Unit 2 English around the worldⅠ.Teaching Goals:1.Learn about the differences between American English and British English.2.Learn about munication skills.3.Report requests and demands using“He/She asked…to…〞and“He/She told…to…〞.Ⅱ.Teaching Time:Five periodsⅢ.Background InformationⅠ.English LanguageThe language we call English derives primarily from languages spoken in England for only around 1 500 years.The land now known as England was invaded by several tribes known as the Angles,Jutes and Saxons.The name England is derived from Angles’ land,and the English language es principally from a bination of the dialects spoken by these three tribes.The people of England diffused their language around the world through the establishment of colonies.The first English colonies were founded in North America,beginning with Jamestown,in 1620.The English also established colonies in Africa,Asia and many of the islands in the Atlantic,Indian and Pacific oceans.As recently as the 1950s,one-fourth of the world’s people lived in a country where English was the official language,that is,the language adopted for use by the government,even in colonies where only a small percen-tage of people actually spoke English.After independence,leaders of most former British colonies selected an indigenous language as the official one but continued to use English for international munication.Now the English language is used by about 600 000 000 people in almost every part of the world.Chinese is the only language used by more people.About 350 000 000 people speak English as their native tongue.Most of them live in Australia,Canada,Great Britain,Ireland,About 60 000 000 people,chiefly in India and Pakistan,speak English almost as well as their own language.Probably 150 000 000 other people can use English to some extent.Today,about one of every six uses English.Characteristics of English like all languages.English has some characteristics that may make it easy to learn.It has other characteristics that make it hard to learn. People who know a language related to English find many English words easy to learn. In addition, the relatively few inflections in English make that part of the language easy to learn . Characteristics that make English hard to learn includes its spelling and idioms.Inflections .An inflection is a change in a word —usually in the last syllable —to show its grammatical function.Inflections are used to indicate case, number, gender,voice,mood,and tense. English has only a few inflections. For example, to indicate case, the English noun “lion〞has only two forms:lion and lions .Spelling is a major problem for many students of English . In English, many similar sounds are spelled differently. For example, crew,blue, shoe,through and too all rhyme.Idioms.An idiom is an expression that cannot be translated word for word into another language without understanding it. English has many difficult idioms.A person might know what all the words in an idiom mean. But he still must learn the special meaning of the entire phrase to understand it .Ⅱ.American English and British EnglishWritten English is more or less the same in both Britain and the USA, and in everyday speech the two peoples have little difficulty in understanding one another. In fact, the Americans have exported a large number of their words and phrases to Britain—through literature, the movies, TV, American soldiers during both world wars and tourists. The following words and phrases are of American origin: teenager, boyfriend, radio,right away, way of life, etc.Some of the words that Americans now use e from the languages of their immigrants, particularly from the Germans. The basic meaning of “dumb〞in both British and American English, is “unable to speak〞. In the USA, it acquired a second meaning “stupid〞，straight from the German “damn〞(stupid), and this second meaning has now crossed the Atlantic to Britain.Of course, there are some American words that are peculiar to the USA and are quite different from their equivalents in the rest of the English-speaking world. Here is a list of some of the most important.The words for the “toilet〞can also cause confusion, although the word “toilet〞itself is mon to both languages.There are plications,too,with the time, the date and with numbers.There are a number of differences between American and British English in the spelling of words, e.g. check(US)/cheque(UK), center(US)/centre(UK). Many American English words ending in “or〞, e.g. honor, vigor, labor are spelt in British English with an “our〞, e.g. honour, vigour, labour. Many verbs in American English with “ize〞or“izing〞forms, e.g. organize, realizing, are spelt in British English “ise〞or “ising〞, e.g. organise, realising. In American English,“practice〞is used both for the verb and noun. In British English, the verb is spelt “practise〞, and the noun “practice〞. In the main, American English avoids the doubling up of consonauts in nouns and verbs while British English does not. In American English, for example, one writes “travel, traveled, traveling, traveler〞, while in British English one writes “travel, travelled, travelling, traveller.