What's Cancer

What Is Cancer?By Simon MitchellWhat Is Cancer?by: Simon MitchellCancer is a process that has always effected animals, it is just as common in domestic and farm animals, birds and fishes as it is in humans. Western scientific medicine has been effective in minimising infectious diseases. Many of us are living longer and cancer has almost been accepted as a normal feature of the ageing process. But statistics do not bear this out. The incidence of cancer is increasing in all age groups.Because cancer cells take some time to grow to a stage where they are a large enough mass to be identifiable, it might be 18 months to 3 years, even 30 years before the disease is diagnosed by a doctor. By then we can be more than half−way down the path to a terminal illness. Due to our psychological make−up we are often immobilised by the news.We tend to minimise it or deny that it has happened to us. We get depressed. Why me? A cycle of immobilisation − minimisation − depression often occurs. Those who do break out of it and manage to accept the reality start testing for options, often against the clock find out that cancer is an awesome and complex subject providing a great example of opening a whole can of worms. Information overload, specialist language, ignorance of alternatives, vested interest, lack of co−operation, paradigm gaps, lack of access to specific information or treatment and a host of barriers such as language translation exist that prevent understanding the problem let alone the latest research.Since an allopathic doctor (Western surgical doctor) is generally the first point of contact for thisdis−ease, cancer is mostly treated only with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and more recent biological breakthroughs in hormone treatment. Despite billions spent on research these are basicallythe same options we had fifty years ago. Essentially the basic treatment of cancer has not changed for many years.Orthodox treatments for cancer can be brutal and expensive but in the face of scientific medical evidence are the best we have. Solid information on alternatives is confusing, contradictory, unproved and unsupported by current medical models. Many medical doctors view alternatives or complementary approaches with doubt. Those that do endorse them do so mainly because they might enhance the patients quality of life or contribute to palliative care (palliative: relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the cause).Many complementary and alternative practitioners point out that allopathic cancer treatments are only palliative because they treat effects without looking at causes. An example is using pain killers to take away a headache. Although it is highly useful and very convenient it is no guarantee that the headache wont re−occur. Similarly the orthodox treatment of cancer is more concerned with treating the dis−ease than the patient.How does it start?In cancer, a cell, or group of cells, loses touch with where it is in the scheme of things, its synergy,and starts replicating for itself. The word synergy comes from the Greek sunergos, meaning working together. Synergy is the interaction of two or more agents, that produces an combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects, in this case − us. All the cells in a healthy body work together to give us life. They exist as unique individual cells in their own right but also have a higher function, contributing to the life−form of which they are part. Every one of the two thousand billion cells in our bodies has as many working parts as a passenger airliner so it is quite usual for some of these cells to suffer damage.We all have the potential for cancer. Even a healthy body carries about 10,000 malignant cells and a fully functioning immune system will remove them. But what do cells get that change them, click them out of the whole system of our body to become selfish and self−replicating?Some doctors refer to this simply as insult. What happens when you insult a cell so often it gets upset? Just like you or I might do − it gives up on the host and sets out for itself. Our consumer culture is presently rich in ways for us to insult our cells and stress them without us even realising.The growth begins when oncogenes (controlling cell growth and multiplication) in a cell or group of cells are transformed by carcinogens. Cell insult often starts with free radicals, which are unstable atoms or molecules produced by the body as part of its natural defence against disease. Sometimesthe body over−reacts in its production of these and produces more than it needs. Recognised stressors that can spark overproduction include cigarette smoke, smog or pollution, too much ultraviolet light, illness or even too much exercise!Free radicals contain a negative charge that makes them highly reactive. As soon as they areproduced they start looking for other molecules with positively charged