ACCA_F8_201306_que

ACCA F8考试技巧I have regularly lectured on ACCA Paper F8. Obviously there is considerable technical content, but I never seek to be amazed by the poor answers that many students submit to even reasonably straightforward questions.I believe that there is much scope for the general improvement of answers if students attend properly to basic exam technique. Many of the points made here could be found in the examiner's reports – but unfortunately I'm not sure how much attention students pay to these and the very good advice they contain.The approach you should adoptTo maximize the marks that can be obtained by good technique, I suggest you use the mnemonic Bested, where the consonants stand for:1.Verbs2.Scenario3.Time4.DetailThe verbs in the requirements must be noted, especially where there are several deg:·List…… explain·List·List…explain…state·State…stateMarks are lost if the verb requirements are not addressed in the answer. I suggest that you underline the verbs to ensure that none is overlooked. I also suggest that you try changing the requirement slightly, as follows, by the use of 'I will…‘ So that requirement （a）would become:“I will list SIX…I will explain the reason…”This can be effective on getting you to concentrate on the verbs and it expresses your determination to address the requirements positively and properly.Typical verbs used in the requirements are: list, explain, describe, state, discuss. These are also chosen carefully by the examiner. Broadly, what they imply is:·List: Very basic. Simply write items in the form of a list with no need for detail or explanation.·State: not much more than list. No need to explain.·Outline: just the main features to be covered.·Describe: you need to give detail to 'paint the full picture·Distinguish: compare two or more things; point out what makes them different.·Explain: this is more than a description. Write one sentence that describes, then write at least on other to explain why the erst sentence is so, or the consequences of the erst sentence. Use examples to help your explanations.·Identify: selective description. You pick up on key points.·Compare and contrast: How are things similar and how they are different·Discuss: There needs to be a dialogue between two or more points of view. Ideally a discussion should end with a conclusion. Think about: advantages/ disadvantages/ conclusion, or reasons why/reasons why not/conclusion. It is also possible to 'discuss' one viewpoint. For example you may be asked to'discuss the advantages of…’。

ACCA“名挂”F8审计,拿下也是分分钟的事在ACCA 圈里，据说F8《审计与认证业务》是出了名的fail 科目，应届毕业生网小编咋没听说过这回事儿(挖鼻)。

一定会有人说小编站着说话不腰疼，然而小编看到的事实是有不少学员总是被“所谓的传言”所吓倒，还没挑战就先缴械投降岂是ACCA 英雄作为?
当还算顺利地通过ACCA 前六门考试的时候，我不得不面临一个抉择——接下来要不要报考所谓的“名挂”审计，之前听学姐说过，也在网上看到过好多关于审计有多难的帖子，犹豫了好久，但最终还是选择报考审计、财管、财务报告三门课程。

刚开始学习的时候心里很没底，担心自己报的太多不仅审计过不了，可能还会拖累其他科目，但后来学习了一段时间，我发觉审计并没有大家所说的那么难，一个学期的努力加上一点运气终于换来了审计考试81 分的成绩。

这次考试让我懂得“相信自己、勇于挑战”才有可能取得成功。

获取信息
对于大多数自学的ACCA 学员来说，如何获取考试的相关信息至关重要。

只有及时了解考试的最新动向，才能把握重点，有的放矢地准备考试。

我一般会定期上ACCA 的官方的网站查看信息，另外部落上也有ACCA 论坛，在论坛里可以了解到考试的多方面信息。

在主动搜寻信息之外，每个学员都会定期收到ACCA 的官方邮件，通知报名截止日期、成绩公布等信息，而且学员每月都会收到官方杂志，上面的内容十分全面，我通常会重点研究与考试相关的信息。

学习方法
历年真题是关键。

虽然ACCA 考题重复出现的可能性比较小，但真题体现出的侧重点、各部分的比例，在主考官不变的情况下大都会。

Course NotesACCA Paper F8Audit and AssuranceFrom June 2016 Tutor detailsJ A N U A R Y 2 0 1 6 R E L E A S E第一直觉教育www.fi_No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of First Intuition Publishing Ltd.Any unauthorised reproduction or distribution in any form is strictly prohibited as breach of copyright and may be punishable by law.© First Intuition Publishing Ltd, 2016第一直觉教育www.fi_第一直觉教育www.fi_ContentsPageContentsiii 1 Accounting standards v 2 Overview of the syllabus v 3 Approach to examining the syllabus v 4 Exam technique v 5 Study planner vi 1: Audit framework and regulation1 1 The concept of audit and other assurance engagements 12 External audits3 3 Corporate governance 54 Professional ethics and ACCA’s Code of Ethics and 95 Internal audit and governance and the 126 The scope of the internal audit function, outsourcing and internal audit 13 2: Planning and risk assessment17 1 Overview diagram17 2 Obtaining and accepting audit engagements 18 3 Objective and general principles of audit planning 19 4 Planning an audit19 5 Understanding the entity and its environment 20 6 Assessing the risks of material misstatements 21 7 Materiality, fraud, laws and regulations 22 8 Analytical procedures 24 9 Interim and final audits 25 10 Audit documentation 26 3: Internal control 27 1 Introduction27 2 The use of internal control systems by auditors 28 3 Transaction cycles 30 4 IT controls34 5 Tests of control versus substantive procedures 35 4: Audit evidence37 1 The use of assertions by auditors 37 2 Audit procedures38 3 The audit of specific items 40 4 Audit sampling and other means of testing 49 5 Computer-Assisted Audit Techniques 50 6 The work of others51 7 Not-for-profit organisations535: Review and reporting 551Subsequent events 55 2Going concern 57 3Written representations 59 4Audit finalisation and the final review 60 5Audit reports 60 6Application to scenarios 66 7Reports to Management 68Solutions to Class lecture examples 69Chapter 5 69第一直觉教育www.fi_第一直觉教育www.fi_1 Accounting standardsThe accounting knowledge that is assumed for Paper F8 is the same as that examined in Paper F3. Therefore, candidates studying for Paper F8 should refer to the Accounting Standards listed under Paper F3.2 Overview of the syllabusThe syllabus headings are the same as the titles of each chapter in these course notes: (1) Audit framework and regulation (2) Planning and risk assessment (3) Internal control (4) Audit evidence(5)Review and reporting3 Approach to examining the syllabusAs with all other ACCA exams, F8 is a three-hour exam with an additional 15 minutes’ reading and planning time.The Examiner for F8 is Pami Bahl.All the questions in the F8 exam are compulsory. Section A consists of 12 objective test questions. Section B consists of six longer questions. The bulk of these questions will be discursive but some questions involving the calculation and interpretation of some basic ratios will be set from time to time.Section TopicMarks Section A Four 1 mark objective test questions covering any area in the syllabus. Eight 2 mark objective test questions covering any area in the syllabus 4 16 Section BFour 10 mark questions on any area of the syllabus.40 Two 20 mark questions covering potentially any area of the syllabus, but with heavier emphasis on planning and risk assessment, internal control, audit evidence and review and reporting.404 Exam techniqueThe exam is 180 minutes long and totals 100 marks. Therefore, you should allocate 1.8 minutes for each mark, or 36 minutes for Section A in total, 18 minutes for each 10-mark question and 36 minutes for each 20-mark question. Some longer questions will have subsections which should also be broken up. How long it takes to answer each objective test question will vary depending on the length of the question, but you should aim to complete the whole of Section A within the 36 minutes allocated to it. Every part of every question must be attempted.As an approximate guide, in Section B every paragraph should contain 1 valid point which will earn 1 mark. You should try to keep your paragraphs to less than four lines of writing.Leave a line between each paragraph written, giving the marker the opportunity to give you maximum marks.The use of columns may work well for those questions where there are two parts of the question e.g. if the question asks for risks and controls that would mitigate those risks or audit procedures, and the reason for carrying them out.5Study plannerThe chapter number refers to the chapter of these Course Notes. The time is a guide as to how longyou should spend on this subject, including question practice. Tick each session off when you havecompleted it.Try and complete each study session in order so that you learn each topic in turn. Some sessions arelonger than others, but make sure you take a break between sessions.Read the relevant chapter of the course notes. It is essential that you try the questions from theQuestion Bank where indicated. You will not pass the exam if you don’t attempt the questions. Don’t forget, if you get stuck you can contact your tutor to ask for advice. Tick off each chapter when youhave completed it.Attempt the course examThe course exam will give you a feel for how well you have grasped the syllabus content, and will also show you if you are lacking in exam technique.RevisePractise lots of questions from the Question Bank and read the Examiner’s Comments and ExamSmarts, so that you can find out what the Examiner is looking for in your written answers.You should consider booking a First Intuition revision course at this stage, to improve your examskills, particularly if you scored below 50% in the course exam. Our revision courses are question-based, and will help you improve your exam technique. We also include a Mock Exam, giving youanother chance to practise under real exam conditions.If you complete all the sessions before you have received the course exam please email your tutor torequest it or check to download it.第一直觉教育www.fi_第一直觉教育www.fi_第一直觉教育www.fi_PERrelevanceQuestionpractice Tick when completeChapter SubjectFirst Intuition tutor guidanceTime (min) 4Audit evidenceThis chapter deals with substantive testing.Make sure you know at least four audit tests for each of the key items in the statement of financial position and make sure you understand what financial statement assertions they are testing.It is important to understand the difference between a test of control and a substantive test – both in theory and in practice P017 3 hours on the chapter and 3½ hours on thequestionsAll OT Q’s Q29 Q30 Q32 Q33 Q365Review and reportingThis chapter focuses on the closing stages of the audit and the auditor’s report to shareholders.It is essential to be familiar with each different type of audit opinion and when it would be appropriate to use them.PO183 hours on the chapter and4 hours on the questionsAll OT Q’s Q38 Q42 Q43 Q45 Q46 Q495.1 Practical Experience Requirements (PER) and Performance ObjectivesACCA requires students to have 36 months’ practical experience in order to become members. Part of the practical experience requirements is achieving performance objectives that demonstrate that you can apply what you’ve learnt when studying to real-life, work activities.ACCA has set out 20 performance objectives in 9 areas. You are required to achieve 13 performance objectives – all 9 Essentials performance objectives and any 4 Options performance objectives. ACCA has provided guidance on which objectives are strongly linked to which exam. The relevant objectives for F8, comprise Essentials objectives and Options objectives:Manage self (relevant for all exams) (Essentials)Communicate effectively (relevant for all exams) (Essentials)Use information and communications technology (relevant for all exams) (Essentials)Prepare and collect evidence for audit (relevant for F8 and P7)Evaluate and report on audit (relevant for F8 and P7)第一直觉教育www.fi_1 The concept of audit and other assurance engagementsAn audit is an evaluation of an organisation, system or process. Audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information, and also provide an assessment of a system's internal control.In the context of a company and its accounting records, the external audit is an “independentexamination and expression of opinion on the financial statements of an entity”. Many organisations(particularly companies) are legally required to have an external audit.The purpose of the external audit is for the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the audit opinion. This opinion states that the financial statements give a ‘true and fairview’ of the position, performance (and cash flows) of the entity. This opinion is prepared for thebenefit of shareholders and can be seen as helping to prevent these investors from being defrauded.There is no strict legal definition of “true and fair” but essentially it means that the financialstatements contain no significant/material errors.“True” can be considered as stating that the information in the financial statements is factual andcomplies with accounting standards.“Fair” refers to information being clear, impartial and unbiased, reflecting the substance oftransactions, rather than the legal form.An audit is considered necessary for all but the smallest companies because there is often a distinction between those people that own the company – the shareholders – and those people that run the day- to-day operations of the company – the directors.In this sense, the directors are considered to be the “stewards” of the company – they are accountable to the owners for the way the performance of the company.第一直觉教育www.fi_审计和其他认证业务的概念审计是对一个组织、系统或过程的评估。

