外文文献汽车零部件出口 中文

( 4 )计算机模拟冲压成形及虚拟试模技术:(5)模具制造技术,模块式冲压的突出优点在于能把冲压加工系统的柔性与高效生产有机的结合在一起。

柔性的含义较广, 如冲压件的几何形状的多种要求, 只要通过自由编程就可获得, 体现了加工形状的柔性。

又如既适用大批量单品种冲压件的生产, 更对小批量多品种加工发挥也表性。

概括而言,模块式冲压的持点是:(1)在冲压成形过程中可快速更換组合模具以提高生产效率,(2)由于具有带材的供带和矫带装置, 可省却另设上料下料工序,(3 )实现了大工件的不停机加工;(4)既能独立又能成系列的控制组合冲模动作, 能连续进行冲压加工;( 5)冲模具有可编和的柔性特点。

一种模块式冲压加工系统由一台带有控制功能模块式冷冲压的压力机、卷材带材送进装轩、带材矫正机及可编程进给装置等构成。

这种冲压系统在运行时可进行冲模横向位移、带材进给定位、冲模重复运行及自动调整下工步的冲模调整等多项功能。

由于在冲压过程中进行可编程冲压, 使这种模块式冲压系统能柔性地适应生产需求,能在相同带材上进行曲不同工件及批次的混合生产,实现不停机的串接式加工,还同时在工件西面冲压加工,极大地提高了工作效率,有资料表明, 模块式冲压成形使加工费用能下降至40%-50%。

当前模块式冲压装置的集成度是很高的, 在宽度为300MM 尺寸范围内可安排达35个模具, 通过冲模上端的顶板可对冲模进行独立式系列控制, 即形成冲模的集成控制。

整个系统的编程可在windows用户界面和菜単下实现,编程涉及模具沿者横向定位納的何服驱动定位,带材的检验矫正及纵向进给定位, 冲模的质量跟踪检验, 冲模的调整及状况监控等多功能。

当冲模重新配置成更換时,这些变化则会被参数并被控制系统所贮存, 以务下次査询和调用。

冲模数据包括有冲头及其组合标记, 冲头组合在模具中的 X、Y坐标位置及模具轴编号等信息。

l毫米冲压是指汽车车身冲压件的精度控制在0-1. OMM 的范围内,与过去制造业通行的误差2MM 相比, 是个非常大的提高。

汽车营销类外文文献翻译、英文翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变汽车营销类外文文献翻译、英文翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变原文Changing Channels In The Automotive Industry: The Future of Automotive Marketing and DistributionWho will be the winners and losers in the revolution that isradically reshaping the marketing, distribution and selling of automobiles? Will the vehicle manufacturers and their franchised-dealer networks be able to overcome years of inertia and complacency to pioneer and execute new concepts that will strengthen and extend the value of their brands? Or will nimbler, more imaginative retailers or software companies get there first?The transformation of the business of selling cars and trucks is happening before our eyes at an incredible pace -- promising to change forever an industry that has long been noted for its high costs, poor service and extremely unpleasant selling process. Auto manufacturers have competed fiercely among themselves to drive out cost and meet consumer needs for cheaper and better cars and trucks. Now the survivors face new threats from outside the industry that might thwart their renewed interest in building strong, lasting relationships with their customers.Entrepreneurs have dissected the cost-value equation and come upwith new retail concepts. Their stories have been persuasive enough to attract hundreds of millions of dollars in public equity investment and persuade dozens of fiercely independent car dealers to sell out.Internet technology has lowered entry barriers for other entrepreneurs with new ideas about helping customers find, evaluate and buy new vehicles. These patterns are consistent with revolutions in other consumer durables markets that effectively transferred market power from manufacturers to retailers.Consumers are the only clear winners in this battle. While we arenot sure which vehicle manufacturers will survive, we are confident that winning will require a better understanding of the life-cycle value equations of both cars and buyers, and the development of innovative strategies to capture that value.FORCES OF CHANGEFrom the days of Henry Ford's production line, the automobile industry has been based on a "supply-push" philosophy -- a strong bias toward "filling the factories" to cover high fixed costs.Dealer networks were created as logical extensions of the "supply-push" model. The networks were designed to hold inventory, leverage private capital without threatening the manufacturers' control and service and support what was then a less reliable and moremaintenance-intensive product. Those networks generally were built around entrepreneurs focused on a defined geographic area, selling one or at most two brands.Despite its longevity, the traditional dealer channel leaves many people unhappy. High customer acquisition costs motivate dealers to convert store traffic to sales using aggressive tactics that extract differential margins based on customers' willingness to pay. Frequent well-publicized rebates have taught buyers to mistrust sticker prices and negotiate from cost up, rather than sticker down. As a result, dealers often find themselves competing not against another brand, but against a same-make dealer across town. This acute competition has almost bid away dealer profit on the sale of new passenger cars in the United States with some profits still available on sales of trucks, sport utility vehicles and luxury cars .Shrinking dealer margins do not translate into happy customers: Most customers approximately four out of five dislike the purchase process, and many still come away feeling cheated and mistreated. This strong antipathy is largely responsible for the rapid growth of Internet-based services that offer alternative means of gathering information on cars, soliciting price quotes and, in some cases, conducting transactions.SURFING THE NET FOR PROFITSObviously the Internet is a major enabler of change in autodistribution. Many of the most important auto industry innovators todayare developing Web-based services, leading some to predict that the mostimportant automotive company of the next century will be a software-。

