中石油模拟托福应试精讲

第1篇一、自我介绍1. 请用3分钟时间，用简洁明了的语言，介绍你的基本信息、教育背景、工作经历、个人特长、兴趣爱好等。

2. 请谈谈你为什么选择中石油，以及你对中石油的了解。

3. 请谈谈你的职业规划，以及你希望在哪个部门或岗位发展。

二、专业知识测试1. 请解释一下以下石油工程术语：油藏、油气层、储层、井筒、射孔、压裂、套管、套管鞋等。

2. 请简要说明以下钻井工艺：旋转钻井、滑动钻井、水平钻井、导向钻井等。

3. 请解释一下以下采油工艺：常规采油、注水开发、气举采油、稠油开采等。

4. 请谈谈你对石油勘探开发中风险管理的理解。

5. 请简要介绍我国石油勘探开发的主要区域和资源分布。

三、综合能力测试1. 请谈谈你在团队合作中的经验，以及你如何处理团队内部的矛盾和冲突。

2. 请谈谈你在面对工作压力时的应对方法。

3. 请谈谈你在解决问题时的思维方式和方法。

4. 请谈谈你在沟通协调方面的能力。

5. 请谈谈你在适应新环境、新岗位时的能力。

四、情景模拟1. 情景：你在工作中发现同事的工作失误，可能会对项目造成重大损失。

请模拟如何与同事沟通，确保问题得到妥善解决。

2. 情景：你在工作中遇到了一位难以相处的同事，请模拟如何处理与该同事的关系。

3. 情景：你所在的团队需要完成一项紧急任务，但团队成员之间存在分歧。

请模拟如何协调团队成员，确保任务顺利完成。

五、英语能力测试1. 请用英语进行自我介绍。

2. 请用英语回答以下问题：（1）What is your understanding of the oil and gas industry?（2）How do you plan to contribute to the development of China Petroleum?（3）What are your strengths and weaknesses in English communication?六、心理素质测试1. 请回答以下问题：（1）你如何看待失败？（2）你如何处理工作中的挫折？（3）你如何看待团队合作与个人贡献的关系？2. 请完成以下心理素质测试题目，并在规定时间内提交答案。

- .中石油职称英语考试2016版通用选读目录1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management (1)work Security 网络安全 (2)3.All I Learned in Kindergarten 幼儿园所学的... .. (4)4.How to Negotiate with Americans 如何与美国人谈判 (5)5.Carbon-based Alternative 碳基替代燃料 (7)6.Automatic Auto: a Car That Drives Itself 无人驾驶汽车 (9)7.Our Family Creed 家族的信条 (11)8.The art of public Speaking 公共演讲的艺术 (13)10.The Dress Code for Office Life 办公室的着装礼仪 (17)1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management主持会议六大准则If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management.如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。

1.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow.1、总要准时开会。

如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。

中石油内部的托福考试评分及分级办法+应试方案中石油内部的托福考试CNPC 英语模拟托福考试评分及分级办法一、目的:判断参试人员的英语水平，以便对其进行培训或授与相应的工作。

二、考试方式: 参试人员应参加笔试和口试。

对其口、笔试成绩进行综合评定，确定参试人员的相应级别。

三、笔试: 1、笔试内容:笔试分为三部份。

第一部分为听力，第二部份为文法，第三部份为阅读。

听力部分 50 个小题，文法部分 40 个小题，阅读部分 50 个小题。

2、笔试评分:笔试按托福评分办法进行。

A B C D 3、笔试分级标准: 级 530 以上; 级 480 以上; 级 450 以上; 级 450分以下四、口试: 1、口试小组的组成:口试小组由三名教师组成对参试人员进行口试。

2、口试成绩评分:口试成绩分为四级，即 A、B、C、D。

三名教师各自给出相应的成绩，取平均成绩为该考生的口试成绩。

3、口试成绩评定标准: A 级:对教师提出的所有问题理解迅速、准确，不需教师做任何帮助或提示，回答准确，能表达自己完整的意念，发音基本正确。

可有语法、语音等方面的问题，但不影响理解。

B 级:对教师提出的所有问题理解迅速、准确，不需教师做任何帮助或提示，回答较正常语速慢，有时表达完整的意念略有困难或不够清楚准确，需教师提问确认，语言不够简洁，但不影响交流。

发音基本正确可有语法、语音等方面的问题，但不影响理解。

C 级:能回答教师提出的一般问题，语速较慢，需要较多的提示才能维持对话，表达完整的意念有困难需要教师帮助，语音、语法、表达方面存在很多问题，教师理解经常有困难但无严重的发音障碍。