对于ACCA考试科目中F8的题型分析关于ACCA考试科目中，各科都考哪些题型呢?中公财经网小编就以F8为例给大家简单介绍一下吧。

(一)客观题(Objective test questions/OT questions)客观题是指这些单一的，题干较短的，并且自动判分的题目。

每道客观题的分值为2分，考生必须回答的完全正确才可以得分，即使回答正确一部分，也不能得到分数。

(二)案例客观题(OT case questions)案例客观题是ACCA引入的新题型，每道案例客观题都是由一组与一个案例相关的客观题组成的，因此要求考生从多个角度来思考一个案例。

这种题型能很好的反映出考生将如何在实践中完成这些任务。

案例客观题会出现在2016年9月份的笔试中，这意味着CBEs考试和笔试的格式在本次考试中将完全一致。

(三)主观题(Constructed response questions/CR qustions)考生将使用电子表格程序和文字处理程序去完成主观题的回答。

就像笔试中的主观题一样，答案最终将由专家判分。

今天就奉上同学回忆出的12月ACCA F8科目考试真题，勇敢的童鞋赶紧来测试一下，你到底能否考过F8吧!Section A部分真题第一道案例选择题印象比较深，是关于professional ethical，考了fundamental professional ethical 和threat。

第二道是关于payroll system，考了audit procedure，completeness,understatement test,其中还有一道计算payroll expense。

第三道问了audit opinion，还有SP，有overstatement test。

Section B部分真题第一道大题，有16分的audit risk(identify and response)找出8个，factors toconsider set up internal audit department 4分，how internal audit effecton fraud and errors 2分，SP hot review and cold review 4分，SP for wages andsalary on completeness and existence 4分。

accaf8考试注意事项
哎呀呀，ACCA F8 考试可不能掉以轻心啊！要想顺利通过，这些注意事项你可得牢记呀！
先说备考阶段，那得像盖高楼一样稳扎稳打呀！不能三天打鱼两天晒网，比如知识点得反复温习，这就好比给大脑不断充电！还有练习题，不能只做一遍就不管了，得多刷几遍，就像给技能打磨抛光！
到了考试的时候，千万别慌张呀！你想想，一慌是不是脑子就容易乱？就像开车时猛踩刹车容易失控一样。

认真读题是关键，别匆匆忙忙就下笔，难道你能闭着眼睛走路吗？
还有啊，时间分配可不能马虎！别在一道难题上死磕，那会让你后面的题目没时间做的呀，这就跟赶路错过了美景一样可惜。

哎呀，答题要条理清晰呀，让阅卷老师一目了然。

不能乱糟糟的，就像房间不收拾找不到东西一样。

注意书写规范，别字迹潦草，难道你希望老师费力去猜你的答案吗？
ACCA F8 考试可不是闹着玩的，这关系着你的未来呀！一定要认真对待，就像对待珍贵的机会一样。

总之啊，这些注意事项一定要牢记在心，别等考完了才后悔！。

List and explain the elements of an assurance engagement. （2010.6.2a）Explain the five elements of an assurance engagement.（2013.6.5a）5分Elements of an assurance engagementIn accordance with ISAE 3000 Assurance Engagements other than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information, an assurance engagement will involve three separate parties:– The intended user who is the person who requires the assurance report.– The responsible party, which is the organization responsible for preparing the subject matter to be reviewed.– The practitioner (i.e. an accountant) who is the professional who will review the subject matter and provide the assurance.A second element is a suitable subject matter. The subject matter is the data that the responsible party has prepared and which requires verification.Suitable criteria are required in an assurance engagement. The subject matter is compared to the criteria in order for it to be assessed and an opinion provided.Sufficient appropriate evidence has to be obtained by the practitioner in order to give the required level of assurance.An assurance report is the opinion that is given by the practitioner to the intended user and the responsible party.(i) Explain the purpose of review engagements and how these differ from external audits; and (2 marks)(ii) Describe the level of assurance provided by external audits and review engagements.(2 marks) （2015.6.5a）(i)Review engagementsReview engagements are often undertaken as an alternative to an audit, and involve a practitioner reviewing financial data, such as six-monthly figures. This would involve the practitioner undertaking procedures to state whether anything has come to their attention which causes the practitioner to believe that the financial data is not in accordance with the financial reporting framework.A review engagement differs to an external audit in that the procedures undertaken are not nearly as comprehensive as those in an audit, with procedures such as analytical review and enquiry used extensively. In addition, the practitioner does not need to comply with ISAs as these only relate to external audits.(ii) Levels of assuranceThe level of assurance provided by audit and review engagements is as follows:External audit – A high but not absolute level of assurance is provided, this is known as reasonable assurance. This provides comfort that the financial statements present fairly in all material respects (or are true and fair) and are free of material misstatements.Review engagements – where an opinion is being provided, the practitioner gathers sufficient evidence to be satisfied that the subject matter is plausible; in this case negative assurance is given whereby the practitioner confirms that nothing has come to their attention which indicates that the subject matter contains material misstatements.Identify and explain the level of assurance provided by an external audit and other review engagements.(3 marks) （2012.6.1c）Levels of assuranceThe level of assurance provided by audit and other review engagements is as follows:AuditExternal Audit – A high but not absolute level of assurance is provided, this is known as reasonable assurance. This provides comfort that the financial statements are true and fair and are free of material misstatements.Other review engagementsOther review engagements where an opinion is being provided, the practitioner gathers sufficient evidence to be satisfied that the subject matter is plausible; in this case negative assurance is given whereby the practitioner confirms that nothing has come to his attention which indicates that the subject matter contains material misstatements.Explain the kind of assurance you could give in the context of the request by the bank. (4 marks)（2009.12.4d）You would inform management that it would not be possible to give a report on the accuracy of the cash flow forecast. The forecast is an assessment of cash flows in the future which is uncertain, particularly in thesecond year.The bank should be informed that the kind of report that you could give is a limited assurance or negative assurance report.You would be able to state in your report the kind of work you had carried out, the assumptions that management had made and then to give a negative form of assurance in which you would state, among other things, that nothing had come to your attention that would cause you to believe that the assumptions do not provide a reasonable basis for the cash forecast. You could then go on to say that the forecast has been properly prepared on the basis of the assumptions.This is assuming that this kind of opinion is appropriate in the light of the work you have performed.In the context of the cash flow forecast, define the term ‘negative assurance’ and explain how this differs from the assurance provided by an audit report on statutory financial statements. (4 marks) （2008.6.5d）Negative assuranceNegative assurance means that nothing has come to the attention of an auditor which indicates that the cash flow forecast contains any material errors. The assurance is therefore given on the absence of any indication to the contrary.In contrast, the audit report on statutory financial statements provides positive or reasonable assurance; that is the financial statements do show a true and fair view.Using negative assurance, the auditor is warning users that the cash flow forecast may be inaccurate. Less reliance can therefore be placed on the forecast than the financial statements, where the positive assurance was given.With negative assurance, the auditor is also warning that there were limited audit procedures that could be used; the cash flow relates to the future and therefore the auditor cannot obtain all the evidence to guarantee its accuracy. Financial statements relate to the past, and so the auditor should be able to obtain the information to confirm they are correct; hence the use of positive assurance.When reporting on a cash flow forecast, explain the term ‘negative assurance’ and why this is used. (4 marks)（2006.12.1c）The term negative assurance means that the auditor has carried out work on the cash flow but that the accuracy of the forecast cannot be confirmed. The auditor will report that the cash flow appears to be reasonable, but not that it shows a true and fair view. The auditor is therefore not confirming that the cash flow is correct, rather that there is nothing to indicate it is incorrect.This type of report is appropriate for a forecast because it relates to the future. It is therefore not possible to state that the forecast is materially correct in terms of truth and fairness because the forecast has not been tested against the future. The actual results are therefore uncertain. It may not be correct simply because future conditions do not agree with those under which the forecast was prepared.Define materiality and determine how the level of materiality is assessed. (5 marks)（2010.6.2b）Materiality is defined as follows:‘Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.’In assessing the level of materiality there are a number of areas that should be considered. Firstly the auditor must consider both the amount (quantity) and the nature (quality) of any misstatements, or a combination of both. The quantity of the misstatement refers to the relative size of it and the quality refers to an amount that might be low in value but due to its prominence could infl uence the user’s decision, for example, directors’ transactions.In assessing materiality the auditor must consider that a number of errors each with a low value may when aggregated amount to a material misstatement.The assessment of what is material is ultimately a matter of the auditors’ professional judgement, and it is affected by the auditor’s perception of the financial information needs of users of the financial statements.In calculating materiality the auditor should also consider setting the performance materiality level. This is the amount set by the auditor, it is below materiality, and is used for particular transactions, account balances and disclosures.As per ISA 320 materiality is often calculated using benchmarks such as 5% of profi t before tax or 1% of gross revenue. These values are useful as a starting point for assessing materiality.Explain the concepts of materiality and performance materiality in accordance with ISA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit. (5 marks) （2013.6.3a）Materiality and performance materialityMateriality and performance materiality are dealt with under ISA 320 Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit. Auditors need to establish the materiality level for the financial statements as a whole, as well as assess performance materiality levels, which are lower than the overall materiality.Materiality is defined in ISA 320 as follows:‘Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.’In assessing the level of materiality, there are a number of areas that should be considered. First the auditor must consider both the amount (quantity) and the nature (quality) of any misstatements, or a combination of both. The quantity of the misstatement refers to the relative size of it and the quality refers to an amount that might be low in value but due to its prominence could influence the user’s decision, for example, directors’ transactions.As per ISA 320, materiality is often calculated using benchmarks such as 5% of profit before tax or 1% of total revenue or total expenses. These values are useful as a starting point for assessing materiality.The assessment of what is material is ultimately a matter of the auditor’s professional judgement, and it is affected by the auditor’s perception of the financial information needs of users of the financial statements and the perceived level of risk; the higher the risk, the lower the level of overall materiality.In assessing materiality, the auditor must consider that a number of errors each with a low value may, when aggregated, amount to a material misstatement.In calculating materiality, the auditor should also set the performance materiality level. Performance materiality is normally set at a level lower than overall materiality. It is used for testing individual transactions, account balances and disclosures.The aim of performance materiality is to reduce the risk that the total of errors in balances, transactions and disclosures does not in total exceed overall materiality. Tutorial note: Award marks for ISA 320 definition of performance materiality below:‘Performance materiality means the amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than materiality for the financial statements as a whole to reduce to an appropriately low level the probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected misstatements exceeds materiality for the financial statements as a whole. If applicable, performance materiality also refers to the amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than the materiality level or levels for particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures.Explain the concept of TRUE and FAIR presentation. (4 marks)True and Fair presentationFinancial statements are produced by management which give a true and fair view of the entity’s results. The auditor in reviewing these financial statements gives an opinion on the truth and fairness of them. Although there is no definition in the International Standards on Auditing of true and fair it is generally considered to have the following meaning:True– Information is factual and conforms with reality in that there are no factual errors. In addition it is assumed that to be true it must comply with accounting standards and any relevant legislation. Lastly true includes data being correctly transferred from accounting records to the financial statements.Fair– Information is clear, impartial and unbiased, and also reflects plainly the commercial substance of the transactions of the entity.。

2013年ACCA新大纲考试科目全介绍Audit and Assurance(F8)相关资源下载：F82013syllabus and study guideF8Pilot Paper Questions and AnswersF82012Dec Exam QuestionF82011Dec Exam AnswerF82012Jun Exam QuestionF82012Jun Exam Answer科目介绍：F8《审计与鉴证》分为4个部分。

1、介绍鉴证服务的特性、目的和范围，包括法定审计、规范环境以及和审计与鉴证相关的职业道德；2、介绍内部审计，包括内部审计的范围和内部审计与外部审计的差异；3、大部分内容都是在介绍如何对财务报表进行审计。

这些包括计划、风险评估、评价内部控制、手机审计证据以及财务报表的复审；4、介绍对报告的处理，包括法定审计报告、管理报告和内部审计报告。

近几年考试通过率趋势图：F8知识结构：科目关联性::科目关联性F8课程是ACCA基础课程阶段唯一的一门关于审计的课程，它详细介绍了对财务报表的整个审计流程，与F8直接相关联的课程是专业阶段的选修课程P7（高级审计与鉴证）。