敦煌网分享汽车零部件外贸英语：各个零部件中英文对照汽车各个零部件中英文对照汽车各个零部件中英文对照Wheeling System车轮系统 Wheeling System车轮系统轮毂 Wheel HubWheel Hub轮毂Tire轮胎 Tire轮胎轮胎汽门嘴 Tire ValveTire Valve轮胎汽门嘴Wheel Disk轮圈 Wheel Disk轮圈Wheel Cover轮圈盖轮圈盖 Wheel Cover) Inner Tire (Flap)含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)内胎((含内衬内胎车轮系统 Wheeling SystemWheeling System车轮系统Electrical Parts电装品 Electrical Parts电装品Battery电瓶电瓶 Battery中央门控 Central Door LockCentral Door Lock中央门控Distributor分电盘 Distributor分电盘Spark Plug火星塞 Spark Plug火星塞汽车用电子钟 Digital ClockDigital Clock汽车用电子钟Car Audio汽车音响 Car Audio汽车音响Car Burglar Alarm防盗器防盗器 Car Burglar Alarm雨刷及雨刷连杆 Wiper / LinkageWiper / Linkage雨刷及雨刷连杆Fuse Seat保险丝座 Fuse Seat保险丝座Fuse保险丝保险丝 Fuse洗涤壶 Windshield WasherWindshield Washer洗涤壶Wire Harness配线配线 Wire Harness马达类马达类 Motor Motor高压线组高压线组 Ignition Cable Ignition Cable喇叭喇叭 Horn Horn发电机发电机((零件零件) Alternator (Components) ) Alternator (Components)开关类开关类 Switch Switch蜂鸣器蜂鸣器 Buzzer Buzzer预热塞预热塞 Glow Plug Glow Plug仪表仪表 Combination Meter Combination Meter灯泡灯泡 Bulb Bulb灯类灯类 Lamp Lamp点火线圈点火线圈 Ignition Coil Ignition Coil继电器继电器 Relay Relay倒车雷达倒车雷达 Reverse Sensor Reverse Sensor电池充电器电池充电器 Battery Charger Battery Charger闪光器闪光器 Flasher Flasher省电器省电器 Energy Saving Unit Energy Saving Unit端子端子 Terminal Terminal电动座椅装置电动座椅装置 Power Seat Unit Power Seat Unit马达零件马达零件 Motor Components Motor Components电装品电装品 Electrical Parts Electrical Parts汽车用光盘汽车用光盘 Car CD Car CD汽车用液晶显示器汽车用液晶显示器 Car LCD Car LCD调整器调整器 Regulator Regulator整流器整流器 Rectifier Rectifier电子点火器Ignition Module电子点火器 Ignition ModuleRear View Display倒车显示器倒车显示器 Rear View Display定速器 Cruise ControllerCruise Controller定速器HID Ballast Complete Set for Headlights HID车灯安定器组合车灯安定器组合 HID Ballast Complete Set for Headlights LED 灯 LED LampLighting Controller车灯控制器 Lighting Controller车灯控制器Ignition Coil Module点火线圈模块 Ignition Coil Module点火线圈模块外装品 Exterior PartsExterior Parts外装品Radiator Grille水箱饰罩 Radiator Grille水箱饰罩Antenna天线 Antenna天线车身护条 Side ProtectorSide Protector车身护条Bumper Pad防撞护垫 Bumper Pad防撞护垫Door Mirror后视镜后视镜 Door Mirror装饰贴纸、标志 Ornament MarkOrnament Mark装饰贴纸、标志Fender Trim轮弧 Fender Trim轮弧Mud Guard挡泥板 Mud Guard挡泥板扰流板 SpoilerSpoiler扰流板Guard Assy (Front)前防撞杆 Guard Assy (Front)前防撞杆Grard Assy (Rear)后防撞杆后防撞杆 Grard Assy (Rear)外装品 Exterior PartsExterior Parts外装品Interior Parts内装品 Interior Parts内装品Instrument Panel仪表板仪表板 Instrument Panel中央置物箱 ConsoleConsole中央置物箱Grommet Plug孔塞孔塞 Grommet Plug地毯地毯 Floor Mat Floor Mat安全带安全带 Seat Belt Seat Belt车门扶手车门扶手 Door Armrest Door Armrest车门把手车门把手 Door Handle Door Handle车门锁车门锁 Door Lock Door Lock车顶内衬车顶内衬 Roof Lining Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄车窗升降摇柄 Window Lifter Handle Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机车窗升降机 Window Lifter Window Lifter防水衬条防水衬条 Weatherstrip Weatherstrip油量表油量表 Fuel Gauge Fuel Gauge门饰板门饰板 Door Trim Door Trim室内镜室内镜 Room Mirror Room Mirror音响喇叭盖音响喇叭盖 Speaker Cover Speaker Cover(电动电动))座椅座椅 (Electric) Seat (Electric) Seat顶蓬顶蓬 Headlining Headlining烟灰缸烟灰缸 Ashtray Ashtray各类隔音垫各类隔音垫 All Kinds of Silencer All Kinds of Silencer饰板饰板//饰条饰条 Garnish / Trim Garnish / Trim仪表饰板仪表饰板 Instrument Panel Garnish Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板遮阳板 Sunvisor Sunvisor压条压条 Moulding Moulding点烟器点烟器 Cigar Lighter Cigar Lighter备胎板备胎板 Trim for Spare Tire Trim for Spare Tire天窗天窗 Sun Roof Sun Roof后置物板后置物板 Rear Parcel Shelf Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板后舱室饰板 Rear Trunk Trim Rear Trunk Trim内装品内装品 Interior Parts Interior Parts仪表板支架仪表板支架 Instrumental Panel Mounting Instrumental Panel Mounting随车工具随车工具 Tools Tools千斤顶千斤顶 Jack Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳尼龙绳、特多龙绳 Nylon Rope Nylon Rope生产、检测及涂装设备生产、检测及涂装设备 Production,Test & Painting Equipment Production,Test & Painting Equipment 各类孔盖各类孔盖 Cap Cap 、Cover扣具扣具 Cargo Lash Cargo Lash夹片、管束夹片、管束 Clamp, Clip Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型油土与基准模型 Clay Model and Master Model Clay Model and Master Model油封油封 Oil Seal Oil Seal门铰链门铰链 Door Hinge Door Hinge故障标志故障标志 Reflector Reflector玻璃类玻璃类 Glass Glass修理业修理业 Repairing & Maintenance Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金粉末冶金 Powder Metallurgy Powder Metallurgy轴承轴承 Bearing Bearing塑料件塑料件 Plastic Parts Plastic Parts隔热材隔热材 Heat Insulator Heat Insulator电子件电子件 Electrical Parts Electrical Parts垫片类垫片类 Seal Seal 、Gasket Gasket、、Washer Washer、、Packing碳刷碳刷 Carbon Brush Carbon Brush管类管类 Pipe, Hose, Tube Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类铜套类 Bushing Bushing弹簧弹簧 Spring Spring模、夹、治、检具模、夹、治、检具 Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge 橡胶件橡胶件 Rubber Parts Rubber Parts帮浦类帮浦类 Pump Pump螺帽螺帽//螺栓螺栓//螺丝螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件锻造件((加工加工) Forging Parts (Processing) ) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类滤清器类 Filter Filter锁 Lock镜类镜类 Mirror Mirror铸造件铸造件((加工加工) Casting Parts (Processing) ) Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链引擎盖铰链 Hinge of Engine Hood Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链行李箱铰链 Hinge of Trunk Lid Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑保险杆支撑 Mount of Bumper Mount of BumperCAD/CAM 车身设计车身设计 CAD/CAM Car Body Design CAD/CAM Car Body Design汽车清洁保养用品汽车清洁保养用品 Cosmetics for Automobile Cosmetics for Automobile涂料涂料 Paints Paints合成木材合成木材 Synthetic Wood Synthetic Wood电磁阀电磁阀 Solenoid Valve Solenoid Valve热水阀热水阀 Heater Valve Heater Valve冷煤电磁阀冷煤电磁阀 Refrigerate Solenoid valve Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽玻璃滑槽 Glass Run Glass Run双面胶带双面胶带 Acrylic Foam Tape Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵触媒转换器缓冲绵 Catalytic Converter Mate Catalytic Converter Mate 黑烟过滤器黑烟过滤器 Diesel Particle Filter Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器车用灭火器 Extinguisher Extinguisher零组件用材料零组件用材料 Components Materials Components Materials汽车用行动电话汽车用行动电话 Car Hand-free Mobile Phone Car Hand-free Mobile Phone 汽车保全系统汽车保全系统 Car Security System Car Security System汽车导航系统汽车导航系统 Car Navigation System Car Navigation System人造革人造革 Artificial Leather Artificial Leather铭板铭板 Nameplate Nameplate汽车用计算机汽车用计算机 Car Computer Car Computer无线电胎压侦测仪无线电胎压侦测仪 Wireless Tire Monitor Wireless Tire Monitor 汽车内装用牛皮汽车内装用牛皮 Leather for Car Interior Leather for Car Interior 打蜡机打蜡机 Buffer (Car Polisher) Buffer (Car Polisher)金属表面处理金属表面处理((材料材料) Metal Surface Treatment (Material) ) Metal Surface Treatment (Material) 插接件插接件 Connector Clip Connector Clip胎压不足警示器胎压不足警示器 Tire Low Pressure Indicator Tire Low Pressure Indicator 温度感应器温度感应器 Water Temperature Sensor Water Temperature Sensor 油压感应器油压感应器 Oil Pressure Sensor Oil Pressure Sensor机油机油 Engine Oil Engine Oil自动变速箱油自动变速箱油 Automatic Transmission Oil Automatic Transmission Oil 油品添加剂油品添加剂 Oil Additive Oil Additive热处理热处理 Heat Treatment Heat Treatment自行车类自行车类 Bicycle Bicycle整车整车 Finished Bicycle Finished Bicycle一般自行车一般自行车 Regular Bicycle Regular Bicycle三轮车三轮车 Tricycle Tricycle协力车协力车 Tandem Bicycle Tandem Bicycle城市车城市车 ATB ATB孩童车孩童车 Junveniles Bicycle Junveniles Bicycle室内运动车室内运动车((健身车健身车) Exerciser ) Exerciser单轮车单轮车 Unicycle Unicycle无链式自行车无链式自行车 Chainless Bicycle Chainless Bicycle登山车登山车 Mountain Bicycle Mountain Bicycle越野车越野车 Trekking Bicycle Trekking Bicycle跑车跑车((自由车自由车) Racing Bicycle ) Racing Bicycle电动自行车电动自行车 Electrical Bicycle Electrical Bicycle折叠式自行车折叠式自行车 Folding Bicycle Folding Bicycle海滩车海滩车 Beach Bicycle Beach Bicycle(电动电动))滑板车滑板车 (Electric) Kick Board Scooter (Electric) Kick Board Scooter 其它特种自行车其它特种自行车 Other Special-purpose Bicycles Other Special-purpose Bicycles 避震脚踏车避震脚踏车 Suspension Bicycle Suspension Bicycle传动件传动件 Transmission Transmission曲柄组曲柄组 Chainwheel & Crank Chainwheel & Crank飞轮飞轮 Flywheel Flywheel链条链条 Chain Chain变速杆变速杆 Shift Lever Shift Lever变速器变速器 Derailleur Derailleur电动自行车马达电动自行车马达 Electric Bicycle Motor Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器电动自行车控制器 Electric Bicycle Driver Electric Bicycle Driver 齿轮箱齿轮箱 Gear Box Gear Box车轮及剎车车轮及剎车 Wheel and Brake Wheel and Brake轮胎轮胎 Tire Tire夹式剎车器夹式剎车器 Caliper Brake Caliper Brake快拆快拆 Quick Release Quick Release花鼓花鼓 Hub & Free Hub Hub & Free Hub液压式剎车器液压式剎车器 Hydraulic Brake Hydraulic Brake脚剎车器脚剎车器 Coaster Brake Coaster Brake碟式剎车器碟式剎车器 Disk Brake Disk Brake轮圈轮圈 Rim Rim辐条辐条//辐帽辐帽 Spoke/Nipple Spoke/Nipple悬臂式剎车器悬臂式剎车器 Cantilever Brake Cantilever Brake控制拉线控制拉线 Control Cable Control Cable剎车来令片剎车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe Brake Lining Shoe配件配件 Accessories Accessories铃 Bell反光片反光片 Reflector Reflector水壶架水壶架 Bottle Cage Bottle Cage打气筒打气筒 Floor Pump Floor Pump商标贴纸商标贴纸 Sticker Sticker货架货架 Luggage Carrier Luggage Carrier速度表速度表 Speed Meter Speed Meter 中文产品名称中文产品名称 英文產品名稱英文產品名稱英文產品名稱汽车类汽车类 Automobile Automobile整车整车 Finished Automobile Finished Automobile 轿车轿车 Passenger Car Passenger Car休旅车休旅车 Recreational Vehicle (RV) Recreational Vehicle (RV) 小型商用车小型商用车(3.5(3.5吨以下吨以下) Light Duty Commercial Car (Less Than 3.5 Tons) ) Light Duty Commercial Car (Less Than 3.5 Tons) 大型商用车大型商用车(3.5(3.5吨以上吨以上) Heavy Duty Commercial Car (More Than 3.5 Tons) ) Heavy Duty Commercial Car (More Than 3.5 Tons) 散装车散装车 Bulk Truck Bulk Truck搅拌车搅拌车 Mixer Truck Mixer Truck环境卫生车环境卫生车 Garbage Truck Garbage Truck 液罐车液罐车 Refueling Truck Refueling Truck倾卸车倾卸车 Dumper Truck Dumper Truck曳引车曳引车 Tractor Truck Tractor Truck消防车消防车 Fire Fighting Truck Fire Fighting Truck 堆高机堆高机 Forklift Forklift拖板车拖板车 Pallet Truck Pallet Truck运钞车运钞车 Armor Cash Carrier Armor Cash Carrier 冷气客车冷气客车 Air-Conditioned Car Air-Conditioned Car 冷冻车冷冻车 Freezer Car Freezer Car拖车拖车 Trailer Trailer车体打造车体打造((改装改装) Car Body Building (Refitting) ) Car Body Building (Refitting) 瓦斯车瓦斯车 LPG Car LPG Car底盘车底盘车 Chasis Truck Chasis Truck引擎引擎 Engine Engine引擎波司引擎波司 Engine Bush Engine Bush引擎修理包引擎修理包 Engine Gasket Kits Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件引擎零件 Engine Parts Engine Parts凸轮轴凸轮轴 Camshaft Camshaft凸轮轴链轮凸轮轴链轮 Sprocket Camshaft Sprocket Camshaft皮带张力器皮带张力器 Tensioner Tensioner曲轴曲轴 Crankshaft Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘曲轴皮带盘 Crankshaft Pulley Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片曲轴轴承片 Crankshaft Bearing Crankshaft Bearing汽门汽门 Valve Valve汽门座汽门座 Valve Seat Valve Seat汽门摇臂汽门摇臂 Valve Arm Valve Arm汽门摇臂盖汽门摇臂盖 Rocker Cover Rocker Cover汽门弹簧汽门弹簧 Valve Spring Valve Spring汽门导管汽门导管 Valve Guide Valve Guide汽缸头汽缸头((盖) Cylinder Head汽缸衬套汽缸衬套 Cylinder Liner Cylinder Liner汽缸体汽缸体 Cylinder Block Cylinder Block波司垫片波司垫片 Washer Washer活塞活塞 Piston Piston活塞肖活塞肖 Piston Pin Piston Pin活塞环活塞环 Piston Ring Piston Ring活塞衬套活塞衬套 Piston Liner Piston Liner飞轮飞轮 Flywheel Flywheel飞轮环齿轮飞轮环齿轮 Ring Gear of Flywheel Ring Gear of Flywheel时规炼条时规炼条//皮带皮带 Timing Chain/Belt Timing Chain/Belt连杆连杆 Connecting Rod Connecting Rod连杆轴承片连杆轴承片 Connecting Rod Bearing Connecting Rod Bearing摇臂轴摇臂轴 Rocker Arm Shaft Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁汽门锁 Valve Cotter Valve Cotter止推垫片止推垫片 Thrust Washer Thrust Washer共鸣箱共鸣箱 Resonator Resonator喷油嘴喷油嘴 Injection Nozzle Injection Nozzle燃料系统燃料系统 Fueling System Fueling System油箱油箱 Fuel Tank Fuel Tank油箱浮筒油箱浮筒 Gauge Fuel Tank Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器空气滤清器 Air Cleaner Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖空气滤清器盖 Air Cleaner Cover Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管空气滤清器导管 Air Intake Tube Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊空气滤蕊 Air Cleaner Element Air Cleaner Element消音器消音器 Exhaust Muffler Exhaust Muffler排气歧管排气歧管 Exhaust Manifold Exhaust Manifold排气管排气管 Exhaust Pipe Exhaust Pipe进气歧管进气歧管 Intake Manifold Intake Manifold节流阀节流阀 Throttle Valve Throttle Valve燃油管燃油管 Fuel Pipe Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦燃油帮浦 Fuel Pump Fuel Pump燃油滤清器燃油滤清器 Fuel Filter Fuel Filter触媒转化器触媒转化器 Catalytic Converter Catalytic Converter柴油车黑烟净化器柴油车黑烟净化器 Diesel Particulate Filter Diesel Particulate Filter时规炼条时规炼条//皮带外盖皮带外盖 Timing Chain/Belt Cover Timing Chain/Belt Cover燃料系统燃料系统 Fueling System Fueling System废气回收管废气回收管 EGR Tube EGR Tube冷却系统冷却系统 Cooling System Cooling System水箱水箱 Radiator Radiator水管水管 Water Hose Water Hose水箱水管水箱水管 Radiator Hose Radiator Hose水帮浦水帮浦 Water Pump Water Pump水箱风扇水箱风扇 Radiator Fan Radiator Fan风扇风扇 Fan Fan副水箱副水箱 Auxiliary Radiator Auxiliary Radiator节温器节温器 Thermostat Thermostat调节器调节器 Regulator Regulator水箱支架水箱支架 Radiator Mounting Radiator Mounting冷却系统冷却系统 Cooling System Cooling SystemA/C 风扇风扇 A/C Fan A/C Fan润滑系统润滑系统 Lubrication System Lubrication System油底壳油底壳 Oil Pan Oil Pan自排车用滤油器自排车用滤油器 Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission机油尺机油尺 Oil Level Gauge Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦机油帮浦 Oil Pump Oil Pump机油滤清器机油滤清器 Oil Filter Oil Filter机油滤网机油滤网 Oil Strainer Oil Strainer润滑系统润滑系统 Lubrication System Lubrication System机油尺导管机油尺导管 Oil Level Gauge Tube Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统空调系统 Air-conditioning System Air-conditioning System冷气总成冷气总成 A/C Assembly A/C Assembly冷气配管冷气配管 A/C Hose A/C Hose冷气导风管冷气导风管 A/C Duct A/C Duct冷气压缩机冷气压缩机 A/C Compressor A/C