D 级:能回答最简单的问题，但经常用母语向教师询问或寻求帮助不能表达完整的意念。

语音、语法方面问题很多，需要较长时间的训练才能达到要求。

五、综合评定成绩: 将笔试与口试成绩进行综合评定即为该生的综合评定成绩。

综合评定成绩分为四级，即 A、B、C、D 四级。

中石油职称英语考试大纲模拟试题四The document was finally revised on 2021~模拟试题四~I. VocabularySection ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet.I.I’m afraid taking a part time job might _ my time for study.A. cut offB. cut intoC. cut downD. cut away______ several interesting facts about Mexico in that book.A. came toB. came intoC. came overD. came across3.You can’t see through a telescope unless it is correctly to your sight.A. adaptedB. adoptedC. adjustedD. accustomed4.Our company decided to the contract because a number of the conditions in it had notbeen met.A. destroyB. refuseC. assumeD. cancel5.The father lost his just because his son failed again in the final exam.A. mindB. moodC. passionD. temper6.He has never felt himself so powerfully to the scientific ideal.A. interestedB. absorbedC. confidentD. attracted7.Craing assured his boss that he would all his energies in doing this new job.A. call forthB. call atC. call onD. call off8.Who is ___ p ersonnel at present?9.A. in the charge ofB. under charge ofC. under the charge ofD. in charge of10. _________________ Safety devices in preventing accidents in the workshop.A. assistB. assureC. assembleD. contribute11.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is loud continuous noise.A. subjected toB. filled withC. associated withD. attached toSection BDirections: There are 10 sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then, mark your answer on the answer sheet.11. Today’s class has already been called off.A. revisedB. canceledC. completedD. announced12. Robert was regarded as a profound thinker by his friends.A. a deepB. a lazyC. a carefulD. an original13.D iana Spencer consented to many Prince Charles in 1981.A. vowedB. agreedC. engagedD. betokened14.T he Hope Diamond has a beautiful blue color, and is completely without flaws.A. mistakesB. defectsC. dotsD. trademarks15.T he ultimate goal for all mountain climbers is to scale the summit of Mr. Everest.A. greatestB. potentialC. ambitiousD. distant16.T he old woman is too feeble to cross the street without her nephew’s help.A. tiredB. weakC. timidD. blind17.T here is no alternative: the President must approve the bill if Congress passes it.A. chance of agreementB. doubtC. other choiceD. mistake18.T he horse finally came to a halt on the very rim of the cliff.A. topB. edgeC. sloptD. base19.H is face was flushed because he had run all the way from the dormitory.A. redB. shakingC. paleD. wet20.The versatility function of a computer is limited only by human imagination.A. multipleB. artificialC. mechanicalD. automaticII Grammatical StructureSection ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet.21.It was urgent that he her immediately.A. callsB. calledC. callD. would call22.The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ___ killed him several years ago.A. the effects of whichB. the effects of itC. finallyD. that23. _ ，it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with a eraser.A. Hard a diamond isB. Hard as a diamond isC. As a diamond is hardD. How hard is a diamond24.In order to be a good scientist,A. mathematics is vitalB. one must master mathematicsC. mathematics is important to understandD. one to understandmathematics25.Like the old, respected in our country.A. the female isB. a female isC. the female areD. female is26. _ bricks, workers press clay into blocks and bake them to the requisite hardness in a kiln.A. MadeB. To makeC. Being madeD. The making of27. _ on a clear day far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peaceA. WalkingB. When one is walkingC. If walkingD. When walking28.When you __ the test, check your papers before you hand them in.A. will finishB. are finishingC. will have finishedD. have finished29.This candidate has far more chances of winning the election than___ recommended by the organizer.A. thatB. the oneC. whomD. one30.If you ____ my advice， you ______________ your failure now. You your victory.A.took ... wouldn't cry over... would celebrateB.had taken ... wouldn't have cried over... would have celebratedC.had taken ... aren't crying over... are celebratingD.had taken ... wouldn't be crying over... would be celebrating Section BDirections: In questions 31-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked A, B C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase which is incorrect and must be changed to make the sentence correct. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.31.Alaska’s vast areas of untamed wilderness attracts many people who enjoy the outdoors.Engineers and scientists have had no trouble findinghigh-level, high-paying positionsexcellent reasons for taking Professor Morrel’s course.DIII. Cloze TestDirections: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark your answer on the answer sheetShopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20thcentury. 41 in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street wasalways in the heart of a town. This street was lined on both sides with many various businesses.Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture,hardware, groceries. .42 , some shops offered services. These shops included drugstores,restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. But in the 1950s, a changebegan to 43 . Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street while too few parkingplaces were 44 shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look withinterest at the open spaces 45 the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customersneeded. And open space is what they got when the first shopping centre was built. Shoppingcentres, or rather malls, 46 as a collection of small new stores away from crowded citycentres. 47 by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from downtownareas to outlying malls. And the growing 48 of shopping centres led in turn to the buildingof bigger and better stocked stores. 49 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almostdeveloped into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 50 of one stop shopping,malls were transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoorentertainment.41. A. As early as B. Early C. Early as D. Earlier42. A. Apart from B. However C. In additionD. As well43. A. be taking place B. take place C. be takenplace D. have taken place44. A. available for B. available to C. used byD. ready for45. A. over B. from C. out ofD. outside46. A. started B. founded C. set upD. organized47. A. Attracted B. Surprised C. DelightedD. Enjoyed48. A. distinction B. fame C. popularityD. liking49. A. By B. During C. InD. Towards50. A. cheapness B. readiness C. convenience D. handinessIV. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Questions 51 to 54 are based on the following passage:It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction,biography, poetry--weshould separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few peopleask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred anddivided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biographythat it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish allsuch preconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to yourauthor; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice (同谋).If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from gettingthe fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible finess (委婉之处), from thetwist and turn of the firstsentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself inthis, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, orattempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty two chaptersof a novel--if weconsider how to read a novel first--are an attempt to make something asformed and controlled asa building but words are more impalpable than bricks, reading is a longer and more complicatedprocess than seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist isdoing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experiment with the dangers and difficultiesof words. Recall, then, some event that has left a distinct impression onyou--how at the corner ofthe street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree shook; an electric light danced; the toneof the talk was comic, but also tragic; a whole vision, an entire conception, seemed contained inthat moment.51. What does the author mean by saying "Yet few people ask from books what books can give us"A. The author means that lots of people read few books.B. The author thinks that readers have only absorbed part of knowledge in books.C. The author holds that few people have a proper idea about what content some kind ofbooks should include.D. The author considers that readers can scarcely understand most of the books.52. According to the passage, which of the following statement is right?A. A reader should find some mistakes when he is reading.B. The more difficult a book is, the more you can get from it.C. To read something is easier than to watch something.D. One should be in the same track with the writer when he is reading.53. What is the possible meaning of "impalpable" (Paragraph 2) in the passage?A. Clear.B. Elusive.C. Delicate.D. Precise.54. What's the main idea of this passage?A. The importance of reading.B. The proper way to read.C. How to get most from one book.D. The characters of a good book.Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage:It isn't often that an entire industry is symbolized in the figure of asingle human being, andsuch is the case with Canadian aviation and the aircraft industry. The man is the Hon. John A. D.McCurdy, and the life story of this still vigorous, distinguished Canadian is at once and at thesame time the thrilling history of aviation's progress in Canada.It all began one cold February day in 1909 at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, when John McCurdyconfounded the critics by flying the Silver Dart, an aircraft designed by himself, for half a mileover the ice of Bras deor Lakes. This was the first powered flight in Canada and the first by aBritish subject in the Commonwealth. McCurdy gave proof of his flyingability--and of thedevelopment and the use of the aileron--by being the first man in the world to execute a figureeight in the air. He became the first to pilot a flying boat, taking off fromLong Island Sound. Heflew the first airplane to Mexico. In 1911 he had made the longest flight to date, and that overopen sea 90 miles from Key West to Havana. He won the first cross country race in Canada 40miles from Hamilton to Toronto--and he transmitted the first radio message from aircraft.When World War ]I came, McCurdy took on board supervisory authority for Canadianaircraft production by serving with the government in various senior positions. Following WorldWar 11, McCurdy was honored by being made lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia where hemade Canada's first historic flight. He now lives in Montreal with a summer home in Baddeck,site of his first flight.55. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT trueabout McCurdy?A. He was a Canadian.B. He is regarded as the symbol of Canadian aviation and aircraft industry.C. He is the first man to finish a figure eight in the air.D. He now lives in Baddeck.56. The "Silver Dart" isA. the name of a weaponB. a plane bought by McCurdyC. the nickname of a famous Canadian pilotD. a plane designed by McCurdy57. McCurdy is NOT the first one to __A. fly in CanadaB. pilot a flying boatC. fly from Key West to TorontoD. fly to Mexico58. Nowadays, McCurdy __A. lives in Montreal in summerB. is the lieutenant governor of Nova ScotiaC. is still very active and energeticD. is the government's counselorQuestions 59 to 62 are based on the following passage:The . birthrate began to decline in the middle 1950's, resulting in a smaller college agepopulation starting in the middle 1970's. S4 Something else happened in the 1970's: the price ofoil increased tremendously, driving up the price of almost everything and making Americansaware that their large automobiles used a lot of gasoline. At the same time, foreign carmanufacturers had begun to produce small fuel efficient cars in large quantities for the exportmarket. ~Suddenly, the large, gas guzzling American cars were no longer attractive to Americanbuyers, who began buying foreign cars by the thousands. The American automobile industry wentinto a recession. Thousands of automotive workers were laid off, as were thousands of people inindustries indirectly connected with the auto industry. People who are laid off tend to keep whatmoney they have for necessities, like food and housing. They do not have the extra money neededto send their children to college. Their children cannot pay their own college costs, because duringa recession they cannot find jobs. High unemployment means that more state funds must be usedfor social service--unemployment benefits and to aid dependent children, for example--thanduring more prosperous times. It also means, that the states have fewer funds than usual, becausepeople are paying fewer taxes. Institutions of higher education depend on two major sources ofincome to keep them functioning: tuition from students and funds from the states. At the presenttime, there are fewer students than in the past and fewer state funds available for higher education.The colleges and universities are in trouble.59. What is the main idea of this passage?A. The rising of oil price drove up the price of everything.B. There were many reasons why higher education was in trouble in the 1970's.C. Birthrate began to decline in the USA in 1950's.D. High unemployment caused a lot of social problems.60. The phrase "laid off' can best be replaced by which of the following?A. Poor.B. Got rid of.C. Removed.D. Unemployed.61. American cars were not popular in their domestic markets because they wereA. smallB. gas consumingC. fuel efficientD. not attractive62. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT __A. Young people couldn't afford their own tuition in the 1970'sB. It's difficult for graduates from colleges to find a job in the1970'sC. Fewer parents could afford to send their children to college because of the recession in1970'sD. Birthrate dropped in the 1970's because of the recessionQuestions 63 to 66 are based on the following passage:It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. Themeanings of thousandsof everyday perceptions, the basis for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skillsare to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It includesnot only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change inthe way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grainbecause he has sniffed (嗅出) something suspicious in the grain pile.Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects andmachines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interestingto compare the memory storage capacity of a computer with that of a humanaccess memory of a large computer may hold up to 100,000 "words"--string of alphabetic ornumerical characters--ready for instant use. An average . teenager probably recognizes themeaning of about 100,000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total amount ofinformation that the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of faces and placesthat the teenager can recognize on sight.The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and combinations of words. But whilelanguage greatly expands the number and kind of things a person can remember, it also requires ahuge memory capacity. It may well be this capacity that distinguishes humans,from other animals.63. Which of the following is true about memory?A. It helps us perceive things happening around us every day.B. It is based on the decisions we made in the past.C. It is rooted in our past habits and skills.D. It connects our past experiences with the present.64. According to the passage, memory is helpful in one's life in the following aspects EXCEPTthatA. it involves a change in one's behaviorB. it keeps information for later useC. it warns people not to do things repeatedlyD. it enables one to remember events that happened in the past65. What is the major characteristic of man's memory capacity according tothe author?A. It can be expanded by language.B. It can remember all the combined words.C. It may keep all the information in the past.D. It may change what has been stored in it.66. Human beings make themselves different from other animals byA. having the ability to perceive dangerB. having a far greater memory capacityC. having the ability to recognize faces and places on sightD. having the ability to draw on past experiencesSection BDirections: You should answer Questions 67-75 which are based on the following passages. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.Population movements and genetics1.Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used tobe based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing.The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the “archaeology of the living body”, the clues to be found in genetic material.2.Recent work on the problem of when people first entered theAmericas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonisers of the New World. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several And when did this event, or events, take place In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modem Native Americans.3.An important project, led by the biological anthropologist RobertWilliams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein - immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins “drift”， or produce variants, over thegenerations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations . two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic “distance”，which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.4.Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000American Indians in western North America during a twenty-year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could bedivided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group.From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-Indian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000 -12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago).The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modem Eskimo and Aleut.5.How far does other research support these conclusions GeneticistDouglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima-Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-Indian) population.6.There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light onthe origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modem, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars. According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets atbefore 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo-Aleut.7.The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that allNative American languages belong to a single “Amerind” family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.Questions 67-72This passage has seven sections. the correct headings for sections 1-7 from the list of headings below. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.List of HeadingsA.The results of the research into blood-variantsB.Dental evidenceC.Greenberg’s analysis of the dental and linguistic evidenceD.Developments in the methods used to study early populationmovementsF. E. Indian migration from Canada to the genetic evidencerelating to the three-wave theoryG.Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to AmericaH.How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of therelationship between different populationsI.Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-geneticevidence67.Section 168.Section 269.Section 370.Section 471.Section 572.Section 6Example AnswerSection 7 IQuestions 73-74This passage refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA.the first waveB.the second waveC.the third waveChoose the correct letter. A, B or C, for questions 73-74 and mark your answer on the answer sheet.Question 75Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. and mark your answer on the answer sheet. 75. Christy Turner's research involved the examination ofA.teeth from both prehistoric and modem americans and Asians.B.thousands of people who live in either the New or the OldWorld.C.dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D.the eating habits of American and Asian populations.。