particles. The reaction theyhave on meeting is called oxidisation, and this reaction can have a harmful effect, damaging the D.N.A. inside cells or cell membranes and opening the door for cancer.When a cell is changed into a tumour−forming type, the change in its oncogenes is passed onto all offspring cells. Hence a small group can become established and then start dividing rapidly. Usually these cells give up on their normal specialised task in the body and escape from normal controls such as bodily hormones and nerves.Cancer has no regard for the condition of its host only the success of its own growth, it isanti−synergistic and a parasite to the body, consuming nutrients and contributing nothing. It converts the energies around it to its own use and blocks any attacks by suppressing the bodys own immunity. This immunity self−attack is an emerging pattern in modern diseases.Cancer cells interact with each other and cells around them. They affect the growth of cells nearby and elsewhere in the body, they change the immune system to benefit themselves, they can avoid or destroy normal body defences such as lymphocytes. They can even persuade the body to grow new blood vessels to feed a tumour.Cancer cells move seemingly at will around the body, dissolving the glue of healthy cell walls to pass through and set−up camp elsewhere, creating metastases (secondary growths) seemingly anywhere. Itis a highly complex disease with over a hundred definable types and many variables within each. Cancer is a form of chaos that grows inside us. It is no wonder this most frightening and mysterious of diseases is immortalised in the dreaming mechanisms of our media. Movies such as the Alien seriescapitalise on our fears of something unknown and unwanted growing inside us.Cell insult happens in a number of ways and if the right conditions for cancer exist it will start to grow through cell multiplication. Once the cancer growth gets going, and the conditions that engendered it are still present, the growth continues at various rates, depending on the host and what they provide. Cancer grows best in an P.H. acid body with lots of glucose, oxygen and easily accessible nutrients. Even with immortal cell replication it can take many years before a cancer becomes noticeable. A million cells together create only a small growth. Diagnosis is still difficult at this stage as there may not be any visible evidence of cancer.Simon MitchellThis is an extract from 'Don't Get Cancer'a new ebook available only at:/don'tget1.htmlStaging Colon CancerBy Kyle GreatbatchWhen a doctor wants to evaluate the progress of colon cancer of one of his patients he or she uses a method called Staging. This method is about finding out to what extent the tumor (colon cancer) has spread to the other regions of the patients body. Once the doctors figured out in what stage the colon cancer is, they will develop the best course of action or treatment.At this point in time the system that is most commonly used for the staging process of colon cancer is called the American Joint Committee on Cancer's (AJCC) TNM staging system. Simply put this system used for staging places the patients into one of four stages.Stage 0Stage 0 also known as carcinoma in situ or colorectal cancer. In this stage the colon cancer has been detected in the innermost lining of the colon.Stage IIn this stage the colon cancer has already begun to spread. But the cancer is still in the inner lining of the rectum or colon. In this stage the colon cancer has not reached the outer walls of the colon yet. Stage I is also known as Duke A or colorectal cancer.Stage IIIn this stage the colon cancer spread more deeply into or through the colon or rectum. Possibly the colon cancer may have affected other tissue as well. In this stage the colon cancer hasn't reached the Lymph nodes (bean−sized structures which can be found in the entire body that helps the body fight all kinds of infections and diseases. Stage II is also known as Duke B or colorectal cancer.Stage IIIWhen you are in this stage the colon cancer has now spread to the Lymph nodes although it hasn't spread to nearby parts of the body. Stage III is also known as Duke C or colorectal cancer.Stage IVIn this stage the colon cancer has spread through the Lymph node system to other nearby tissue. Thisis most commonly called metastasis. The organs that most likely are affected are the lungs and liver. Stage IV is also known as Duke D or colorectal cancer.Recurrent Colon Cancer or Cancerous CellsWhen doctors talk about recurrent colon cancer they mean that cancerous cells that have already been treated have returned. These cancerous cells could possibly have returned as colorectal cancer butthey might as well return in any other part of the body too.By Kyle Greatbatchhttp://www.colon−health−Related Content:Read more Content atRelated Products:: A genuine resource center for Quality Ebooks and Softwares。