同时，F8也与F4、F7和P1课程的部分内容有间接联系。

F8的考试时长为3小时。

考试共有五道题，全为必选题，五道题中大部分都是需要论述，但是有些题目也是需要有一些计算的内容。

第一题30分是案例情景题。

第二题10分是考察书上的知识点，即简答题。

第三、第四和第五题都是每题20分。

F8考官Pami Bahl毕业于利物浦约翰摩尔大学（LJMU),现任荷兰BPP职业教育财务报告导师。

曾担任BPP会计讲师，拥有深厚的学识背景以及丰富的教学经验。

相对旧考纲，F8新考纲略微扩大了考试范围，如增加了审计程序中的对于无形资产和准备金的考察。

同时，也细化了一些部分的测试要求，使之更为明确，如期后事项和审计报告两方面的内容。

另外，审计离不开对准则的理解，对F7中的各准则规定的更新和改变都会对F8产生影响。

Substantive procedures - Additions and disposalsAdditions-Obtain a breakdown of additions, and agree to the non-current asset register to confirm completeness of plant & equipment (P&E) .1.具体的breakdown与固资帐比查完整性-Select a sample of additions and agree cost to supplier invoice to confirm valuation.2.抽样与发票核对查价值-Verify rights and obligations by agreeing the addition of plant and equipment to a supplier invoice in the name of Pear. 3.查发票署名查权利与义务-For a sample of additions recorded in P&E physically verify them on the factory floor to confirm existence.4.查实体.存在性-Review board minutes to ensure that significant capital expenditure purchases have been authorisedby the board. 5.查董事会记录-Review the list of additions and confirm that they relate to capital expenditure items rather than repairs and maintenance. 6查费用化与资本化问题Disposals-Obtain a breakdown of disposals, cast the list and agree all assets removed from the non-current asset register to confirm existence. 1.具体的与总查存在-Select a sample of disposals and agree sale proceeds to supporting documentation such as sundrysales invoices. 2.无耻法查supporting documentation-Recalculate the profit/loss on disposal and agree to the income statement. 3.重计i nventory substantive procedures for balances at the year end.(i) ExistenceAssets, liabilities and equity interests exist.Substantive proceduresDuring the inventory count select a sample of assets recorded in the inventory records and agree to the warehouse to confirm the assets exist.Obtain a sample of pre year-end goods despatch notes and agree that these finished goods are excluded from the inventory records.(ii) Rights and obligationsThe entity holds or controls the rights to assets, and liabilities are the obligations of the entity.(iii) CompletenessAll assets, liabilities and equity interests that should have been recorded have been recorded. Substantive proceduresObtain a copy of the inventory listing and agree the total to the general ledger and the financial statements. During the inventory count select a sample of goods physically present in the warehouse and confirm recorded in the inventory records.(iv) Valuation and allocationAssets, liabilities and equity interests are included in the financial statements at appropriate amounts and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are appropriately recorded.Substantive proceduresSelect a sample of goods in inventory at the year end, agree the cost per the records to a recent purchase invoice and ensure that the cost is correctly stated.Select a sample of year-end goods and review post year-end sales invoices to ascertain if net realisable value is above cost or if an adjustment is required.Substantive proceduresDepreciation-Review the reasonableness of the depreciation rates applied to the new leisure facilities and compare to industry averages. depreciation rates 与同行业比较- Perform a proof in total calculation for the depreciation charged on the equipment, discuss with management if significant fluctuations arise. a proof in total AP- Select a sample of leisure equipment and recalculate the depreciation charge to ensure that the non-current asset register is correct. Recalculate the depreciation charge 为accuracy- Review the disclosure of the depreciation charges and policies in the draft financial statements.ACCURACY- Review profits and losses on disposal of assets disposed of in the year, to assess the reasonableness of the depreciation policies. profits and losses on disposal of assets 是否合理Food poisoning1- Review the correspondence from the customers claiming food poisoning to assess whether Pineapple has a present obligation as a result of a past event. 存在1- Send an enquiry letter to the lawyers of Pineapple to obtain their view as to the probability of the claim being successful.1- Review board minutes to understand whether the directors believe that the claim will be successful or not.2- Review the post year-end period to assess whether any payments have been made to any of the claimants. 数字3- Discuss with management as to whether they propose to include a contingent liability disclosure or not, consider the reasonableness of this.4- Obtain a written management representation confirming management's view that the lawsuit is unlikely to be successful and hence no provision is required. 发誓5- Review the adequacy of any disclosures made in the financial statements.trade payablesSubstantive procedures over year-end- Obtain a listing of trade payables from the purchase ledger and agree to the general ledger and the financial statements. 1 账户比数字- Review the list of trade payables against prior years to identify any significant omissions.1与去年比数字- Calculate the trade payable days for Greystone and compare to prior years, investigate any significant differences. 1计算payable ~@丫§比数字- Select a sample of goods received notes before the year-end and follow through to inclusion in the year-end payables balance, to ensure correct cut-off.-Review after date payments, if they relate to the current year 2 cutoff-Obtain supplier statements and reconcile these to the purchase ledger balances, and investigate anyreconciling items. 与供货方比较信息accuracy -Enquire of management their process for identifying goods received but not invoiced or logged in the purchase ledger and ensure that it is reasonable to ensure completeness of payables.询问对收到货但是未收到发票情况的处理方法-Review the purchase ledger for any debit balances, for any significant amounts discuss with management and consider reclassification as current assets. 数据出现异常与管理层讨论原因-Ensure payables included in financial statements as current liabilities. 无耻法正确做账directors' bonus and remuneration-Obtain a schedule of the directors' remuneration including the bonus paid and cast the addition of the schedule.-Agree the individual bonus payments to the payroll records. 12都是账实对照查准确性-Confirm the amount of each bonus paid by agreeing to the cash book and bank statements.-Review the board minutes to confirm whether any additional bonus payments relating to this year have been agreed. 董事会记录-Obtain a written representation from management confirming the completeness of directors' remuneration including the bonus. 书面-Review any disclosures made of the bonus and assess whether these are in compliance with local legislation. 查是否合法合规Audit procedures regarding non-depreciation of buildings-Review audit file to ensure that sufficient appropriate audit evidence has been collected in respect of this matter.-Ensure that GAAP does apply to the specific buildings owned by Galartha Co and that a departure from GAAP is not needed in order for the financial statements to show a true and fair view.-Meet with the directors to confirm their reasons for not depreciating buildings.-Warn the directors that in your opinion buildings should be depreciated and that failure to provide depreciation will result in a modified audit report.-Determine the effect of the disagreement on the audit report in terms of the modified opinion being material or of pervasive materiality to the financial statements.-Draft the appropriate sections of the modified audit report.-Obtain a letter of representation from the directors confirming that depreciation will not be charged on buildings.Procedures to confirm i nventory held at third party locations-Send a letter requesting direct confirmation of inventory balances held at year end from the third party warehouse 函证providers used by Abrahams Co regarding quantities and condition.-Attend the inventory count (if one is to be performed) at the third party warehouses to review the controls in operation to ensure the completeness and existence of inventory. 参与盘点-Inspect any reports produced by the auditors of the warehouses in relation to the adequacy of controls over inventory. 检查报告-Inspect any documentation in respect of third party inventory. 检查第三方仓储文件(ii) Procedures to confirm use of standard costs for inventory valuation-Discuss with management of Abrahams Co the basis of the standard costs applied to the inventoryvaluation, and how often these are reviewed and updated. 与管理层讨论-Review the level of variances between standard and actual costs and discuss with management how these are treated. 与管理层讨论差别-Obtain a breakdown of the standard costs and agree a sample of these costs to actual invoices or wage records to assess their reasonableness. 明细检查差错Going concern procedures -Obtain the company's cash flow forecast and review the cash in and out flows. Assess the assumptions for reasonableness and discuss the findings with management to understand if the company will have sufficient cash flows.-Review the company's post year-end sales and order book to assess if the levels of trade are likely to increase and if the revenue figures in the cash flow forecast are reasonable.-Review the loan agreement and recalculate the covenant which has been breached. Confirm the timing and amount of the loan repayment.-Review any agreements with the bank to determine whether any other covenants have been breached, especially in relation to the overdraft.-Discuss with the directors whether they have contacted any alternative banks for finance to assess whether they have any other means of repaying the loan of $4-8m.-Review any correspondence with shareholders to assess whether any of these are likely to increase their equity investment in the company.财务-Review post year-end correspondence with suppliers to identify if any othershave threatened legal action or refused to supply goods.- Discuss with the finance director whether the sales director has yet been replaced and whether any newcustomers have been obtained to replace the one lost. 运营- Enquire of the lawyers of Strawberry as to the existence of any additional litigation and request their法律assessment of the likely amounts payable to the suppliers.- Perform audit tests in relation to subsequent events to identify any items that might indicate or mitigate the risk of going concern not being appropriate.- Review the post year-end bo ard minutes to identify any other issues that might indicate further financial difficulties for the company.- Consider whether the g oing concern basi s is appropriate for the preparation of the financial statements.- Obtain a written representation c onfirming the director's view that Strawberry is a going concern.其他Procedures the auditor should adopt in respect of auditing accounting estimates include:- Enquire of management how t he accounting estimate is made and the d ata on which it is based.- Determine whether events occurring up to the date of the auditor's report (after the reporting period) provide audit evidence regarding the accounting estimate.- Review the method of measurement used and assess the r easonableness o f assumptions made.-Test the operating effectiveness of the controls over how management made the accounting estimate.-Evaluate overall whether the accounting estimates in the financial statements are either reasonable ormisstated.-Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether the disclosures in the financial statements related to accounting estimates and estimation uncertainty are reasonable.-Obtain written representations from management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance whether they believe significant assumptions used in making accounting estimates are reasonable.Procedures during the inventory count-Observe the counting teams of Lily to confirm whether the inventory count instructions are being followed correctly.-observe the procedures for identifying and segregating damaged goods are operating correctly.-Observe the procedures for movements of inventory during the count, to confirm that no raw materials or finished goods have been omitted or counted twice.-Select a sample and perform test counts from inventory sheets to warehouse aisle and from warehouse aisle to inventory sheets.-Select a sample of damaged items as noted on the inventory sheets and inspect these windows to confirm whether the level of damage is correctly noted.-Obtain a photocopy of the completed sequentially numbered inventory sheets for follow up testing on the final audit.-Discuss with the warehouse manager how he has estimated the raw materials quantities. To the extent that it is possible, re-perform the procedures adopted by the warehouse manager.-Identify and record any inventory held fo r third parties (if any) and confirm that it is excluded from the count.Audit procedures using CAATSThe audit team can use audit software to calculate inventory days for the year-to-date to compare against the prior year to identify whether inventory is turning over slower, as this may be an indication that it is overvalued.Audit software can be utilised to produce an aged inventory analysis to identify any slow moving goods, which may require write down or an allowance.Cast the inventory listing to confirm the completeness and accuracy of inventory.Audit software can be used to select a representative sample of items for testing to confirm net realisable value and/or cost.Audit software can be utilised to recalculate cost and net realisable value for a sample of inventory. CAATs can be used to verify cut-off by testing whether the dates of the last GRNs and GDNs recorded relate to pre year end; and that any with a date of 1 January 2013 onwards have been excluded from the inventory records.CAATs can be used to confirm whether any inventory adjustments noted during the count have been correctly updated into final inventory records.Procedures the auditor should adopt in respect of auditing this accrual include:-Agree the year-end income tax payable accrual to the payroll records to confirm accuracy.-Agree the subsequent payment to the post year-end cash book and bank statements to confirm completeness.-Recalculation of the accrual to confirm accuracy.