第1篇一、自我介绍1. 题目：请您用3分钟时间，简要介绍您的个人背景、教育经历、工作经历以及专业特长。

解析：这道题目旨在考察应聘者的综合素质和表达能力。

应聘者应清晰地阐述自己的个人信息，包括姓名、籍贯、教育背景、工作经历等，同时要突出自己的专业特长和优势。

2. 题目：您为什么选择石油行业？请谈谈您对石油行业的认识。

解析：这道题目考察应聘者对石油行业的了解程度和职业兴趣。

应聘者应结合自身情况，阐述选择石油行业的原因，并表达自己对石油行业的认识和看法。

二、专业知识1. 题目：石油勘探的主要方法有哪些？请简要介绍每种方法的特点。

解析：这道题目考察应聘者对石油勘探知识的掌握。

应聘者应列举石油勘探的主要方法，如地震勘探、测井、地质调查等，并简要介绍每种方法的特点。

2. 题目：请解释一下石油分馏的过程和原理。

解析：这道题目考察应聘者对石油分馏知识的掌握。

应聘者应详细解释石油分馏的过程，包括加热、冷却、分离等步骤，并阐述其原理。

三、实际操作能力1. 题目：在石油开采过程中，如何判断油井是否进入含水阶段？解析：这道题目考察应聘者对石油开采实际操作能力的掌握。

应聘者应阐述判断油井是否进入含水阶段的依据，如生产数据、测井解释等。

2. 题目：在油气田开发过程中，如何进行油气藏动态监测？解析：这道题目考察应聘者对油气藏动态监测知识的掌握。

应聘者应列举油气藏动态监测的方法，如生产数据监测、测井解释、地震监测等。

四、项目管理能力1. 题目：请谈谈您在项目管理方面的经验，包括项目策划、实施、监控和总结等方面。

解析：这道题目考察应聘者的项目管理能力。

应聘者应结合自身经历，阐述自己在项目管理方面的经验，包括项目策划、实施、监控和总结等方面的内容。

2. 题目：在项目管理过程中，如何应对突发事件？解析：这道题目考察应聘者应对突发事件的能力。

应聘者应阐述在项目管理过程中，如何识别、评估和应对突发事件，以及如何保证项目顺利进行。

五、团队协作与沟通能力1. 题目：请举例说明您在团队协作中的经历，以及如何处理团队冲突。

2023中石油职称英语教程The 2023 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) professional title English course is an essential program for employees seeking to advance their careers within the company. This course is designed to provide employees with the necessary language skills and knowledge to excel in their professional roles. The ability to communicate effectively in English is crucial in today's global business environment, and this course aims to equip employees with the tools they need to succeed.One of the primary benefits of the 2023 CNPC professional title English course is the opportunity for employees to improve their English language proficiency. Many employees may have a basic understanding of English, but this course will enable them to enhance their skills and become more confident in their ability to communicate effectively in a professional setting. This is particularly important for employees who may need to interact with international clients or colleagues, as well as for thosewho aspire to take on leadership roles within the company.In addition to language proficiency, the course also covers industry-specific vocabulary and terminology that is essential for employees working in the oil and gas sector. This specialized knowledge will enable employees to better understand and discuss technical concepts, procedures, and industry trends with their colleagues and clients. By gaining a deeper understanding of the industry-specific language, employees can enhance their credibility and effectiveness in their roles, ultimately contributing to the overall success of CNPC.Furthermore, the 2023 CNPC professional title English course provides employees with the opportunity to develop their cross-cultural communication skills. In today's globalized world, it is increasingly common for individuals to work with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. By learning how to effectively communicate and collaborate with individuals from different cultures, employees can build stronger working relationships and contribute to a more inclusive and harmonious work environment. This isparticularly important for a company like CNPC, which operates in numerous countries and interacts with a wide range of stakeholders.Moreover, the course also focuses on business communication skills, such as writing professional emails, delivering presentations, and participating in meetings. These skills are essential for employees at all levels of the organization, as they are often required to communicate with colleagues, clients, and other stakeholders. By honing their business communication skills, employees can ensure that their messages are clear, concise, and professional, ultimately enhancing their effectiveness in their roles.Additionally, the 2023 CNPC professional title English course offers employees the opportunity to expand their professional networks. The course provides a platform for employees from different departments and locations to come together, share their experiences, and learn from one another. This networking opportunity can be invaluable for employees seeking to broaden their horizons, gain new perspectives, and potentially identify new careeropportunities within the company. Building a strong professional network is crucial for career advancement, and this course provides employees with the chance to connect with their peers in a meaningful way.In conclusion, the 2023 CNPC professional title English course is a valuable and comprehensive program that offers employees the opportunity to enhance their language proficiency, industry-specific knowledge, cross-cultural communication skills, business communication skills, and professional networks. By participating in this course, employees can develop the skills and knowledge they need to excel in their roles and contribute to the overall success of CNPC. This investment in employee development not only benefits the individuals who participate in the course but also contributes to the long-term success and competitiveness of the company in the global marketplace.。

听力50题，30个短对话，4-5篇短文，短文只读1遍，建议前30个听，后面放弃直接蒙，节约时间做后面的题，要不时间有点紧语法40题，15个单选，25个找错，拿分题，建议多下功夫阅读50题，5篇文章，前面2篇很简单，后面3篇有点难度个人经验，多在语法和阅读上下功夫，阅读错10个以内，语法5个以内，听力全部蒙也差不多能过500无老师的网站一直在关注中石油的老托福考试。

在以前的诸多反馈之中，已经得到了很多第一手的信息，比如第一、从2009年开始中石油的考试已经进行了改革，已经不是完全沿用老托福PBT的真题。

第二、考试的题型还和原来的老托福一模一样，但是是模拟题，据非可靠信息称该题是从新东方买到的模拟题。

第三、这些题都已经被做过无数次，考卷上面有很多以前考过的痕迹。

如果是这样说的话，如果前人有足够的奉献精神的话，我们已经可以得到很多信息了，但是很遗憾，很少见到有人把到底考过什么题反馈到网络上来，因此无老师也不得而知。

下面这篇文章，显然是一位经历过这个考试的员工的一篇日志。

显然此人考试时间为2009年，很能反映出最新的中石油考试的特点，特供各位考友参考。

————————————————————————————————————————————————模拟托福考试改革的失败：可笑的模拟托福改革，考试竟然不出原题的，也不知道从哪里出的试题，没有范围，完全背离了模拟托福考试的初衷，估计着手改革的人脑子进水了：第一、模拟托福考试的初衷就是让有能力的人出国，而且提高一定的门槛，防止挤破门，但是应该有一定的技巧，就是让那些勤学的人，不会因为长时间工作而放弃学习的人考过关。

毕竟有很多地方对英语要求不是很高，很多岗位人手紧缺。

第二、模拟托福，拿以前旧托福的试卷，来进行考试测评是完全合乎情理的，旧托福考试是国外专业出题教师，通过严谨科学的对试题难度均衡调整而研发的试卷，试卷科学，对有一定基础的人应试，不管哪套题拿去做分数都相差不多，可以做为评比英语的学习掌握水平。