癌症中英文对照Cancer - 癌症Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. In Chinese, cancer is commonly referred to as "癌症" (ái zhèng).Types of Cancer - 癌症类型There are many different types of cancer, each with its own specific characteristics. Here are some common types of cancer and their corresponding Chinese translations:1. Breast Cancer - 乳腺癌(rǔ xiàn ái)2. Lung Cancer - 肺癌 (fèi ái)3. Prostate Cancer - 前列腺癌 (qián liè xiàn ái)4. Colorectal Cancer - 结肠直肠癌 (jié cháng zhí cháng ái)5. Skin Cancer - 皮肤癌(pí fū ái)6. Leukemia - 白血病 (bái xuè bìng)7. Ovarian Cancer - 卵巢癌(luǎn cháo ái)8. Pancreatic Cancer - 胰腺癌 (yí xiàn ái)Causes and Risk Factors - 引起癌症的原因和风险因素The development of cancer can be attributed to a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Some common causes and risk factors for cancer include:1. Tobacco Use - 吸烟2. Alcohol Consumption - 饮酒3. Unhealthy Diet - 不健康的饮食4. Exposure to Carcinogens - 接触致癌物质5. Family History of Cancer - 家族癌症史6. Age - 年龄7. Obesity - 肥胖8. Chronic Infections - 慢性感染Early Detection and Treatment - 早期检测和治疗Early detection plays a critical role in improving the prognosis and survival rates of cancer patients. Regular screenings and tests can help identify cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. In Chinese, early detection is commonly referred to as "早期检测" (zǎo qī jiǎn cè).Treatment options for cancer vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common treatment modalities include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. In Chinese, treatment is commonly referred to as "治疗" (zhì liáo).Prevention Strategies - 预防策略While not all cancers can be prevented, there are several strategies individuals can adopt to reduce their risk of developing cancer. These strategies include:1. Healthy Lifestyle Choices - 健康的生活方式选择2. Regular Exercise - 定期锻炼3. Healthy Diet - 健康饮食4. Avoidance of Carcinogens - 避免致癌物质5. Vaccinations - 接种疫苗6. Sun Protection - 防晒7. Regular Check-ups - 定期体检Support and Resources - 支持与资源Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be devastating for individuals and their families. However, there are numerous support groups, organizations, and resources available to provide emotional support, financial assistance, and educational materials. In Chinese, support is commonly referred to as "支持" (zhī chí), and resources as "资源" (zī yuán).Conclusion - 结论Cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of people globally. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to cancer in bothEnglish and Chinese is essential for effective communication, research, and patient care. By continuing to advance our knowledge, prevention strategies, and treatment options, we can work towards reducing the burden of cancer and improving the lives of those affected.。