〞It was once predicated that British and American English would draw so far apart that eventually they would bee separate languages. The opposite has happened. The links between the two countries are so strong that linguistically and culturally too, they are closer together than ever.The First PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn a dialogue about American English and British English.2.Listen to a material.3.Do some exercises about sentence transformation.Teaching Important Points:1.How to improve the students’ listening ability.2.How to help the students to express their ideas freely.Teaching Difficult Point:How to use different sentence patterns to express one’s idea.Teaching Methods:1.Listening method to improve the students’ listening ability.2.Discussion method to help the students have a clear idea of what they’ve learned.Teaching Aids:1.a recorder2.a projector and some slidesTeaching Procedures:Step Ⅰ.Greetings and RevisionT:Good morning,everyone!Ss:Good morning,teacher!T:Sit down,please.In this class,I want to check your homework first,Please…(The teacher checks the students’ homework.)(The teacher and the students learn the new words and expressions of this period.The teacher gives the explanations and examples if necessary.)☞Step Ⅱ.Warming up(The teacher shows the screen.)T:Now,I’ll ask you some questions.The first question is:How many countries and regions are there in the world?S A:About two hundred.T:How many languages are there in the world?S B:It’s hard to say.I learned from a magazine that there were more than three thousand.S C:Perhaps more than five thousand,I remember.T:It was thought that there were more than three thousand before.But it is found in recent years that there are more than five thousand languages in the world.Only thirteen languages are used by above 55 million people.My next question is:How many languages are used as the working languages of the United Nations?S D:They are five.They are:Chinese,French,Russian,English and Spanish.T:In this unit,we’ll talk about English.Please open your books at Page 8.Read the text on this Page and have a discussion with your partner.Discuss the questions in the text:What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?Why can’t he find it?(The students read the text aloud and then have a discussion.The teacher joins them.)(A few minutes later.)T:Who can tell us the answer to the first question?S E:It is the toilet.T:Why can’t he find it?S F:Perhaps when Joe says“bathroom〞,he means a place,where there is a toilet.But in Nancy’s eyes,it is a place where people can only have a bath.Am I right?T:Yes,you are right.As we know,Joe is an American,so he speaks American English.While Nancy is English,he speaks British English.That’s to say,there are some slight differences between British English and American English.We’ll discuss this further in the fourth period.You can read it after class to see how much you can understand it.☞Step Ⅲ.ListeningT:Let’s do listening.Please turn to Page 9.Look at the picture and read the requirement.(After a few minutes.)T:Do you know what you should do after you listen to the tape?Ss:Yes.T:I’ll play the tape twice.When I play it for the first time,just listen to it.While I play it for the second time,write some necessary information on a piece of paper and then discuss the answers with your partner.(At last the teacher asks some students to read their answers.)☞Step Ⅳ.SpeakingT:Please look at Speaking on Page 9.Practise the following dialogues with your partner and act themout.Then plete the sentences below the dialogues.(The students prepare the dialogues for a few minutes.)T:Are you ready?Ss:Yes.T:Who will give us the performance?S G.S H and S I:We’ll try.…(After the teacher asks the students to act the dialogue out.)T:Let’s plete the sentences.Who will do the first sentence?S J:Emily asked Karen to tell her how to pronounce“kilometre〞.T:The second?S K:The teacher wanted to know what Karen and Emily were talking about and what her question was.S L:Karen told the teacher that Emily had asked her how to pronounce“kilometre〞.T:Are they right?Ss:Yes,they are right.T:Now let’s plete the sentences in the second dialogue.One student,one sentence.V olunteer!S M:Ms Smith told Harry to talk those two pizzas to Mr Thompson on Broad Street,Number 12.S N:Harry asked Mr Smith to spell that name.S O:He also asked her to repeat the address.S P:Mr Smith told Harry not to forget to buy her some ketchup on her way back.☞Step Ⅴ.PracticeT:We’ve just acted out two dialogues.Now make another dialogue for three students,using the situation similiar to the one above.I’ll ask some students to act it out in three minutes.Three students a group.Let’s begin.(Three minutes later.)T:Are you ready?Ss:Yes,we all ready.Which group will be the first to perform?Will the first group give us a performance?(S a,S b and S c stand up.)S a:(To S b.)Give me a phone call when you have time.S b:I certainly will.S c:(To S b)What did he tell you?S b:He told me to give him a phone call when I had time.(The second group stand up.)S d:(To S e)Will you please tell me your telephone number?S e:It’s 6973877.S f:(To S e)What did he ask you to do?S e:He asked me to tell him my telephone number.T:Very good.Now repeat your dialogue again for each group.(The students repeat their dialogue in groups.)☞Step Ⅵ.Consolidation(The teacher writes the following sentences on the blackboard.)1.