模拟试题三I. Vocabulary Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet.1.You’ll have to buy some new shoes as these are________ .A. used upB. wasted awayC. broken downD. worn out2.Will all those _____ the proposal raise their handsA. in relation toB. in excess ofC. in contrast toD. in favor of3.He is among those lucky students who have won _________ t o first rate university.A. permissionB. admittanceC. professionD. admission4.People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their cars, and this ________________ createsfurther problems.A. after allB. in turnC. in caseD. in time5.He was unable to _____ to the group what he meant.A. get inB. get acrossC. get alongD. get off6.Some old people don’t like pop songs because they can’t _________ so much noise.A. resistB. tolerateC. sustainD. undergo7.His discovery counts ______ nothing though he tried very hard.A. onB. forC. inD. up8.Difficulties and hardships have_______ the best qualities of the young geologist.A. brought outB. brought aboutC. brought forthD. brought up9.Richard doesn’t think he could ever what is called “free-style” poetry.A. take onB. take overC. take toD. take after10.He kept rubbing the child until _ he fell asleep.A. long afterB. soon afterC. before longD. long beforeSection BDirections: There are 10 sentences in this section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then, mark your answer on the answer sheet.11.One hundred years ago, communication lag between countries was measured in days or even months, but now due tomodem technology the lags has been reduced to seconds.A. inconvenienceB. delayC. intervalD. progress12.A full moon's illumination will highlight the San Francisco skyline against the night sky.A. discernB. brightenC. illustrateD. project13.The issue we are discussing concerns everyone who has children.A. subjectB. bookC. articleD. equation14.Most teenagers think their actions are mature.A. grown-upB. intelligentC. seriousD. childlike15.The budget director wanted to be certain that his officers were aware of the deadline.A. ask ifB. pretend thatC. make sure thatD. know if16.An archeologist must know exactly where and when an artifact was found.A. intuitivelyB. immediatelyC. brieflyD. precisely17.The President forecast that war would soon break out between the two neighboring slates.A. hintedB. worriedC. predictedD. disagreed18.Jack said that it was essential to leave immediately.A. unwiseB. possibleC. desirableD. necessary19.Weren’t those two writers contemporariesA. equally famousB. hostile to each otherC. familiar with each otherD. living at the same time20.Those housing projects must be designed and built according to very strict criteria.A. locationsB. relationsC. contractsD. standardsII ? Grammatical StructureSection ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the answer sheet.21.You are supposed _____ everything ready by now.A. to getB. gettingC. to have gotD. having got22. ___ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.A. NearlyB. That nearlyC. It is nearlyD. When nearly23.I’ll lend you my cassette recorder ______ I’ve done with it.A. every timeB. the momentC. untilD. lest24.He wondered _____ .A. what would his wife’s reaction beB. how would be his wife’s reactionC. what will be his wife’s reactionD.what his wife’s reaction would be25.The students _____ the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.A. doingB. didC. having doneD. to do26.We shall start at seven if it ______ by that time.A. will stop rainingB. stops to rainC. has stopped rainingD. will have stopped to rain27.You ____ her in office last Friday; She’s been out of town for two weeks.A. needn’t have seenB. might have seenC. must have seenD. can’t have seen28.Don’t you know it’s the first time he ______ this kind of meetingA. attendsB. attendedC. has attendedD. is attending29.The foreign guests, ______ were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the train station.A. most of themB. most of whomC. most of thatD. most of those30.1 need _____ more volunteers to help move the piano.A. noneB. anyC. fewD. someSection BDirections: In questions 31-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase which is incorrect and must be changed to make the sentence correct. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.31.The Vermont Elementary Science Project according to its founders, are designed to challengeA Bsome of the most widely held beliefs about teaching.C D32.Of the many machines invented in the late nineteenth century, none had a great impact on theA B CUnited States economy than the automobile.D33.Yesterday. Mr. Frank, who was negotiating a new contract, disappoint this supervisor.A B CD34.The director should decide to hire her, we should advise the personnel office to prepare all theA B Cnecessary paperwork.D35.We’ve decided to stop to interview qualified applicants who are not willing to relocate.A B CD36.There is a rumor that the workers are discussing establishing union.A B C D37.Mr. Jenkins made the decision that she will promote her administrative assistant beforeA B Cthe end of the year.D38.A repair job is costing over S3,000 is automatically discounted $500 from the total cost.A B C D39.Mr. Spencer advised me talking to my colleague about the problem before filing an officialA B Ccomplaint against her.D40.Louisa May Akott is chiefly remembered for Little women, one of the most popular girlsA B Cbooks ever wrote.DHI. Cloze TestDirections: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark you’re a nswer on the answer sheet.Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing andfrustrating experience. The lecturer speaks for one or two hours, perhaps 41 the talk withslides, writing up important information on the blackboard, distributing reading material andgiving out 42 . The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks andwonders what to write. Very often the student leaves the lecture 43 notes which do not catchthe main points and which become hard even for the 44 to understand.Most institutions provide courses which assist new students to develop the skills they need tobe effective listeners and note-takers. 45 these are unavailable, there are many usefulstudy-skills guides which enable learners to practice these skills 46 .In all cases it is importantto tackle the problem 47 actually starting your studies.It is important to acknowledge that most students have difficulty in acquiring the languageskills 48 in college study. One way of overcoming these difficulties is to attend the languageand study skills classes which most institutions provide throughout the 49 year. Another basicstrategy is to find a study partner 50 it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas andprovide support.41. A. extending B. illustrating C. performing D. conducting42. A. assignments B. information C. content D. definition43. A. without B. with C. on D. except44. A. teachers B. classmates C. partners D. students45. A. Because B. Though C. Whether D. If46. A. independently B. repeatedly C. logically D. generally47. A. before B. after C. while D. for48. A. to require B. required C. requiring D. are required49. A. average B. ordinary C. normal D. academic50. A. in that B. for which C. with whom D. such asIV. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Questions 51 to 54 are based on the following passage:A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist as asked which of three groups borrow most--people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes--he would probably answer: those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947--1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up, they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increase may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. "In a few months," she said, "we'll have to pay more for meat and milk; we'll have less to spend on other things." Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be resented and buyer's resistance may be evoked.The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The condition most conductive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy Of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology.51. If a scientist wants to study consumer behavior, what must he doA. He must predict the way in which consumers will spend their money.B. He must do scientific research.C. He must know background of customers.D. He must do research and learn the resources and motives of customers.52. Which of the following groups borrow money most according to traditional assumptionA. People with rising incomes.B. People with stable incomes.C. People with declining incomes.D. None of the above.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passageA. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are not always reliable.B. The condition that most helps to produce spending appears to be price rising.C. Maintaining stable prices is a common business policy.D. The results of the investigation in America were not the same as those in Great Britain.54. The research survey in America have showed that when the prices rise, __A. people will hasten to buyB. people will stop buyingC. people will postpone their purchaseD. people will buy more than they can useQuestions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage:The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. The first railswere made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the 1870's, however, steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive process of heating, stirring and reheating iron ore.Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would bum out the impurities that made the iron brittle. As the air shot through the furnace, the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of sparks. When the fire cooled, the metal had been changed, or converted to steel. The Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel in a matter of minutes.Just when the demand for more and more steel developed, prospectors discovered huge new deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120 long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior. The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that they could be mined with steam shovels.Barges and steamers carried the iron ore through Lake Superior to depots on the southernshores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With dizzying speed Gary, Indiana, and Toledo,Youngstown, and Cleveland, Ohio, became major steel manufacturing centers. Pittsburgh was the greatest steel city of all.Steel was the basic building material of the industrial age. Production skyrocketed fromseventy-seven-thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven million tons in 1900.55, According to the passage, the railroad industry preferred steel to iron because steel was __A. cheaper and more plentifulB. lighter and easier to moldC. cleaner and easier to mineD. stronger and more durable56. According to the passage, how did Bessemer method make the mass production of steelpossibleA. It directed air at melted iron in a furnace, removing all impurities.B. It slowly heated iron ore then stirred it and heated it again.C. It changed iron ore into iron which was a substitute for steel.D. It could quickly find deposits of iron ore under the ground.57. According to the passage, where were large deposits of iron uncoveredA. In Pittsburgh.B. In the Mesabi Range.C. Near Lake Michigan.D. Near Lake Erie.58. It can be inferred from the passage that the mass production of steel caused __A. a decline in the railroad industryB. a revolution in the industrial worldC. an increase in the price of steelD. a feeling of discontent among steel workersQuestions 59 to 62 are based on the following passage:The English have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities. It isclaimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it.Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed some attitudes and habits distinguishing him from other nationalities.Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person among people he knows well. Before strangers he often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a railway compartment any morning or evening to see the truth. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing (打盹) in a comer; no one speaks. An English wit once suggested to overseas visitors, "On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearlyunderstood code of behavior, which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object ofsuspicion.It is well known that the English seldom show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion etc. Of course, an Englishman feels no less than any other nationality. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. A man of more emotional temperament might describe her as "a marvelous jewel", while the Englishman will flatly state "Um, she's all right". An Englishmanmay recommend a highly successful and enjoyable film to friends by commenting, "It's not bad." The overseas visitors must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest; he must realize that "all right", "not bad" are very often used with the sense of "first class", "excellent". Thisspecial use of language is particularly common in English.59. One explanation for the different character of English people is thatA. they are geographically isolated from the European continentB. they have nothing to do with the other EuropeansC. they like to keep quiet among their acquaintancesD. they tend to be reserved by nature60. According to the passage, on entering a railway compartment, an overseas visitor is expected toA. inquire about the code of behavior in the trainB. shake hands with all the passengersC. shake hands with the person he knowsD. behave like an Englishman61. The English way of commenting on something or somebody suggests thatA. the English are modest in most circumstancesB. the English feel no less than any other nationalityC. the English tend to display less emotion than they feelD. the English don't take a strong interest in making comment62. What does the passage mainly discussA. The differences between the English and the other Europeans.B. The different character of the English man and its reason.C. The reasons for English people's shyness.D. The code of behavior of the nationalities in Europe.Questions 63 to 66 are based on the following passage:James Joyce was an Irish novelist who revolutionized the methods of depicting charactersand developing a plot in modem fiction. His astonishing way of constructing a novel, his frank portrayal of human nature in his books, and his complete command of English have made him one of the outstanding influences on literature in the 20th Century. Many critics judge that he is second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language. Joyce was deeply influenced by Ireland and wrote all his books about Dublin.When he was in Dublin College, he studied languages and spent his spare time reading books. He refused to take part in the nationalist movement like his fellow students, but he became passionately interested in literature. He wrote outspoken articles of literary criticism that shocked his teachers and even taught himself Norwegian so that he could read Ibsen's works in the original.When he graduated in 1902, he knew he would become a writer and an exile, because he felt he could not be one without the other. In order to preserve his ideal of writing truthfully, fully, and as objectively as he knew how, about the people and places he knew best, he had to escape from all temptations to become involved in popular opinion or public life. He went to France, Italy and Switzerland, where he lived in poverty and obscurity for the first 20 years, only returning to Ireland when his mother was dying. Except for a couple of brief trips, he stayed abroad all his life.63. James Joyce was famous for many reasons EXCEPT __A. his way of constructing a novelB. his frank portrayal of human natureC. his complete command of EnglishD. his passion in literature64. "He is second only to Shakespeare" is a comment on his __A. achievement in literatureB. achievement in the nationalist movementC. achievement in his study of languagesD. mastery of the English language65. How many examples are used to show his passion in literatureA. 2.B. 3.C. 1.D. 4.66. Why did James Joyce stay abroad almost all his lifeA. Because he wanted to live in poverty and obscurity.B. Because he wanted to write the people and places he knew best.C. Because he wanted to escape from all temptations to become involved in popular opinionor public life.D. Because he wanted to preserve his ideal of writing truthfully, fully and objectively aboutthe people and the places he knew best.Section BDirections: You should answer Questions 67-75 which are based on the following passages, Mark your answer on the answer sheet.Part OneA Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. FromMexico City and New York, to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed, trialled and implemented with ever increasing speed. It is feared that unless pollution reduction measures are able to keep pace with the continued pressures of urban growth, air quality in many of the world’s major cities will deteriorate beyond reason.B Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved enforcement and innovativetechnology. In Los Angeles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: ihcir first of the cleanest, titled “Zero Emission Vehicles ”，have to be available soon, since they are intended to make up 2 per cent of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce antipollution laws themselves; at present only the police have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore, renting out road space to users is the way of the future.C When Britain’s Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 per cent ofthem produced more than half the total pollution. Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizeable number of quire new cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned. California has developed a scheme to get these gross polluters off the streets: they offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner. The aim is to remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicles from the roads.D As part of a European Union environmental programm, a London council is testing an infra-red spectrometerfrom the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle - more useful than the annual stationary test that is the British standard today ? by bouncing a beam through the exhaust and measuring what gets blocked. The council’s next step may be to link the system to a computerized video camera able to read number plates automatically.E The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more.Los Angeles has some of the world’s clean est cars - far better than those of Europe ? but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.3，has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well as casing congestion. The trouble is, Los Angelenos seem to like being alone in their cars.F Singapore has for a while had a scheme that forces drivers to buy a badge if they wish to visit a certain part of thecity. Electronic innovations make possible increasing sophistication: rates can vary according to road conditions, rime of day and so on. Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition.Part TwoThe scope of the problem facing the world’s cities is immense. In 1992, the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities - places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 - already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more.Of the six pollutants monitored by the WHO - carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter - it is this last category that is attracting the most attention from health researchers. PM 10, a sub-category of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a metre across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant.A world-wide rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades is now said to be linked with increased air pollution. The lungs and brains of children who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually hasten death, as it did in December 1991 when a cloud of exhaust fumes lingered over the city of London for over a week.The United Nations has estimated that in the year 2000 there will be twenty-four megacities and a further eight-five cities of more than three million people. The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion with the growth of cities themselves. Progress is being m ade. The question, though, remains the same: “Will change happen quickly enough’，Questions 67-70Look at the following solutions (Questions 67-70) and locations.Match each solution with one location.Choose the appropriate locations and mark your answers on the answer sheet. NB youmay use any location more than once.SOLUTIONS67.Authorities want to have power to enforce anti-pollution laws.68.Drivers will be charged according to the roads they use.69.Moving vehicles will be monitored for their exhaust emissions.______Questions 71-72Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in this passage For questions 71-72, chooseA.if the statement agrees with the views of the writer (YES)B.if the statement contradicts the views of the writer (NO)C.if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this (NOT GIVEN)71.It is currently possible to measure the pollution coming from individual vehicles whilst they are moving.72.Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years Questions 73-75 Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the answer sheet.73.How many pollutants currently exceed WHO guidelines in all megacities studiedA. oneB. twoC. threeD. seven74.Which pollutant is currently the subject of urgent researchA. nitrogen dioxideB. ozoneC. leadD. particulate matter75.Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by intense air pollutionA. allergy sufferersB. childrenC. the old and illD. asthma sufferers。

0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma! did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary westernof North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage througha prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys 40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been)arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances) look less (alike than) coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat(15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquidright to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell”in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewingEuropa from far away(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in commonwhich of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings ofcultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In bothareas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certainnative plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form aroundhuman settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almostdomesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, becauseethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for thecultivation of plants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritionalvalue(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all earlydomesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who begancultivating plants were(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the othersto follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the contextchanges. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has tobe kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use(10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitiveto these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,(15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from sideto side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trailpheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to pointout(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word “ oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) falling(B) depositing(C) swinging(D) starting。

10-The Dress Code for Office Life1.Every office has a dress code<着装要求>，but in today’s casual<随便的，偶然的，非正式的>workplace，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to<应由、适于> each individual<每个人> to figure out<想出、理解> what’s acceptable<可以接受的> and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately<合适地、适当地>,but fortunately<幸运地> most offices also send out<发出、送出> a few signals.每个办公室都有其着装之道，但在当今较随便的工作场合中，着装规则并不总是明文写出。

这就需要每位职员自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。

这实际上增加了得体着装的难度，但好在大多数办公室也发出一些信号。

2.Start by taking a cue<暗示、线索> from others. Does everyone wear conservative<保守的> suits? Then you’d best follow suit. Are jeans and denim<粗斜纹棉布> shirts the norm<规范>?Then it’s okay to go casual, although you may want to dress up<着装> a little the first few weeks when the boss is sizing you up<size up品评，符合要求；估计…大小>.This is especially<尤其，特别> true if the boss doesn’t dress down as much as everyone else does.先从别人身上寻得一些线索。

