China Senior Care Market

Sociology Study, Sept.-Oct. 2023, Vol. 13, No. 5, 255-259doi: 10.17265/2159-5526/2023.05.003 A Research on Senior People Online Consumption inChina —From Perspective of Providing Technology SupportHui LuIolani School, Hawaii, USAZikuan BaiYK Pao School, Shanghai, ChinaRuoyi Rebecca Tu, Ruoni Elizabeth TuShanghai American School, Shanghai, ChinaYanfei Zeng, Xiangyu ChenGaston Day School Shanghai Shangde, Shanghai, ChinaSheng ZhangShanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaWhile the internet skills of the elderly is no longer a big problem, it is still necessary to further improve the onlineshopping experience and activity of the elderly. Evidently, the frequency of seniors shopping online is not nearly ashigh as the younger generation, as the elderly online shopping frequency is still calculated by weeks. People withhigher education and younger age are more likely to accept technology products and understand how to use them,but people with lower education and older age will find it harder to use technology product. The majority of theelderly have a vision for the further development of technology to help them. This study shows that the elderlygroup shopping demand is large, but when the majority of the elderly choose offline consumption, the option of justa simple online solution is insufficient. Some shopping apps have made improvements in such aspects as fontenlargement, color contrast enhancement and simplified operation steps. However, these improvements only solvedthe superficial problems, and failed to consider and solve the problems based on the experience of the elderly.Keywords : aging society, online consumption, shopping technology productsIntroductionWith the rapid development of the national economy and the improvement of people ’s living standards, the aging problem of China ’s population is prominent. The increasing markets of elderly people for old-age care, medical care, tourism, and shopping are constantly expanding. Especially since the outbreak of COVID-19, online shopping has increased dramatically. But the market is still in its infancy.Hui Lu, Iolani School, Hawaii, USA.Zikuan Bai, YK Pao School, Shanghai, China.Ruoyi Rebecca Tu, Shanghai American School, Shanghai, China.Ruoni Elizabeth Tu, Shanghai American School, Shanghai, China.Yanfei Zeng, Gaston Day School Shanghai Shangde, Shanghai, China.Xiangyu Chen, Gaston Day School Shanghai Shangde, Shanghai, China.Corresponding author:Sheng Zhang, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai, China.A RESEARCH ON SENIOR PEOPLE ONLINE CONSUMPTION IN CHINA256First, the number of enterprises related to elderly products in China is small, and the industrial chain development is not perfect. Second, the progress of technology for aging has been moving, but most of the changes remain in the form, and the product design has not been carried out in accordance with the understanding logic of the elderly.What are the real demand characteristics of the elderly? What challenges has the market of the elderly product encountered? The paper explores a more humanized service model on this basis to further improve the happiness of the elderly.Literature ReviewScholars studied and concluded that the factors affecting the internet utilization behavior of the elderly in China are as follows: First, economic issues: the elderly in China do not have reliable social security and pension; second, the issue of time: most Chinese elderly people are expected to take care of their grandchildren; and third, convenient technology: support and long-term training programs for the elderly in China are scarce (Reisenwitz, Iyer, Kuhlmeier, & Eastman, 2007).The elderly have now become the fastest-growing segment of the internet consumer market (Hart, Chaparro, & Halcomb, 2008; Leppel & McCloskey, 2011). Moreover, although elderly online shoppers show less product search behavior than young online shoppers, their actual purchase volume is almost the same as that of young consumers (Sorce, Perotti, & Widrick, 2005).Some scholars found that some elderly people hope that the internet can provide information and products that are not affordable or easy to buy. Some of them found that an important reason for the elderly’s interest in online shopping was that their “mobility” began to decline, that is, their athletic ability declined. Iyer and Eastman (2006) believed that curiosity and positive attitude were important factors in promoting the elderly to buy online.Zeng and Fan (2019) in China pointed out that the consumption market of the elderly is constantly growing, with great consumption potential and diversified consumption demand characteristics.According to the research of Zhang, Zang, and Li(2020), the consumption by the elderly in 2020 was mainly on food, clothing, and healthcare drugs, accounting for 28%. And 21% are on old-age care.In terms of the dilemma of online shopping for the elderly, according to the research by Wang, Zou, and Yang (2020), for elderly users, the basic operation has become the biggest bottleneck for the elderly to surf the internet with mobile phones.Existing studies and academic discussions have carried out more analysis on the demand characteristics of the market of elderly products and launched more solutions in the software market. However, there are still few studies on how technology can improve the needs of the elderly and the market conditions. It is necessary to further explore the characteristics of the consumption demand of the elderly and the direction of further improvement of existing solutions from the perspective of science and technology to help the elderly.Research MethodThis study will have an in-depth understanding of the problems of the elderly, and on how to use scientific and technological means to solve the problems that hinder the convenience and comfort of life for the elderly.This research will investigate the existing app market and the market of technology-assisted products for the elderly, and based on grasping the characteristics of the existing products, conduct a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews with the elderly. The questionnaire survey mainly solved the following problems:A RESEARCH ON SENIOR PEOPLE ONLINE CONSUMPTION IN CHINA 257•Popularity and market response of existing solutions;•Elderly people’s ability to use scientific and technological products;•Understand the market prospects of the alternatives in this study.Depth interview is to find the typical user, get an insight into the old’s life shopping needs, and shopping features, difficulties, and comfortable old product evaluation. First, for the questionnaire, a total of 604 valid questionnaires were distributed in 23 provinces of China. The effective recovery rate of samples from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Beijing was relatively high, accounting for more than 76%.The age level of the respondents is shown in the data. Half of the respondents are