-Review any disclosures made of the income tax accrual and assess whether these are in compliance with accounting standards and legislation.Audit procedures for continuous (perpetual) inventory counts-The audit team should attend at least one of the c ontinuous (perpetual) inventory counts t o review whether the controls over the inventory count are adequate.-C onsider attending the inventory count at the year end to undertake test counts of inventory from records to floor and from floor to records in order to confirm the existence and completeness of inventory. -Review the adjustments made to the inventory records on a monthly basis to gain an understanding of the level of differences arising on a month by month basis.-If significant differences consistently arise, this could indicate that the inventory records are not adequately maintained. D iscuss with manageme nt how they will ensure that year-end inventory will not be under or overstated.Procedures to undertake in relation to the uncorrected misstatement-The extent of the potential misstatement should be considered and therefore a large sample of inventory items should be tested to identify the possible size of the misstatement.-The potential misstatement should be d iscussed with Clarinet Co’s management in order to understand why these inventory differences are occurring.-The misstatement should be compared to materiality to assess if the error is materia l individually.-If not, then it should be added to other errors noted during the audit to assess if in aggregate the uncorrected errors are now material.-If material, the auditors should ask the directors to adjust the inventory balances to correct the misstatements identified in the 2014 year end.-Request a written representation from the directors about the uncorrected misstatements including the inventory errors.-Consider the implication for the audit report if the inventory errors are material and the directors r efuses to make adjustments.Receivables circularisation - procedures 步骤-Obtain a list of receivables balances, cast this and agree it to the receivables control account total at the end of theyear. Ageing of receivables may also be verified at this time.-Determine an appropriate sampling method (cumulative monetary amount, value-weighted selection, random, etc.)-Select the balances to be tested, with specific reference to the categories of receivable noted below.- Extract details of each receivable selected from the ledger and prepare circularisation letters.- Ask the chief accountant at Seeley Co (or other responsible official) to sign the letters.- The auditor posts or faxes the letters to the individual receivables.Substantive procedures to confirm valuation of inventory- Select a representative sample of goods in inventory at the year end, agree the cost per the records to a recent purchase invoice and ensure that the cost is correctly stated.- Select a sample of year end goods and review post year end sales invoices to ascertain if NRV is above cost or if an adjustment is required.- For a sample of manufactured items obtain cost sheets and confirm:- raw material costs to recent purchase invoices- labour costs to time sheets or wage records- overheads allocated are of a production nature.-Review aged inventory reports and identify any slow moving goods, discuss with management why these items have not been written down.- Review the inventory records to identify the level of adjustments made throughout the year for damaged/obsolete items. If significant consider whether the year end records require further adjustments and discuss with management whether any further write downs/provision may be required.- Follow up any damaged/obsolete items noted by the auditor at the inventory counts attended, to ensure that the inventory records have been updated correctly.- Perform a review of the average inventory days for the current year and compare to prior year inventory days. Discuss any significant variations with management.Substantive procedures to confirm completeness of provisions or contingent liability- Discuss with management the nature of the dispute between Smoothbrush and the former finance director (FD), to ensure that a full understanding of the issue is obtained and to assess whether an obligation exists.- Write to the company's lawyers to obtain their views as to the probability of the FD's claim being successful.- Review board minutes and any company correspondence to assess whether there is any evidence to support the former FD's claims of unfair dismissal.-Obtain a written representation from the directors of Smoothbrush confirming their view that the formerFD's chances of a successful claim are remote, and hence no provision or contingent liability is required.Substantive procedures over bank balance:-Obtain the company's bank reconciliatio n and c heck the additions t o e nsure arithmeticalaccuracy.-Obtain a b ank confi rmation lett er from the company's bankers.-Verify the balance per the bank statement to an original year end bank statement and also to the bank confi rmation letter.-Verify the rec onciliation’s balsa per the cash book t o the year end cash book.-Trace all of the outstanding lodgement s to the pre year end cash book, post year end bank statement and also to paying-in-book pre year end.-Trace all u npresented cheques through to a pre year end cash book and post year end statement. For any unusual amounts or signifi cant delays obtain explanations from management.-Review the cash book and bank statements for any u nusual items or large transfers around the year end, as this could be evidence of window dressing.-Examine the bank confi rmation letter for details of any security provided by the company or any legal right of set-off as this may require disclosure.Appropriate procedures to determine that net realisable value of book inventory is above cost would include:(1) Assessment of estimated proceeds from the sale of items of inventory. Sales price in the period following the year-end is one important element of net realisable value. Procedures to determine sales prices include:-Obtain actual sales prices by reference to invoices issued after the year-end and determine that the sales were genuine by vouching sales invoices to orders, despatch notes and subsequent receipt of cash.-If actual sales prices are not available, the auditor should obtain estimated sales prices from management. It would be necessary to assess how reasonable these estimated prices were. The auditor might be aided in this respect by reviewing the reports from sales staff backed up by discussions with management.-Particular attention should be paid to sales prices of books identifi ed as slow-moving. (Tutorial note: Slowmoving books might be identifi ed by obtaining lists of sales made in the preceding (say) six months and reviewing reports from sales staff. The sales statistics would also be useful in this respect.)-For damaged books disposal price may be nil or very low and the auditor should examine records of disposal of such books in the past. (Tutorial note: Damaged books should have been identifi ed during the inventory count.)(2) Determine estimated costs to completion. These costs represent another important element of net realisable value.Relevant procedures include:-Some books may still be in production and will initially be included in inventory at cost to date; for example, they may have been printed but not bound. The auditor should examine production budgets and actual costs (for binding, for example) to determine actual costs to completion. (Tutorial note: It is not uncommon for publishers to print books but leave them unbound until sales in the immediate future are expected.)-Books returned may incur extra costs before they can be made ready for resale and the auditor should examine cost records to obtain a reasonable estimate of such costs.(3) Determine costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distributing directly related to theitems in question.-In general terms the auditor may determine the percentage relationship between sales and selling and distribution expenses.-However, the distribution costs of heavy books are likely to be higher than for (say) light paperback books and the auditor should assess whether the cost weighting is reasonable.(4) All of the above matters should be discussed with management bearing in mind that, although they represent an internal source of evidence, they are the most informed people regarding the saleability of books on hand and regarding determination of the various elements of net realisable value.(5) Discuss with management the need for an inventory provision for slow moving and/or obsoletebooks.Audit procedures adopted in the examination of the cash fl ow forecast would include:(1) Check that the opening balance of the cash forecast is in agreement with the closing balance of the cash book, to ensure the opening balance of the forecast is accurate.(2) Consider how accurate company forecasts have been in the past by comparing past forecasts with actual outcomes. If forecasts have been reasonably accurate in the past, this would make it more likely that the current forecast is reliable.(3) Determine the assumptions that have been made in the preparation of the cash fl ow forecast. For example, the company is experiencing a poor economic climate, so you would not expect cash fl ows from sales and realisation of receivables to increase, but either to decrease or remain stable. You are also aware that costs are rising so you would expect cost increases to be refl ected in the cash forecasts. (4) Examine the sales department detailed budgets for the two years ahead and, in particular, discuss with them the outlets that they will be targeting. This would help the auditor determine whether the cash derived from sales is soundly based.(5) Examine the production department's assessment of the non-current assets required to increase the production of white bread to the level required by the sales projections. Obtain an assessment of estimated cost of non-current assets, reviewing bids from suppliers, if available. This would provide evidence on material cash outfl ows.(6) Consider the adequacy of the increased working capital that will be required as a result of the expansion. Increased working capital would result in cash outfl ows and it would be important to establish its adequacy.(7) If relevant review the post year end period to compare the actual performance against the forecast fi gures.(8) Recalculate and cast the cash fl ow forecast balances.(9) Review board minutes for any other relevant issues which should be included within the forecast.(10) Review the work of the internal audit department in preparing the cash fl ow forecast.procedures - purchases》procedureReason for procedure ________ Obtam a sample of list of parts documents from the Checks the m 阐oes$d 依对唱 of 毗川心computer, ^race individual parts to the goods rec 除包 note(GRN). Ensures the completeness of recording of 吗箕’ Unmatched items poor to the year end should be deluded the payables accrual, - Confirms that the invoice shoud be included in the payables 【edger, rr^eting Ihe 8mp 佗犯ness assertiE- Confirms the completeness d recording of payables invoices ：n the ledger. accurate. ---------------------- - --------------- - ------- --------------- Ottam the unmatched indices fife, irrigate 加Unmatched items at (be year end could indicate unrecorded ite*ns chaining ^eason for GRN not being received /liab l t 做 Ensure included in the pa ),abies accrua । the i 加峻 not being precessed. 的心 had Deen received pe 网 end. For a sample of entries from 加 peyattes ledger, agree Ensues that the :ability does belong to V/estra. meeting the devilsback to the jxjrchase invoice.occurrence assertion. For the sage d entries on the payees ledger, agreeEnsures that the liability has been properly discharged by to the electronic payments l.si confirming that theWestra and that the payments list is therefore compfete, supplier name sr.d amouni is axrect. Ry a sarnie of entries on each ele^ronic payments list, agree detals to tne purchase invoice.Ensures that the payment has been mace for a liability incurredtry Wesira, meeting the occurrence assertion. For the sample of entries in the electronic paymentslist, agree detals to the bank statement.Shows that the payment was actually made to that supplier. Obtain the bank statements, 'race a sampe d paymentstc the ^ectfomc Myments listConfirms tr4tthe payment made does relate :o Westra, confirming the xcurrence assertion. ’ For a sample of GRNs in the week pre- and post- year-end. trace to the supporting invoice and entry in thepayables ledger, ensuring recorded in the conectaccounting year.Confirms the accuracy of cut-in the financial statements.enario provided in the question. An alternative and valid format would points under each heading.For entries in the list of parts where no GRN number has been entered, erquire with goods inwards staff why mere is nc GRN. DocumeM reasors obtained. —— Obtain a sampSe of GRNs. Agree details to the list of parts document on the computer. For a sampie of GRNs from the gcods inwards department, trace to the invoice heid in the acccunts depanment.Checks that goods na^e not been receved but detailsnot redded. Possible cuf-offenor where goods have teenreceived bul GRN not raised.Ensures that the parts received had been ordered byWestra. giving 或比假 for the occussce 郡ertm _____ .Ensures the completeness of recording of liabilitiesGRNs 神 no matching mvace mdic2te a liability 出架incurred. Unmatched GRNs should be included in thepayacies accrual.Note this test will be 仪化山 because there is no crossreference maintained of theGRN 2-；一—Review fie of unmatched GRNs. investigatereasons fa any oid (more than one week) iterrs.Obtain a sample of paid invades. Insure that beGRN is attached._ ------------- ---------------Fo r the sample of invoices, check detail intc thecomputerised payaWes ledger, easunng thecmect account has been updated aid the -nvoice Tutorial note. This answer follows the structure cfthe sc te to use the assertons as main headings andto inake。