2020中石油托福考试模拟题题目一：托福阅读托福考试是世界上最具权威性的英语水平考试之一，被广泛认可和采用。

在2020年的中石油托福考试模拟题中，阅读部分将是考试的重要组成部分。

本文将针对2020中石油托福考试模拟题中的阅读部分进行解析和探讨。

首先，让我们来看一道典型的托福阅读题目：Passage 1: Fossils in Greenland。

这道题目要求考生们通过阅读一篇关于格陵兰岛化石的文章，并回答相关问题。

阅读材料将围绕格陵兰岛的地质构造、化石种类和形成时间等方面展开。

在解答问题之前，我们应该先通读全文，掌握阅读材料的大意和主要内容。

接下来，我们需要开展逐题分析。

每道题目都有其特定的要求和难点，我们需要抓住关键词，理清答题思路。

例如，题目一要求我们判断下列哪个选项正确地描述了格陵兰岛地质构造的变化。

我们可以通过定位关键词，并结合文中相关段落，找到正确答案。

此外，托福阅读还会考察考生们的词汇理解能力，对于一些生词和专业术语的掌握是必要的。

在遇到生词时，我们可以通过上下文来猜测其意思，或者借助词根词缀的知识进行推测。

除了阅读理解之外，本次托福模拟考试还设置了一些其他类型的阅读题目，例如配对题、细节理解题等。

针对这些题型的答题要求，我们需要加强对文章细节的理解，通过逐行阅读和标注关键信息的方式来提高答题准确率。

在备考过程中，没有捷径可走，唯有多加练习。

阅读大量的英语文章，并进行适当的阅读速度和理解力的训练，可以提高自己的阅读水平和应对考试的能力。

在结尾处，我们总结了本文讨论的重点。

在2020中石油托福考试模拟题中，阅读部分的复杂性不容小觑。

掌握阅读技巧、扩充词汇量、培养快速阅读能力，都是提高阅读成绩的关键。

希望本文提供的解析和建议能够对考生备考托福阅读部分有所帮助。

题目二：托福听力托福考试中的听力部分是每位考生需要关注和重视的重要环节。

2020中石油托福考试模拟题中的听力部分涵盖了不同场景和话题，要求考生们能够快速听懂并准确理解听力材料的内容。

中石油英语900句模拟考试The simulation exam for CNPC English 900 Sentences plays a crucial role in preparing candidates for the real-world challenges of language communication in the oil and gas industry. This exam not only tests the examinee's proficiency in English but also their ability to apply language skills to professional contexts. In this article, we delve into the importance of this simulation exam, its structure, and how it can benefit individuals seeking a career in the oil and gas sector.**Exam Structure and Format**The simulation exam for CNPC English 900 Sentences typically consists of multiple sections, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, speaking, and writing. Each section is designed to test different aspects of English proficiency, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of the candidate's language skills.**Listening Comprehension**In this section, candidates are presented with audio recordings of professional conversations related to the oil and gas industry. They are required to answer questions based on the information provided in the recordings. This section tests the candidate's ability to understand and interpret spoken English in a professional setting.**Reading Comprehension**The reading comprehension section involves reading passages related to the oil and gas industry and answering questions based on the content. This section assesses the candidate's reading speed, comprehension skills, and vocabulary knowledge.**Vocabulary and Grammar**This section tests the candidate's knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar related to the oil and gas industry. Candidates are required to identify the correct usage of words and phrases in professional contexts.**Speaking**In the speaking section, candidates are asked to participate in role-plays or discussions related to the oiland gas industry. This section assesses the candidate's ability to communicate effectively in English, their fluency, pronunciation, and language use.**Writing**The writing section requires candidates to compose emails, reports, or other written materials related to the oil and gas industry. This section evaluates thecandidate's writing skills, ability to structure and organize ideas, and knowledge of professional writing conventions.**Benefits of the Simulation Exam**Participating in the simulation exam for CNPC English 900 Sentences offers numerous benefits to individuals seeking a career in the oil and gas industry. Firstly, it provides a realistic assessment of their English proficiency, allowing them to identify areas of weakness and focus on improvement. Secondly, it prepares candidates for the language challenges they may encounter in a professional setting, enabling them to communicate more confidently and effectively. Finally, it acts as a valuabletool for career advancement, increasing the candidate's chances of securing a position in the oil and gas industry. In conclusion, the simulation exam for CNPC English 900 Sentences is an essential component of preparing for a career in the oil and gas industry. It tests candidates' proficiency in English and their ability to apply language skills to professional contexts, providing a comprehensive evaluation of their language skills. By participating inthis exam, candidates can improve their English proficiency, prepare for the challenges of professional communication, and enhance their chances of success in the oil and gas industry.**中石油英语900句模拟考试与实际应用**中石油英语900句模拟考试对于准备应对石油和天然气行业语言交流实际挑战的考生来说，具有至关重要的作用。

