FTO glass(F:SnO2,14Ω/square,Nippon Sheet Glass Group,Japan),which has been ultrasonically cleanedfor60min in the mixed solvents consisting of the deionized water,acetone and2-propanol,was immersed in the reaction solution.The hydrothermal synthesis was carried out at1501C for6h in anelectric oven.The FTO glass after the reaction was taken out fromthe autoclave,washed with the deionized water,dried at the roomtemperature.Further,the driedfilm was annealed at4501C for30min.2.2.Modifying the TiO2nanorod arrays with PPyThe prepared TiO2nanorod array on the FTO substrate wasplaced upright in a quartz reactor which contains a100mL ofpyrrole aqueous solution at0.1M.The reactor was subjected to theirradiation from a6W UV-lamp for30min.The other reactionconditions were identical to those of our previous work[22].Thereactedfilms were washed with ethanol,dried by a nitrogenstream.The control experiment using the pure pyrrole aqueoussolution,in the absence of TiO2nanorod array,gives no polymer oroligomer under the identical reaction conditions,as determined byUV–vis spectroscopy.2.3.Fabrication of the heterojunction solar cellsThe P3HT solution at the concentration of20mg/mL was prepared by dissolving P3HT(Rieke Metals,Mw¼98,000)in the binary solvent of o-dichlorobenzene and chlorobenzene at a volume ratio of3:1.The TiO2/FTOfilm and PPy/TiO2/FTOfilm were first wetted with p-xylene and were subsequently spin-coated with the P3HT solution.Immediately after spin coating,thefilms were subjected to the vacuum lower than1mm Hg for assisting the infiltration of the polymer within the nanorod array.The thickness of the P3HT layer on the surface was approximately 100nm,as determined by afield emission scanning electron microscopy.For preparing the solar cells,the obtained composite film was incorporated into the thin-layer sandwich-type cell with a Pt-coated counter electrode and gel-type electrolyte.The elec-trolyte was prepared by dissolving5wt%PEO into the acetonitrile solution of lithium iodide(0.1M)and iodine(0.05M)[27,28]. 2.4.CharacterizationThe morphologies of the nanorod arrays were examined with a field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM,S-4800). Raman spectra were recorded on a LabRam-1B(Dilor)spectro-meter.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis was car-ried out with a PHI-5000CESCA system(Perkin-Elmer)with Al Kαradiation.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern was recorded on aPANalytical X'Pert PRO(Cu Kα).The photovoltaic properties of the devices were measured using a Keithley2400Source Meter under illumination(100mWcmÀ2)of simulated AM 1.5G solar light.A black-painted mask was used to create an exposed area of0.25cm2for all the solar cells.Incident photon-to-electron con-version efficiency(IPCE)action spectra were measured using a Keithley2400high current source power meter at room tempera-ture(298K).The steady state photofluorescence(PL)spectra were recorded on a FLS920spectrometer,excited at the wavelength of 480nm.Time-resolved photofluorescence(TRPL)spectroscopy was performed with a time correlated single photon counting spectrometer.The TRPL measurements were performed using a pulse laser(371nm)with a pulse width of70ps for excitation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements were carried out under dark by applying a10mV ac signal over the frequency range of10À1–105Hz using CHI660E electrochemi-cal workstation.The electron lifetime(τe)in the devices was obtained by intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS).Dynamic IMVS responses were measured by controlled intensity modulated photo spectroscopy(CIMPS)in ambient con-ditions,with a green light emitting diode(LED)as light source (I0¼30mW/cm2,modulation depthδE0.1)for IMVS.The UV–vis spectra of thefilms were measured using a Lambda35Perkin-Elmer UV–vis spectrometer.3.Results and discussion3.1.The structures of thefilms and the properties of the prepared solar cellsFig.1shows the FESEM images of the synthesized TiO2 nanorods on the FTO substrate.The TiO2nanorods have regularly grown on the substrate leading to uniform surface as shown in Fig.1A.From the highly-resolved image,it is