ACCA F8 审计该怎么学？ACCA经验分享大家好，我是杨雯婧，2015年12月的ACCA考试成绩已经出来一段时间了，但现在回忆起出成绩的时候，还尚能感受到当时查成绩时候的忐忑不安，因为当时非常不确定自己的F8是不是可以考过。

这个学期开始上ACCA F8课程的时候觉得比较吃力，无论是课本、讲义还是试卷全部都是单词，跟F4很相似，这是一科需要背诵的科目，而且需要背的知识点还有很多，这对于喜欢计算的我来说是一个挑战，但是人生有挑战才精彩。

f8一开始上课的时候觉得比较吃力，一是完全找不到重点，二是完全没有实践的经验，审计是一科讲究实践经验的科目。

但是泽稷网校ACCA老师在上第一节课的时候安慰我们，跟着老师来，该记忆的知识点及时记，讲完一章做相关题目通过考试是完全没问题的。

我还记得我刚开始做题目的时候觉得完全不知道怎么下手，不知道如何用专业的词语、短语去描述相关审计步骤、审计方法，这时候需要积累，需要去记、去背讲义上、真题答案上的写法，这样等到自己写的时候就有词语可以写，就不会知道怎么讲出来，但是不知道怎么写。

在刚开始学习ACCA F8这门科目的时候，要做到所有讲义上的知识点都覆盖，分清楚哪些是需要一字不差的背诵下来的、哪些知识点需要记住关键词但是不需要背下来的还有哪些只需要了解的看到可以选出来的，需要背诵的找个本子将这些记录下来，有规律的记忆，比如一周两到三次，这样等到复习的时候就会轻松很多，需要记住关键词的可以把问题写在本子上，然后记住关键词，可以用自己的话把答案写出来，需要了解的只需要平时多翻看就可以了。

ACCA F8的选择题，因为刚改革没多久，所以真题不是很多，那就只有bpp练习册上的选择题，F8的选择题相对的不是很难，但是需要细心与仔细还有对知识概念的清楚理解，如果对知识点的比较模糊只知道大概，在做选择题的时候就觉得这个选项也对，但是那个选项也差不多，这样就会拖延时间。

选择题在考前多做几遍，把自己的错题找出来，根据错题追溯到知识点上，然后再找同类的题再次练习，或者把错题汇总一起隔一段时间再做一次。

Examiner’s reportF8 Audit and AssuranceJune 2013General CommentsThe examination consisted of five compulsory questions. Question 1 for 30 marks, question 2 for 10 marks and three further questions of 20 marks each.The performance of candidates across the paper as a whole was reasonable. Candidates performed particularly well on questions 1b, 2a, 3a, 3bi, 4a and 5a. The questions candidates found most challenging were questions 1ai, 1c, 1d, 3bii and 5c. This is mainly due to candidates not understanding core syllabus areas well enough; a lack of technical knowledge and also due to a failure to read question requirements carefully.The vast majority of candidates attempted all five questions, and there was little evidence of time pressure. Where questions were left unanswered by candidates, this appeared to be due to a lack of knowledge or poor exam technique, as opposed to time pressure.A number of common issues arose in candidate’s answers:∙Failing to read the question requirement clearly and therefore providing irrelevant answers which scored few if any marks. Candidates must remember to answer the question asked and not the question they wish had been asked.∙Poor time management between questions, some candidates wrote far too much for some questions such as 1b and this put them under time pressure to answer the remaining questions.∙Failure to fully understand the requirement verbs such as “describe”, or “explain” and hence not providing sufficient depth to their answers.∙Providing more than the required number of points especially in question 1b.∙Poor layout of answers, including not using columns for questions such as 1b and 3bii when this would have helped to maximise marks.Specific CommentsQuestion OneThis 30-mark question was based on a manufacturing company, Fox Industries Co (Fox), and tested candidates’ knowledge of communicating to those charged with governance (TCWG), internal controls, application controls and substantive procedures for bank and cash.Part (ai) for 2 marks required candidates to explain why it’s important for auditors to communicate with TCWG and part (aii) for 3 marks required three matters that may be communicated by auditors to TCWG.Most candidates performed unsatisfactorily on part (ai). They needed to focus on WHY it was important to communicate rather than WHAT needed to be reported as this was the requirement of part (aii). Answers that focused on what was to be communicated would not have gained credit as this was not the question requirement for (ai). In addition some candidates simply restated the requirement, explaining that it was important to communicate, but without answering why. Part (aii) was answered better, with most candidates focusing on the areas of fraud, material misstatement and internal control deficiencies. Some candidates focused on providing details of specific audit issues that would be discussed during the audit as opposed to areas which would be formally reported to TCWG.Part (b) for 14 marks required a report to management which identifies and explains four deficiencies, the implications and a recommendation for each of these deficiencies; in addition a covering letter was required.This part of the question was answered very well and candidates were able to confidently identify four deficiencies from the scenario. However, candidates did not always adequately explain the implication of thedeficiency to the business. For example, for the deficiency of purchase orders not being sequentially numbered, many candidates focused on the difficulties of agreeing invoices to orders, as opposed to the key issue of unfulfilled orders and hence stock outs. In addition many implications were vague such as “there will be errors if application controls are not applied by the purchase ledger clerk” this answer does not give any examples of what type of errors and where they may occur. Candidates need to think in a practical manner and apply their knowledge when answering these types of questions.The requirement to provide controls was, on the whole, well answered. Most candidates were able to provide good recommendations to address the deficiencies. However some of these recommendations were too brief, for example simply stating “apply application controls” to address the deficiency of the purchase ledger clerk. The main recommendation where candidates failed to maximise their marks was for sequentially numbered purchase orders. Simply recommending “that purchase orders should be sequentially numbered” only scored ½ marks, as the control is to undertake sequence checks, for which the orders need to be sequential. This demonstrated a lack of understanding of this type of control.A covering letter to the report was required and there were 2 marks available. Despite this specific requirement a significant number of candidates provided their answers as a memo rather than as a letter. Adopting a memo format resulted in a failure to maximise marks. The two marks were allocated as ½ for a letterhead, ½ for an introductory paragraph, ½ for disclaimers and ½ for a courteous sign off of the letter, which requires more than just a signature.Many candidates set their answer out in two (three) columns being deficiency, implication and recommendation. However, those who explained all of the deficiencies, the implications and then separately provided all of the recommendations tended to repeat themselves and possibly wasted some time.The requirement was for FOUR deficiencies; this session a significant proportion of candidates provided many more than four points, it was not uncommon to see answers with eight deficiencies. Also in many answers deficiencies were combined such as; “purchase orders are not sequentially numbered and only orders over $5,000 require authorisation”, the implications and recommendations would then also be combined. Providing many more points than required and combining answers leads to unstructured answers that are difficult to mark. Spending too much time on this part of the exam also puts candidates under time pressure for the rest of the paper.Part (c) for 4 marks required four application controls to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the input of purchase invoices. Performance on this question was quite unsatisfactory. Many candidates failed to pick up marks for this question; also this question was left unanswered by some candidates.The requirement was for application controls, these could be computerised or manual, but they needed to address the specific area of INPUT of invoices. Many candidates gave general computer controls such as passwords or provided auditor’s substantive tests. In addition candidates listed recommendations from part 1(b) such as “sequentially numbered orders or regular bank reconciliations”; these have nothing to do with input of invoices. Some answers focused on auditing the purchase cycle, agreeing orders to goods received notes and to invoices. Candidates clearly either have a knowledge gap in this area or failed to read the question requirement carefully.Part (d) for 7 marks required substantive procedures for bank and cash at the year end. Performance on this question was unsatisfactory. Substantive procedures are a key area of the paper and may feature in each session.Some scripts were with hardly any valid bank and cash procedures. Tests which start with “to ensure that” are unlikely to gain any marks as these are objectives rather than audit tests. Also some candidates failed to read thequestion requirement which stated that the audit was of year end cash and bank; these answers focused more on tests of controls over the whole of the year for cash and bank, these did not gain any credit.Some candidates focused on the bank reconciliation and auditing its detail, such as unpresented cheques and outstanding lodgements. Most candidates were able to suggest obtaining a bank confirmation letter and counting petty cash, however this seemed to be the extent of many answers. It was unsatisfactory to see that many candidates did not understand the purpose of the bank reconciliation as a common answer was “to agree the bank confirmation letter to the financial statements” as opposed to the bank reconciliation. Many provided vague answers such as “cast the ledger” and a minority misunderstood the question and focused on auditing payables and receivables.Question TwoThis 10-mark question covered the topics of ethical threats, going concern responsibilities and emphasis of matter paragraphs.Part (a) for 5 marks required candidates to list five ethical threats and for each to identify an example of a circumstance that creates this threat. This question was answered very well by almost all candidates with many scoring full marks.Candidates were able to confidently list the five threats and to provide relevant examples. Some candidates failed to provide a relevant intimidation threat, believing that the existence of overdue fees results in an intimidation threat, whereas it’s the threat of not being paid these fees that creates the risk. A small number of candidates provided fundamental principles rather than ethical threats.Part (b) for 3 marks required an explanation of the auditors and management’s responsibilities regarding going concern. This was answered satisfactorily by many candidates.Many candidates were able to suggest that “directors needed to prepare the financial statements on the correct basis” and that “auditors need to gain evidence over the going concern basis”. However, some candidates wasted time by listing definitions of going concern and providing audit procedures to test going concern. Candidates must focus on only answering the question set, as opposed to listing all they know about the topic area.Part (c) for 2 marks required a description of the contents of an emphasis of matter (EOM) paragraph. Performance was mixed on this question.This question divided candidates between those who clearly understood what an EOM paragraph was and hence were able to easily gain the 2 marks available and those who did not understand what EOM was. Some candidates seemed to believe that an EOM paragraph is an “except for qualification” and hence gave these details. Also they did not understand that an EOM paragraph modifies the audit report but that the opinion is unmodified.Question ThreeThis 20-mark question was based on Kangaroo Construction Co (Kangaroo) a building company. The question tested the areas of materiality, ratios and audit risks and auditors responses.Part (a) for 5 marks required an explanation of the concepts of materiality and performance materiality. Candidates’ performed well on this question.The vast majority of candidates were able to score marks on the definition of materiality, provision of some benchmarks for the calculations and a reference to performance materiality being at a lower level. These points would have achieved a pass for this part of the question. An adequate level of detail was provided for this“explain” requirement by the majority of candidates. Some candidates just gave a definition of materiality and nothing else; this would have gained a maximum of 1 mark.Part (bi) for 5 marks required candidates to calculate ratios for 2012 and 2013 to assist in planning the audit. This question was answered very well by the vast majority of candidates with many scoring full marks.Some candidates attempted to calculate ratios despite there being inadequate data available, namely return on capital employed and gearing. Candidates need to think about the information provided in the scenario prior to calculating ratios.In order to gain the ½mark available for each year a relevant ratio had to be calculated. Some candidates did not bring a calculator into the exam and hence were unable to calculate the final ratios; these candidates would not be able to score the 5 available marks. Future candidates are reminded, once again, to bring a calculator into the F8 exam as they are often required.Part (bii) for 10 marks required a description of five audit risks from the scenario and ratios calculated and the auditor’s response for each. Performance on this question was once again unsatisfactory.The scenario contained more than five risks and so candidates were able to easily identify enough risks, they then went on to describe how the point identified from the scenario or movement in a ratio was an audit risk by referring to the assertion and the account balances impacted. The improvement in this area noted in December 12 has been reversed and the proportion of candidates who described the audit risk adequately has declined in this session.Some candidates tended to only identify facts from the scenario such as “Kangaroo has completed houses in inventory where selling price may be below cost” but failed to explain how this could impact audit risk; this would only have scored ½ marks. To gain a full 1 mark they needed to refer to the risk of the inventory being overvalued. Where candidates did attempt to cover the assertion it was often vague; for example stating that “inventory may be misstated”, this is not sufficient to gain the ½ mark available.Additionally, many candidates used the ratios calculated in part (bi) and then gave a detailed analytical review of the ratio movements, commenting on ratio increases and decreases, but with no link at all to the audit risks. It was not uncommon to see very lengthy answers with no audit risks; this just puts the candidate under time pressure.Many candidates focused on business risks rather than audit risks and hence provided responses related to how management should address these business risks. For example, the scenario stated that “Kangaroo had changed their main supplier to a cheaper alternative and as a result warranty claims had increased”. Some candidates answered “this would lead to the company’s reputation suffering as the quality of their buildings would decline”. The suggested auditor’s response was “to change back to a more expensive supplier”. Neither the risk nor the response has been related to the financial statements and hence would only gain a ½mark being the identification of the fact from the scenario.Additionally, candidates performed inadequately with regards to the auditor’s responses. As detailed above some candidates gave business advice, other responses focused more on repeating what the appropriate accounting treatment should be, therefore for the risk of inventory valuation due to number of houses where selling price was below cost, the response given was “inventory should be valued at the lower of cost and NRV”, this is not a valid audit response.Responses which start with “ensure that……” are unlikely to score marks as they usually fail to explain exactly how the auditor will address the audit risk. Also some responses were weak such as “discuss with the directors”without making it clear what would be discussed and how this would gather evidence. Audit responses need to be practical and should relate to the approach the auditor will adopt to assess whether the balance is materially misstated or not.Most candidates presented their answers well as they adopted a two column approach with audit risk in one column and the related auditor’s response next to it.Question FourThis 20-mark question was based on Bush-Baby Hotels Co (Bush-Baby) and tested candidates’ knowledge of procedures for obtaining evidence, internal audit and fraud.Part (a) for 10 marks required a description of five procedures for obtaining audit evidence and an example for each procedure relevant to the audit of property, plant and equipment (PPE). This question was unrelated to the scenario, was knowledge based and candidates’ performed well.Candidates were able to comfortably identify a procedure, such as inspection, describe what this meant, and then provide a well described PPE test for inspection. Those candidates who structured their answers with procedure followed by example PPE test tended to provide tailored relevant answers.The types of procedures which tended to cause most difficulty were “observation” as candidates seemed to struggle with producing valid observation tests. Recalculation and reperformance were used interchangeably, but these are different types of procedures, a common incorrect answer for re-performance was “to reperform the depreciation calculation” this is a recalculation and not a reperfromance test.Some candidates only identified the types of procedures rather than describing them, or the description was inadequate such as “inspection means to inspect an invoice” this is not an adequate description. In addition some candidates did not link the PPE test to the relevant type of procedure. Some candidates misunderstood what was required and gave financial statement assertions rather than types of procedures.It was satisfactory that on the whole candidates provided tests relevant to PPE rather than for other statement of financial position areas.Part (b) for 3 marks required an explanation of how the new internal audit (IA) department of Bush-Baby could assist the directors in preventing and detecting fraud and error. Performance was mixed on this question.Most candidates were able to gain a mark by suggesting controls that IA could help to develop and monitor to prevent fraud and error. However answers needed to be broader and rather than focusing in excessive detail on internal controls, candidates needed to give more of a general outline in how IA could help, such as fraud investigations.Part (c) for 2 marks required a description of the limitations of an IA department. Performance was satisfactory on this question.Many candidates were able to identify the cost outweighing the benefit as being the main limitation or independence issues as they were employees of Bush-Baby. Unfortunately a significant minority of candidates could only provide one of these points. Some candidates referred to the size of the hotel chain as being a limitation, where it was not.Part (d) for 5 marks required a description of additional functions, other than fraud investigations, the IA department could be asked by the directors to undertake. Performance was mixed on this question.Candidates were able to easily describe different functions such as internal controls reviews, value for money (VFM) audits, review for compliance with laws and regulations and risk assessment/management.Some candidates just identified these types of functions with no description of what these functions were;answers such as “the IA department could undertake a VFM audit” were common. Candidates must consider thequestion requirement verb, a describe requirement requires some detailed descriptions.There was also some confusion as to the types of functions IA would perform, for example they should notprepare financial statements. In addition some candidates focused exclusively on the IA department liaising withthe external auditor.Question FiveThis 20-mark question was based on Panda Co (Panda) and tested candidates’ knowledge of assurance engagements, subsequent events and audit reports.Part (a) for 5 marks required an explanation of the five elements of an assurance engagement. This question was unrelated to the scenario and was knowledge based. Performance was mixed on this question, in that many candidates either scored full marks or no marks.Those candidates who were able to identify the elements occasionally failed to score full marks due to a failure tofully explain the element, for example stating “suitable criteria” and then giving an example of accounting standards, rather than explaining that the suitable criteria are the benchmark for comparing the subject matter against.Some candidates did not understand what was required and focused on the different opinions andpositive/negative assurance or on the content of an audit report.Part (b) for 12 marks required for two events; an explanation of whether the financial statements should be amended and audit procedures that should be performed by the auditor to form a conclusion on any required amendment. Performance was mixed on this question.Many candidates were able to correctly identify whether the events were adjusting or non-adjusting. However the justification for this was not always correct; for example stating that “the explosion was non-adjusting as it occurred after the year end”. Many candidates were able to calculate the materiality of the potential error, usingthe numbers provided, although some incorrectly calculated the materiality for event 1 using the total cost of inventory of $0.85m rather than the write down of $0.75m. The decision as to whether the financial statementsrequired amendment was answered well for event 1, but less so for event 2 as many candidates did not seem torealise that adding a disclosure note is an amendment.With regards to procedures to undertake to form a conclusion on any required amendment, candidates seemed tostruggle with this. Many procedures lacked sufficient detail to score the available 1 mark per test. This commonlyoccurred with tests such as; “reviewing board minutes” and “obtain written representation”. These proceduresneed to be phrased with sufficient detail to obtain credit and must be tailored to the scenario. In addition a significant minority of candidates wanted to contact Panda’s insurance company; this is not a realistic procedure.In addition some candidates wasted time by discussing the impact on the audit report for each event; this wasnot part of the question requirement for part (b) and so would not have generated any marks. Candidates onceagain are reminded to only answer the question set.Part (c) for 3 marks required the impact on the audit report should the issue for event 2, the explosion, remain unresolved. Performance on this question was unsatisfactory.Candidates still continue to recommend an emphasis of matter paragraph for all audit report questions, this is not the case and it was not relevant for this issue. Candidates need to understand what an emphasis of matter paragraph is and why it is used. In addition some candidates are confused with regards to audit report terms and used phrases such as “qualify the report” rather than modify the report and “modified opinion” rather than qualified opinion.A significant minority misread the question and rather than just providing the audit report implications for event 2, gave event 1 as well; this would not have gained any marks. Candidates must read the question requirements carefully.A significant number of candidates were unable to identify the correct audit report modification, giving multiple options and some candidates seemed to believe that the opinion did not require qualification as it was only the disclosure, as opposed to any numbers that were incorrect. Also some answers contradicted themselves such as “the issue is material therefore an unqualified opinion can be given”. Additionally many candidates ignored the question requirement to only consider the audit report impact if the issue was unresolved. Lots of answers started with “if resolved the audit report …..” this was not required.Once again future candidates are reminded that audit reports are the only output of a statutory audit and hence an understanding of how an audit report can be modified and in which circumstances, is considered very important for this exam.。