2023年中石油职称英语考试通用选读全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Super-Duper Important CNPC English ExamHey there, kids! Are you ready to hear about something really exciting? I'm talking about the CNPC Professional Title English Exam that happened in 2023! I know, I know, exams don't sound like much fun. But trust me, this one was pretty darn special.You see, the CNPC (that stands for China National Petroleum Corporation) is a huge company that deals with oil and gas. They have workers all over China, and even in other countries too! These workers have all sorts of different jobs, like engineers, scientists, and even office workers who help keep everything running smoothly.Now, in a company as big and important as CNPC, it's really important that everyone can communicate well in English. After all, English is like the universal language of the world! It helps people from different countries and cultures understand each other better.That's why, every year, CNPC holds a special English exam for all their workers. The ones who do really well on the exam might even get a promotion or a new, fancier job title! Imagine being called a "Senior Petroleum Engineer" or a "Chief Geologist" – how cool would that be?But let me tell you, this exam is no walk in the park. It tests your English skills in all sorts of ways, like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. You have to answer questions about tricky grammar rules, read long passages and understand what they're saying, and even have conversations in English with the examiners!Thousands and thousands of CNPC workers from all over China took this exam in 2023. Some of them had been studying English for months and months, practicing with textbooks, online courses, and even hiring private tutors! They knew how important it was to do well on this exam.And you know what? Some of the kids' parents were even taking the exam too! That's right, CNPC has all sorts of workers, from fresh-out-of-school young'uns to experienced veterans who have been in the company for decades. English is important for everyone!I heard some pretty wild stories about the exam day too. There were test centers set up in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, but also in tiny little towns way out in the countryside. Some workers had to travel for days just to get to the nearest exam site!And let me tell you, those exam rooms were no joke. They had cameras everywhere to make sure nobody was cheating, and strict rules about what you could bring in (definitely no secret notes or cheat sheets allowed!). The examiners were professionals who had been specially trained to catch even the slightest mistakes or funny business.But you know what the craziest part was? The exam wasn't just about English – it was also about oil and gas stuff! That's right, the questions were all related to the petroleum industry, with technical terms and everything. So not only did you need to know your English, but you also had to understand all the science and engineering behind drilling for oil, refining it, and transporting it safely.Phew, just thinking about it makes my head spin a little! I don't know how those CNPC workers managed to cram all that knowledge into their brains. But I guess that's what makes them the professionals, huh?Anyway, after the big exam day was over, it was time for the waiting game. The examiners had to grade thousands and thousands of test papers, which took weeks and weeks. I can only imagine how tired their eyes must have been after reading all those essays and listening to all those recordings!Finally, the results were announced, and there was a whole bunch of celebrating going on! Workers who did really well were overjoyed, and their families threw them parties to congratulate them. Some people even got promotions or new job titles right away, which meant more money and more responsibility.But you know what? Even the workers who didn't do as well weren't too upset. They knew that taking the exam was already a big accomplishment, and that they could always try again next year. The important thing was that they had challenged themselves and worked hard to improve their English skills.And that's really what this whole CNPC English exam thing was all about – encouraging everyone in the company to keep learning, keep growing, and keep communicating better. Because when you can understand people from all over the world, that's when the real magic happens!So there you have it, kids – the inside scoop on the 2023 CNPC Professional Title English Exam. I don't know about you,but I'm already looking forward to hearing about the next one! Who knows, maybe someday you'll be the ones taking it and becoming the next generation of oil and gas superstars. Stranger things have happened, right?篇2My Big Important English TestHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I go to Sunshine Elementary School in Beijing. Today I'm going to tell you all about the big important English test I had to take recently. It was called the 2023 Sinopec Professional English Exam and it was really hard!My mom works at a big oil company called Sinopec. Every few years, all the employees have to take this huge English test to show they can speak and understand English well. If they don't pass, they might not get promoted or could even lose their job! So it's a really big deal.This year, my mom was signed up to take the test again. She studied really hard for months - reading books, doing practice tests, and listening to English audio lessons. She said the test covers all kinds of English skills like reading, writing, listening,speaking, grammar, and vocabulary. It sounded super difficult to me.A few weeks before the test date, my mom started getting really stressed out. She would come home from work and then study late into the night. Sometimes I would hear her muttering English words and phrases under her breath while she was cooking or folding laundry. My little brother and I tried to help her practice her English conversation skills, but she said our Beijing accents were "too cute" and not proper enough!Finally, the week of the big test arrived. My mom had to go to a special test center really early in the morning for the speaking and listening sections. She said there were hundreds of other test takers there too, all looking just as nervous as she felt. The speaking part was hard because she had to respond to questions, describe scenarios, and have whole conversations - all in English! She said her heart was pounding the entire time.After a quick lunch break, it was time for the reading, writing, and language use sections in the afternoon. My mom said those parts were just as challenging. The reading passages were full of advanced vocabulary about science, technology, business, and current events that she wasn't familiar with. The writing tasks required her to write essays, reports, emails and summaries - allwithout making any grammar mistakes! By the end of the day, her brain was completely fried.While we waited for her results, my mom was a nervous wreck. She didn't know if she had passed or failed. If she failed, she might not get promoted to a management position that she had been hoping for. Our whole family had our fingers crossed!A few weeks later, the results finally came out. We ripped open the envelope and...my mom had passed! She got a qualifying score and earned her Sinopec English certification. We all cheered and celebrated her hard work. My mom treated us to pizza at our favorite restaurant. She said this exam was one of the hardest things she'd ever done, but she had persevered through all the reading, writing, listening, and speaking practices.I was so proud of her!After seeing my mom go through this tough English exam, I realized how important it is to learn another language. It opens up so many opportunities in your career. You can communicate with people globally, read things from other countries, and understand different perspectives. My mom's English skills are going to help her get ahead at Sinopec.I've decided that I'm going to start studying English extra hard at school. One day, I'll be taking big important tests like thistoo! Who knows, maybe I'll grow up to work for an international company or even travel the world. But I know studying English will open up so many doors for me, just like it did for my mom. Tests like the Sinopec Professional Exam are difficult, but overcoming that challenge makes you feel capable of anything.I'm really lucky that my mom set such a great example for me by working so diligently towards her English certification. She showed me how useful English skills are in the real world. I'm going to follow in her footsteps and keep practicing reading, writing, listening and speaking as much as I can. Then when it's my turn to take a big test like that someday, I'll be prepared!篇3My Big Sis Took the Sinopec English ExamHi everyone! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 8 years old. I go to Sunshine Elementary School here in Beijing. Today I want to tell you all about my big sister Meimei and the big important English test she just took for her job at Sinopec.Meimei is 25 years old and she's a petroleum engineer at Sinopec, which is one of the biggest oil and gas companies in China. Sinopec has operations all over the country and even in other parts of the world. Meimei's job is to help design andoperate the systems that extract oil and gas from deep underground.Every few years, the engineers and other professionals at Sinopec have to take exams to get certified for higher titles and ranks within the company. The titles show their level of expertise and experience. This year, Meimei took the exam for the title of Senior Engineer. It had sections testing her knowledge in areas like oil drilling, refining, safety procedures, and English language skills.The English part was really important because Meimei has to read a lot of technical manuals and research papers written in English. She also needs to communicate with co-workers and partners from other countries where they speak English. The English section had reading comprehension passages about topics related to the oil and gas industry.Meimei studied really hard for months leading up to the exam day. After dinner every night, she would retreat to her bedroom and review thick textbooks filled with technical terms and practice exam questions. Sometimes she would have me quiz her on vocabulary words in English. Words like "sedimentary" and "hydraulic fracturing" that were super hard for me to pronounce!On the weekend before the exam, Meimei did a full practice run, taking a mock test with a timer set for the full 3 hours just like the real thing would be. She said it helped her get used to the intense time pressure of having to read long passages quickly and answer questions accurately. I helped her practice by timing her and verifying her answers against the answer key.Finally, exam day arrived two weeks ago. Meimei put on her nicest pantsuit and headed to the exam center bright and early in the morning. The test had a total of 5 sections including the English reading part. From what Meimei told me, the English passages were about topics like offshore oil platforms, environmental safety regulations, and techniques for enhanced oil recovery.To prepare for the reading section, Meimei said she did lots of practice skimming through passages and identifying the main ideas. She had to move quickly through the technical articles without getting bogged down on minor details. Then she learned strategies for answering different types of comprehension questions accurately and efficiently.There were multiple choice vocabulary questions that tested definitions of key terms from the energy industry. There were also true/false and short answer questions about important facts,concepts and procedures described in the passages. Meimei found it challenging to manage her time wisely and avoid running out of time before finishing all the questions.After the full 3 hour exam was finally over, Meimei felt relieved but also completely drained from the intense mental workout. She rehydrated with some water and a nutrient bar before heading back home on the bus. Even though she felt good about having prepared thoroughly, she still felt nervous waiting for her results.A couple weeks went by before the exam scores were finally released online last Friday. I could hear Meimei squealing with joy from the other room when she logged in and saw that she passed the English section and the overall exam! With a big smile on her face, she came and gave me a huge hug to celebrate her achievement.Meimei told me that performing well on the English reading section was crucial for her career advancement at Sinopec. The exam verified she has the language skills needed to understand complex technical information and communicate effectively with global partners in the energy industry. By passing the exam, Meimei earned the Senior Engineer title which comes with more responsibilities but also higher pay.I'm so proud of my big sis Meimei for her hard work and perseverance in studying for this important exam. Seeing her dedication has inspired me to keep working hard in school so I can achieve my own goals in the future, maybe even becoming a petroleum engineer at Sinopec just like her!I hope you enjoyed learning about Meimei's experience with the 2023 Sinopec Professional Title English Exam. Even though the technical details were way over my 8-year-old head, I think it's really cool how important English skills are for engineering careers nowadays with so much international collaboration happening. The energy industry sounds pretty interesting too with all the big machinery and science involved in extracting resources like oil and gas from underground reservoirs. Who knows, maybe I'll end up following in Meimei's footsteps someday! But for now, I've got plenty of time to just be a kid and focus on my times tables. Take care everyone!篇4My Big Oil Adventure!Hi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I just had the craziest experience and I can't wait to tell you all about it! It all started when my dad told me he had to go to work at the big oilcompany he works for called Sinopec. He's a petroleum engineer which means he helps get oil and gas out of the ground. Pretty cool, right?Anyway, he said I could go to work with him for "Take Your Kid to Work Day"! I was so excited because I love learning about science and I've always wondered what my dad actually does at his job. So bright and early that morning, we hopped in the car and headed to this huge oil field in the desert.When we got there, I couldn't believe my eyes! There were these massive metal towers everywhere shooting flames out of the top. My dad called them "flare stacks" and said they burn off extra gas. He also showed me the drill rigs which are like huge machines that drill way down into the earth to reach the oil and gas reservoirs. They were taller than skyscrapers!After checking out the drilling rigs, we went inside the main operations building. That's where all the engineers and geologists work to monitor and control everything happening at the oil field. There were so many big computer screens showing maps and diagrams and numbers. It was like a fancy mission control room!My dad's friend Sarah, who is a petroleum geologist, took me on a tour to explain how they find new oil reserves. Sheshowed me these cool 3D images of underground rock formations on the computer. Using math, science, and technology, the geologists can analyze the pictures and data to figure out the best spots to drill for oil and gas! Sarah said it's like being a detective, but instead of looking for criminals they look for hydrocarbons trapped in the rocks.Then it was lunchtime, but not just any lunchtime! We got to eat in the camp living quarters where the workers stay for weeks at a time. I had my first taste of "rig pig" stew which is a hearty soup made for the drill crews. After refueling with lots of food, it was off to see more of the field.We went inside this big fenced area full of huge cylindrical tanks. My dad said those were the oil storage tanks whereall the crude oil gets pumped into after it comes out of the ground. He showed me how they carefully measure and monitor the oil levels in each tank. There was also a network of pipes connecting all the tanks to each other and to the places where trucks load up and take the oil away to refineries.The last stop was definitely the smelliest - we visited the natural gas processing plant! This was where they separate out the various hydrocarbons like propane and butane from the natural gas, so it can be safely used for heating homes andbusinesses. Between the rotten egg smell of sulfur and the thick maze of equipment and piping, it felt like we were on an alien planet!After the grand tour, I was in awe at how much amazing science, math, and engineering goes into getting the oil and gas out of the ground and processed. Who knew my dad had such a cool job? I came home exhausted but excited to share everything I had learned.Maybe I'll grow up to be a petroleum engineer or geologist too! I can't wait for the next Take Your Kid to Work Day with Sinopec. The oil fields are like modern-day frontiers waiting to be explored. It's a big endeavor keeping the world's energy supply flowing, but there are so many brilliant men and women up for the challenge. I'm proud my dad is one of them! That's my big oil adventure for now, but I'm sure there will be many more to come.篇5My Amazing Adventure in the Oil FieldHello, everyone! I want to tell you about my incredible adventure in the oil field. It was so exciting and I learned a lot of interesting things there. Let me share my story with you!Last summer, my family and I went on a vacation to an oil field. I was super curious because I had heard a lot about oil and how important it is for our daily lives. When we arrived, I couldn't believe my eyes. There were huge machines, tall towers, and lots of pipes everywhere. It looked like a whole different world!We had a guide who took us around and explained how oil is extracted from the ground. He told us that oil is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Can you imagine that? It's like a time capsule from the past! The guide showed us a picture of a dinosaur and said that its remains could turn into oil someday. I thought that was super cool!Next, we visited an oil well. It was like a big hole in the ground, and there was a machine that pumped oil out. The guide told us that it takes a lot of hard work and advanced technology to extract oil safely. He also explained that oil is used to make many things we use every day, like gasoline for cars, plastic for toys, and even the clothes we wear. I never realized how important oil is in our lives!After that, we went to a refinery. It was a massive facility where they process the crude oil and turn it into useful products. The guide showed us how they separate the different components of oil, like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It was like abig science experiment! I learned that they have to be very careful because some of the components can be dangerous if not handled properly.At the end of our tour, we visited a museum that had lots of interactive exhibits about oil and energy. I played games and learned even more interesting facts. Did you know that solar and wind power are also important sources of energy? I was amazed at how many different ways we can generate power!My adventure in the oil field was truly amazing. I learned so much and had a lot of fun too. It made me appreciate all the hard work that goes into extracting and using oil. I now understand why it's important to conserve energy and explore alternative sources. Who knows, maybe one day I'll become an engineer and help develop new ways to power our world!That's the end of my story. I hope you enjoyed hearing about my adventure in the oil field. Remember, learning can be exciting and you never know what amazing things you might discover!篇6The Big Day for Oil Workers!Hi there, kids! Today I'm going to tell you all about a very important test that many oil workers have to take. It's called the 2023 PetroChina Professional Title English Exam. Now, I know what you're thinking - "Boring! Why do I care about some test for oil workers?" But trust me, this is going to be a fun story!You see, PetroChina is a huge company that deals with oil and gas. They have workers all over China who help get the oil and gas out of the ground and to people's homes and cars. But it's not an easy job! These workers have to learn all sorts of things to be really good at their jobs.One of the most important things they have to learn is English. Can you believe it? Even though they work in China, they still need to know English! That's because a lot of the big machines and tools they use come with instructions and manuals written in English. Plus, they sometimes have to talk to people from other countries who only speak English.So every few years, PetroChina has all of its workers take a big English test. It's kind of like the tests you take at school, but it's just on English and it's really, really hard! The workers have to study for months and months to get ready for it.Now, you might be wondering, "Why does it matter if the oil workers know English or not?" Well, let me tell you! If theworkers don't understand the instructions on how to use the machines properly, they could make a big mistake. And when you're dealing with oil and gas, even a tiny mistake can cause a huge problem! So it's super important that the workers really know their English.The test has four main parts: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. For the listening part, the workers have to listen to recordings in English and answer questions about what they heard. The reading part has them read passages in English and answer comprehension questions. Writing tests their ability to write clear and correct English sentences and paragraphs. And speaking checks if they can properly pronounce English words and have conversations.Phew, that's a lot to prepare for, isn't it? Imagine having to take a test on every single subject you learn at school, all in one day! That's kind of what it's like for these oil workers.Now, I'm sure you're wondering how the workers get ready for such a huge test. Well, many of them take extra English classes or hire private tutors to help them practice. They read English books and newspapers, watch English movies and shows, and listen to English music. Basically, they try to surround themselves with English as much as possible!The days leading up to the test are probably really stressful for the workers. They're probably cramming as much last-minute studying as they can and feeling really nervous. I bet some of them even have trouble sleeping the night before because they're so anxious!But you know what? I think it's really amazing that these workers are willing to work so hard to learn English. It just shows how dedicated they are to being the best oil workers they can be. They're trying their best to keep us all safe while still getting us the oil and gas we need.On the day of the test, I imagine there's a lot of excitement and tension in the air. The workers probably arrive at the test center feeling a mix of nerves and determination. As they sit down to begin the exam, I'll bet they take a few deep breaths to calm themselves down. And then, it's time to put all those months of studying to the test!I don't know about you, but I'll be sending them all my positive thoughts and cheering them on from the sidelines. Getting through a test like that is no easy feat!Once it's all over, I'm sure there's a huge feeling of relief for the workers. Some of them will probably go out to celebrate, while others might just want to go home and sleep for a weekstraight! Whatever they do, they should be really proud of themselves. They worked incredibly hard, and that's something to feel great about.So there you have it, kids - the whole story behind the big 2023 PetroChina Professional Title English Exam. It might not seem that exciting at first, but when you think about how important it is and how much effort goes into it, it's actually pretty amazing!I don't know about you, but this story has given me a whole new appreciation for the oil workers who make sure we have the energy we need. The next time you flip on a light switch or hop into a car, remember all the hard work that went into making that possible - including passing tough English exams!What did you think of my story? Let me know if you have any other questions! I'll do my best to explain more about this test and the incredible people who take it. Thanks for reading, and don't forget to study hard - you never know when you might need to take an important English exam yourself!。