Compressor冷凝器冷凝器 A/C Condenser A/C Condenser暖气总成暖气总成 Heater Assembly Heater Assembly鼓风机鼓风机 Blower Assembly Blower Assembly蒸发器蒸发器 Evaporator Evaporator冷媒管冷媒管 A/C Pipe A/C Pipe储液瓶储液瓶 A/C Receiver A/C Receiver空调相关零件空调相关零件 A/C Related Components A/C Related Components空气清净机空气清净机 Air Purifier Air Purifier空调滤网空调滤网 A/C Filter A/C Filter空调系统空调系统 Air-conditioning System Air-conditioning System提速器提速器 Actuator Actuator车身钣金件车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑引擎支撑 Engine Mounting Engine Mounting引擎盖引擎盖 Engine Hood Engine Hood车身车身 Car Body Car Body车门车门 Door Panel Door Panel车顶板车顶板 Roof Roof底盘及其另件底盘及其另件 Chassis and Related Parts Chassis and Related Parts底盘车架底盘车架 Frame Frame门框门框 Sash Sash保险杆保险杆 Bumper Bumper钣金件钣金件 Stamping Parts Stamping Parts叶子板叶子板 Fender Fender横梁横梁 Cross Member Cross Member行李箱盖行李箱盖 Trunk Lid Trunk Lid车柱车柱 Pillar Pillar车身钣金件车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts Body & Stamping Parts支架支架 Bracket Bracket补强板补强板 Reinforcement Plate Reinforcement Plate底盘系统底盘系统 Chassis System Chassis System下臂下臂 Lower Arm Lower Arm上臂上臂 Upper Arm Upper Arm手剎车拉柄手剎车拉柄 Parking Brake Lever Parking Brake Lever支柱总成支柱总成 Strut Assembly Strut Assembly方向盘方向盘 Steering Wheel Steering Wheel比例阀比例阀 Proportional Valve Proportional Valve主轴、副轴主轴、副轴 Mainshaft / Countershaft Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆平衡杆 Stabilizer Bar Stabilizer Bar扭力杆扭力杆 Torsion Bar Torsion Bar剎车分泵剎车分泵 Brake Cylinder Brake Cylinder剎车来令片剎车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管剎车油管((软) Brake Hose剎车油管剎车油管((硬) Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器剎车真空倍力器 Brake Vacuum Booster Brake Vacuum Booster剎车总泵剎车总泵 Brake Master Cylinder Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成后轴总成 Rear Axle Assembly Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统动力方向系统 Power Steering System Power Steering System动力转向油管动力转向油管 Power Steering Hose Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦动力转向帮浦 Power Steering Pump Power Steering Pump控制拉线控制拉线 Control Cable Control Cable排档杆排档杆 Shift Lever Shift Lever排档头排档头 Knob Knob球形接头球形接头 Ball Joint Ball Joint等速接头等速接头 C.V. Joint C.V. Joint传动轴传动轴 Propeller Shaft Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧叶片弹簧 Leaf Spring Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器鼓、碟式剎车器 Drum / Disc Brake Assembly Drum / Disc Brake Assembly鼓式剎车盘鼓式剎车盘 Brake Drum Brake Drum碟式剎车盘碟式剎车盘 Brake Disc Brake Disc辅助气囊辅助气囊 Air Bag Air Bag踏板踏板 Pedal Pedal齿轮齿轮 Gear Gear横拉杆接头横拉杆接头 Tie-Rod End Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧螺旋弹簧 Coil Spring Coil Spring避震器避震器 Shock Absorber Shock Absorber转向连杆转向连杆 Steering Linkage Steering Linkage转向节臂转向节臂 Knuckle Knuckle转向齿轮箱转向齿轮箱 Steering Gear Box Steering Gear Box转向机柱转向机柱 Steering Column Steering Column转向总成转向总成 Steering Assembly Steering Assembly离合器分泵离合器分泵 Clutch Cylinder Clutch Cylinder离合器片离合器片 Clutch Disc Clutch Disc离合器外壳离合器外壳 Clutch Case Clutch Case离合器总成离合器总成 Clutch Assembly Clutch Assembly离合器总泵离合器总泵 Clutch Master Cylinder Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承离合器释放轴承 Clutch Release Bearing Clutch Release Bearing变速箱变速箱 Transmission Box Transmission Box变速箱外壳变速箱外壳 Transmission Case Transmission Case曳力杆曳力杆 Trailing Arm Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆避震器前后活塞杆 Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber 底盘系统底盘系统 Chassis System Chassis System自排变速箱修理包自排变速箱修理包 Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条齿条 Gear Rack Gear Rack剎车真空管剎车真空管 Brake Boost Vacuum Tube Brake Boost Vacuum Tubefirst gear 一档一档一档second gear 二档二档二档reverse 倒车档倒车档two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机二冲程发动机二冲程发动机diesel 柴油机柴油机limousine 豪华轿车豪华轿车drophead 活动车篷汽车活动车篷汽车 ( (美作美作美作:convertible) :convertible) racing car 赛车赛车赛车 saloon 轿车轿车 ( (美作美作美作:sedan) :sedan) roadster 敞蓬车敞蓬车wecker, beat-up car, jalopy 老爷车老爷车notchback 客货两用车客货两用车four-wheel drive 四轮驱动四轮驱动四轮驱动 front-wheel drive 前轮驱动前轮驱动前轮驱动 trailer 拖车拖车station wagon 小旅行车小旅行车小旅行车 truck 卡车卡车compact car 小型汽车小型汽车小型汽车 light-van 小型货车小型货车garbage truck 垃圾车垃圾车垃圾车 automobile carrier 货运卡车货运卡车货运卡车 fire engine 消防车消防车消防车 tractor 牵引车牵引车ambulance 救护车救护车taxi 出租车出租车, , 计程车计程车trailer truck 拖车拖车拖车 sports car 跑车跑车跑车 formula car 方程式赛车方程式赛车方程式赛车, , 方程式汽车方程式汽车mail car 邮车邮车邮车jeep 吉普车吉普车bloodmobile 血浆车血浆车bumper car 碰撞用汽车碰撞用汽车碰撞用汽车camper 露营车露营车police car 警车警车警车wrecker 清障车清障车ambulance 急救车急救车front wheel 前轮前轮前轮rear wheel 后轮后轮后轮tread 轮距轮距chassis 底盘底盘bodywork, body 车身车身车身rear window 后窗玻璃后窗玻璃后窗玻璃windscreen 挡风玻璃挡风玻璃 ( (美作美作美作:windshield) :windshield)windscreen wiper 风档刮水器风档刮水器风档刮水器,,风档雨雪刷风档雨雪刷 ( (美作美作美作:windshield wiper) :windshield wiper) fender, wing, mudguard 挡泥板挡泥板radiator grille 水箱水箱水箱wing mirror 后视镜后视镜后视镜bonnet 发动机盖发动机盖 ( (美作美作美作:hood) :hood)boot 行李箱行李箱 ( (美作美作美作:trunk) :trunk)roof rack, luggage rack 行李架行李架license plate, number plate 车号牌车号牌wing 前翼子板前翼子板hubcap 轮毂罩轮毂罩bumper 保险杠保险杠front blinker 前信号灯前信号灯前信号灯 taillight, tail lamp 尾灯尾灯backup light, reversing light 倒车灯倒车灯stoplight, stop lamp 刹车灯刹车灯rear blinker 转弯指示灯转弯指示灯转弯指示灯 trunk, boot 行李箱行李箱行李箱 bumper 保险杠保险杠tailpipe 排气管排气管back seat, rear seat 后座后座driver's seat, driving seat 驾驶席驾驶席passenger seat 旅客席旅客席旅客席 steering wheel, wheel 方向盘方向盘rear-view mirror, driving mirror 后视镜后视镜 horn, hooter 喇叭喇叭喇叭 choke 熄火装置熄火装置gear stick, gear change 变速杆变速杆 ( (美作美作美作:gearshift) :gearshift) gearbox 变速箱变速箱starter, self-starter 起动器起动器起动器,,起动钮起动钮brake pedal 刹车踏板刹车踏板刹车踏板 clutch pedal 离合器踏板离合器踏板离合器踏板 hand brake 手制动器手制动器手制动器 foot brake 脚制动器脚制动器脚制动器 dashboard 仪表板仪表板milometer 里程表里程表speedometer, clock 速度表速度表速度表 transmission 传动传动piston 活塞活塞radiator 散热器散热器fan belt 风扇皮带风扇皮带风扇皮带 shaft 传动轴传动轴inner tube 内胎内胎内胎 drain tap 排气阀门排气阀门排气阀门 silencer 消音器消音器 ( (美作美作美作:muffler) :muffler) tank 油箱油箱overflow 溢流孔溢流孔valve 阀门阀门exhaust pipe 排气管排气管排气管 spare wheel 备胎备胎备胎,,备用轮胎备用轮胎carburettor 汽化器汽化器 ( (美化美化美化:carburetor) :carburetor) electrical system, wiring 电气系统电气系统lights 灯光灯光headlight 大灯大灯,,头灯头灯dipped headlight 近光灯近光灯近光灯 rear lights 尾灯尾灯尾灯 sidelights, parking lights 位置灯位置灯,,边灯边灯direction indicator 方向标方向标方向标,,转向标转向标indicator, blinker 方向指示灯方向指示灯方向指示灯sparking plug 火花塞火花塞火花塞 ( (美作美作美作:spark plug) :spark plug)(spare) battery (备用备用))蓄电池蓄电池insulating tape 绝缘胶带绝缘胶带绝缘胶带jack 千斤顶千斤顶can, jerrican 油桶油桶油桶fuel 燃油燃油petrol 汽油汽油 ( (美作美作美作:gas) :gas)oil 油料油料lubrication, oiling 润滑油润滑油润滑油antifreeze 防冻液防冻液cooling water 冷却水冷却水冷却水antiskid 防滑装置防滑装置tyre chain 防滑链防滑链防滑链 ( (美作美作美作:tire chain) :tire chain)toolbox, tool kit 工具箱工具箱crank 摇把摇把breakdown lorry, breakdown van 救援车辆救援车辆 ( (美作美作美作:tow car,tow truck) :tow car,tow truck) spare parts, spares 备件备件dipstick 油尺油尺oil change 换油换油换油to vulcanize 硫化硫化硫化to inflate 充气充气充气tyre pressure 轮胎气压轮胎气压轮胎气压 ( (美作美作美作:tire pressure) :tire pressure)to fill the tank 加油加油petrol pump 加油泵加油泵加油泵 ( (美作美作美作:gasoline pump) :gasoline pump)pump, air pump 气泵气泵to adjust 整修整修整修 to charge a battery, to recharge a battery 给蓄电池充电给蓄电池充电to decoke 脱硫脱硫脱硫 ( (美作美作美作:to decarbonize) :to decarbonize)breakdown 故障故障mechanical failure 机械故障机械故障机械故障repair shop 维修车间维修车间维修车间to seize up 运转不畅运转不畅accident 事故事故puncture, blowout 碰撞碰撞碰撞patch 修补修补to skid 打滑打滑打滑to knock 发出撞击声发出撞击声发出撞击声to tow, to take in tow 拖,拖曳拖曳driving licence 驾驶执照驾驶执照驾驶执照 ( (美作美作美作:driver's license) :driver's license)highway code 交通法规交通法规交通法规traffic sign, road sign 交通标志交通标志to accelerate 加速加速加速to brake 制动制动制动,,刹车刹车to engage the clutch 接上离合器接上离合器to declutch 分开离合器分开离合器分开离合器to stall 发动机停转发动机停转发动机停转to change gear 变速变速to start up 起动起动to put one's foot down 加速加速,,踏下加速踏板踏下加速踏板 ( (美作美作美作:to step on the gas) :to step on the gas) to overtake 向前行驶向前行驶向前行驶 to decelerate 减速减速减速 top speed 最高速度最高速度最高速度 speed limit 速度限制速度限制速度限制 to park 停车停车停车 car park 停车场停车场停车场 ( (美作美作美作:parking lot) :parking lot) to switch off the motor 熄火熄火motorway 高速公路高速公路 ( (美作美作美作:freeway,superhighway) :freeway,superhighway) toll road 收费公路收费公路收费公路 ( (美作美作美作:turnpike) :turnpike) traffic jam 路障路障路障 Benz, Mercedes-Benz 奔驰奔驰奔驰 Cadillac 卡迪拉克卡迪拉克Chrysler 克莱斯勒克莱斯勒Chevroler 雪佛莱雪佛莱Citroen 雪铁龙雪铁龙Ford 福特福特Honda 本田本田Mazda 马自达马自达Mustang 野马野马Porsche 保时捷保时捷Renault 雷诺雷诺Rolls-Royce 罗尔斯罗伊斯罗尔斯罗伊斯Santana 桑塔纳桑塔纳Toyota 丰田丰田Volvo 沃尔沃沃尔沃, , 富豪富豪Volkswagen 大众大众traffic 交通交通rush hour 高峰时间高峰时间高峰时间 traffic jam 交通堵塞交通堵塞交通堵塞 traffic police 交通警交通警交通警 traffic policeman 交通警察交通警察交通警察 road user 道路使用者道路使用者道路使用者 highway code 交通法规交通法规交通法规 pedestrian 行人行人private car 私人汽车私人汽车私人汽车 utility car 公共车辆公共车辆公共车辆 commercial vehicle 商用车商用车商用车 lorry 卡车卡车 ( (美作美作美作:truck) :truck) A road, arterial road 国有公路国有公路,,一级公路一级公路 ( (美作美作美作:arterial highway) :arterial highway) B road, secondary road 二级公路二级公路slip road 高速公路会交点高速公路会交点高速公路会交点 fork 岔道岔道crossroads, intersection, junction, cloverleaf junction 立交桥立交桥 side of the road, side of the verge, hard shoulder 隔离墩隔离墩 one-way street 单行线单行线单行线 no entry 禁止通行禁止通行禁止通行 no parking 禁止停车禁止停车禁止停车roundabout 街心转盘街心转盘traffic island refuge 交通安全岛交通安全岛car park 停车场停车场停车场 ( (美作美作美作:parking lot) :parking lot) traffic, vehicular traffic 交通交通subway 行人地下通道行人地下通道underpass 汽车地下通道汽车地下通道level crossing 平交路口平交路口平交路口 manned level crossing 有警察的平交路口有警察的平交路口unmannedlevel crossing 无警察的平交路口无警察的平交路口无警察的平交路口 pedestrian crossing 行人交叉路行人交叉路行人交叉路 pothole, hole 坑洼坑洼坑洼 gravel 砂砾砂砾right-hand bend 右转弯右转弯右转弯 left-hand bend 左转弯左转弯左转弯 blind bend 急弯急弯急弯 Z bend, double bend Z 形转弯形转弯dangerous bend, hairpin bend 险弯险弯road narrows 路面狭窄路面狭窄路面狭窄 brow of a hill 斜坡斜坡road works 道路工程道路工程道路工程 diversion 支岔支岔slippery road surface 防滑路面防滑路面signals 信号信号((总称总称) )traffic signs, roadsigns 道路标志信号道路标志信号hand signals 手示信号手示信号手示信号 no right turn 禁止右转弯禁止右转弯no U-turns 禁止掉头禁止掉头禁止掉头 traffic lights 红绿灯红绿灯红绿灯,,交通指挥灯交通指挥灯red light 红色圆形标志牌红色圆形标志牌红色圆形标志牌 flashing amber 闪光指示器闪光指示器闪光指示器 stop 停车停车right of way 可通行可通行to give way 让路让路,,让行让行horn 喇叭喇叭lights 灯光灯光headlights 大灯大灯headlights on full beam 远光灯远光灯dipped headlights 会车灯会车灯会车灯,,近光灯近光灯to dip one's headlights 关闭远光灯开启近光灯关闭远光灯开启近光灯 sidelights 位置灯位置灯,,边灯边灯direction indicator, indicator 方向指示器方向指示器 safety belt, seat belt 保险带保险带to lose control of one's vehicle 车辆失控车辆失控 to skid 打滑打滑打滑 to turn over 翻车翻车to hit, to crash into, to run into 撞to crash, to collide 碰撞碰撞not to give way 不让路不让路。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: BrandedProducts and Private Label ProductsM SzymanowskiTHE BUSINESS CASEThroughout the automotive aftermarket industry, senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖―co ntrol brands‖ or ―own brands,‖their rising prominence has led top executives to ask:• What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands?• How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve?• How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape?• What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start?•What are the similarities and differences between t he private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector?• What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors?Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products s old by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store loyalty and traffic.Private branding in food, drug and mass merchant consumer products channels is not a new phenomenon, nor is it a new concept inthe automotive aftermarket. However, there are differences in the degree to which private brand penetration has occurred in traditional consumer goods industries compared with the automotive aftermarket. The factors giving rise to these differences include the nature and use of the products (e.g., immediate consumption vs. durable goods), the ability of the consumer to exercise preference at point of sale, technological or other barriers to entry for alternative manufacturers to produce private brands, the degree to which products are subject to regulatory controls, and the differences in the channels in which the products are distributed. Notwithstanding these distinctions, private branding will continue to impact the competitive landscape.Consumer behavior has gone through a dramatic evolution in the past five years, with the economic shifts and downturns, and with the exploding access to information and technology. The lines of consumer priorities are blurring and shifting, and regardless of brand or product mix, measurement and management of these shifts will be the key to strategic success and growth in a global marketplace.The U.S. automotive aftermarket is one of the single largest markets in the U.S. and is increasingly affected by private brand influences similar to other consumer product markets. However, total private brand penetration in the aftermarket is not as closely measured and monitored as in other consumer sectors. As brand and product strategies continue toevolve among aftermarket channel participants, more sophisticated measurements of private brand penetration rates are beginning to take root.ISSUES, OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKSThe degree of market consolidation among retailers is believed to be one of the influences at