ACCA（Association of Chartered Certified Accountants，特许公认会计师公会）的科目分为基础阶段和专业阶段。

基础阶段主要包括知识课程和技能课程，而专业阶段则包括核心课程和选修课程。

具体科目名称如下：基础阶段：1. 知识课程：- F1：商业与科技（Business and Technology）- F2：管理会计（Management Accounting）- F3：财务会计（Financial Accounting）2. 技能课程：- F4：公司法与商法（Company Law and Business Law）- F5：业绩管理（Performance Management）- F6：税务（Taxation）- F7：财务报告（Financial Reporting）- F8：审计与认证业务（Audit and Assurance）- F9：财务管理（Financial Management）专业阶段：1. 核心课程：- SBL：战略商业领导（Strategic Business Leader）- SBR：战略商业报告（Strategic Business Reporting）2. 选修课程（四选二）：- P4：高级财务管理（Advanced Financial Management）- P5：高级业绩管理（Advanced Performance Management）- P6：高级税务（Advanced Taxation）- P7：高级审计与认证业务（Advanced Audit and Assurance）此外，还有FIA（Foundations in Accountancy）路线，对应的科目有：1. FAB：会计师与企业（Accountant in Business）2. FMA：管理会计（Management Accounting）3. FFA：财务会计（Financial Accounting）学员在完成所有科目考试并通过后，可以获得ACCA会员资格，象征着具备国际认可的专业会计技能和知识。