“___________,〞he said.He told me not to drink too much.2.“Make sure to turn off the light before you sleep,〞Jack said to his brother.Jack told his brother to ___________.3.“___________?〞the little girl said.The little girl asked me to help her make a kite.4.“Please buy a pen for me,〞he asked Tom.He asked Tom to ___________.5.“Be quiet!〞he said to me.He told me to ___________.T:Look at the blackboard.There are five groups of sentences.plete one of them according to the other.Do it by yourselves.We’ll check the answers later.Suggested answers:1.“Don’t drink too much,〞he said.2.Jack told his brother to turn off the light before he slept.3.“Will you please help me to make a kite?〞the little girl said.4.He asked Tom to buy a pen for him.5.He told me to be quiet.☞Step Ⅶ.Summary and HomeworkT:In this class,we have talked about something about English,listened some materials and done some exercises about sentence transformation.Please learn the sentences by heart.(Pointing to the blackboard.)After class,do more practice as we did in class and try to speak more English as you can.That’s all for today.Class is over…☞Step Ⅷ.The Design of the Writing onthe Blackboard☞Step Ⅸ.Record after Teaching____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Second PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn the text“English around the world〞.2.Get the students to master the useful expressions in the text.3.Train the students to read the text with correct pronunciation and intonation.Teaching Important Points:1.How to improve the students’ ability to read an article.2.How to get the students to master the useful expressions.Teaching Difficult Point:The use of some useful expressions.Teaching Methods:1.Fast-reading to train the students’ reading speed.2.Reading prehension to help the students grasp the main idea of the text.3.Practise getting the students to master what they’ve learned.Teaching Aids:1.a recorder2.a projector and some slidesTeaching Procedures:Step Ⅰ.Greetings and RevisionGreet the whole class as usual.The teacher checks the students’ homework and gives explanations if necessary.☞Step Ⅱ.Preparation for reading(The teacher and the students learn the new words and expressions of this period together and the teacher explains some of them when necessary.)T:Please answer my questions.The first question is:What language has the largest number of speakers?Ss:Chinese.T:The second question:What language is the most widely spoken and used?Ss:English.T:How many languages do you speak,S A?S A:I speak Chinese and English.T:Which is your native language?S B:My native language is Chinese.T:If you speak more than one language,in what situations do you use the languages?S C:I’m learning English.I can speak English and Chinese.I’ll speak English in everyday life and use it as much as I can.As long as the person I speak to understand English,I will talk to him in English.I think it is a good way to practise my English.At the same time,his or her English can be improved,too,if he is learning English,too.I’ll speak Chinese to anyone who can only speak Chinese.☞Step Ⅲ.Fast-readingT:As we know,English is the most widely used language.In this period,we’ll talk about English.Please open your books at Page 10.Read the text“English around the world〞fast and think about the three questions on the screen.(The teacher shows the screen.)Do it by yourselves and write the answers on a piece of paper.I’ll collect the first five pieces and see who can answer them quickly and correctly.Do you understand what I mean?Ss:Yes.(The students read the text and discuss the questions.The teacher goes among the students and joins the students in the discussion.Then the teacher collects the first five pieces of answers,examines them and gives them back to the students.While doing this.Point out any mistakes the students make and let them correct the mistakesby themselves.)T:(After a while.)Have you finished?(Ss:Yes.)Who will give us the first answer?S D:There are more than 42 countries where most of the people speak English.T:And the others?S E:In Hongkong,many people speak English as a first or a second language.S F:We can use English to municate with people everywhere around the world through the Internet.T:Are there any different ideas?…Step Ⅳ.ReadingT:Now read the text carefully and discuss the questions on the screen.Pair work or group work.(Show the screen.)(The teacher and the students discuss the questions together for a few minutes.)T:Have you finished?(Ss:Yes.)Let’s begin to answer the questions.One student,one question.V olunteers!Sa:1.More than 375 million people use English as their mother tongue.Sb:2.The number of people learning English as a second language and the number of people using it as mother tongue are almost the same.Sc:3.In England,America,Canada,Australia,South Africa etc.,we can find most native speakers of English.Sd:4.In those countries,people perhaps speak the language of their own country at home with their family,but the language of the government,schools,newspapers and TV is English.Se:5.More than 750 million people learn English as a foreign language.Sf:6.Because English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.It is the working language of most international organizations,international trade and tourism.We can listen to English songs on the radio or use English to municate with people around the world through the Internet.T:Well done!That shows you have a clear understanding of the text.Look at the screen again.I’ll explain some expressions and language points to you.