阅读1. What is the main reason that people developedmethods of refrigeration?○A They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional value of food.○B They needed to slow the natural processes that cause food to spoil.○C They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers.○D They wanted to expand the production of certain industries.2. The word perishable in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning to○A capable of spoiling○B uncooked○C of animal origin○D highly nutritious3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutcold storage before the invention of artificialrefrigeration?○A It kept food cold for only about a week.○B It was dependent on a source of ice or snow.○C It required a container made of metal or wood.○D It was not a safe method of preserving meat.4. Artificial refrigeration involves all of thefollowing processes EXCEPT○A the pumping of water vapor through a pipe○B the rapid expansion of certain gases○C the evaporation of a volatile liquid○D the transfer of heat from one place to another5. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlightedsentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choiceschange the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.○A It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into a vapor, especially when thevapor loses heat.○B Some gases expand rapidly and give offenergy when they encounter a very coldTHE DEVELOPMENT OFREFRIGERATIONCold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria, molds, and veast—that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice—filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow—fever patients in a Floridahospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice andliquid.○C When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquid molecules turn into vapormolecules.○D During evaporation, the vapor molecules use energy, and the liquidbecomes colder.6. According to the passage, who was the firstperson to use artificial refrigeration for apractical purpose?○A William Cullen○B Oliver Evans○C John Gorrie○D Adolphus Busch7. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to○A printer○B refrigerator○C type○D ether8. Why does the author discuss the brewingindustry in paragraph 4?○A To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigeration○B To describe the unique problems that brewers faced○C To praise the accomplishments of a prominent brewer○D To show how refrigeration changed a whole industry9. The word constrained in paragraph 4 is closestin meaning to○A restricted○B spoiled○C improved○D alternated10. According to the passage, the first refrigeratedrailcar used what material as a cooling agent?○A Ether○B Ice○C Ammonia○D CFCs11. The word toxic in paragraph 5 is closest inmeaning to experimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1 870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines.The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until l929, refrigerators used toxic gases—ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone.○A dense○B poisonous○C rare○D expensivepassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Gorrie’s basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used in refrigerators today.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth andethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration’s design to create anair-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital.Gorrie later left his medicalpractice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanicalIn the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor—compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.13—14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Answer Choiees○A A refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.○B People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas.○C Artificial refrigeration Was made possible by the compression and evaporation of avolatile substance.○D William Cullen developed a method ofartificial refrigeration in 1748.○E Practical uses of vapor-compression refrigeration were introduced in thenineteenth century.○F CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earth’sozone layer.15. According to the passage, how did CanadianEnglish become a distinct variety of NorthAmerican English? ○A Linguists noticed that Canadians spoke a unique dialect.○B A large group of Loyalists settled in oneregion at the same time.○C Growth of the middle class led to a standard school curriculum.○D Canadians declared their language to be different from U.S. English.16. The word norms in paragraph 1 is closest inmeaning to○A patterns○B history○C words○D ideas17. The phrase a great deal in common with inparagraph 2 is closest in meaning to○A different words for○B the same problems as○C many similarities to○D easier pronunciation than18. In paragraph 2, what point does the author makeabout Canadian English?○A Canadian English is more similar to American than to British English.○B American and British visitors define Canadian English by their own norms.○C Canadian English has many words that are not in other varieties of English.○D Canadians speak English with an accent that Americans cannot understand.19. The phrase the two varieties in paragraph 3refers to○A People who live outside North American○B Canadian English and American English○C General Canadian and North American○D British English and Canadian English 20. The word spot in paragraph 3 is closest inmeaning to○A describe○B ignore○C preferCANADIAN ENGLISHCanadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of urban middle-class speech.Modern Canadian English is usually defined by the ways in which it resembles and differs from American or British English. Canadian English has a great deal in common with the English spoken in the United States, yet many Americans identify a Canadian accent as British. Many American visitors to Canada think the Canadian vocabulary sounds British—for example, they notice the British “tap”and “braces”instead of the American “faucet”and “suspenders.” On the other hand, many British people identify a Canadian accent as American, and British visitors think the Canadians have become Americanized, saying “gas”and “truck”for “petrol”and “lorry.”People who live outside North America often find it difficult to hear the differences between Canadian and American English. There are many similarities between the two varieties, yet they are far from identical. Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North Americans.There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influcaces. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed”rather than the American “zee” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,”○D find21. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentencein paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave outessential information.○A Canadian English has been strongly influenced by both British and AmericanEnglish.○B Canada is the only nation where people can deliberately choose whichpronunciation they prefer.○C Canadians have tried to distinguish themselves as a nation, and this effort isshown in their pronunciation.○D Many newcomers to Canada must work hard to master the national style ofpronouncing English.22. All of the following words originated in NorthAmerican Indian languages EXCEPT○A kerosene○B parka○C Canada○D kayak23. Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 5 about vocabulary?○A Vocabulary is the most distinctive feature of Canadian English.○B World Standard English has a very large vocabulary.○C Canadians use more Noth American Indian words than Americans do.○D Much of the vocabulary for ice hockey originated in Canada.24. The author discusses the expression “eh”inparagraph 6 as an example of○A an idiom that uniquely characterizes Canadian speech○B an expression that few people outside Canada have heard○C a style of Canadian drama and literature○D a word that cannot be translated into other languages“tomato,”and “missile.”The most obvious and distinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably its vowel sound, the diphthong“ou.” In Canada, “out” is pronounced like “oat”in nearby U.S. accents. There are other identifying features of Canadian vowels；for example, “cot”is pronounced the same as “caught”and “collar”, the same as “caller.”An important characteristic of the vocabulary of Canadian English is the use of many words and phrases originating in Canada itself, such as “kerosene” and “chesterfield” (“sofa”). Several words are borrowed from North American Indian languages, for example, “kayak,”“caribou,”“parka,”and “skookum” (“strong”). The name of the country itself has an Indian origin；the Iroquois word “kanata”originally meant “village.” A number of terms for ice hockey—“face-off,”“blue-line,”and “puck”—have become part of World Standard English.Some features of Canadian English seem to be unique and are often deliberately identified with Canadian speakers in such contexts as dramatic and literary characterizations. Among the original Canadian idioms, perhaps the most famous is the almost universal use of “eh?” as a tag question, as in “That’s a good movie, eh?”“Eh”is also used as a filler during a narrative, as in “I’m walking home from work, eh, and I’m thinking about dinner. I finally get home, eh, and the refrigerator is empty.”The traditional view holds that there are no dialects in Canadian English and that Canadians cannot tell where other Canadians are from just by listening to them. The linguists of today disagree with this view. While there is a greater degree of homogeneity in Canadian English compared with American English, several dialect areas do exist across Canada. Linguists have identified distinct dialects for the Maritime Provinces, Newfoundland, the Ottawa Valley,southern Ontario, the Prairie Provinces, the Arctic North, and the West. Glossary：diphthong：a speech sound that begins with one vowel and changes to another vowel25. The word homogeneity in paragraph 7 is closestin meaning to○A accent○B change○C creativity○D sameness。

中石油托福成绩查询中石油托福成绩查询是中石油集团公司为了方便员工提供教育培训和出国留学申请所必需的成绩查询服务。

托福(Test of English as a Foreign Language)是全球最具权威性的英语语言测试之一，被许多国家和地区的高等教育机构和企事业单位广泛接受。

