Unit 1 Choosing a TopicCritical ReadingU n d e rs ta n d in g th e te x tT A S K 1Key words Laypeople, radiation, understandingObjective To investigate lay people，knowledge o f radiation phenomena and riskMethods used Questionnaires and interviewsT A S K 21Respondents were aware o f the harmful health effects o f radiation, while they had a little understanding o f the concept o f radiation.2 There are a big proportion o f respondents who support to continue the production o f nuclearpower.3The mass media plays a very important role in the misunderstanding o f radiation.4 A school program should be designed to analyzing everyday conceptions about radiation.T A S K 3Paras.1-2e f b a Paras.3-6k h c d Para. 7b c h a Paras.8-11f a i k Paras.12-18d h g f Paras.19-20g c a b Paras.21-28i j a h c h g da b e j f i g d f e gh g c j b d e a b c ei d h e fk b c g d e fT A S K 41-5254136-1097106811-15131511141216-20201918171621-25252321242226-28272628T A S K 51The answer reveals that the respondents fa il to understand that a new nucleus w ill be produced when a radioactive atom is broken.2 According to the view o f constructivists, a person’s ideas w ill survive school education and forman important basis fo r new learning.3The solution is to consider lay ideas and combine factual knowledge w ith practical or political factors.T A S K 6D ifferent types o f radioactive elements w ill make different health effects, according to characteristics o f each type.T A S K 7It may be argued that the population should have a sufficient understanding o f radiation phenomena to secure individual safety as w ell as democratic decisions. To attain this, it is necessary fo r the communicators o f radiation inform ation to be fam iliar w ith the laypeople’s perceptions o f these phenomena. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine non-experts’ conceptions o f radiation phenomena. The survey revealed an incomplete understanding o f concepts such as radioactive decay, h a lf-life and absorption o f radia tio n and a lack o f differentiation o f between radiation and radioactive materials. Many respondents did not distinguish between sources o f ionising radiation and other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and submarines were the most feared sources o f radiation. There are indications that the lay understanding o f radiation phenomena and risk is to a large extent formed by mass media and that “school knowledge” o f these phenomena is not applied in situations belonging to the “real w orld”To resolve this problem, new teaching and inform ation procedures are needed. These should take into account the learners’ perceptions and should integrate “school knowledge”w ith considerations belonging to the “real w orld”.E n h a n c in g la n g u a g e a b ilityT A S K 21betrays, conception2 renders3exem plified, perception4 prevalent, secure5 prior to6 proportion, gloomy7 alternatives8 characterized, constitutes, hazard9 From the standpoint of, ranks10 external, a prerequisiteT A S K 31include: contain, embrace, encompass, comprise, be composed of, consist of2 valid: powerful, convincing, sensible, rational, viable, credible, plausible, weighty, well-founded,cogent, well-grounded3basic: underlying, fundamental, essential, root, prime, primary4 danger:hazard, risk, threat, menace, peril, jeopardize5 describe: depict, portray, characterize, narrate, outline, represent6 different: discrepant, contrary, conflicting, contradictory, inconsistent, incompatible,incongruous, various, diverse7 cause:prompt, move, inspire, stimulate, urge, spur, motivate, induce, evoke, instigate, impel8 c la rify: account for, ju stify, explain, illum inate, clear up, rationalize, elucidate ,explicate9highlight: emphasize, stress, accent, feature, underline, spotlight, accentuate, give prominence to, attach importance to, give priority to, underscore10 factor: component, item, element, ingredient, constituent, contributorD o in g re s e a rc h p ro je c tsT A S K 11Solvent, pesticide, smoke, viral aggressions, ultrave radiation and ionizing radiation.2 Cells could identify the DNA damage, and remove the damaged part and re-synthesis to repair theDNA.3 The Stochastic effects are not systematic to each person being exposed. Their development couldnot be predicted by the scale o f individual which is opposite from the determinist effect.4 The healthy surroundings may be exposed to radiation during the treatment.5 Radiation dose should be keep as low as possible.academic WritingU n d e rs ta n d in g a re se a rch re p o rt o r re s e a rc h a rtic leT A S K 21Four. They are problem section, procedures section, result section and discussion section.2 Because it w ill contribute to the credibility o f the research.3 It can allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if there is some doubt about your findings.4 It may evaluate the research results fu lly, point out what questions remain unanswered andperhaps suggest directions for further research.5 Accuracy, clarity, and completeness.D e c id in g on a to p icT A S K 21G enetically Engineering -> The Impact o f Genetically Engineering -> The Impact o f Genetically Engineering on A gricultural Practice / Food Shortage2 Breast-feeding P ractice -> Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese B ig C ities^The Impact o fUrbanization on Breast-feeding Practice in Chinese Big Cities3 In te rn e t Technology -> The General Impact o f Internet Technology on Education ->ThePositive Impacts o f Internet Technology on Teaching M ethodologyT A S K 311) V ulnerabilities and the R isk from Global W arming2) Social Issues and