(Show the screen.)T:(After explaining the language points.)Have you anything you don’t understand?If you have,please tell me.I’ll be glad to have a discussion with you.(The teacher answer the questions raised by the students.)☞Step Ⅴ.Listening and Read AloudT:Let’s listen to the tape.I’ll play the tape twice.When I first play it,just listen.When I play it for the second time,listen and repeat it.After that,read the text aloud.Are you clear?(The teacher plays the tape for the students to listen and repeat.While the students read,the teacher goes among the students to correct the students’ mistakes in pronunciation,intonation and stress.) ☞Step Ⅵ.Post-reading and PracticeT:Please turn to Page 11.Let’s do Part 2,in Post-reading.plete the following summary with proper words.Pair work.Write your answers on a piece of ter,we’ll check the answers.Suggested answers:useful language;Britain;America;mother tongue;learn English;foreign language;is;used;trade;tourism;businessmen;tourists;speak;English;family;municatingT:Now let’s do an exercise.You should do it like this:try to find useful expressions in the text and make sentences with them in groups of four.One student,one sentence.Do it by turns.Are you clear?Ss:Yes.(A few minutes later.)T:Now I’ll ask some students to make sentences.One sentence at a time.S g,please give us your sentence.S g:I’ll take a sentence with the phrase“all around the world〞.We Chinese people have friends all around the world.T:Please go on!S h:the majority of:The majority of our class passed the exam.S i:in total:In total,there must have been 500 students there.S j:one’s mother tongue:Mr Smith es from the US and English is his mother tongue.S K:the number of:The number of the students in our school is increasing year by year.S l:a number of:He has lives here quite a number of years.S m:such as:Boys such as John and James are very friendly.S n:develop into:Seeds develop into plants.S o:without doing:He said this seriously without smiling.S p:municate with:The two friends hadn’t municated with each other for years.S q:through the Internet:He municated with his friends in the US through the Internet.S r:have a good knowledge of:You have a good knowledge of English.(The teacher writes the useful phrases above on the blackboard.)☞Step Ⅶ.Summary and HomeworkT:Today we’ve learned an article about English.After class,you should read the text again to get the idea of the text further and try to master the useful expressions appearing in the text.Today’s homework:Tell your classmates something about English in your own words.If you have any difficulty.Please read Part 2.Post-reading on Page 11.That’s all for today.Class is over…☞Step Ⅷ.The Design of the Writing onthe Blackboard☞Step Ⅸ.Record after Teaching____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Third PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Review some useful words in the text.2.Learn and master the sentence patterns which express an order and a request,and their different features.Teaching Important Point:Point out the features of an order—which uses the imperative,namely“tell/order sb.to do sth.〞and of a request—which uses a question form or an imperative,very polite,namely“ask sb.to do sth.〞.Teaching Difficult Point:How to change orders and requests into reported orders and requests.Teaching Methods:1.Inductive method and talking method to give the students a clear picture of what they should master.2.Practice to make the students remember what they’ve learned.3.Pair work and group work to make every student active in class.Teaching Aids:a projector and some slides.Teaching Procedures:☞Step Ⅰ.Greetings and RevisionGreet the whole class as usual.The teacher checks the students’homework—let some students say something about English in their own words.If they have some difficulty.Part 2 in Post-reading on Page 11 may give them some help.☞Step Ⅱ.Word StudyT:Please turn to Page 11.Let’s do Word Study.Match the words and phrase on the left with their meanings on the right.Do it with your partner.In a few minutes,we’ll check the answers.T:(A few minutes later.)Now I’ll ask S A and S B to give their answers.S A,read the meaning on the right.One item at a time.S B,give the right word or phrase for each item.Are you clear?(S A and S B:Yes.)Suggested answers:1.closetD cupboard where you can put clothes inside.2.explainE to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information about it.3.equal C the same4.municateH to give information using speech,radio signals or body movement.5.knowledgeB information and understanding about a subject,which someone has in mind.6.tradeG the activity of buying,selling or exchanging goods or services.Step Ⅲ.Grammar(Teacher says to S A:Stand up.Open the door.Look outside.Now close the door.Teacher says to S B:Sit down,please.Could you lend me your pen?Can you show me your book?)T:What did I say to S A?Ss:Stand up./Open the door./Look outside./Now close the door.T:What did I say to S B?Ss:Sit down,please.Could you lend me your pen?Can you show me your book?T:What was the difference between what I said to Student A and what I said to Student B?S:You told/ordered Student A to stand up/open the door/look outside/close the door.