在中石油集团公司的人才培养计划中，托福成绩是申请出国留学的重要指标之一。

中石油托福成绩查询可以通过集团内部的在线系统进行操作。

员工需要登录中石油集团公司的内部网站，进入托福成绩查询页面。

在页面上，员工需要输入个人的基本信息，如姓名、工号、身份证号码等，并选择想要查询的托福考试的日期和地点。

系统会根据输入的信息进行查询，并将查询结果显示在页面上。

中石油托福成绩查询的结果包括考试的总分和各个部分的分数。

托福考试分为听力、阅读、写作和口语四个部分，每个部分的分数范围是0-30分。

总分是四个部分的分数之和，范围也是0-120分。

通过查询结果，员工可以了解自己在各个部分的表现，并对下一步的学习和准备进行调整。

对于中石油员工来说，托福成绩的查询是非常重要的。

首先，托福成绩是申请出国留学的必备材料之一。

许多高水平的海外大学和研究机构要求申请者提供托福成绩作为语言能力的证明。

只有在中石油集团公司查询到托福成绩之后，员工才能将成绩提交给申请机构。

此外，中石油集团公司鼓励员工进行终身学习和职业发展，提供各种培训和学习机会。

托福成绩是用来评估员工英语语言能力的一项重要指标。

中石油集团公司可以通过查询托福成绩来评估员工的英语水平，并根据结果提供相应的培训和发展机会，以提高员工的综合素质和竞争力。

综上所述，中石油托福成绩查询是中石油集团公司为员工提供的一项重要服务，旨在帮助员工进行教育培训和出国留学申请。

员工通过登录公司内部网站，输入个人信息和考试信息，即可查询到托福成绩。

查询结果可以作为出国留学申请的必备材料，也可以用来评估员工的语言能力并提供相应的培训机会。

Aabhor vt.憎恶, 痛恨accelerate v.加速, 促进accessible adj.易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的accurate adj.正确的, 精确的accuracy n.精确性, 正确度adjacent adj.邻近的, 接近的advantageous adj.有利的advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt.提倡, 鼓吹adj.上述的, 前述的alert, alertly adj.提防的, 警惕的amass vt.收集, 积聚(尤指财富)Ambrosia n. 特别美味的食物anomaly n.不规则, 异常的人或物anxiety n.忧虑, 焦急; 渴望, 热望appall vt.使胆寒, 使惊骇appallingappear vi.出现, 看来, 似乎appropriate adj.适当的aptarouse vt.唤醒, 唤起astute adj.机敏的, 狡猾的attribute n.属性, 品质, 特征authoritative adj.权威的, 有权威的, 命令的Bback and forth adv. 来来回回barely adv.仅仅, 刚刚barter n / v.物品交换, 交换behold vt.把...视为beneficial adj.有益的, 受益的, [法律]有使用权的bizarre adj.奇异的(指态度,容貌,款式等)blunder v.跌跌撞撞地走；犯大错, 做错border n.边界, 国界, 边, 边沿, 边境；vt.与...接壤, 接近t breach n.违背, 破坏；vt.打破, 突破; 破裂, 裂口bump (swell) n. 肿块bush n.矮树丛a : bCcandid adj.无偏见的, 公正的；坦白的, 率直的care n.注意, 照料, 烦恼, 忧虑vt.在意carve v.雕刻; 切开celebrate v.庆祝, 祝贺表扬, 赞美;举行chart n.海图vt.制图circulate v.(使)流通;place(使)循环, (使)传播classify vt.分类; 分等colleague n.同事, 同僚collusion n共谋,勾结command v.命令, 指挥;commonplace n.平凡的事; 平常话adj.平凡的compromise n./ v.妥协, 折衷; 危及...的安全conceal vt.隐藏, 隐蔽t ; 隐瞒adj.秘密的, 机密的conform vt.使一致使遵守, 使顺从congregate v.聚集conserve vt.保存, 保藏considerably adv.相当地adj.显著的contemporary adj./n. 当代的, 同时代的(人)contrast vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照convenient adj.便利的, 方便的n.计算器, 计数器柜台, 筹码Ddamage n. 损害, 伤害v. 招致损害decay vi./ n.腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退defeat n./v. 击败; 战胜detachable adj.可分开的, 可分离的, 可分遣的deter v.阻止dim adj.暗淡的, 模糊的discord n.不一致, 意见不合distinct adj.清楚的, 明显的；截然不同的, 独特的draft n.草案, 草图vt.起草due to adv. 由于, 应归于duplicate adj.复制的,两倍的adj. 完全相同的Eearmark v. 加上记号elaborate adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细的eligible adj.符合条件的, 合格的embrace vt.拥抱, 互相拥抱emit vt.发出, 放射; 发表, 发行encourage vt.鼓励; 怂恿enhance vt.提高; 增强entangle vt.使缠上, 纠缠, 卷入erode, erosion vt.侵蚀, 腐蚀essential adj.本质的,基本的evacuate v.撤出;排泄exceed vt.超越; 胜过excerpt n.vt.摘录, 引用expanse n.宽阔, 膨胀、扩张extend v.扩充；延伸, 伸展extravagant adj.奢侈的, 浪费的放纵的;过分的Fface n.脸；面容, 表情vt.面对, 面向fame n.名声, 名望fancy adj.奇特的, 异样的vt.想象, 设想；n.爱好, 迷恋faucet n.龙头feature n.特征,特色；特性,fellow n.人, 家伙；伙伴fictitious adj.假想的, 编造的, 虚伪的final analysis n. 最终分析fizz n./ vi.嘶嘶响;液体中的气泡flicker v.摇曳, 闪烁forbidden adj.禁止的, 严禁的foster vt.养育, 抚育fragrance n.芬芳, 香气, 香味frightening adj.令人恐惧的, 引起突然惊恐的fuel n.燃料fund n.资金, 基金; v.支助, 投资Ggain vt.得到, 赚到，利润gemstones n.经雕琢的宝石glisten v.闪光，发亮goods n.货物graphic adj.绘画似的, 图解的grave n.坟墓v.雕刻adj.严重的grumpy adj.脾气坏的, 性情乖戾的Hhardly adv.刚刚, 仅; 几乎不hatch vt.孵, 孵出; 舱口, 舱口盖hearty adj亲切的；精神饱满的hostile adj.敌对的, 敌方的yhuge adj.巨大的, 极大的, 无限的hybrid n.杂种,混血儿；adj.混合的, 杂种的Iignore vt.不理睬, 忽视imitate vt.模仿,仿效imperceptible adj.感觉不到的increase vi.增加t , 繁殖indefinite adj.模糊的, 不确定的indicative adj.(～of) 指示的, 预示的, 可表示的induce vt.劝诱, 促使; 导致, 引起ingenious adj.机灵的；有独创性的inhibit v. 抑制; 约束:insatiable adj.不知足的, 贪求无厌的inspiring adj.灌输的, 鼓舞的insult n.侮辱, 凌辱vt.侮辱, 凌辱intense adj.强烈的；热情的intricate adj.复杂的, 错综的；难以理解的inundate v.淹没invent vt.发明, 创造tLlandmark n.地界标；里程碑, 划时代的事lateral adj.横(向)的, 侧面的legendary adj.传说中的liberate v.解放, 释放limited adj.有限的, 狭窄的；缺乏创见的locale n.现场ludicrous adj.可笑的, 滑稽的lyrical adj.抒情诗调的, 充满感情的Mmagnificence n.华丽, 富丽堂皇mandatory adj. 命令的, 强制的mar v.弄坏, 毁坏mature adj.成熟的, 到期的merchandise n.商品, 货物minuscule adj.小字写的;极小的misleading adj.易误解的, 令人误解的moderately adv.适度地motionless adj.不动的, 静止的muscular adj.肌肉的; 强健的mutation n.变化, 转变Nnaked adj.裸体的, 无遮盖的；无装饰的, 无保护的nominal adj.名义上的, 有名无实的nourishment n.食物, 营养品now and then adv. 偶然Ooath n.誓言, 宣誓, 诅咒obstacle n.障碍, 妨害物ominous adj.预兆的, 恶兆的on the spot adv.当场, 在危险中, 处于负责地位operation n.运转, 操作, 实施, 作用, 业务, 工作, 手术option n.选项, 选择权outlawe n.歹徒；逃犯；v. 宣布...为不合法overlap v.(与...)交迭overwhelm vt.淹没, 覆没;颠覆，推翻UPpanacea n.万能药particle n.粒子,极小量, 微粒passing n.经过, 消逝(死) adj.经过的；及格的path n.小路, 小径；路线, 轨道penetrate vt.穿透, 渗透; 洞察perennial adj.终年的, 长期的, 永久的perjury n.伪誓, 伪证perplexing adj.复杂的, 令人困惑的phenomenon n.现象plot n.小块土地；(小说的)情节；vi.密谋, 策划point out v.指出poll n民意测验；v.投票posthumously adj.死的的，遗腹的praise vt.赞扬, 歌颂precision n.精密度, 精度predominantly adv. 支配地prevail vi.流行, 盛行获胜, 成功primitive adj.原始的, 远古的; 粗糙的, 简单的private adj.私人的, 私有的profitable adj.有利可图的promotion n.促进; 提升, 晋升propagate v.繁殖;传播, 宣传prospect n.景色; 前景;vi.寻找, 勘探pulp n.(水果的)果肉puzzling adj.使迷惑的Rrange n.山脉;行列; 范围, 射程;vt.排列; 归类reach n. 范围:; vt.到达, 达到rebel n.造反者;adj.造反的, 叛逆的recipient n.容纳者, 容器recycle v. 重复利用n.再循环refrain n.重复, 叠句节制, 避免regrettably adv.抱歉地, 遗憾地relate vt.叙述, 讲; 使联系, 发生关系reluctantly adv.不情愿地, 嫌恶地remote adj.遥远的, 偏僻的repair n.修理, 修补research n.研究研究, 调查resort vi.求助, 诉诸；常去; 度假胜地常去之地restore vt.恢复, 使回复;归还, 交还revere v.尊敬, 敬畏, 崇敬rewarding adj.报答的, 有益的, 值得的rudimentary adj.根本的s:未发展的run-down adj.破败的，衰败的n.. 纲要, 总结Sscarcely adv.几乎不, 简直没有scenery n.风景, 景色scrupulous adv.小心翼翼地, 多顾虑地secretly adv.秘密地, 背地里seek v.寻找, 探索tr; 寻求sensible adj.明智的, 有判断力的shade n.荫, 阴暗sheer adj.全然的; 峻峭的;透明的; v.使避开shield n.防护物, 盾;保护silently adv.默默地, 静静地site n.地点, 场所sketch n .略图, 草图slim adj.苗条的, 纤细的socket n. 孔, 插座, 糟solitary adj.孤独的sophisticated adj.诡辩的, 久经世故的spacious adj.广大的, 大规模的split v.劈开, (使)裂开stain n.污点, 瑕疵; v.染污, 沾污static adj.静态的, 静力的strengthen v.加强, 巩固strict adj.(～with) 严格的, 精确的stripe n.斑纹, 条纹stubborn adj.顽固的;难应付的style n.风格;文体subtle adj.狡猾的;微妙的; 精细的supernatural adj.超自然的surpass vt.超越, 胜过suspicious adj.(～of) 可疑的, 怀疑的swift adj.迅速的, 快的, 敏捷的symphony n.交响乐, 交响曲Ttake place v. 发生temperature n.温度tension n.紧张(状态), 不安张力terrifying adj. 恐怖的theory n.理论，原理timid adj.胆小的: 羞怯的tolerate vt.忍受, 容忍touching adj.动人的, 令人同情的trace n.痕迹, 踪迹; 微量transplant v.移植, 移种, 移民treasured n.财宝, 财富vt.珍爱, 珍惜trickle v.滴流tropical adj.热带的, 热情的turbulence n.骚乱, 动荡U unaccustomed adj.不习惯的,不平常的unbearable adj.无法忍受的, 承受不住的uncalled-for adj.不必要的, 多余的unquenchable adj.难抑制的:, 不能消灭的Vvacillate v.犹豫不定vandalism n.故意破坏公物，艺术的行为verify vt.检验, , 查证vigorous adj.精力旺盛的, 有力的vivid adj.生动的，逼真的;清晰的Wwarn vt.警告, 注意, 通知wed v.娶,嫁,结婚widespread adj.分布广泛的; 普遍的willing adj.自愿的;反应迅速的withhold vt. 抑制; 拒给, vi.忍住:。