Global W arming3) The Impacts o f Global W arming on Food ProductsGenetically M odified Foods and Health IssuesControversies as to Genetically M odified FoodsThe Development o f Genetically M odified Foods in ChinaThe Future o f Nuclear EnergySafety Issues about Nuclear Power PlantsWaste Management and Nuclear Power PlantsScience Fraud in the M edical FieldScience Fraud in ChinaResearch Pressure and Science FraudF o rm u la tin g re se a rch q u e stio n sT A S K 11Nuclear Waste1) W hat is nuclear waste?2) W hy is it d iffic u lt to dispose o f nuclear waste?3) W hat harm ful effects if nuclear waste is not appropriately disposed of?4) How to dispose o f nuclear waste safely and economically?2 Threats o f A rtific ia l Intelligence1) W hat are the present threats o f a rtificia l intelligence?2) W hat are the future threats?3) How can human beings control those threats?3 Global W arm ing and Its Effects1) What is Global warming?2) How does it affect agriculture?3) How does it affect our environment?4) How does it affect our health?4 Genetically M odified Foods1) What are advantages and disadvantages o f GMFs?2) Why do GMFs gain more popularity in the developing countries?3) How safe are GMFs?4) What are the effects o f GMFs on human health?T A S K 2M y topic: Science Fraud Epidemic in China1It is prevalent in universities and scientific institutes.2 There are many reports and articles discussing science fraud.3It is manageable since the study involves questionnaire and interviews.Research Questions1 What is the current situation o f science fraud in tertiary institutions?2 What are the underlying causes fo r the prevalence o f science fraud?3What measures could be taken to address the problem?W r itin g a w o rk in g title T A S K 21 Question titles are not appropriate. It is better to use “Economic Effects o f Climate Change”2 Good3 Impacts o f Global Warming on China4 Good5 Good6 Good 7Good3Literacy SkillsA v o id in g p la g ia ris m T A S K 11 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 N 8 Y 9Y10 Y T A S K 31 N ot common knowledge 2 N ot 3 N ot 4 N ot 5NotC ita tio n T A S KNumerous research studies demonstrate consistently that teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic Kasper, 1994; Krueger & Ryan, 1993; Snow & B rinton,Wesche, 1993). Students receiving linked instruction perform better in language courses than those not receiving such instruction (Kasper, 1997). They reap the benefits o f significantcontent-based second language success (Grabe & Stoller, 1997; 1997; S tryker & Leaver, 1997;gains in the second language, e.g., in the receptive skills o f listening and reading (Burger et al., 1997; Ready & Wesche, 1992) and in the productive skills o f w ritin g(Burger, 1989) and speaking (B urger &Chretien. 2001).They also achieve comparable or even better mastery o f d isciplinary content than ESL students or native English-speaking students not receiving content-based language instruction (Andrade &M akaafi, 2001; B abbitt, 2001; Kasper, 1994; W inter, 2004).The topic sentence is “content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.”The w rite r uses literature evidence to support the idea in term s o f speaking, reading and w ritin g.Q u o tin gT A S K 11Author-focused version: According to Anyanwu (1983), most Nigerians believe that “urban existence is synonymous w ith extreme individual and community poverty”.Information-focused version: Influenced by western cultures，most Nigerians believe that “urbanexistence is synonymous w ith extreme individual and community poverty” (Anyanwu, 1883).2 Author-focused version: Anyanwu (1983) suggested that mothers should be educated “how to prepareand use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods”.Information-focused version: We may educate mother ““how to prepare and use hygienicallyacceptable supplementary foods” (Anyanwu, 1983).S u m m a riz in gT A S K 11 c. b. a. d2 b. a. c. d3 a. d. c. bT A S K 21Chinese big cities suffer from growing traffic problems.2 Some long and complicated sentences mean very little.3 The basic tenet o f constructivism holds that learners themselves construct knowledge, rather thanreceive it from outside.4 Some educationalists contend that deciding on a major is the most critical decision students facewhen entering college, whereas others argue that the most important thing fo r students to discover in university is their true interests, because many establish careers not related to the major they studied in college.5 The majority o f American Internet users, especially teenagers, use SNS, which has altered the paceand process o f making and maintaining friendships.6 According to Hirshi and Gottfredson, the propensity (倾向）o f someone to commit crime comesfrom his or her lack o f self-control, whereby the urge to feed desires causes one to even break the law.T A S K 31Gordon & Taylor (1989) believes that although most people feel a great deal o f anguish when faced w ith w riting tasks, this feeling can be managed by developing personal procrastination- avoidance strategy.2 Frick (1991) claims that history has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly.Considering the definition o f technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people usedprim itive technologies to teach skills to their young.3 Hewitt (1996) believes that acts o f academic dishonesty undermine the validity o f teaching andlearning.4 Edelso (2002) claims that legal rights and safeguards lead to investments by individuals, which hasa higher impact on raising living standards o f countries than these countries，natural resourceshave.。