癌症英文概论:Cancer-A General Overview来源：医学全在线更新：2008-8-24 医学英语论坛What is cancer?Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. There are many different types of cell in the body, and many different types of cancer which arise from different types of cell. What all types of cancer have in common is that the cancer cells are abnormal and multiply 'out of control'. Some cancers are more serious than others, some are more easily treated than others (particularly if diagnosed at an early stage), some have a better outlook (prognosis) than others.So, cancer is not just one condition. In each case it is important to know exactly what type of cancer has developed, how large it has become, whether it has spread, and how well it usually responds to treatment.What are cells?Normal body cellsThe body is made up from millions of tiny cells. Different parts of the body such as organs, bones, muscles, skin, and blood are made up from different specialized cells. All cells have a centre called a nucleus. The nucleus in each cell contains thousands of genes which are made up from a chemical called DNA.The genes are like 'codes' which control the functions of the cell. For example, different genes control how the cell makes proteins, or hormones, or other chemicals. Certain genes control when the cell should multiply, and certain genes even control when the cell should die.Most types of cell in the body divide and multiply from time to time. As old cells wear out or become damaged, new cells are formed to replace them. Some cells normally multiply quickly. For example, you make millions of red blood cells each day as old ones become worn out and are broken down. Some cells do not multiply at all once they are mature, for example, brain cells.Normally, your body only makes the right number of cells that are needed. Abnormal cellsSometimes a cell becomes abnormal. This occurs because one or more of the genes in the cell has become damaged or altered. The abnormal cell may then divide into two, then four, then eight, and so on. Lots of abnormal cells may then develop from the original abnormal cell. These cells do not know when to stop multiplying. A group of abnormal cells may then form. If this group of cells gets bigger, it becomes a large clump of abnormal cells called a tumour.What are tumours?A tumour is a 'lump' or 'growth' of tissue made up from abnormal cells. Tumours are divided into two types - benign and malignant.Benign tumoursThese may form in various parts of the body. Benign tumours grow slowly, and do not spread or invade other tissues. They are not 'cancerous' and are not usually life-threatening. They often do no harm if they are left alone. However, some benign tumours can cause problems. For example, some grow quite large and may cause local pressure symptoms, or look unsightly. Also, some benign tumours that arise from cells in hormone glands can make too much hormone which can cause unwanted effects.Malignant tumours ('cancers')Malignant tumours tend to grow quite quickly, and invade into nearby tissues and organs which can cause damage. The original site where a tumour first develops is called a primary tumour. Malignant tumours may also spread to other parts of the body to form 'secondary' tumours (metastases). This happens if some cells break off from the primary tumour and are carried in the bloodstream or lymph channels to other parts of the body. These secondary tumours may then grow, invade and damage nearby tissues, and spread again.Note: not all cancers form solid tumours. For example, in cancer of the blood cells (leukaemia) many abnormal blood cells are made in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream.What causes cancer?Each cancer is thought to first start from one abnormal cell. What seems to happen is that certain vital genes which control how cells divide and multiply are damaged or altered. This makes the cell abnormal. If the abnormal cell survives it may multiply 'out of control' into a malignant tumour.We all have a risk of developing cancer. Many cancers seem to develop for no apparent reason. However, certain risk-factors are known to increase the chance that one or more of your cells will become abnormal and lead to cancer. Risk factors include the following:Chemical carcinogensA carcinogen is something (chemical, radiation, etc) that can damage a cell and make it more likely to turn into a cancerous cell. As a general rule, the more the exposure to a carcinogen, the greater the risk. A list of known and suspected chemical carcinogens can be found at /MSDS/carcinogens.html Well known examples include:Tobacco smoke. If you smoke, you are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, oesophagus, bladder and pancreas. Smoking is thought to cause about a quarter of all cancers. About 1 in 10 smokers die from lung cancer. The heavier you smoke, the greater the risk. If you stop smoking, your risk goes down considerably. Workplace chemicals such as asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, etc. If you have worked with these without protection you have an increased risk of developing certain cancers. For example, a cancer called mesothelioma is linked to past exposure to asbestos.AgeThe older you become, the more likely that you will develop a cancer. This is probably due to an accumulation of damage to cells in the body over time. Also, the body's defences and resistance against abnormal cells may become less good as you become older. For example, the ability to repair damaged cells, and the immune system which may destroy abnormal cells, may become less efficient with age. So, eventually one damaged cell may manage to survive and multiply 'out of control' into a cancer. Most cancers develop in older people.Lifestyle factorsDiet and other lifestyle factors may increase or decrease the risk of developing cancer. For example:If you eat a lot of fruit and vegetables you have a reduced risk of developing certain cancers. The exact way in which they protect against cancer is not fully understood. These foods are rich in vitamins and minerals, and also contain chemicals called 'anti-oxidants'. They may protect against damaging chemicals that get into the body. We should all eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day (some experts recommend even more).Eating too much fatty food possibly increases the risk of developing certain cancers. The risk of developing certain cancers is increased by: obesity, lack of regular exercise, and drinking a lot of alcohol.RadiationRadiation is a carcinogen. For example, exposure to radioactive materials and nuclear 'fallout' can increase the risk of developing leukaemia and other cancers. Too much sun exposure and sunburn (radiation from UV A and UVB) increase the risk of developing skin cancer.The larger the dose of radiation, the greater the risk of developing cancer. But note: the risk from small doses such as from a single X-ray test is very small.InfectionSome viruses are linked to certain cancers. For example, people with persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus or the hepatitis C virus have an increased risk ofdeveloping cancer of the liver. However, most viruses and viral infections are not linked to cancer.Immune systemPeople with a poor immune system have an increased risk of developing certain cancers. For example, people with AIDS, or people on immunosuppressive therapy. Your genetic make-upSome cancers have a strong genetic link. For example, in certain childhood cancers the abnormal gene or genes that may trigger a cell to become abnormal and cancerous are inherited. Other types of cancer may have some genetic factor which is less clear-cut. It may be that in some people their genetic make-up means that they are less resistant to the effect of carcinogens or other factors such as diet.Most cancers are probably due to a combination of factorsNot everybody who comes into contact with a carcinogen or has an unhealthy lifestyle will develop cancer. For example, not all smokers develop cancer of the lung. In fact, we are all probably exposed to low doses of carcinogens a lot of the time.The body has certain mechanisms that may protect us from developing cancer. For example, it is thought that many cells that are damaged by carcinogens can repair themselves. Also, the body's immune system may be able to destroy some types of abnormal cells before they multiply into a tumour. Perhaps one carcinogen may only damage one gene, and two or more genes may need to be damaged or altered to trigger the cells to multiply 'out of control'.In many cases it is likely that a combination of factors such as genetic make-up, exposure to a carcinogen, age, diet, the state of your immune system, etc, play a part to trigger a cell to become abnormal, and allow it to multiply 'out of control' into a cancer.How is cancer diagnosed?If a cancer is suspected from your symptomsYour doctor will examine you to look for abnormalities such as a lump under the skin or an enlarged liver. You may be referred for tests such as X-rays, scans, blood tests, endoscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc, depending on where the suspected cancer is situated. These tests can often find the exact site of a suspected cancer. However, a biopsy is often needed to be certain that the abnormality is a cancer and not something else (such as a benign tumour).BiopsyA biopsy is when a small sample of tissue is removed from a part of the body. Thesample is then examined under the microscope to look for abnormal cells. Sometimes it is easy to obtain a biopsy. For example, from a lump on the skin which may be a skin cancer. However, it can be difficult to obtain a biopsy from deeper tissues and it may require specialised procedures.What are the treatment options for cancer?Treatment options vary, depending on the type of cancer and how far it has grown or spread. See the separate leaflets on the specific cancers for more details. Briefly, the three most common treatments are:Surgery. It may be possible to cut out a malignant tumour.Chemotherapy. This is a treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells, or to stop them from multiplying. There are various different types of drugs used for chemotherapy. The drug or combination of drugs selected depends on the type of cancer being treated.Radiotherapy. This is a treatment that uses high energy beams of radiation which are focussed on cancerous tissue. This kills cancer cells, or stops cancer cells from multiplying.More recently other treatments have been introduced which include:Bone marrow transplant. High dose chemotherapy may damage bone marrow cells and lead to blood problems. However, if you receive healthy bone marrow after the chemotherapy then this helps to overcome this problem.Hormone therapy. This is where drugs are used to block the effects of hormones. This treatment may be used for cancers that are 'hormone sensitive' such as some cancers of the breast, prostate and uterus.Immunotherapy. Some treatments can boost the immune system to help to fight cancer. More specific immunotherapy involves injections of antibodies which aim to attack and destroy certain types of cancer cells. Research is underway to try to find 'vaccines' that would stimulate your own immune system to make antibodies against cancer cells.Gene therapy is a new area of possible treatments. Research is underway to find ways of blocking, repairing or replacing abnormal genes in cancer cells.Special techniques can sometimes be used to cut off the blood supply to tumours. The tumour then dies.For some cancers, a combination of two or more treatments may be used. A range of other treatments may also be used to ease cancer related symptoms such as pain. What are the aims of treatment?The aims of treatment can vary, depending on the cancer type, size, spread, etc. For example:Treatment aims to cure the cancer in many cases. With modern drugs and therapies, many cancers can be cured, particularly if they are treated in the early stages of the disease. (Doctors tend to use the word 'remission' rather than the word 'cured'. Remission means there is no evidence of cancer following treatment. If you are 'in remission', you may be cured. However, in some cases a cancer returns months or years later. This is why doctors are sometimes reluctant to use the word cured.) Treatment may aim to control the cancer. If a cure is not realistic, with treatment it is often possible limit the growth or spread of the cancer so that it progresses less rapidly. This may keep you free of symptoms for some time.Treatment may aim to ease symptoms in some cases. Even if a cure is not possible, a course of radiotherapy, an operation, or other techniques may be used to reduce the size of a cancer which may ease symptoms such as pain. If a cancer is advanced then you may require treatments such as nutritional supplements, painkillers, or other tecniques to help keep you free of pain or other symptoms.What is the outlook for people with cancer?Some cancers are more 'aggressive' and grow quicker than others.Some cancers are more likely to spread to other parts of the body.Some cancers respond to treatment better than others.Therefore, it is not possible give an overall outlook (prognosis). See the information about the individual types of cancer for further details. As a general rule, the outlook is usually better the earlier a cancer is detected and treated.Some questions you may want to go through with your doctorIf you have been diagnosed with cancer you will have many questions. The organizations listed at the bottom of the leaflet are good sources of further and detailed information. The following are also some suggested questions that you may wish to go over with your doctor.What type of cancer have I got?How large is it and has it spread to other parts of my body?What are the treatment options for this type of cancer?What are the risks and possible side-effects of the treatment options?How successful is the treatment for my type and stage of cancer? Is the aim of treatment to cure or to control the cancer?该文章转载自医学全在线：/yingyu/2008/21437_2.shtml。