work in driving increased private brand market share penetration. Retail consolidation is also one of the contributing factors to increasing retailer pricing leverage, according to the AASA(Automotive Aftermarket Suppliers Association) Q4 2009 Aftermarket Supplier Barometer report, and ultimately can lead to supplier margin erosion. Retail consolidation can create economy-of-scale advantages for private brands, allowing brand development and deployment costs to be spread incrementally across higher product volumes, decreasing their relative per unit volume significance. Further, private brand penetration appears to vary across product categories. Those experiencing a higher degree of ―commoditization‖(little or no perceived differentiation across brands) have demonstrated higher private brand market share levels compared to product categories with low degrees of commoditization. Within the automotive aftermarket, product categories such as tires, accessories and maintenance parts are showing similar trends. One recent research report for brake component sales from Frost & Sullivan showsprivate brands had a 60 percent market share in 2009 and are expected to increase to 66 percent by 2015.Monitoring private brand market share penetration levels in each aftermarket product category where a branded manufacturer participates can help assess the current degree of commoditization. However, detailed and accurate data regarding private brand penetration levels within many aftermarket product categories are not readily available —unlike other consumables sectors, where scanner-level data from IRI and Nielsen offers good visibility.Private brand penetration varies by type of product category, geography, channel partners and consumer segment. Having more data and measurements regarding private brand penetration, consumer behavior and supply chain visibility will be essential moving forward, in order to respond to opportunities and risks and sustain a competitive advantage.Understanding customer and consumer segments: private brand preferencesDemographic and ethnographic segment patterns matter. More than 50 percent of 18-to-34-year-olds buy more than half of their consumer staples from private brands. Attitudinal segmentation — similar attitudes and values such as degree of importance placed on the dealer or repair professional, parts availability, do-it-yourself (DIY) considerations, pricesensitivity and convenience, shared across segments — can show varying degrees of influence on private brand choices. Understanding customer and consumer decisions across the entire value chain from manufacturer to ultimate consumer will enable better tailoring of brand positioning and more effective promotional programs.Knowing your customers, where they purchase and what drives their purchase decisions is paramount. In March 2010, Ernst & Y oung conducted a survey of more than 1,000 consumers and discovered: • 56 percent of consumers surveyed purchased vehicle parts and accessories in general automotive repair shops, parts and accessories stores, or chains;• 22 percent purchased them from new and used vehicle dealers;• 15 percent purchased them from big box, ware house clubs and superstores (nonautomotive);• 7 percent purchased them online; and• 20 percent also serviced their vehicle themselves (maintenance, repair, customization). Private brand market dynamics are impacting aftermarket channels through which the majority of products are sold. Developing a unique value proposition for each consumer and channel segment based on channel customer influences will be paramount in maintaining market share.Understanding consumer defection rates (velocity, magnitude andmotivations) from major brands to store brands within a product category can be an excellent gauge of brand relevancy in the eyes of a brand’s user base.The automotive aftermarket is experiencing low brand awareness in certain product categories. For select manufacturers, this implies that the risk of becoming a commodity and facing more margin and sales pressures is influenced by degree of brand loyalty across shoppers. Retailers with DIY or do-it-for-me (DIFM) shopper advocacy programs focusing on serving repair professionals can create brand loyalty among their consumers for store-branded products using their reputation as a technical services-oriented supplier of parts. Manufacturers also are trying to get closer to their primary and secondary consumers and raise brand awareness through techniques such as professional installer training programs and advertising campaigns. These special offers are designed to reinforce the message that longer-lasting, better-performing replacement products are today’s bes t quality and are a longer-term affordability option for consumers. According to recent Nielsen Co. data on consumer trends, a key piece of data to keep in mind when considering consumer behavior trends for 2010 is that, ―Value messaging must include differentiation beyond pricing for consumers.Retail engagement: keeping advocates and influencersRepair professional recommendations and influences on consumerchoice are important dimensions in the private brand or name brand success equation. According to a January 2010 Frost & Sullivan report, vehicle owners will adopt repair professional recommendations for batteries up to one-third of the time. The important question to ask is: What are the key influences the repair professionals look at when making brand decisions? It is important to recognize that all participants in the supply channel influence the repair professional’s choice. New and used vehicle dealers, accessory stores or auto parts chains, big box, warehouse clubs and superstores, online providers and search partners all play an increasingly important role in affecting consumer choices. Big box, warehouse clubs and superstores are concentrating on improving the shopper experience by offering a wider selection of private brand offerings in many consumer durables and non-durables.IMPLICA TIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET LEADERS: UNDERSTANDING OPERA TIONAL BLIND SPOTSTypically, branded manufacturers and retailers focus only on price gaps and performance gaps, but that may be shortsighted in an increasi ngly multidimensional competitive game. Ernst & Y oung’s professionals believe there are at least six dimensions or strategic levers —both quantitative and qualitative —that manufacturers and retail channel players should identify to understand, measure and evaluate private brand competitive dynamics. These six dimensions are pricing,quality, promotion, distribution and merchandising, marketing and packaging perception and organization .Which of these six are the most relevant to the automotive aftermarket? In many consumer goods product categories, consumers often perceive the quality of private brands as being equal to name brands. But a recent report from The NPD Group, a leading market research company, suggests this isn’t always the case with consume rs of automotive aftermarket products. According to NPD, some automotive aftermarket consumers still perceive a quality difference between private brand and name brands. In the category of motor oil, NPD suggests that more than half of consumers surveyed believe motor oil name brands are of better quality than store brands, while nearly one-third see no real difference. What quality level is each consumer market segment willing to pay a premium for? Are independent repair professionals willing to risk their repair shop’s reputation on products that customers may perceive as lower quality?Manufacturers need to understand where their customers stand on quality vs. price, and must clearly differentiate those attributes that will best drive purchase choice behavior. Likewise, retailers should evaluate brand assortment to ensure they are meeting the requirements of both quality- and value-driven consumers. It is a fact that in some cases, repair shops may utilize original equipment parts over aftermarket or privatebrand parts. Retailers and warehouse distributors may utilize private brands to promote their reputation as more economical in the short run. The key question to ask is: Keeping safety, dependability and performance in mind, what is the true risk/benefit ratio perceived by consumer segments where each aftermarket product category sells and what levels of price portfolio are fair? Remember, it is the consumers who pay, and depending on whether it is a repair or maintenance issue, they wield more power today than ever.Safety, dependability and performance are of utmost importance to the vehicle owner/consumer when it comes to automotive aftermarket parts used for vehicle maintenance and repairs. As participants in the aftermarket distribution channel (including manufacturer, distributor, chain or independent retailer and repair professional) seek to respond to and influence consumer choice, build trust and maintain market share in vehicle repair and replacement, all players must understand how the products they offer meet these key consumer values and support their reputation in the market.AASA has launched an initiative called ―Know Y our Parts,‖designed to encourage all distribution channel participants to fully evaluate the increasing number of competing products in the marketplace across several dimensions of dependability, quality and performance. This campaign highlights the importance in understanding the extent to whichthere is transparency in the manufacturer’s commitment to provide support in the form of technical specifications, warranty, quality assurance, training and other services. It recognizes the important role that repair professionals, distributors and retailers play in influencing customer and consumer choice, particularly when the consumer is more dependent on the supply chain for information to support choice decisions among complex products.PROTECTING AND GROWING BRANDSBoth manufacturers and retailers are asking for clarity in how to understand and act upon private brand market dynamics. We suggest they begin by asking the following questions: 1). Learn the market: See reality in customer and consumer perspectivesa). What levels of awareness, consideration, purchase intent, usage and loyalty exist within the categories and brands where I compete?b). How is the market changing, and how will future consolidation create opportunities?c). Are we using digital and social media resources to gain specific insight into consumers?d). Should we establish strategic listening posts using social media as an ongoing program rather than a one-time effort? Where along the distribution channel should such measures be used?2). Know thyself: Look at what value your brands offer in eachproduct category and consumer and repair professional segmentsa). How can my management teams think differently rather than preserve the status quo?b). Should organizational practices or structure change in light of private brand dynamics?c). Which brands represent leading practices that should be replicated?d). What marketing and promotional levers can be pulled to preserve and grow brand loyalty and quality perceptions among all distribution channel consumers?3). Evaluate new competitiona). Where are my marketing activities over- or under-resourced as compared to competitors? Does this new reality offer cost-reduction or revenue opportunities?b). What is the potential to maximize revenues given the price elasticity of my products as compared to competitor and private brand offerings?c). How are competitors combating private brand threats, and what lessons can be learned?4). Build private brand defense and offense strategies and competenciesa). How can I build a private brand monitoring capability?b). Should I develop a private brand index or similar measure?Aftermarket companies need to develop holistic, reliable and multidimensional measures to better understand, evaluate and monitor private brand value gaps across the entire aftermarket distribution channel. These measures must go beyond pricing and include quality, innovation and other dimensions such as customer and consumer perceptions. Obtaining information todevelop such measures will likely mean using different approaches to gather consumer-level insights. This analysis focuses on three areas: 1) measuring and evaluating the true penetration of private brands within various product categories experiencing a high degree of commoditization, 2) identifying the root causes of this trend in quantitative and qualitative terms and 3) building viable and practical responses at brand and category levels.中文译文汽车售后市场的竞争动态:品牌产品和自主产品M Szymanowski业务案例在汽车零配件行业中,高管正面临私人品牌的现实。