PaperF6(UK) An.cnSUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS 1.Calculations and workings need only be made to the nearest £.2.All apportionments should be made to the nearest month.3.All workings should be shown.TAX RATES AND ALLOWANCESThe following tax rates and allowances are to be used in answering the questions.Income taxNormal Dividend rates rates %%Basic rate £1 – £34,3702010Higher rate £34,371 to £150,0004032·5Additional rate£150,001 and over5042·5A starting rate of 10% applies to savings income where it falls within the first £2,710 of taxable income.Personal allowance Personal allowance Standard £8,105Personal allowance 65 – 74£10,500Personal allowance75 and over£10,660Income limit for age related allowances£25,400Income limit for standard personal allowance£100,000Car benefit percentageThe relevant base level of CO 2emissions is 100 grams per kilometre. The percentage rates applying to petrol cars with CO 2emissions up to this level are:75 grams per kilometre or less5%76 grams to 99 grams per kilometre 10%100 grams per kilometre11%Car fuel benefitThe base figure for calculating the car fuel benefit is £20,200.Individual savings accounts (ISAs)The overall investment limit is £11,280, of which £5,640 can be invested in a cash ISA.Pension scheme limitAnnual allowance£50,000The maximum contribution that can qualify for tax relief without any earnings is £3,600.2高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nAuthorised mileage allowances: carsUp to 10,000 miles 45p Over 10,000 miles25pCapital allowances: rates of allowance%Plant and machinery Main pool18Special rate pool8Motor carsNew cars with CO 2emissions up to 110 grams per kilometre 100CO 2emissions between 111 and 160 grams per kilometre 18CO 2emissions over 160 grams per kilometre 8Annual investment allowance First £25,000 of expenditure100Corporation taxFinancial year 201020112012Small profits rate 21%20%20%Main rate 28%26%24%Lower limit £300,000£300,000£300,000Upper limit£1,500,000£1,500,000£1,500,000Standard fraction7/4003/2001/100Marginal reliefStandard fraction x (U –A) x N/AValue added tax (VAT)Standard rate 20%Registration limit £77,000Deregistration limit£75,000Inheritance tax: tax rates£1 –£325,000Nil Excess –Death rate40%–Lifetime rate20%3[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nInheritance tax: taper reliefYears before deathPercentage reduction%Over 3 but less than 4 years 20Over 4 but less than 5 years 40Over 5 but less than 6 years 60Over 6 but less than 7 years80Capital gains taxRates of tax –Lower rate18%–Higher rate28%Annual exempt amount£10,600Entrepreneurs’ relief –Lifetime limit£10,000,000–Rate of tax10%National insurance contributions (Not contracted out rates)%Class 1Employee£1 – £7,605 per yearNil £7,606 – £42,475 per year 12·0£42,476 and above per year 12·0Class 1Employer£1 – £7,488 per yearNil £7,489 and above per year13·8Class 1A 13·8Class 2£2·65 per weekSmall earnings exemption£5,595Class 4£1 – £7,605 per yearNil £7,606 – £42,475 per year 9·0£42,476 and above per year 2·0Rates of interest (assumed)Official rate of interest4·0%Rate of interest on underpaid tax 3·0%Rate of interest on overpaid tax0·5%4高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nThis is a blank page.Question 1 begins on page 6.5[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted 1John and Rhonda Beach are a married couple. The following information is available for the tax year 2012–13:John Beach(1)John is aged 59 and is employed by Surf plc as a sales director. During the tax year 2012–13, he was paid grossdirector’s remuneration of £184,000.(2)During the tax year 2012–13, John contributed £28,000 into Surf plc’s HM Revenue and Customs’ registeredoccupational pension scheme. The company contributed a further £12,000 on his behalf. Both John and Surf plc have made exactly the same contributions for the previous five tax years.(3)During the period 6 April to 31 October 2012, John used his private motor car for both private and businessjourneys. He was reimbursed by Surf plc at the rate of 60p per mile for the following mileage:Miles Normal daily travel between home and Surf plc’s offices1,180T ravel between Surf plc’s offices and the premises of Surf plc’s clients4,270T ravel between home and the premises of Surf plc’s clients (none of the clients’ premises were located near the offices of Surf plc)510––––––T otal mileage reimbursed by Surf plc 5,960––––––(4)During the period from 1 November 2012 to 5 April 2013, Surf plc provided John with a petrol powered motorcar which has a list price of £28,200 and an official CO 2emission rate of 206 grams per kilometre. Surf plc also provided John with fuel for both his business and private journeys.(5)During 2009 Surf plc provided John with a loan which was used to purchase a yacht. The amount of loanoutstanding at 6 April 2012 was £84,000. John repaid £12,000 of the loan on 31 July 2012, and then repaid a further £12,000 on 31 December 2012. He paid loan interest of £1,270 to Surf plc during the tax year 2012–13. The taxable benefit in respect of this loan is calculated using the average method.(6)During the tax year 2012–13, John made personal pension contributions up to the maximum amount ofavailable annual allowances, including any unused amounts brought forward from previous years. These contributions were in addition to the contributions he made to Surf plc’s occupational pension scheme (see note (2)). John has not made any personal pension contributions in previous tax years.(7)John owns a holiday cottage which is let out as a furnished holiday letting, although the letting does not qualifyas a trade under the furnished holiday letting rules. The property business profit for the year ended 5 April 2013was £6,730.Rhonda Beach(1)Rhonda is aged 66 and during the tax year 2012–13 she received pensions of £8,040.(2)In addition to her pension income, Rhonda received gross building society interest of £21,400 during the taxyear 2012–13.Required:(a)Calculate John Beach’s income tax liability for the tax year 2012–13.(14 marks)(b)Calculate the class 1 and class 1A national insurance contributions that will have been suffered by JohnBeach and Surf plc in respect of John’s earnings and benefits for the tax year 2012–13.(4 marks)(c)Calculate Rhonda Beach’s income tax liability for the tax year 2012–13.(4 marks)(d)State the tax advantages of a rental property qualifying as a trade under the furnished holiday letting rules.(3 marks)(25 marks)6高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n2(a)Greenzone L td runs a business providing environmental guidance. The company’s summarised statement ofprofit or loss for the year ended 31 March 2013 is as follows:Note££Gross profit404,550Operating expensesDepreciation28,859Repairs and renewals 128,190Other expenses2107,801––––––––(164,850)––––––––Operating profit239,700––––––––Note 1 – Repairs and renewals Repairs and renewals are as follows:£Repainting the exterior of the company’s office building8,390Extending the office building in order to create a new reception area19,800–––––––28,190–––––––Note 2 – Other expenses Other expenses are as follows:£Entertaining UK customers3,600Entertaining overseas customers 1,840Political donations740Donation to a charity where Greenzone Ltd received free advertising in the charity’s newsletter. This was not a qualifying charitable donation430Gifts to customers (pens costing £30 each, not displaying Greenzone Ltd’s name)660Gifts to customers (clocks costing £65 each and displaying Greenzone Ltd’s name)910Balance of expenditure (all allowable)99,621––––––––107,801––––––––Note 3 – Plant and machinery On 1 April 2012 the tax written down values of Greenzone Ltd’s plant and machinery were as follows:£Main pool48,150Special rate pool9,200The following motor cars were purchased during the year ended 31 March 2013:Date of purchaseCost CO 2emission rate £Motor car [1]10 April 201210,800102 grams per kilometre Motor car [2]10 June 201220,400140 grams per kilometre7[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nThe following motor cars were sold during the year ended 31 March 2013:Date of saleProceedsOriginal cost££Motor car [3]8 March 20139,1008,500Motor car [4]8 March 201312,40018,900The original cost of motor car [3] has previously been added to the main pool, and the original cost of motor car [4] has previously been added to the special rate pool.Required:Calculate Greenzone Ltd’s tax adjusted trading profit for the year ended 31 March 2013.Note: Your computation should commence with the operating profit figure of £239,700, and should also list all of the items referred to in notes (1) and (2), indicating by the use of zero (0) any items that do not require adjustment.(10 marks)(b)Greenzone Ltd has held shares in four trading companies throughout the year ended 31 March 2013. All four companies prepare accounts to 31 March. The following information is available for the year ended 31 March 2013:Are LtdBe LtdCan LtdDoer Co ResidenceUK UK UK OverseasPercentage shareholding 60%40%90%70%T rading profit/(loss)£(74,800)£68,900£(64,700)£22,600Dividends paid to Greenzone Ltd£36,180£35,100£29,400£16,650The dividend figures are the actual cash amounts received by Greenzone Ltd during the year ended 31 March 2013.Required:(i)State, giving reasons, which of the four trading companies will be treated as being associated with Greenzone Ltd;(2 marks)(ii)Calculate the maximum amount of group relief that Greenzone Ltd can claim for the year ended 31 March 2013;(2 marks)(iii)Calculate Greenzone Ltd’s corporation tax liability for the year ended 31 March 2013.Note: You should assume that Greenzone Ltd will claim the maximum possible amount of group relief.(5 marks)(c)Note that in answering this part of the question, you are not expected to take account of any of the informationprovided in parts (a) and (b) above unless otherwise indicated.The following information is available in respect of Greenzone Ltd’s value added tax (VAT) for the quarter ended 31 March 2013:(1)Output VAT of £38,210 was charged in respect of sales. This figure includes output VAT of £400 on adeposit received on 29 March 2013, which is in respect of a contract that is due to commence on 20 April 2013.(2)In addition to the above, Greenzone Ltd also charged output VAT of £4,330 on sales to Are Ltd and Can Ltd(see part (b) above). These two companies and Greenzone Ltd are not currently registered as a group for VAT purposes.(3)The managing director of Greenzone Ltd is provided with free fuel for private mileage driven in his companymotor car. The relevant quarterly scale charge is £300. This figure is inclusive of VAT .(4)On 31 March 2013, Greenzone Ltd wrote off an impairment loss in respect of a sales invoice that was issuedon 15 September 2012. This invoice was due for payment on 31 October 2012. Output VAT of £640 was originally paid in respect of the sale.8高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n(5)Input VAT of £12,770 was incurred in respect of expenses. This figure includes the following input VAT :£Entertaining UK customers210Entertaining overseas customers139Repainting the exterior of the company’s office building1,678Extending the office building in order to create a new reception area3,300For the quarters ended 31 December 2010 and 30 September 2012, Greenzone Ltd was two months late in submitting its VAT returns and in paying the related VAT liabilities. All of the company’s other VAT returns have been submitted on time, and the related VAT liabilities have been paid on time.Required:(i)Calculate the amount of value added tax (VAT) payable by Greenzone Ltd for the quarter ended 31 March 2013;Note: Your calculation should clearly refer to all of the items of input VAT listed in note (5), indicating by the use of zero (0) any items that do not require adjustment.(7 marks)(ii)Advise Greenzone Ltd of the default surcharge implications if it is two months late in submitting its VAT return for the quarter ended 31 March 2013 and in paying the related VAT liability;(2 marks)(iii)State the advantages if Greenzone Ltd, Are Ltd and Can Ltd (see part (b) above) were to register as a group for VAT purposes.(2 marks)(30 marks)9[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n3You should assume that today’s date is 1 March 2013.(a)Ginger has a holding of 10,000 £1 ordinary shares in Nutmeg Ltd, an unquoted trading company, which shehad purchased on 13 February 2004 for £2·40 per share. The current market value of the shares is £6·40 per share, but Ginger intends to sell some of the holding to her daughter at £4·00 per share during March 2013.Ginger and her daughter will elect to hold over any gain as a gift of a business asset.For the tax year 2012–13, Ginger will not make any other disposals, and has therefore not utilised her annual exempt amount.Required:Explain how many £1 ordinary shares in Nutmeg Ltd Ginger can sell to her daughter for £4·00 per share during March 2013 without incurring any capital gains tax liability for the tax year 2012–13.Note: Your answer should be supported by appropriate calculations.(4 marks)(b)Aom is in business as a sole trader. On 3 February 2013, she purchased a freehold factory for £168,000. Aomalso owns two freehold warehouses, and wants to sell one of these during March 2013. The first warehouse was purchased on 20 March 2009 for £184,000, and can be sold for £213,000. The second warehouse was purchased on 18 July 2002 for £113,000, and can be sold for £180,000.All of the above buildings have been, or will be, used for business purposes by Aom. She will make a claim to roll over the gain on whichever warehouse is sold against the cost of the factory.Required:Calculate the chargeable gain, if any, that will arise in the tax year 2012–13 if either (1) the first or (2) the second freehold warehouse is sold during March 2013.(5 marks)(c)Innocent and Nigel, a married couple, both have shareholdings in Cinnamon Ltd, an unquoted trading company with a share capital of 100,000 £1 ordinary shares.Innocent has been the managing director of Cinnamon Ltd since the company’s incorporation on 1 July 2004,and she currently holds 20,000 shares (with matching voting rights) in the company. These shares were subscribed for on 1 July 2004 at their par value.Nigel has never been an employee or a director of Cinnamon Ltd, and he currently holds 3,000 shares (with matching voting rights) in the company. These shares were purchased on 23 April 2008 for £46,200.Either Innocent or Nigel will sell 2,000 of their shares in Cinnamon Ltd during March 2013 for £65,000, but are not sure which of them should make the disposal. For the tax year 2012–13, both Innocent and Nigel have already made disposals which will fully utilise their annual exempt amounts, and they will each have taxable income of £80,000.Required:Calculate the capital gains tax saving if the disposal of 2,000 shares in Cinnamon Ltd during March 2013is made by Innocent rather than Nigel.(6 marks)(15 marks)10高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n4(a)‘A trader may decide to change from one accounting date to another accounting date.’Required:List the qualifying conditions which must be met for a change of accounting date by an unincorporated business to be recognised for tax purposes by HM Revenue and Customs.(3 marks)(b)Meung Nong commenced in self-employment on 1 May 2010. She initially prepared accounts to 30 April, but will change her accounting date to 30 June by preparing accounts for the 14-month period to 30 June 2013.Meung’s trading profits (after taking account of capital allowances) for the first two years of trading were as follows:£Year ended 30 April 201150,400Year ended 30 April 201237,200Meung’s trading profit for the 14-month period ended 30 June 2013 will be £61,500. This figure is before taking account of capital allowances. The tax written down value of her capital allowances main pool at 1 May 2012 was £10,400, and there will be no additions or disposals during the 14-month period ended 30 June 2013.Meung’s business will continue for the foreseeable future.Required:Calculate the amount of trading profit that will be assessed on Meung Nong for each of the tax years 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13 and 2013–14.Note: You should assume that the capital allowance rates for the tax year 2012–13 apply throughout.(7 marks)(c)Opal Ltd has prepared accounts for the 14-month period ended 31 May 2013, and its trading profit for thisperiod is £434,000. This figure is before taking account of capital allowances.The tax written down value of Opal L td’s capital allowances main pool at 1 April 2012 was £62,000. On 10 April 2013, Opal Ltd purchased machinery for £38,200.Required:Calculate Opal Ltd’s taxable total profits for each of the accounting periods covered by the 14-month period of account ended 31 May 2013.Note: You should assume that the capital allowance rates and allowances for the financial year 2012 apply throughout.(5 marks)(15 marks)11[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n5On 23 August 2007, Pere Jones made a gift of a house valued at £420,000 to his son, Phil Jones. This was a wedding gift when Phil got married.Pere JonesPere died on 20 March 2013 aged 76, at which time his estate was valued at £880,000. Under the terms of his will, Pere divided his estate equally between his wife and his son, Phil. Pere had not made any gifts during his lifetime except for the gift of the house to Phil.The nil rate band for the tax year 2007–08 is £300,000.Phil JonesPhil is aged 48. The house which he received as a wedding gift from Pere, his father, was always let out unfurnished until it was sold on 5 April 2013. The following income and outgoings relate to the property for the tax year 2012–13:£Rent received 22,000Sale proceeds504,000Cost of new boundary wall around the property (there was previously no boundary wall)(5,300)Cost of replacing the property’s chimney(2,800)Legal fees paid in connection with the disposal (8,600)Property insurance(2,300)Phil has no other income or outgoings for the tax year 2012–13.Required:(a)(i)Calculate the inheritance tax that will be payable as a result of Pere Jones’ death;(6 marks)(ii)State who will be responsible for paying the inheritance tax arising from Pere Jones’ gift of the house,and when this will be due.(2 marks)(b)Calculate Phil Jones’ income tax and capital gains tax liabilities for the tax year 2012–13.(7 marks)(15 marks)End of Question Paper12高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n。