英文cancer的中文是什么意思英文cancer的中文是什么意思相信很多人都听说过cancer这一英文，但也有人会不知道它的中文意思的。

以下是店铺为大家整理了英语单词cancer实际包含的中文意思，一起来看看吧!cancer的中文意思英 [kns(r)] 美 [kns]第三人称复数：cancers基本解释名词癌症，恶性肿瘤; 弊病，社会恶习；迅速蔓延的恶劣的或危险的.事物; [天]巨蟹座，巨蟹宫相关例句名词1. What was happening was a sickness, a cancer in society that could not be helped.所发生的一切是种病态，一种无可救药的社会弊病。

2. The doctors are making an attempt to prevent cancer cells spreading.医生们试图阻止癌细胞扩散。

cancer的单语例句1. Acrylonitrile primarily affects the nervous system and lungs, can cause death and may cause cancer.2. Lakers owner Jerry Buss has been hospitalized with cancer, the Los Angeles Times reported on Thursday.3. But it has been found to increase the risk of breast cancer.4. There is emerging evidence that cancer tumors are started and sustained by a small group of cancer cells - cancer stem cells.5. I read about his story in a bilingual book published by the Children Cancer Fund of Hong Kong.6. Studies have shown that people who eat cabbage once a week compared to once a month slash their colon cancer risk bya third.7. But studies have also shown that a skin cream spiked with caffeine lowers the risk of skin cancer in mice.8. Heim said he visited his father regularly in Cairo and had taken care of him after an operation related to his cancer in 1990.9. Hazlewood was diagnosed with kidney cancer in 2005 and released his final album, " Cake or Death " in 2006.10. It charged that several of the calcium tablets contained large traces of hydrogen peroxide, which the paper claimed had the potential to cause cancer.cancer的情景对话check-up-(身体检查)A：Hi, Mr. Smith. I’m Dr. Hawkins. Why are you here today?你好，史密斯先生。

讲癌症的英语作文Cancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of people around the world each year. It can strike anyone, regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity, and its impact on individuals and their families is profound.癌症是一种毁灭性的疾病，每年都会影响全世界数以百万计的人。

它可以影响任何人，无论年龄、性别或种族，对个人和家庭的影响深远。

One of the most difficult aspects of dealing with cancer is the emotional toll it takes on patients and their loved ones. The fear, anxiety, and uncertainty that accompany a cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, and the long and often arduous treatment process can take a heavy toll on a patient's mental and emotional well-being. 应对癌症最困难的一个方面是它在患者和他们的至亲之人身上所承受的情感压力。

癌症诊断所带来的恐惧、焦虑和不确定性会让人无法承受，漫长而艰苦的治疗过程更是对患者的精神和情感健康造成了沉重的打击。

In addition to the emotional impact, cancer can also take a significant toll on a patient's physical health. The side effects of cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, cancause pain, fatigue, and other debilitating symptoms that make it difficult for patients to carry out their day-to-day activities.除了情感上的影响，癌症也会对患者的身体健康造成重大影响。