Q/SQR汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照表(试行奇瑞汽车有限公司发布Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 前言应目前对外出口要求, 为了零部件名称在翻译时其格式统一以及翻译相对专业与准确, 制订本零部件名称英文译名的命名规则,并以 A11平台为事例进行了翻译,对于其他车型与 A11结构位置相同的零部件其名称以此标准进行统一规范, 新增零部件其英文名称以此规则进行统一翻译。

本标准在格式和内容的编排上均符合GB/T1.1-2000、 GB/T1.2-2002的规定。

本标准由奇瑞汽车有限公司国际公司、汽车工程研究院提出。

本标准由奇瑞汽车有限公司汽车工程研究院归口。

本标准起草单位:奇瑞汽车有限公司国际公司、汽车工程研究院。

本标准主要起草人:吴向东、刘自苗、刘慧军、辛军、祁国俊、袁永彬、侯建伟。

IQ/SQR.04.173— 2005 汽车零部件名称英文译名规则及中英文对照表(试行 1 适用范围本标准中的翻译规则适用于奇瑞公司零部件英文名称的翻译。

A11平台翻译事例中的零部件英文名称适用于其它车型与 A11平台结构位置相同的零部件。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。

凡是注日期的引用文件, 其随后所有的修改单 (不包括勘误的内容或修订版均不适用于本标准,然而, 鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。

凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准。

无3 零部件的译名规则3.1零部件的译名格式[零部件的名称名词 ][空格 ][破折号 ][空格 ][ 零部件的描述 ][内 /外 ][前 /后 ][上 /下 ][左 /右 ]例如:左前门外板本体 PNL - FRT DOOR OTR LH3.24 A11平台中英文名称对照表1Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 2Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 3Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 4Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 5Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 6Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 7Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 8Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 9Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 10Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 11Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 12Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 13Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 14Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 15Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 16Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 17Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 18Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 19Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 20Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 21Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 22Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 23Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 24Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 25Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 26Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 27Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 28Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 29Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 30Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 31Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 32Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 33Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 34Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 35Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 36Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 37Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 38Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 39Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 40Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 41Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 42Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 43Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 44Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 45Q/SQR.04.173— 2005 46。