ACCA（特许公认会计师）考试的阶段包括三个主要的考试级别：基础阶段、应用阶段和专业阶段。

以下是一般情况下ACCA 考试阶段的顺序：1. 基础阶段（Fundamentals Level）：- AB（F1）- Accountant in Business- MA（F2）- Management Accounting- FA（F3）- Financial Accounting- LW（F4）- Corporate and Business Law- PM（F5）- Performance Management- TX（F6）- Taxation- FR（F7）- Financial Reporting- AA（F8）- Audit and Assurance- FM（F9）- Financial Management2. 应用阶段（Applied Knowledge and Applied Skills）：在完成基础阶段的所有九门考试后，您将获得ACCA 的知识模块证书（Knowledge Module Certificate）和技能模块证书（Skills Module Certificate）。

接下来，您可以选择应用阶段的考试顺序，选择适合自己的顺序考试。

- SBL（P1）- Strategic Business Leader- SBR（P2）- Strategic Business Reporting- APM（P3）- Advanced Performance Management- ATX（P6）- Advanced Taxation- AAA（P7）- Advanced Audit and Assurance3. 专业阶段（Strategic Professional）：在完成应用阶段的所有考试后，您将获得ACCA 的技能模块证书（Skills Module Certificate）。

接下来是专业阶段的考试，其中包含两门必修考试和两门选修考试：- SBR（P2）- Strategic Business Reporting（如果在应用阶段未选择考试）- SBL（P4）- Strategic Business Leader（如果在应用阶段未选择考试）- Options Modules（从以下选项中选择两门考试）：- AFM（P4）- Advanced Financial Management- APM（P5）- Advanced Performance Management- ATX（P6）- Advanced Taxation- AAA（P7）- Advanced Audit and Assurance请注意，考试的顺序并非固定的，您可以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择适合自己的考试顺序。

PaperF8(INT) CAun.cnALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted 1Pear International Co (Pear) is a manufacturer of electrical equipment. It has factories across the country and its customer base includes retailers as well as individuals, to whom direct sales are made through their website. The company’s year end is 30 September 2012. You are an audit supervisor of Apple & Co and are currently reviewing documentation of Pear’s internal control in preparation for the interim audit.Pear’s website allows individuals to order goods directly, and full payment is taken in advance. Currently the website is not integrated into the inventory system and inventory levels are not checked at the time when orders are placed. Goods are despatched via local couriers; however, they do not always record customer signatures as proof that the customer has received the goods. Over the past 12 months there have been customer complaints about the delay between sales orders and receipt of goods. Pear has investigated these and found that, in each case, the sales order had been entered into the sales system correctly but was not forwarded to the despatch department for fulfilling.Pear’s retail customers undergo credit checks prior to being accepted and credit limits are set accordingly by sales ledger clerks. These customers place their orders through one of the sales team, who decides on sales discount levels.Raw materials used in the manufacturing process are purchased from a wide range of suppliers. As a result of staff changes in the purchase ledger department, supplier statement reconciliations are no longer performed. Additionally,changes to supplier details in the purchase ledger master file can be undertaken by purchase ledger clerks as well as supervisors.In the past six months Pear has changed part of its manufacturing process and as a result some new equipment has been purchased, however, there are considerable levels of plant and equipment which are now surplus to requirement. Purchase requisitions for all new equipment have been authorised by production supervisors and little has been done to reduce the surplus of old equipment.Required:(a)In respect of the internal control of Pear International Co:(i)Identify and explain FIVE deficiencies;(ii)Recommend a control to address each of these deficiencies; and(iii)Describe a test of control Apple & Co would perform to assess if each of these controls is operatingeffectively.(15 marks)(b)Describe substantive procedures you should perform at the year end to confirm each of the following for plantand equipment:(i)Additions; and (ii)Disposals.(4 marks)(c)Pear’s finance director has expressed an interest in Apple & Co performing other review engagements in additionto the external audit; however, he is unsure how much assurance would be gained via these engagements and how this differs to the assurance provided by an external audit.Required:Identify and explain the level of assurance provided by an external audit and other review engagements.(3 marks)2高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c nPear’s directors are considering establishing an internal audit department next year, and the finance director has asked about the differences between internal audit and external audit and what impact, if any, establishing an internal audit department would have on future external audits performed by Apple & Co.Required:(d)Distinguish between internal audit and external audit.(4 marks)(e)Explain the potential impact on the work performed by Apple & Co during the interim and final audits, if PearInternational Co was to establish an internal audit department.(4 marks)(30 marks)3[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n2(a)ISA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements provides guidance to assist auditors in planning an audit.Required:Explain the benefits of audit planning.(4 marks)(b)ISA 530 Audit Sampling provides guidance on methods for selecting a sample of items for testing.Required:Identify and explain THREE methods of selecting a sample.(3 marks)(c)Describe the three types of modified audit opinions.(3 marks)(10 marks)3(a)Explain the external auditors’ responsibilities in relation to the prevention and detection of fraud and error.(4 marks)You are the audit manager of Currant & Co and you are planning the audit of Orange Financials Co (Orange), who specialise in the provision of loans and financial advice to individuals and companies. Currant & Co has audited Orange for many years.The directors are planning to list O range on a stock exchange within the next few months and have asked if the engagement partner can attend the meetings with potential investors. In addition, as the finance director of Orange is likely to be quite busy with the listing, he has asked if Currant & Co can produce the financial statements for the current year.During the year, the assistant finance director of O range left and joined Currant & Co as a partner. It has been suggested that due to his familiarity with Orange, he should be appointed to provide an independent partner review for the audit.O nce O range obtains its stock exchange listing it will require several assignments to be undertaken, for example,obtaining advice about corporate governance best practice. Currant & Co is very keen to be appointed to these engagements, however, Orange has implied that in order to gain this work Currant & Co needs to complete the external audit quickly and with minimal questions/issues.The finance director has informed you that once the stock exchange listing has been completed, he would like the engagement team to attend a weekend away at a luxury hotel with his team, as a thank you for all their hard work.In addition, he has offered a senior member of the engagement team a short-term loan at a significantly reduced interest rate. Required:(b)(i)Explain S IX ethical threats which may affect the independence of Currant & Co’s audit of Orange Financials Co; and(ii)For each threat explain how it might be reduced to an acceptable level.(12 marks)(c)Orange is aware that subsequent to the stock exchange listing it will need to establish an audit committee andhas asked for some advice in relation to this.Required:Explain the benefits to Orange of establishing an audit committee.(4 marks)(20 marks)4高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n4(a)(i)Identify and explain FOUR financial statement assertions relevant to account balances at the year end;and(ii)For each identified assertion, describe a substantive procedure relevant to the audit of year-endinventory.(8 marks)(b)Pineapple Beach Hotel Co (Pineapple) operates a hotel providing accommodation, leisure facilities and restaurants. Its year end was 30 April 2012. You are the audit senior of Berry & Co and are currently preparing the audit programmes for the year end audit of Pineapple. You are reviewing the notes of last week’s meeting between the audit manager and finance director where two material issues were discussed.DepreciationPineapple incurred significant capital expenditure during the year on updating the leisure facilities for the hotel.The finance director has proposed that the new leisure equipment should be depreciated over 10 years using the straight-line method.Food poisoningPineapple’s directors received correspondence in March from a group of customers who attended a wedding at the hotel. They have alleged that they suffered severe food poisoning from food eaten at the hotel and are claiming substantial damages. Pineapple’s lawyers have received the claim and believe that the lawsuit against the company is unlikely to be successful.Required:Describe substantive procedures to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in relation to the above two issues.Note: The total marks will be split equally between each issue.(8 marks)(c)List and explain the purpose of FOUR items that should be included on every working paper prepared by theaudit team.(4 marks)(20 marks)5[P .T .O.高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n5(a)Explain the three stages of an audit when analytical procedures can be used by the auditor.(3 marks)You are the audit manager of Kiwi & Co and you have been provided with financial statements extracts and the following information about your client, Strawberry Kitchen Designs Co (Strawberry), who is a kitchen manufacturer.The company’s year end is 30 April 2012.Strawberry has recently been experiencing trading difficulties, as its major customer who owes $0·6m to Strawberry has ceased trading, and it is unlikely any of this will be received. However the balance is included within the financial statements extracts below. The sales director has recently left Strawberry and has yet to be replaced.The monthly cash flow has shown a net cash outflow for the last two months of the financial year and is forecast as negative for the forthcoming financial year. As a result of this, the company has been slow in paying its suppliers and some are threatening legal action to recover the sums owing.Due to its financial difficulties, Strawberry missed a loan repayment and, as a result of this breach in the loan covenants, the bank has asked that the loan of $4·8m be repaid in full within six months. The directors have decided that in order to conserve cash, no final dividend will be paid in 2012.Financial statements extracts for year ended 30 April:DRAFT ACTUAL 20122011$m $mCurrent AssetsInventory 3·41·6Receivables 1·42·2Cash –1·2Current Liabilities T rade payables 1·90·9verdraft 0·8–Loans 4·80·2Required:(b)Explain the potential indicators that Strawberry Kitchen Designs Co is not a going concern.(6 marks)(c)Describe the audit procedures that you should perform in assessing whether or not the company is a goingconcern. (6 marks)(d)Having performed the going concern audit procedures, you have serious concerns in relation to the going concern status of Strawberry. The finance director has informed you that as the cash flow issues are short term he does not propose to make any amendments to the financial statements.Required: (i)State Kiwi & Co’s responsibility for reporting on going concern to the directors of Strawberry Kitchen Designs Co; and (2 marks)(ii)If the directors refuse to amend the financial statements, describe the impact on the audit report.(3 marks)(20 marks)End of Question Paper6高顿财经A C C A a c c a .g a o d u n .c n。

中公财经小编给大家介绍过ACCA很多科目的考试。

但是关于F8阶段的考试似乎讲的不太多，下面就让小编给大家简单介绍一个考F8的成功的经历吧。

希望能够对大家接下来6月份的ACCA考试有所帮助。

F8是ACCA技能阶段科目中较难的一个科目，有着八十分问答题和许多专业词汇，对于很多备考的考生来说也是备尝辛苦的，下面就为大家总结一下ACCA F8的考试技巧，希望对大家更快地学好ACCAF8!首先，你要记住“F8绝对不是背出来的，也不需要玩命地刷题”。

理解知识点最重要!刷题次之。

如何去理解审计，这对于很多大学生，还有未接触过审计的学员来说是极其困难的。

这里为大家提供了一个非常好的方法：把自己处在审计师的环境，努力的去理解对于审计过程在这个阶段的目的，意义，然后在自己没事的时候，就问自己，为什么审计师要做这个事情，这样做的目的是什么，以及会带来什么后果。

比如：审计师为什么要要遵循IAS 315理解企业环境，然后就开始问自己：(1)理解企业环境的好处?(2)审计师理解了企业环境之后，要怎么做?(3)然后审计师要做什么，怎么做?(4)如果对企业环境理解正确了，会对审计报告有啥影响?(5)要是理解错误了，对审计报告有啥影响?没事的时候随意的问自己，想起什么问题就问，直接问到审计报告阶段，不会的就去翻书，思考整个审计过程。

检验是否理解知识点的唯一标准，就是要有的答才可以，这样考试自然就能答出来了。

理解之后便是如何答题，如何找到问题对应的答案。

这个时候就需要按部就班地开始做历年考题!第一，理解考官在考你什么，他的出题思路;第二，凭着自己对习题的理解，先做一遍，然后再跟考官答案作比较，找出原因，找出差异;第三，就是消除自己的错误思想，去其原来脑中的糟粕，取其精华，这步就是你如何pass的阶段。

刚开始一定会很痛苦，天天都绞尽脑汁。

但是坚持这样虐待自己之后，你就会觉得有效果，到最后，可以把整个审计过程串联下来了。

到考试前，也不需要做很多题，但是对审计的过程理解的却很是透彻!另外对于那些有书写障碍的学员，就需要多做ACCA历年真题，在答题和阅读标准答案中不断提高自己的写作能力。