(They may say these in Chinese.)T:What about Student B?What did I say?S:You asked Student B to sit down/lend you his(her)pen/show you his(her)book.T:You are right.I told/ordered Student A to stand up etc.I asked Student B to lend me his(her)pen,etc.In fact,what I said to Student A is an order.What I said to Student B is a request.Its patterns are like this:Orders and Requests:Direct speech:(Orders):Do…/Don’t…(Requests):Do…,please./Can you…?Could you…?/Will you…?Would you…?Indirect speech:(Orders):sb.told/ordered sb.else to do sth.sb.told/ordered sb.else not to do sth.(Requests):sb.asked sb.else to do sth.sb.asked sb.else not to do sth.(Write them on the blackboard.)T:OK.Now I’m going to show you some sentences.If it’s an order,write“Order〞in your exercise books.If it’s a request,write“Request〞.(Show the following sentences on the screen.)(Ask some students to answer which sentences are orders,which are requests.)Suggested answers:Orders:1,4,6Requests:2,3,5T:From these sentences,we can draw such conclusions.If a sentence is an order,it often uses an imperative,namely,“sb.told/ordered sb.else to do sth.〞If a sentence is a request,it often uses a question form or an imperative,but very politely,namely,“sb.asked sb.else to do sth.〞But we should pay more attention to the negative construction.Its reported orders and requests should be like these.“sb.told/ordered sb.else not to do sth.〞“sb.asked sb.else not to do sth.〞Now open your books.Turn to Page 11.Look at Part 2 in Language Study—Grammar.In Part 1 in Grammar,which sentences are orders?S C:Sentences 2,3 and 6 are orders.T:Which sentences are requests?S D:Sentences 1,4 and 5 are requests.T:Now turn to Page 12.Look at Part 2.In Part 2,the three sentences are all indirect speech.Change them into direct speech,please.Pair work or group work.(After the students’ discussion.)T:Please give us your sentences.Who will be the first?S E:The landlady asked him to put his coat in the closet.“Will you please put your coat in the closet?〞said the landlady.The landlady asked him not to put it on the peg.“Will you please not put it on the peg?〞asked the landlady.T:Please go on.S F:The mander ordered the soldiers to stand still.“Stand still,〞the mander said to the soldiers.The mander ordered the soldiers not to move.“Don’t move,〞the mander said to the soldiers.S G:Mother told me to lock the door after midnight.“Lock the door after midnight,〞said Mother.Mother told me not to leave the door open after midnight.“Don’t leave the door open after midnight,〞said Mother.Step Ⅳ.Practice(The teacher shows the screen.)T:Look at the screen.Let’s practise orders and requests in pairs.You may notice on the left,under the word “Don’ts〞,there are three orders,under them there are three requests.On the right,under the word“Dos〞,there are three orders,under them there are three requests.First we are going to practise the orders.I can give you an example.Look at the six orders.In Direct Speech,I can say“Watch the teacher carefully.Don’t e into the lab withouta teacher.〞In reported order.I can say“She told us to watch the teacher carefully.She told us not to e into the lab without a teacher.〞After you practise the orders,you may practise the requests.Are you clear?Now let’s begin.(Give the students several minutes to practise them,then teacher may check their practice.)Suggested answers:Direct Speech:1.Don’t e into the lab without a teacher.2.Don’t touch anything in the lab.3.Don’t smoke.4.Watch the teacher carefully.5.Dip your fingers into the mixture.6.Suck your fingers.7.Will you please not put anything in the basin?8.Don’t talk so loudly,please.9.Don’t leave the books in the lab,please.10.Write your answers on the blackboard,please.11.Could you please tidy the lab after the experiment?12.Put everything in the cupboards,please.Indirect Speech:1.He told us not to e into the lab without a teacher.2.He told us not to touch anything in the lab.3.He told us not to smoke.4.He told us to watch the teacher carefully.5.He told us to dip our fingers into the mixture.6.He told us to suck our fingers.7.He asked us not to put anything in the basin.8.He asked us not to talk so loudly.9.He asked us not to leave the books in the lab.10.He asked us to write our answers on the blackboard.11.He asked us to tidy the lab after the experiment.12.He told us to put everything in the cupboards.Step Ⅴ.Summary and HomeworkT:In this class,we’ve reviewed some new words and,mainly done some exercises about orders and requests.In direct speech,they are…(Pointing to the blackboard.)In the indirect speech,they are…(Pointing to the blackboard.)Please remember these sentence patterns.Today’s homework:Part 3 on Page 12.That’s all for today.Class is over…Suggested answers to Part 3 on Page 12.She told us not to make too much noise.She told us not to forget to put our umbrellas in the stand.She told us not to smoke in the bathroom.She told us not to stay up too late.She asked us to buy some bread for her.She asked us to help her tidy the room.She asked us to speak quietly on the phone.She asked us to turn down the radio.。