R134a制冷剂—Refreigent冷冻机油—Freeze oil堵件—PLUG螺母—Nut中部面板—middle part panel中锁体下部总成—Middle lock underpart assembly防盗器系统总成—ANTITHIEF SYSTEM防盗器主机—ANTITHIEF MODULE防盗指示灯—INDICATOR遥控器—RKE报警喇叭—SIREN防盗继电器—RELAY-ANTITHIEF防盗器控制线束总成—W/H ANTITHIEF防盗器门内线束总成—W/H ANTITHIEF DR防盗器指示灯线束总成—W/H INDICATOR收放机—Cassette RadioCD主机—CD Head UnitCD线束—CD Harness前扬声器—Front SpeakerCD碟机—CD Changer前门扬声器—Front Door Speaker后扬声器—Rear Speaker橡皮垫圈—Rubber Gasket收放机—Cassette RadioCD机总成—CD Assembly主机—Head Unit换片机—Changer电源信号线—Power Harness天线（不带放大器）—Atenna（Without amplifeier）天线（带放大器）—Atenna（With amplifeier）天线固定顶篷螺母—Atenna Roof Mounting Nut橡塑垫片—Rubber Gasket多楔带空调压缩机总成—Compressor assembly冷凝器-干燥储液瓶总成—Condensator-filter drier Pipeline assembly 冷凝器橡胶垫块—rubber pad冷凝器橡胶垫片—rubber pad冷凝器橡胶垫块—rubber pad冷凝器固定垫片—rubber pad冷凝器—Condensator Pipeline assembly冷凝器支架—Condensator bracket膨胀阀总成—expansion valve assembly膨胀阀本体—expansion valve body感应器—sensor固定连接板—Mounting bracket内六角螺栓—bolt蒸发器总成—HVAC assembly衬垫—Gasket螺母—Nut进风口外壳总成—air inlet damper assembly分发器壳体总成—Difuse cover assembly蒸发器壳体总成—evaporator box assembly蒸发器芯总成—evaporator core assembly散热器芯总成—heat core assembly排水管总成—drain pipe真空管—Rubber hose真空管接头—Rubber hose connector散热器进出口海绵—Heat inlet foam双头定位螺栓—bolt温控器开关总成—temp control switch进风风门—Air inlet damper混合风门—Air difuse damper除霜吹脚风门—Defrost air damper吹面风门—Face air damper蒸发器-压缩机管路总成—Evaporator-Compressor Pipeline assembly 加注口帽—filling portO型环—O SHAPE RING固定卡—Mounting clip制冷管固定支架—Mounting bracket单管夹子—Mounting bracket螺栓—bolt压缩机-冷凝器管路总成—Compressor-Condensator Pipeline assembly 加注口帽—filling port并紧螺母—nutO型环—O SHAPE RING管路压板—PAD制冷管张紧夹子—Mounting bracket干燥器-蒸发器管路总成—Desiccator-Evaporator Pipeline assembly 并紧螺母—nutO型环—O SHAPE RING管路压板—PAD制冷管固定夹子—Mounting bracketO型环—O SHAPE RING贮液干燥器总成—filter drier六角法兰面螺母—Nut空调电磁阀—Air condition solendid空调高低压开关总成—SWITCH A-A/C PRESSURE空调温度开关总成—Air Conditioner temp switch assembly空调真空系统总成—Air condition vacuum system真空罐总成—Vaccum tank assembly真空罐—Vaccum tank衬垫—Gasket密封条—Sealing pad螺母—nut真空管总成—Vacuum tubeT型接头—T shape connector橡胶软管—Rubber hose塑料管—Plastic hose橡胶软管—Rubber hose塑料管—Plastic hose单向阀—One way value橡胶软管—Rubber hose橡胶软管—Rubber hose橡胶软管—Rubber h空调控制面板总成—Air Conditioner control pannel assembly 空调开关总成—Air condition switch assembly风向控制拉线1（蓝）—Air direction control line风向控制拉线2（黑）—Air direction control line风向控制拉线3（黄）—Air direction control line空调控制面板装饰板—PANNEL COVER -A/C CONTROL后视镜开关—Power window switch开关堵盖—dummy反射片—Reflect patch。

400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 Web: 2006-01-0218A Hybrid Powertrain Provided with anEmulated Fuel Cell System and a Battery Pack: Experimental ResultsMarco Santoro, Manlio Pasquali and Gianfranco PagniENEA Research Center “Casaccia”Luca SoleroUniversity of Rome “ROMA TRE”Reprinted From: Applications of Fuel Cells in Vehicles 2006(SP-2006)2006 SAE World CongressDetroit, MichiganApril 3-6, 2006The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.For permission and licensing requests contact:SAE Permissions400 Commonwealth DriveWarrendale, PA 15096-0001-USAEmail:permissions@Tel:724-772-4028Fax:724-776-3036For multiple print copies contact:SAE Customer ServiceT el:877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)T el:724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax:724-776-0790Email:CustomerService@ISSN 0148-7191Copyright © 2006 SAE InternationalPositions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions.Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication by SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract to Secretary, Engineering Meetings Board, SAE.Printed in USAABSTRACTThe increasing concern about polluting emissions of vehicles, the cost and the limited availability of petroleum are urging many researchers in the world to develop innovative and more energy-efficient traction powertrains. In order to improve the energy conversion efficiencies into the vehicle, auto manufacturers are looking at new energy-storage-system technologies and fuel converters with great interest. The University of Rome“ROMA TRE” and ENEA (the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment) have jointly developed and tested a Fuel Cell Emulator, able to feed a vehicle powertrain just like an actual fuel cell should do. Aim of this work was to substitute the fuel cell with a much more reliable device and test different powertrain layouts and control strategies. This approach allows comparing different powertrains by simply resizing their components. INTRODUCTIONComprehensive studies (e.g. [1]) have compared several powertrain layouts and technologies to a reference conventional vehicle - provided with gasoline engine and automatic transmission - over many driving schedules. The cycles with low power demand (low speed or stop-and-go operations) appear to be the most suitable for hybrid operations. These results are logical considering the sources of savings for hybrid vehicles: regenerative braking, no engine idling, and better powertrain efficiency at low power demands.When considering the introduction of advanced vehicles, a complete well-to-wheel evaluation must be performed to determine the potential impact of a technology on carbon dioxide and Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions. A well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis of a vehicle/fuel system covers all stages of the fuel cycle, from energy feedstock recovery (well) to energy delivery at the vehicle’s wheels. A WTW analysis is also referred to as a fuel-cycle analysis. Considering fuel economies for the different vehicle’s configurations on the U.S. Combined cycle (including FUDS and FHDS) it is clear that substantial gains can be achieved through dieselisation or hybridisation. The results considering well-to-pump (WTP), pump-to-wheels (PTW) and WTW powertrain efficiencies for the combined cycle imply that: • Dieselisation can increase the efficiency by more than 20%,• Hybridisation alone leads to an improvement of more than 30%,• Dieselisation and hybridisation lead to an improvement of more than 50%,• A gain of more than 150% can be obtained with the hybrid fuel cell. The hybrid fuel cell configuration combines high fuel-cell-system efficiency and regenerative braking to achieve the highest fuel economy.Considering the energy loss during the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) cycle for each component for the configurations considered, the same analysis shows that the engine is, by far, the least efficient of the components (accounts for more than 75% of the total losses for the reference case). Fuel cell vehicles lose only half the energy of the best parallel case. Moreover, a hybrid fuel cell powertrain consumes less energy than a system containing only a fuel cell. The weight advantage of the fuel cell system is not sufficient to compensate for the loss in regenerative energy. Fuel cell vehicles supported by an energy storage system achieve the highest fuel economy. This is why regenerative braking energy may be stored and the fuel cell can often operate in high-efficiency regions.Other studies [2] pointed out that on a fixed time budget, vehicle miles travelled by vehicle vary inversely with the average driving speed. In other words, personal vehicles based in congested urban areas may accumulate fewer miles of driving per year than suburban-based vehicles. Thus, owners of hybrid vehicles living in congested areas may drive less than hybrid owners living in suburban area, nullifying the large fuel economy2006-01-0218A Hybrid Powertrain Provided with an Emulated Fuel CellSystem and a Battery Pack: Experimental ResultsMarco Santoro, Manlio Pasquali and Gianfranco PagniENEA Research Center “Casaccia”Luca SoleroUniversity of Rome “ROMA TRE”Copyright © 2006 SAE Internationaladvantage they hold over comparable conventional vehicles. Nonetheless, we believe that the extensive use of hybrid vehicles should dramatically improve the air quality in urban areas. This is thanks to the degrees of freedom these powertrains are provided with which allow to design low tailpipe-emission vehicles especially conceived for urban traffic.Because of their high efficiency and low emissions,fuel cell vehicles are undergoing extensive research and development. A clean vehicle, such as a fuel cell vehicle, does not mean that there are no emissions from a well-to-wheel perspective. When producing hydrogen from reforming at a station, fuel cell vehicles have a lower advantage in terms of efficiency and emissions. Emerging methods for generating hydrogen by exploiting renewable energy sources (e.g. [3]) will soon allow considering fuel-cell-propelled vehicles as actual Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs).AIM OF THE WORKAim of our work was the realization of a fuel cell emulator able to generate the voltage/current relationship the fuel cell would supply,and investigate different control approaches of a hybrid powertrain containing a battery pack. The emulator has to be a much more reliable “fuel converter” than the actual fuel cell. During testing, the emulator has been constrained to operate in steady state conditions, i.e. the fuel cell current rate has been continuously monitored and constrained.A major European automobile manufacturer has provided us with a Simulink model of a 60-kW PEM fuel cell (Fig. 1). The model is mostly empirical,relying on fuel cell component input/output relationships measured in the laboratory and quasi-static, using data collected in steady state tests. Most of these data are contained in look-up tables. By changing the number of elementary cells in the model, we have modified the size of the fuel cell, and we have therefore tested and compared the behavior of different-size fuel cells.We have modified at ENEA labs in Rome a battery cycler, i.e. an AC/DC converter that is able to charge and discharge a battery pack according to a chosen voltage/current law. Such modified battery charger can be driven from external signals, calculated by the modeldescribed above.Fig. 1: 60kW PEM fuel cellTHE POWERTRAINWe have shown in previous papers [4, 5] the availability and effectiveness of our Multi Input Power Electronic Converter (MIPEC). This device manages the bidirectional power flow from three different sources for feeding a traction drive (Fig. 2).Fig.2: MIPEC manages the power flowing from a BatteryStorage Unit (BSU), an UltraCapacitor tank (UC) and the Fuel Cell (FC) to the Traction Drive The powertrain does not contain any ultracapacitor and therefore just two inputs of MIPEC can work in this test.The fuel cell system has been emulated thanks to the battery cycler (3-phase AC/DC converter) and a suitable DC link capacitive filter. An x86 real time microprocessor platform (PC 104) regulates the output voltage of the FC emulator as function of the output DC current and the operating temperature.The microprocessor controls the emulator on the basis of the fuel cell model: at a given current generated by the emulator, the instantaneous output voltage can differ on dependence - this is evident at low-load currents - on the operating conditions (Fig. 3).Fuel Cell Voltage vs. Current102030405060708090100110120130140150Current [A]Fig.3:Minimum, mean and maximum fuel cell Voltagevs. mean supplied Current The powertrain is completed by a VRL A battery pack and a traction drive (induction motor with peak power of 30kW and continuous power of 15kW), coupled to afour-quadrant-operation dynamometer (Fig. 4).Fig. 4: 15kW continuous-, 30kW peak-power tractiondrive, mechanically coupled to dynamometerHOW THE TEST BENCH OPERATESFig. 5: Layout of the powertrain under testingReferring to Fig. 5, PC104 microprocessor and boards, with a time step of 0.1s xCalculate hydrogen consumption, fuel cell temperature and voltage in dependence on the current requestedx Drive the cycler by imposing the voltage the fuel cell would supplyx Calculate the batteries state of charge and their maximum allowable currentxCalculate and send to the MIPEC DSP the maximum current and the maximum current rate the fuel cell could meetx Acquire fuel-cell emulator current and voltage xAcquire batteries current and voltageThe MIPEC DSP xReceives information from the PC104 microprocessor concerning maximum fuel cell current, maximum battery current, maximum rate of the fuel cell currentxDrives MIPEC switching devices (i.e. calculates their duty cycles length) and thus determines the current flows from batteries and fuel cell.Torque and speed from the drive are acquired with a time step of 1s during testing.Main aim of the powertrain control strategy -this algorithm is implemented in the PC104 boards -is to limit the fuel cell power rate. This result can be gained by introducing an energy storage system which allows supporting the rapid change of power flows over the driving schedule. Moreover, the VRL A battery pack allows recovering energy during vehicle braking and coastdown.The adoption of a hybrid configuration allows decreasing the cost of the powertrain: a fuel cell of lower size - supported by an energy storage system - can feed a vehicle with the same performance that should be met by a vehicle provided with a full-size one.Varying the quantity of elementary cells in the model we have rescaled the fuel cell size and tested the behavior of powertrains propelled by a 7-, 15-, and 22-kW fuel cell,with the same battery pack at three different initial SOC values.Fig.6shows how the powertrain power flows are qualitatively managed. When the vehicle accelerates, the fuel cell meets the power request (Pload ) like a“sluggish” genset. Most of the power is supplied by the battery pack in this phase.At the end of the acceleration phase, the fuel cell can recharge the battery pack (Pbatt is negative). During braking or coastdown the kinetic energy is stored in the battery pack and the fuel cell is turned off.P load P batt P fcPtFig. 6: Power flow controlThe fuel cell model contains the maximum allowable fuel cell current and current rate (Figs. 7and 8,respectively)vs. the fuel cell stack temperature.10203040506070102030405060708090100110120temperature [°C]max current [A]Fig. 7: Maximum fuel cell current vs. temperature 01020304050607010152025303540temperature [°C]max di/dt [A/s]Fig. 8: Maximum fuel cell current rate vs. temperatureThis information is sent from the PC104 boards to the MIPEC DSP, and MIPEC monitors the FC current and the battery voltage. MIPEC splits the power request between fuel cell and batteries and is able to accurately constrain both the fuel cell current and its rate.The recharge current supplied by the fuel cell is constrained in dependence on the batteries state of charge (Fig. 9).Fig. 9: Maximum recharge current vs. SOCTESTING THE POWERTRAINThe powertrain has been tested over the urban section of the NEDC (Fig. 10), consecutively repeated 20 times.By this way, we were able to observe the system evolution at varying temperature,batteries state ofcharge, etc. etc.Battery socFig. 10: Urban segment (ECE 15) of the New EuropeanDriving Cycle Figs.11and 12 show the power flows in the vehicle over one NEDC urban section at cold and warm fuel cell,respectively. It is evident the fuel-cell power dependence on the operating temperature: the cold fuel cell is able to supply a maximum power of 8 kW (Fig. 11). The warm fuel cell can deliver a maximum power of nearly 12 kW (Fig.12).The batteries supply in both cases the power necessary to meet the driving cycle.The increase of hydrogen consumption is due to the fuel cell temperature increase. Points A and A 1,B and B 1,C and C 1, respectively show the hydrogen consumption in the same instant of two consecutive driving cycles (Fig. 13). A hydrogen vent (0.3g/s for 2s in the 7-kW fuel cell and 0.5g/s for 2s in the 22-kW fuel cell), depending on the past hydrogen consumption, is needed for expelling water from the distribution channels.101214time [s]Fig. 11: Power flows over the first NEDC urban section.The fuel cell is cold30403060308031003120314031603180-22468101214power [kW]P loadP battP fcMax pfc(T)time [s]Fig. 12: Power flowing over one NEDC urban section.The fuel cell is warmtime [s]Fig. 13: Instantaneous hydrogen consumption over twoconsecutive NEDC urban sectionsThe final SOC of batteries is nearly the initial one (Fig. 14).The total hydrogen consumption (Fig. 15) is therefore the actual energy consumption over the testing schedule. The SOC is calculated according to an algorithm that has been developed in collaboration with the University of Pisa (Italy). It takes into account the variation of batteries capacitance in dependence on the battery current and temperature.Fig. 14: SOC variation during testingtime [s]Fig. 15: Hydrogen consumptionPotenza [kW]P e r c e n t u a l e s u i C a m p i o n i T o t a l i A c q u i s i t i [%]Fig. 16: Fuel cell operating points distribution (7 kW,SOC = 0.6)Potenza [kW]P e r c e n t u a l e s u i C a m p i o n i T o t a l i A c q u i s i t i [%]Fig.17: Fuel cell operating points distribution (22 kW,SOC = 0.6) Figs.16 and 17 depict the distributions of the acquired fuel-cell emulator operating points and are referred to a fuel cell power of 7 kW and 22 kW, respectively. SOC is 0.6in both cases. The smaller fuel cell has to recharge more often the batteries, as they provide most of the acceleration power and are discharged. The fuel cell thus operates mostly in its high efficiency region,and although generates meanly more power than the 22-kW fuel cell, its hydrogen consumption is lower.The hydrogen consumption is 179g for the 7-kW fuel cell and 206g for the 22-kW one.CONCLUSIONThe development of a fuel cell emulator allows testing in a reliable and affordable way various powertrain configurations. By this way we are able to optimize experimentally the control strategies. The knowledge of the optimal control strategy allows realizing a vehicle provided with an actual fuel cell. In order to gain such results, a reliable emulator - whose performance has been compared with the reference fuel cell - is necessary.Moreover,this approach allows emulating any genset.The powertrain testing over the ECE 15 cycle allows to recognize the source of savings that the powertrain hybridization has generated,when the vehicle meets an urban schedule. The 22-kW powertrain is able to supply all the power the vehicle needs, and the batteries operate only until the fuel cell is cold. As soon as the fuel cell has reached its operating temperature, it is able to provide the needed power and to meet the dynamic behaviour the cycle requires.Fig. 17 shows that the 22-kW fuel cell mainly operates in the 0.5-1.5kW range. This power is nearly the power of the fuel cell accessory loads, and the fuel cell thus operates in low-efficiency regions. The 7-kW fuel cell cannot always meet the whole traction power and the batteries have to compensate this gap of power. The batteries must be recharged periodically by the fuel cell,e.g. when the vehicle is idling. This is why the 7-kW fuel cell mostly operates in high efficiency regions (Fig. 16).57.558.559.5These conclusions refer to the driving cycle here considered. If we suppose to analyze high-speed schedules (e.g. highway driving cycles), we will obtain completely different results. The optimal drivetrain sizing depends heavily from the driving cycle under testing. In each case, the current fuel-cell stack prices suggest to seriously consider hybrid drivetrains.REFERENCES1. A. Rousseau, P. Sharer “Comp aring Ap p les toAp p les: Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Current ICE and Fuel Cell Vehicle Technologies”, Proceedings SAE 2004 World Congress, March 8-11, 2004. Detroit, MI, U.S.A.2. D. Santini, et al. “Hybrid Electric Vehicle TechnologyAssessment: Methodology, Analytical Issue and Interim Results”, ANL Report ESD/02-1 (2001)3.http://www.enea.it/com/ingl/solar/index.html4. Santoro M., Puccetti A., Pasquali M., Solero L.,L idozzi A. “A Novel Multi-Inp ut Power Electronic Converter for Automotive A p p lications”, 11thInternational Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE – PEMC, September 2-4, 2004, Riga, Latvia5. Di Napoli A., Crescimbini F., Solero L., L idozzi A.,Pede G., Santoro M., Pasquali M. “Multi Input Power Electronic Converter for Automotive Ap p lications”,AutoTechnology, Volume 4, December 2004, ISSN 1616-8216CONTACTMarco Santoro Ph.D., Electronic Engineer, currently joins the Department of Robotics at ENEA Research Center“Casaccia”, Rome, Italy. He can be reached at marco.santoro@casaccia.enea.it.DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS DSP:Digital Signal ProcessorENEA: Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (Italian National Agency for NewTechnologies, Energy and the Environment) FHDS: Federal Highway Driving ScheduleFUDS: Federal Urban Driving ScheduleGHG: Green House GasMIPEC: Multi Input Power Electronic ConverterNEDC: New European Driving CyclePEM: Proton Exchange MembranePTW: Pump To WheelsSOC: State Of ChargeVRLA: Valve Regulated Lead Acid (battery)WTP: Well To PumpWTW: Well To WheelsZEV: Zero Emission Vehicle。