Unit 2 过关检测卷一、阅读理解ACancer (癌症) Kids needs volunteers. Together with us, you can give children with cancer end-of-life support (支持) and care.If you are◆over 14 years old◆a caring and helpful personWith a 4-week training, you may◆provide (提供) a home or hospital visit◆cook for the kids◆play a musical instrument (乐器) like the piano◆do some housework◆play games like cards or chess◆take the kids for a walk◆…◆Contact (联系) usEmail:*************************Tel*************Fax*************We are looking forward to your joining!( ) 1. What is Cancer Kids according to the text?A. A hospital.B. A magazine.C. A website.D. An organization.( ) 2. If a boy is ________ years old, he can join Cancer Kids.A. 8B. 10C. 12D. 16( ) 3. If you want to join Cancer Kids, you will ________.A. be good at cookingB. get a 4-week trainingC. work in hospitalsD. provide a home for the kids( ) 4. How many ways can you use to contact us?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.( ) 5.What’s the main purpose (目的) of the poster?A. To look for some volunteers.B. To raise money for Cancer KidsC. To teach children some life skillsD. To tell people more about children’s cancer.BWhen Claire Vlases of Montana was in Grade 7, she learned about plans to solar panels modernize (使现代化) her middle school. Claire asked the school board (董事会) to add solar panels to the project because, she said, clean energy (能源) would be helpful to a really modern school.The board liked the idea but said it could give her just $25, 000, one-fifth of the cost. So Claire organized a group of kids and grown-ups who set to work raising the rest. They sold their second-hand books, put on talent shows and asked for donations(捐赠), even going door-to-door for them. One donated more than half the cost!After two years of hard work, the group paid for the solar panels, which now provide one-fourth of the school’s electricity (电) needs-saving the neighborhood thousands of dollars. “My favorite part about this project was that one person could start something small and then the project could grow and make a difference to the community,” Claire said. “There are always going to be hard parts. When there’s difficulty in front of you, you can learn from it and use it as a chance to overcome it.”( ) 6. How much money did Claire need to raise?A. $25,000B. $125,000.C. $100,000.D. $75,000.( ) 7. Which picture shows the change of the electricity cost after the use of solar panels?A.B.C.D.( ) 8. Which is the right order of the following events?a. Claire organized people to raise money.b. The board agreed but there was not enough money for adding solar panelsc. Claire and her group got enough donations to pay for the solar panels.d. Claire advised adding solar panels to help the school save energy.A. a-b-c-dB. d-c-b-aC. b-d-a-cD. d-b-a-c( ) 9. From Claire’s words in the last paragraph, we learn that ________.A. hard work was her favoriteB. the project went wellC. a small thing makes a big differenceD. solar panels cost a lot( ) 10. What would be the best title for the text?A. An Outgoing GirlB. A Modern SchoolC. Don’t Waste EnergyD. Never Give UpCEvery country has many good people who help to take care of others.Some high school and college students often spend many hours as volunteers in hospitals or orphanages (孤儿院). They read books to the people in these places. Sometimes they visit places of interest with the people or play games with them or listen to their problems.Other young people volunteer to work in the homes of people who are sick or old. They collect (收集) food or money, paint, clean or repair their houses or do shopping for them. For each particular need, there is a group of volunteers. For boys who no longer have fathers, there is an organization called Big Brothers. The members (成员) of Big Brothers take these boys to basketball games or on fishing trips. They help them learn about things that boys usually learn from their fathers.In most cities there are a number of clubs teaching children to play games or to make crafts (手工艺品). Some of these clubs show movies or organize short trips to the mountains, beaches, museums and other places of interest. Most of these clubs have students as volunteers.If a boy or a girl lives on a farm far from any city, an organization called FutureFarmers will help him or her to learn more about growing food and raising animals. It also helps him or her to have more fun by meeting young people from other farms.V olunteers believe that some of the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring happiness to others.( ) 11. Who read books for the people in hospitals or orphanages?A. Members of Big Brothers.B. Members of Future Farmers.C. Some middle-aged volunteers.D. High school and college students.( ) 12. What does the underlined word “particular” mean?A. Quick.B. Special.C. Difficult.D. Common.( ) 13. What is the main idea of Paragraph 4?A. Most of volunteers in the clubs are students.B. There are different kinds of clubs in most cities.C. Students spend many hours in volunteering in the clubsD. V olunteers serve in clubs which organize activities for children.