observed that the top facets of the TiO2nanorods are square with the average side-length around100nm(Fig.1B).In Fig.1C which presents the cross section of the TiO2nanorods,the nanorods are found to be 1.6μm in length,nearly perpendicular to the substrate.StructuralF.Li,X.Ni/Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells118(2013)109–115 110characterization of the nanorod film is conducted by XRD (see Fig.S1,Supporting Information).Before we coat P3HT on the TiO 2nanorod film,we graft PPy to the TiO 2nanorods by using the nanorod film as the photo-initiators.The polymerization process is monitored by the Raman spectroscopy.Fig.2shows the evolution of the Raman spectra with the reaction time.The strong double-peaks at 1580cm À1and 1339cm À1are assigned to the C Q C backbone stretching and ringstretching of PPy,respectively [29].The bands at 936cm À1and 999cm À1are assigned to the C –H out-of-plane deformation [30].The peak at 1052cm À1is indicative of N –H in-plane deformation of PPy [31].It is clearly observed that each of the above character-istic bands is continuously strengthened with the reaction time.So we conclude that PPy with the typical conjugated structure is synthesized.The results from the XPS analysis,which are shown in Fig.3,reveal that the synthesized PPy is strongly interacted with the TiO 2nanorods.It is found that the XPS O 1s core level of the composite is shifted to higher binding energy (BE)by 0.4eV,as compared to the pristine TiO 2nanorods.The full width at half maximum (FWHM)which is also sensitive to the chemical environment surrounding the atoms becomes much broader.The O 1s spectra are fitted with the Lorentzian curves thus obtaining three compo-nents.The components at BE of 530.0eV and 531.6eV are typically assigned to the bulk O 2Àions and the surface OH groups of TiO 2,respectively [32].The new component which appears at BE of 532.8eV is regarded to originate from the interaction.By spin-coating P3HT on the PPy-modi fied TiO 2nanorod film,we obtain the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film.We fabricate the solar cell by placing the solid electrolyte between the film and the Pt electrode (see Fig.S2,Supporting Information).Fig.4shows the photocurrent –voltage (J –V)Fig.1.The FESEM images of the synthesized TiO 2nanorod arrays.(A):the top view;(B):the highly-resolved image at the top view;and (C):the cross-sectionalview.Fig.2.The Raman spectra in polypyrrole region versus the reaction time.The reaction time is 0min,30min,60min,90min,and 180min from bottom totop.Fig.3.XPS O 1s spectra obtained from the PPy –TiO 2composite and pristine TiO 2nanorods,respectively.F.Li,X.Ni /Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 118(2013)109–115111characteristics curves of the devices.The photovoltaic performance parameters which are calculated from the J –V curves are summarized in Table 1.For comparison,another device is fabricated from the P3HT/TiO 2film which is prepared by spin-coating P3HT on the pristine,unmodi fied TiO 2nanorod film.The results reveal that the modi fied solar cell,which uses the PPy/TiO 2composite film,exhibits higher short-circuit current density (J SC )and larger open-circuit voltage (V OC ).It is important to find that the power conversion ef ficiency (PCE)shows 77%increase due to the surface modi fication.In addition,the two devices are measured about the dark J –V characteristic curves.As indicated by Fig.5,the recti fication ratio at the voltages of 70.8V is 7for the P3HT/TiO 2device and is 24for the modi fied device [33].It is apparent that the diode characteristics are also signi ficantly improved by the grafted PPy.3.2.The functions of the interfacial PPy in the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2solar cellWe use the PL and TRPL spectroscopes for probing into the effects of the grafted PPy on the interfacial electron transfer.Fig.6A shows the PL spectra measured for the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film,P3HT/TiO 2film and the neat P3HT film,respectively.The double bands at 710nm and 655nm are typically attributed to the PL emission of P3HT [34].In this process,P3HT absorbs the incident photons