附录Human activities on the ecological damage to the environment has become a global problem, to reduce fuel consumption, reduce automobile exhaust emissions is energy conservation, prevention of air pollution in an important measure. Vehicle energy consumption is closely related with the tire rolling resistance. On cars or light trucks, the 3.4% ~ 6.6% of fuel consumption used to overcome rolling resistance tires; of loaded radial truck tire with the car example, 12.4% ~ 14.5% of fuel consumption to overcome the rolling resistance tires . Tire rolling resistance by 10%, fuel-efficient cars will be 1.2 percent, 4 percent savings trucks. To this end,the tire manufacturers have at home and abroad to develop new low-power tires to reduce rolling resistance, saving fuel.Automobile tires in the rolling process, the total vehicle rolling resistance accounts for about 20% of the resistance, if reduced by 10% per tire rolling resistance, lower 2% ~ 3% of fuel, then rolling resistance tires to enhance the level of control of vehicle contribution to fuel economy will be significant, but also in a wide range can be achieved. Therefore, how to effectively control the tire's rolling resistance is the industry facing a key issue. This article will explore the various angles and analysis as well as tire rolling resistance testing technology.I. SummaryIn the tire rolling process, the cycle of changes in the stress and strain lead to energy loss, the formation of tire rolling resistance, also known as the tire hysteresis energy loss. Studies have shown that to overcome tire rolling resistance on fuel consumption of the general accounting for the total fuel consumption of motor vehicles more than 10%. Reduce rolling resistance tires can reduce vehicle energy consumption, so that the car farther away from efficient. Tire rolling resistance is the overall energy consumption of material, equivalent to the tire rolling units of energy loss from the rolling units in addition to its distance, the dimensionless N • m / m, although its equivalent to the dimensionless force, but from the point of view of energy analysis and understanding more convenient and reasonable.Through the measurement of rolling resistance tires can study the best section.However, the results of lab experiments can only make a comparison, the final road test should be used as the basis of the results. Second, research the history ofAs early as age 60 in the 20th century, Beijing Research and Design Institute of Rubber Industry in turn on the drum machine and measured the wire cotton tire cord tire power loss, also measured on the road when the vehicle speed steady traction resistance. At that time, due torestrictions on the use of equipment, the pilot is in its early exploratory phase of long-term. Since the mid-80s, with the accelerated development of China's tire needs, a small number of tire manufacturers from the United States, Japan and Germany with the introduction of the rolling resistance of the switch position test tire drum testing machine, combined with the development of a new type of radial tire and the analysis of foreign samples a number of tire rolling resistance tires test.Inspection. 70s from the 20th century in the United States, Japan and Europe, such as the economically developed countries, in order to solve energy shortages and the deterioration of environmental quality issues and the rolling resistance tires for a large number of experiments and research work. At the same time, tire rolling resistance testing technologies have also made remarkable progress. Beginning in 2004, the U.S. National Research Center on the control of rolling resistance tires to start a new round of extensive research. In 2007, the European Rubber Manufacturers Association also made to the EU to control the level of rolling resistance of the recommendations. Therefore, China will also face the control of rolling resistance.Third, testing technologyAt present, China has established a laboratory test-based, supplemented by the direction of the outdoor experiment. Steady-state conditions in the interior that is a constant load and speed, the tireswhen driving to reach thermal equilibrium Tire rolling resistance measurement method of standardization has been achieved.Preliminary results show that the simulation of the city of tire rolling resistance condition than under the conditions of steady-state rolling resistance by 26% ~ 47% of the difference between the two aroused people's interest in the emergence of a simulation of various operating conditions of automobile tires non-steady-state test. But so far did not see a unified standard test methods or test protocols. Carried out in the outdoor tire rolling resistance test methods are mainly trailer Act, taxiways and three kinds of torque method, in which a wider application of the trailer Act.Fourth, laboratory equipmentLaboratory test equipment, through decades of effort, has appeared in various types of tire rolling resistance testing machine. Their roads in accordance with the form of simulation points, and to have a steel drum two broad categories. Strip-type test machine to simulate the continuous flat surface, is very expensive test equipment tires. At present, it is the most widely to drum testing machine, in particular, a diameter of 1.7 meters to the drum. These test equipment measuring tire rolling resistance by way of points, and measuring method, torque law, power law and reduce the rate of four kinds of law. The use of existing equipment to load and torque of law are most welcome. In thepast two decades, the accuracy of test equipment greatly enhanced to reduce the double measurement error, and has formed a set of test data to ensure the repeatability of the equipment necessary for accuracy. Has the full realization of China's current industrial production equipment is Jiurong Tianjin rolling resistance testing machine, is divided into car and truck tire with two types of tires, and its accuracy in line with the requirements of ISO. As the outdoor test line tire rolling resistance of non-standard test, the test equipment they use is not changed. Association for the Study of the British automobile industry with the use of the pilot housing trailers, all kinds of tires for air resistance in the same test under the conditions created.V. Test Methods1. Indoor and outdoor test testIndoor and outdoor test test test is based on the distinction between the two types of tire place test method. Indoor test of tire rolling resistance testing machine were conducted, and its experimental conditions, although the Department of simulated conditions of use but can be under control, so that good reproducibility of experimental data. Outdoor test rolling resistance tires are used on test vehicles on the road completed, it is true although the experimental conditions, but susceptible to external factors, pilot error, and therefore tire rolling resistance test to test the main indoor and outdoor test Des.2. Steady-state conditions and non-steady-state conditionsSteady-state conditions in the constant refers to the tire load and speed, and traveling in the tire to reach thermal equilibrium when measuring rolling resistance; non-steady-state conditions, it means the tire change with time in the load and speed, and tire temperature in the process of moving measuring rolling resistance. Of course, the tires in the car on the non-steady-state condition is varied. To the total points, tire condition of the car has the city, the suburbs of the car and coach on. However, a breakdown, and another empty, heavy vehicles, drive, driven, acceleration, deceleration, taxiways, brake, turn, etc. and combinations there of. Typical working condition of the tires as the standard test of non-steady-state conditions, needs to be done to investigate and test a large number of research work. So whether it is the latest ISO 18164 or the existing SAEJ 1269, they were under steady-state conditions. In addition, SAEJ 2452 slowdown is a complex experiment, the experimental conditions than under the uniform steady-state movement is much more complicated, but it is not completely under non-steady-state experiment. As can accurately predict tire rolling resistance is uniform or slowdown, more tests need to be verified, such comparison tests being investigated. However, the tire manufacturer's tire rolling resistance testing machine mostly for the use of steady-state conditions, if used for non-steady-state conditions by thetest needs Plus many new features, testing may be a substantial increase in cost.First of all, to deal with the choice of tires to test full consideration, such as the representativeness of the sample, the tire size, type, rated speed, the original production equipment and the type of wheel rim, as well as the technological level of producers and industry status.Secondly, the performance evaluation of the establishment of test methods. Is not any test method can be used to evaluate the performance level, especially the study of test methods, and therefore take into account the actual tire, the combination of existing technology and the means test, set up in line with the experimental detection conditions.Third, laboratory equipment to ensure precision and accuracy of the equipment of the establishment of standards to ensure that test reproducibility and repeatability, such as samples of the same specifications of the rolling resistance tires are consistent and repeatable, with the control tire for the different experiments comparison.Fourth, the establishment of quality control procedures to ensure that the different rolling resistance testing machine test results are consistent and repeatable, the data in these experiments should also include information such as equipment.Fifth, repeat the same tire test, test results are consistent and repeatable.Sixth, tire prices and the relationship between the dynamic resistance.Seventh, most importantly, in the protection of national industries and safeguard the environment and conserve fuel, to resist the flow of low-quality tires to enter the market, the need for serious thinking.A lot of tests in measuring very small load rolling resistance tire rolling resistance is measured the basic characteristics of the tire positioning accuracy, therefore, control precision and accuracy requirements and other equipment is key. According to many years of experience confirm the accuracy of test equipment requirements is necessary, otherwise the test data can not be guaranteed to reach the standards of repeatability and comparability.Lower rolling resistance tires can significantly save energy and protect the environment, with considerable economic and social benefits. Under the conditions of typical use of the tire rolling resistance and fuel consumption the relationship between the steady-state conditions with non-steady-state conditions compared with the torque method, power law and measured by the speed difference in rolling resistance tires will be The next step of our research objectives.Should be established and planned research projects, and used to determine the appropriate control of the rolling resistance or grade; from different points of view to promote and strengthen the grasp of the concept of rolling resistance and applications.汽车轮胎人类活动对生态环境的破坏已成为全球性问题,减少燃料消耗、降低汽车尾气排放量是节约能源、防止大气污染的重要措施。