( ) 14. Which of the following is the right match (匹配)?I. boys who have no fathers a. collecting food or moneyII. boys and girls living on a farm b. playing basketball gamesⅢ. boys and girls going to the clubs c. growing food and keeping animals IV. sick or old people who live at home d. showing movies or organizing short tripsA. I-bB. II-dC. Ⅲ-aD. IV-c( ) 15. What’s the structure (结构) of the passage?A.B.C.D.DInterviewer: Good morning to all our listeners. This morning I’m talking to Fran Mason, who’s a clown (小丑) doctor. Fran, what is a clown doctor?Fran: Well, we aren’t really doctors. We are clowns. But we pretend (假装) to be doctors. We go to children’s hospitals and do all kinds of crazy (疯狂的) things to make the sick children laugh.Interviewer: 16. ________Fran: I wear a doctor’s white coat and I pretend to examine a little boy or girl, for example, but then I make funny faces. They love it!Interviewer: 17. ________Fran: Oh, yes. But we don’t give the children medicine. We think laughter is the best medicine. It’s very important for them to laugh, smile and enjoy themselves.Interviewer: 18. ________Fran: I am a clown doctor for three years, and before I became a clown doctor. I was a teacher for ten years. You see, I really enjoy working with children, but I wanted to do something a bit different.Interviewer: 19. ________Fran: Last year. I worked as a clown doctor for a year in Australia, and then I came to London last December, for Christmas. I go to six different hospitals in Londonand I see a lot of kids.Interviewer: 20. ________Fran: Well, the best thing is seeing the children laugh. But I also love working with the doctors and nurses. Lots of them say they laugh, too, when they see the children having fun.Interviewer: I think you do really wonderful work, Fran. Thanks and good luck.A. And when did you begin to work in London?B. What do you enjoy most about the work you do?C. Does it help the children to get better?D. How long are you a clown doctor?E. What do you do to make them laugh?二、完形填空The moment I got home, my youngest son, Jeremy, called out, “I need poster 1, Mom! We’re having a competition at school.” Being a housewife and writer, I often had 2 meeting the needs of my family. But I thought they would 3 me.The next evening, Jeremy kept asking me, “Could you get the poster paper for me now, Mom?” “Honey, can we just 4 the shopping? I’m so busy, I said, though I didn’t 5 to upset him.Finally, he stopped asking. “Maybe it’s a 6 that he’s given up,” I thought. “He might have lost 7 in the paper.”However, my third day home I was typing (打字) hard when a small shadow (影子) fell across my paper. I knew who it would be 8 I raised my eyes from the work-Jeremy stood right beside me. I could 9 what he felt like, but I needed to type. He watched for a while and then walked away 10. “The competition is 11 tomorrow,” he said slowly. Suddenly, a voice spoke to my heart, “12 him that paper-now!” “Let’s go to the store, Jeremy!” I said. He stopped and looked at me in 13, “Just for me?” I nodded. Jeremy got so 14! Later that day, he worked quietly on the poster all afternoon.A few weeks later, a large yellow envelope came. Inside it was the Certificate of Award (获奖证书). How thankful I was that I didn’t turn a 15 eye to his need!( ) 1. A. card B. pencil C. paper D. book ( ) 2. A. risk B. difficulty C. feeling D. matter ( ) 3. A. understand B. trust C. cheer D. train( ) 4. A. call up B. try out C. give away D. put off ( ) 5. A. mean B. mind C. forget D. care( ) 6. A. step B. sign C. problem D. result ( ) 7. A. control B. joy C. training D. interest ( ) 8. A. before B. after C. although D. but( ) 9. A. imagine B. believe C. wonder D. wish ( ) 10. A. personally B. lonely C. alone D. happily ( ) 11. A. in B. out C. off D. over( ) 12. A. Give B. Bring C. Buy D. Raise ( ) 13. A. satisfaction B. peace C. anger D. surprise ( ) 14. A. excited B. careful C. lucky D. serious ( ) 15. A. clever B. blind C. deaf D. broken三、语篇填空第一节阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺、意思完整。

常用医学英语词汇速记手册背单词1. Diagnosis - What is the meaning of diagnosis?Diagnosis is the identification of a disease or condition through examination and testing.诊断 - 诊断的意思是什么？诊断是通过检查和测试确定疾病或状况的过程。

2. Symptom - What is a symptom?A symptom is a physical or mental indication of a disease or condition.症状 - 什么是症状？症状是一种疾病或状况的身体或心理表现。

3. Treatment - What does treatment mean?Treatment is the medical care or intervention given to help cure or alleviate a disease or condition.治疗 - 治疗的意思是什么？治疗是医疗护理或干预，旨在帮助治愈或缓解疾病或状况。

4. Prescription - What is a prescription?A prescription is a written order from a doctor for a specific medication or treatment.处方 - 什么是处方？处方是医生为特定药物或治疗撰写的书面命令。

5. Medication - What is medication?Medication is a substance or drug used to treat or prevent a disease or condition.药物 - 什么是药物？药物是用于治疗或预防疾病或状况的物质或药物。