along with the ground-state electrons being excited to the high energy state.The excited electron directly returns to the ground state leading to the PL emission.If the excited electron is transferred away from this polymer,the PL emission will be quenched.It is observed in Fig.6A that both of the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film and P3HT/TiO 2film show lower PL emission yields than the neat P3HT film,indicating the occurrence of the PL quench in each of the composite films.Importantly,the modi fied,P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film exhibits lower PL emission yield than the P3HT/TiO 2film.This result reveals that as compared with theneatFig.4.Photocurrent –voltage characteristics of (a)the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device and (b)P3HT/TiO 2device.Table 1Photovoltaic properties of unmodi fied and PPy-modi fied TiO 2nanorod arrays/P3HT cells.Sample J sc (mA/cm 2)V oc (mV)FF (%)η(%)P3HT/TiO 21.47390380.22P3HT/PPy/TiO 22.34430390.39Fig.5.Dark current –voltage characteristics of (a)the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device and (b)P3HT/TiO 2device.Fig.6.(A)PL intensity and (B)time-resolved PL spectroscopy of pristine P3HT film,TiO 2nanorod array/P3HT hybrid film and PPy modi fied TiO 2nanorod array/P3HT hybrid film.The inset to Fig.6(B)shows the energy levels of TiO 2,PPy and P3HT.F.Li,X.Ni /Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 118(2013)109–115112TiO 2nanorod film,the PPy/TiO 2film as the substrate exhibits stronger PL quench on the P3HT layer.Conclusively,PPy which is grafted to the TiO 2nanorods facilitates the electron-transfer from the P3HT layer [35].This conclusion is supported by the TRPL curves as shown in Fig.6B.It is calculated from the TRPL curves that the average photoluminescence lifetime is 526ps for thepristine P3HT,404ps for the P3HT/TiO 2film,and 365ps for the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film.The shorter lifetime in the PPy-modi fied film than the P3HT/TiO 2film con firms that the grafted PPy gives rise to more ef ficient electron transfer from P3HT [14,35].To explore the in fluence of the grafted PPy on the charge recombination,the devices which use the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2and P3HT/TiO 2films as the active layers are analyzed by EIS,which has been applied in the study of recombination in solar cells [36–38].Fig.7presents the electrochemical impedance spectra of the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2and P3HT/TiO 2devices at various bias voltages.In this figure,the low-frequency arc is a measure of the charge recombina-tion [36,38].By fitting the impedance spectra with the equivalent circuit [37],the recombination resistances of the two active layers are calculated out,as plotted in Fig.7C.It is obtained that the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device has higher recombination resistance than the P3HT/TiO 2device.So we conclude that the charge recombination is retarded due to the grafted PPy [38].IMVS is an effective technique for analyzing the charge recom-bination in the solar cells under illumination [39,40].From the IMVS curve,the electron lifetime of the device,τe is calculated through the equation τe ¼(2πf min )À1,where f min is the character-istic frequency minimum of the IMVS imaginary component [39,40].In principle,the greater value of τe means slower charge-recombination in the device.Fig.8shows the IMVS responses of the solar cells which are prepared from the P3HT/TiO 2film and P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film,respectively.It is calculated out that τe is 1.67ms for the P3HT/TiO 2device and 2.58ms for the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device.The results indicate that the charge recom-bination in the P3HT/TiO 2device is signi ficantly suppressed once the TiO 2nanorods are modi fied by PPy at the surface.To rationalize the observed favorite effects of PPy on the P3HT/TiO 2solar cell,we particularize the structures of the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film as depicted in Fig.9.Arouse from the TiO 2-initiated polymerization,the