衡水学院毕业论文（设计）英文文献翻译学生姓名:马晓东系别:经济学与管理学系专业:国际经济与贸易专业年级:2009级学号:200941118241指导教师:张海燕衡水学院教务处印制原文The Export Trade in AutomobilesBy H.H.KELLY:<The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science> The romance of American business holds no more interesting chapter than that which deals with the rise of the automobile industry.And that industry has no more interesting or significant phase than its export trade.Two sets of figures furnish the background for a discussion of foreign trade in automotive products.Both refer to1923.There were in operation in the world that year 18,000,000passenger cars and motor trucks;15,000,000of this number were in the United States.The world production of these vehicles in the same year was about4,500,000;America produced4,087,000of them,and107,000more,if American cars and trucks assembled in foreign countries are counted.These are the brief statistics which show America's position in the automotive business of the world-83.4per cent of all vehicles in operation,and93.2 percent of the annual world production.Nineteen twenty-five will be the jubilee year of the industry in the United States.After less than a quarter century,the American automobile dominates the world.But twenty-five years are not a day;and the growth of the American automotive industry during that time has been logical and sound.The concentrated force of twenty-five years of successful effort is now behind it,pushing it outward into new fields and new markets-in a word,into export trade.RAPID GROWTH OF EXPORT TRADENo one knows just how large,or how small,were the foundations of this towering structure.In1895,perhaps300vehicles were produced in America;by1900,the number may have been5,000.Export trade was hardly thought of.For the first and last time,imports probably equaled exports,although the numbers were so negligible as to have left no impression upon the records.It was not until1910that either production or exports really began to merit attention,but in that year,187,000cars and trucks were built and8,500were shipped abroad-about4.5percent.The proportion at present is6per cent,exports having more than kept pace with the tremendous growth of the industry.From1910onward,production of cars and trucks grew by leaps and bounds;each year set a new record,only to be eclipsed by the next.The increase in production from209,000in1911to4,087,000in1923summarizes the amazing story.After1910,the exports grew in like measure-from15,800in1911to221,816in1923.The dollar-value of the industry and its exports in the single year of1923ran into enormous totals.The wholesale value of all motor vehicles and parts,including tires, produced that year was estimated at$2,800,000,000.The retail value was at least25percent more,or$3,500,000,000.The value of the exports was placed at$170,000,000for the United States,and$37,000,000for Canada.The magnitude of these figures is best seen in the fact that the United States shipments of automotive products stood third among all commodities exported,being exceeded only by unmanufactured cotton and refined mineral oils.Canadian exports,moreover,should be added to those from the United States,for they come from branch factories of companies organized in the United States,placed there to take advantage of tariff preferential in the British Empire.In comparative value of items,passenger cars form by far the largest portion of the exports;after them come trucks,then motorcycles,accessories,parts for assembly and replacement,and engines.One of the most interesting features in all this notable development is the increase in the number of cars and trucks assembled abroad.The products of some of these foreign-assembly plants,as they are known in the industry,may be only partially American,although they are built by subsidiaries of American companies and under American patents;they may use local materials in large measure,and they do,of course,employ workmen of the country in which they are located.One such plant in England advertises that80percent of its product is British-made.In practically all these assembly plants,however,the engine,the heart of the car,is a"Made in U. S.A."st year,foreign assembly plants turned out a total of107,000cars and trucks. One American company now has twelve such plants in operation in various foreign countries. As foreign markets improve this phase of the industry may be expected to take on an ever greater importance.FOREIGN MARKETSLeading national markets for our automotive products are a kaleidoscope of changing conditions.They differ according to the specific products which they prefer,and they move up and down in their positions from month to month.Sometimes their rise and fall can be assigned to certain known causes;at other times,their movements are apparently withoutreason at all.None the less,every export manager watches their fluctuations with keen interest and checks his foreign sales force accordingly.Australia is by far the best market for American passenger st year,25,817cars, valued at$20,000,000,were shipped to that market,and in the first six months of this year the shipments almost equaled those of all twelve in1923.Many Australian industries owe its origin and development to this growing flood of American vehicles.Builders of bodies for both cars and trucks,for instance,have found a prosperous business in equipping chasses,and they have been protected by an Australian tariff which imposes a high duty upon imported bodies.Tire-makers,too,and manufacturers of accessories and parts,base their operations upon the imports of American vehicles.Despite all this manufacturing activity,it is curious to note that no successful all-Australian car has yet made its appearance.After Australia in the table of national markets come Canada,the United Kingdom, Mexico,Sweden,Argentina,Spain,Cuba,and so on down a long list,with not a single country in the world,large or small,failing to receive some of our passenger cars.For trucks, the demand is not the same.Japan led in1923,and still is in first place so far in1924,largely by reason of large purchases following the earthquake.Exports of trucks to the Sunrise Kingdom last year numbered5,111,valued wholesale at$1,670,000.Second in the truck list stood Belgium,and then followed Australia,Sweden,Canada,Spain,the United Kingdom, and a list of others as long as that of the passenger car markets.The sudden rise to prominence of Japan as a buyer of American motor trucks is an example of the unexpected in export trade.In1922,Japan bought only1,001trucks and busses.Following close upon the heels of the earthquake in September of1923,which laid to the ground two of Japan's chief cities,came the first rush orders for trucks.Rail communication,both steam and trolley,was completely disorganized,and the island kingdom found emergency measures necessary transport goods and passengers in the devastated areas. The trucks came-1,800in a single month-mostly from America.Bus routes appeared,with passengers jolting uncomfortably in hastily-built bodies mounted on ordinary truck chasses; freight-lines of motor vehicles took the place of the railroads;taxi-lines boomed.Japan was motorized in a month,and a new and modern means of transportation was literally forced upon the country by its own dire need.The effects of that impetus to motor-transport in Japan will never be entirely lost.译文汽车出口贸易作者：H.H.KELLY来源：《美国政治与社会科学院年鉴》汽车产业的崛起是美国商业发展史上最具传奇色彩的篇章，而在汽车产业中意义最为重大的部分就是汽车的出口贸易。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。