PPy polymers are connected to the TiO 2nanorods as proved by the spectra in both Figs.2and 3.The thiophene rings of P3HT can interact with PPy in the form of intimate π–πstacking.In response to the illumination,an intra-molecular,stepwise electron-transfer should take place in the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film:the photoexcited electrons at P3HT are transferred to PPy due to the energy offset between the two polymers (the inset to Fig.6B),followed by the electrons injecting into the TiO 2nanorods through the PPy –TiO 2linkages.Meanwhile,the separated holes at P3HT transport towards the Pt counter-electrode in the device.The interfacial PPy can reduce the possibility of electron –hole recombination at the interfacethroughFig.7.Impedance spectra of the unmodi fied (A)and PPy-modi fied (B)TiO 2nanorod arrays/P3HT devices under various bias voltages.(C)The recombination resistances of the unmodi fied and PPy-modi fied TiO 2nanorod arrays/P3HT devices measured at different biases in thedark.Fig.8.IMVS spectra of the devices prepared from the P3HT/TiO 2film and P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film,respectively.F.Li,X.Ni /Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 118(2013)109–115113increasing the spacial separation of the two types of charge carriers.The IPCE curves of the two solar cells are measured.It is found that the modi fied,P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device exhibits higher IPCE values than the P3HT/TiO 2device in the visible-light region,and the maximum IPCE at the wavelength of 510nm is increased by a factor of 2(see Fig.S3,Supporting Information).Moreover,the two kinds of composite films are measured about their light absorp-tion.It is observed that the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film shows nearly the same absorption intensity as the P3HT/TiO 2film in the wavelength range from 400nm to 800nm (see Fig.S4,Supporting Informa-tion).The reason is that PPy is capable of absorbing the UV lights with the peak wavelength at 340nm [41].On the basis of nearly the same absorption intensity,the observed big increase in the IPCE within this region is independent of the light absorption.This result con firms that the interfacial PPy plays a role of altering the interface to favor the photovoltaic conversion.4.ConclusionsIn summary,we have provided an ef ficient approach to improve the heterojunction solar cells by grafting the conjugated polypyrrole to the TiO 2nanorod array.The TiO 2nanorod array with the uniform surface is prepared on the FTO substrate.By using the TiO 2nanorod array as photo-initiators,we have carried out the in situ polymerization of pyrrole on the nanorod array.The Raman results indicate that the PPy polymers grow on the TiO 2nanorod array with the reaction time.The XPS results show that the synthesized PPy is interacted with TiO 2along with the O 1s peak being obviously changed.Solar cells are fabricated by coating P3HT on the PPy-grafted TiO 2nanorod array.For comparison,the P3HT/TiO 2device as a control is fabricated by coating P3HT on the pristine TiO 2nanorod array.The energy conversion ef ficiency of the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2device is 77%higher than that of the unmodi-fied,P3HT/TiO 2device.It is obtained from the TRPL results that the PPy improves the electron transfer from P3HT to TiO 2.The results from IMVS and EIS consistently prove that the interfacial PPy retards the charge recombination.AcknowledgmentThis work is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC)under Grant no.20574011and Shanghai Nanotechnol-ogy Promotion Center (SNPC)under Grant no.1052nm01700.Appendix A.Supporting informationSupplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at /10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.012.References[1]T.T.Xu,Q.Q.Qiao,Conjugated polymer-inorganic semiconductor hybrid solarcells,Energy &Environmental Science (2011)2700–2720.[2]M.Helgesen,R.Søndergaard,F.C.Krebs,Advanced materials and processes forpolymer solar cell devices,Journal of Materials Chemistry 20(2010)36–60.[3]M.Lira-Cantu, A.Cha fiq,J.Faissat,I.Gonzalez-Valls,Y.Yu,Oxide/polymerinterfaces for hybrid and organic solar cells:Anatase vs Rutile TiO 2,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95(2011)1362–1374.[4]W.J.E.Beek,M.M.Wienk,R.A.J.Janssen,Ef ficient hybrid solar cells from zincoxide nanoparticles and a conjugated polymer,Advanced Materials 16(2004)1009–1013.[5]J.S.Liu,E.N.Kadnikova,Y.X.Liu,M.D.McGehee,J.M.J.Fréchet,Polythiophenecontaining thermally removable solubilizing groups enhances the interface and the performance of polymer-titania hybrid solar cells,Journal of the American Chemical Society 126(2004)9486–9487.[6]L.Zhao,Z.Q.Lin,Crafting semiconductor organic –inorganic nanocompositesvia placing conjugated polymers in intimate contact with nanocrystals for hybrid solar cells,Advanced Materials 24(2012)4353–4368.[7]M.Bredol,K.Matras,A.Szatkowski,J.Sanetra,A.Prodi-Schwab,P3HT/ZnS:anew hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system with very high open circuit voltage,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93(2009)662–666.[8]F.C.Krebs,Y.Thomann,R.Thomann,J.W.Andreasen,A simple nanostructuredpolymer/ZnO hybrid solar cell-preparation and operation in air,Nanotechnol-ogy 19(2008)424013.[9]G.K.Mor,S.Kim,M.Paulose,O.K.Varghese,K.Shankar,J.Basham,C.A.Grimes,Visible to near-infrared light harvesting in TiO 2nanotube array-P3HT based heterojunction solar cells,Nano Letters 9(2009)4250–4257.[10]E.Maier,T.Rath,W.Haas,O.Werzer,R.Saf, F.Hofer, D.Meissner,O.Volobujeva,S.Bereznev,E.Mellikov,H.Amenitsch,R.Resel,G.Trimmel,CuInS 2-Poly(3-(ethyl-4-butanoate)thiophene)nanocomposite solar cells:pre-paration by an in situ formation route,performance and stability issues,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (2011)1354–1361.[11]S.Tepavcevic,S.B.Darling,N.M.Dimitrijevic,T.Rajh,S.J.Sibener,Improvedhybrid solar cells via in situ UV polymerization,Small 5(2009)1776–1783.[12]C.Y.Kuo,W.C.Tang,C.Gau,T.F.Guo,D.Z.Jeng,Ordered bulk heterojunctionsolar cells with vertically aligned TiO 2nanorods embedded in a conjugated polymer,Applied Physics Letters 93(2008)033307.[13]L.Baeten, B.Conings,H.G.Boyen,J.D'Haen, A.Hardy,M.D'Olieslaeger,J.V.Manca,M.K.Van Bael,Towards ef ficient hybrid solar cells based on fully polymer in filtrated ZnO nanorod arrays,Advanced Materials 23(2011)2802–2805.[14]W.P.Liao,S.C.Hsu,W.H.Lin,J.J.Wu,Hierarchical TiO2nanostructure array/P3HT hybrid solar cells with interfacial modi fication,Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116(2012)15938–15945.[15]P.Ravirajan, A.M.Peiró,M.K.Nazeeruddin,M.Graetzel, D.D.C.Bradley,J.R.Durrant,J.Nelson,Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented ZnO nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110(2006)7635–7639.[16]R.Zhu,C.Y.Jiang,B.Liu,S.Ramakrishna,Highly ef ficient nanoporous TiO 2-polythiophene hybrid solar cells based on interfacial modi fication using a metal-free organic dye,Advanced Materials 21(2009)994–1000.[17]M.Zhong, D.Yang,J.Zhang,J.Y.Shi,X.L.Wang, C.Li,Improving theperformance of CdS/P3HT hybrid inverted solar cells by interfacial modi fica-tion,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 96(2012)160–165.[18]S.J.Moon,E.Baranoff,S.M.Zakeeruddin,C.Y.Yeh,E.W.G.Diau,M.Grätzel,K.Sivula,Enhanced light harvesting in mesoporous TiO 2/P3HT hybrid solar cells using a porphyrin dye,Chemical Communications 47(2011)8244–8246.[19]X.X.Jiang,F.Chen,W.M.Qiu,Q.X.Yan,Y.X.Nan,H.Xu,L.G.Yang,H.Z.Chen,Effects of molecular interface modi fication in CdS/polymer hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94(2010)2223–2229.[20]C.T.Chen,F.C.Hsu,Y.M.Sung,H.C.Liao,W.C.Yen,W.F.Su,Y.F.Chen,Effects ofmetal-free conjugated oligomer as a surface modi fier in hybrid polymer/ZnO solar cells,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 107(2012)69–74.[21]Y.C.Huang,J.H.Hsu,Y.C.Liao,W.C.Yen,S.S.Li,S.T.Lin,C.W.Chen,W.F.Su,Employing an amphiphilic interfacial modi fier to enhance the performance of a poly(3-hexylthiophene)/TiO 2hybrid solar cell,Journal of Materials Chem-istry 21(2011)4450–4456.Fig.9.Schematic illustration of the interfaces in the P3HT/PPy/TiO 2film.F.Li,X.Ni /Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 118(2013)109–115114。

毕业设计文献综述范例摘要：本文以毕业设计文献综述为标题，从设计方法、研究领域和关键问题三个方面综述了相关文献。

通过对不同文献的分析和整理，总结了毕业设计文献综述撰写的一般规范和步骤，并提供了一些可供参考的范例，以帮助毕业生更好地撰写毕业设计文献综述。

1. 引言毕业设计文献综述是对已有文献的系统整理和分析，可以帮助研究者了解相关领域的发展动态和前沿问题。

在毕业设计过程中，撰写文献综述有助于明确研究目标、了解前人研究情况、确定研究方法和技术，并为设计提供基础理论和实践经验。

2. 设计方法在毕业设计文献综述中，设计方法是一个重要的内容。

不同设计方法适用于不同类型的毕业设计，如工程设计、软件设计、产品设计等。

文献综述可以列举并比较各种设计方法，分析其优缺点和适用范围，从而为毕业设计的设计方法选择提供参考。

范例1：在一篇题为《基于UI设计的交互设计方法研究》的文献中，作者回顾了当前常用的交互设计方法，并提出了一种基于用户界面(UI)设计的交互设计方法。

该方法以用户界面的布局、色彩、图标等元素为基础，通过研究用户的认知和使用习惯，设计出用户友好的交互界面，提升用户体验和满意度。

范例2：另外一篇题为《敏捷开发方法在软件工程设计中的应用综述》的文献中，作者综述了敏捷开发方法在软件工程设计中的应用情况。

该文献列举了敏捷开发方法的几种常见形式，如Scrum、XP和Kanban，并分析了它们在软件工程设计中的优势和限制。

通过对多个案例的分析和比较，作者得出结论，敏捷开发方法适用于复杂软件系统的快速开发，但在需求变更和团队组织方面可能存在一定挑战。

3. 研究领域毕业设计文献综述还应对研究领域进行概述。

不同的研究领域有着不同的研究问题和方法，通过了解研究领域的发展前沿和热点问题，可以为毕业设计的选题提供参考和启示。

范例1：某研究领域的文献综述发现，当前关于机器学习在医疗图像诊断中的应用是一个研究热点。

研究者们通过将机器学习算法应用于医疗图像分析，实现了自动化和智能化的诊断，并取得了一定的研究成果。

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附件5四川大学本科毕业论文（设计）格式和参考文献著录要求1.本科毕业论文（设计）版式1.1 软件排版用微软Word软件排式，用A4 纸（297×210）纵向排式，文字从左至右通栏横排、打印。

1.2 页面设置页边距为上2.5cm, 下2.5cm, 左2.5cm, 右2 cm,装订线0，页眉边距为1.5cm,页脚边距为1.5cm。

1.3 行间距固定值20磅（选：格式→段落→固定值→20磅）2.本科毕业论文（设计）文字排式（包括中英文标题、正文文字、引文、注文、中英文摘要、中英文关键词）2.1论文题目、专业、学生和指导教师、摘要、主题词等排式2.1.1论文题目排式用小2～3号字，字体选用标宋（或黑体），居中排。

论文题目的文字字数较少或较多时，按“2.3.3标题长度与转行”规定处理。

2.1.2“专业”、“学生”和“指导教师”等排式“专业”选用楷体4号字，排在论文（设计）题目的正下方，与论文（设计）题目之间空1行，居中排。

“学生□□□”与“指导教师□□□”排为一行，选用楷体4号字，排在“专业”下方，与“专业”之间空1行，居中排。

如有多位学生或教师，可用“，”号间隔。

2.1.3摘要排式摘要以摘录或缩编的方式复述本论文主要内容。

要求：概括地、不加注释地摘录本论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论；或简洁的介绍本论文阐述的主要内容及取得的进展。

编写摘要应注意：客观反映原文内容，不得简单地重复题名中已有的信息，要着重反映论文的新内容和特别强调的观点。

摘要宜采用第三人称过去式的写法（如“对……进行了研究”，“综述了……”等；不应写成“本文”、“我校……”等）。

摘要不分段，以400字左右为宜。

选用5号楷体字；“摘要”两字加黑；摘要第一行的行头缩进四格，行尾缩进两格。

2.1.4主题词（关键词）排式主题词是表达论文主要内容的词或词组，是论文的重要检索点。

主题词一般由3～8个词或词组组成。

主题词直接从论文题目或论文正文中抽取。

本科毕业论文文献综述范文第1篇一、什么是文献综述1、文献综述的概念文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。

根据其涉及的内容范围不同，综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。

所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象，而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。

文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状、最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。

2、文献综述的作用文献综述在于高度浓缩了几十篇甚至上百篇散乱无序的同类文献之成果与存在问题或争论焦点，对其进行了归纳整理，使之达到了条理化和系统化的程度。

3、要求同学们学写综述的意义1)通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法,在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面;2)查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程;3)通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高。

二、文献综述的选题与文献资料的搜集(一)选题原则1.结合所学知识选自己专长的或有基础的题目，否则难以写出水平较高的综述。

2.根据所占有文献资料的质和量选题。

3.选题一定要能反映出新的学科矛盾的焦点、新成果、新动向。

4.题目不宜过大、范围不宜过宽。

这样查阅文献的数量相对较小，撰写时易于归纳整理，否则，题目选得过大，查阅文献花费的时间太多，影响实习，而且归纳整理困难，最后写出的综述大题小作或是文不对题。

(二)文献资料的搜集1、文献资料的搜集途径(1)利用有关的检索工具(包括目录、文摘和索引等)搜集文献资料。

(2)利用国际联机检索系统搜集文献资料。

(3)利用原始文献(包括专业期刊、科技报告、专利文献、学位论文、会议文献、专著和标准等)搜集文献资料。

(4)利用三次文献(包括综述、述评、百科全书、年鉴和手册等)搜集文献资料。

毕业设计文献综述万能模板
毕业设计文献综述万能模板：
1.引言
在这部分，简要介绍你的研究主题和背景。

说明你为什么选择这个主题作为你的毕业设计课题，以及这个课题的重要性和现实意义。

2.文献综述
详细介绍与你的研究主题相关的文献。

这包括前人的研究成果、现有的理论和实践经验以及相关的学术论文。

注意，要选择具有代表性的文献，并对文献进行客观的评价。

3.研究方法
描述你的研究方法和技术。

这包括你的研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、实验过程等。

同时，要说明这些方法和技术是如何帮助你解决研究问题的。

4.研究结果和讨论
在这部分，详细介绍你的研究结果。

这包括你的主要发现、实验数据和统计分析结果等。

同时，要对这些结果进行讨论，解释它们的意义和影响。

5.结论
总结你的研究成果，并强调你的主要发现和贡献。

同时，要指出你的研究存在的不足之处，并提出未来研究方向的建议。

6.参考文献
列出你在文献综述中引用的所有文献，格式按照学校或学院的要求进行排版。

以上是一个基本的毕业设计文献综述模板，你可以根据自己的需要进行修改和完善。

1。

毕业设计文献综述范文3000字第1篇毕业论文文献综述格式参考一、内容要求文献综述是在研究选题确定后并在大量搜集、查阅相关文献的基础上，对相关课题或相关领域已有研究成果进行的综合性介绍，目的是理清本课题已有的研究基础及尚存的研究空间，它既可以给研究者在充分借鉴前人已有成果的基础上如何进一步深化本课题的研究指明方向，还可以帮助读者(或论文审阅者)明确本研究的新意所在。

因此，写好文献综述，对于课题研究具有重要作用。

文献综述的结构一般由下列成份构成：1、标题。

文献综述的标题一般多是在论文选题的标题后加“研究综述”或“文献综述”字样。

3、正文。

这是文献综述的核心部分。

应在归类整理的基础上，对自己搜集到的有用资料进行系统介绍。

撰写此部分时还应注意以下两点：其一、对已有成果要分类介绍，各类之间用小标题区分。

以下是常见的分类线索：按时空分类(如：本课题的研究历史与研究现状、国外研究现状与国内研究现状);按本课题所涉及的不同子课题分类;按已有成果中的不同观点进行分类，等等。

4、总结。

对上述研究成果的主要特点、研究趋势及价值进行概括与评价。

此部分应着重点明本课题已有的研究基础(已有成果为自己的研究奠定了怎样的基础或从中受到怎样的启发)与尚存的研究空间(本课题已有研究中存在的空白或薄弱环节)。

二、格式要求：1、字数要求：3000字以上。

2、打印格式：毕业设计文献综述范文3000字第2篇本科毕业论文文献综述文献综述是本科毕业论文的一个重要组成部分。

那么，如何撰写本科毕业论文文献综述呢?一起来看看吧。

如何撰写本科毕业论文文献综述?一、文献综述的含义文献综述是文献综合评述的简称，是指在全面搜集有关文献资料的基础上，经过归纳整理“分析鉴别，对一定时期内某个学科或专题的研究成果和进展情况进行系统”全面的叙述和评论。

#综$是要求对文献资料进行综合分析“归纳整理，使材料更精练明确”更有逻辑层次;#述$就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行全面的“系统的论述。