under 54 years old and 36% are over 75 years old. The gender distribution of the respondents was about half. In terms of the knowledge level of the respondents, almost all the respondents have a junior high school education or above. The relatively high-skill group above college level accounts for more than 60%.Second, for the group interviews, the group selected 5 elderly people to conduct in-depth interviews. Since the basic living habits and demand characteristics of the elderly are stable in a specific period and region, the results of the interview with 5 randomly selected elderly people are representative to a certain extent.Survey Results and AnalysisThe survey shows that: Firstly, the main consumption needs of the elderly population: the elderly mainly buy daily necessities such as food, health care products, clothing, medicine, and cultural items, which account for 80.8%, 39.9%, and 28.31% of the respondents respectively. In addition, the special needs of the elderly are living equipment, rehabilitation equipment, radio, electronic education, and leisure products.Secondly, purchasing channels: the three channels that the elderly often use are children’s help, supermarkets, department stores, and online shopping, accounting for 18.21%, 51.99%, and 74.01% of the respondents respectively. 74.01% of the elderly can consume online, indicating that the use of internet skills by the elderly is no longer a big problem, but it is still necessary to further improve the online shopping experience and activity of the elderly. In addition, the frequency of online shopping by the elderly is still low; most of the elderly online shopping frequency is calculated by week, not as high as the frequency of young people.Thirdly, there is a positive correlation between age and educational background shown in the questionnaire. People with higher education and younger age are more likely to accept technology products (such as apps and robots) and understand how to use them, but people with lower education and older age have more difficulty in using technology products.Fourthly, in terms of the requirements of online shopping for the elderly, most of the elderly have preferences for price, quality, brand, after-sales service, and product functions, indicating that the elderly have diversified their consumption and no longer simply place a premium on price, which poses new challenges and requirements for the updating of products for the elderly assisted by technology.Fifthly, in terms of the application of major shopping software, Taobao, Jingdong, Pinduoduo, and Douyin are the major market holders. The survey found that the majority of the elderly wish for further development of technology to help them. Since most of the elderly have a relatively high level of knowledge, in terms of our ability to use scientific and technological products, as the elderly rarely use apps suitable for aging, we believe that it is necessary to further improve their cognition and attention to the consumer market of the elderly. There is still room for the elderly to use the internet more frequently, increase the market activity and improve the convenience of the elderly’s life. Given the low utilization rate of existing retrofitting products for aging, it isA RESEARCH ON SENIOR PEOPLE ONLINE CONSUMPTION IN CHINA258necessary to further understand the segmentation of the elderly consumer market with different ages, skill levels, and consumer preferences, and expand to the direction of specialization and individuation. From the perspective of the diversified and multi-dimensional shopping experience of the elderly, it is an important direction for future efforts to improve the basic functions of the program and enhance the service concept.An interview with a 75-year-old retired teacher and a 75-year-old retired cadre shows that:The main reason for the lack of influence of existing programs such as online shopping is that the elderly have not heard about them. In terms of the consumption characteristics of old people, their daily life is relatively pure. They always focus on housework and cooking, and their entertainment is only walking and looking at their mobile phones. The elderly cannot keep up with the pace of modern technology. They do not use online shopping because they cannot use apps. Even on mobile phones, they use the simplest apps such as iQiyi Video, Xiaoxiao Game, and NetEase News to relax. It can be seen that there are many new convenient features that older people want to use but will not use, preventing them from improving their quality of life.At the same time, the elderly begin to have certain obstacles in many other life matters, such as constant physical ailments. These increase the living pressure on the elderly, but still lack independent and convenient solutions. They also want the robot to be able to share the stress of housework and shopping for them.ConclusionsTo find out the elderly’s current practical difficulties in the process of shopping online and the actual demand, designing an app to meet the demand of the elderly’s practical technology and using habit. This study shows that the elderly group’s shopping demand is bigger, but the majority of the elderly choose offline consumption; online solution effect is insufficient.First, the elderly generally need online shopping and a passion for learning. However, the lack of technology for helping the elderly discourages their enthusiasm for online shopping. Now the old are not afraid of electronic products and usually spend time on all kinds of videos, news, and games. Most shopping kind app needs more steps to achieve the goal. The complexity of the procedure is the main reason why the elderly are discouraged from online shopping.Second, the market of products for the elderly is not developed enough, the publicity is not enough, the elderly cannot generally search, and the connection of information with consumers is not well completed.Third, science and technology have made some progress in adapting to aging, but some specific problems have not been effectively solved, and the elderly have not truly benefited. For example, some shopping apps have made improvements in such aspects as font enlargement, color contrast enhancement, and simplified operation steps. However, these improvements only solve superficial problems and fail to think and solve the problems based on the experience of the elderly.Solution and ActionsAs a solution, the authors made a technological tool dedicated to improving senior citizens’shopping experience (see Figure 1):First, the UI focuses on satisfying the functional, psychological, and user interface needs of seniors, who prefer a physical companion much more than a pure digital tool.Second, the authors had made a hardware physical body to the online shopping functions. Also, it feels like a family member, rather than a heartless machine.A RESEARCH ON SENIOR PEOPLE ONLINE CONSUMPTION IN CHINA259All the functions are tested with 3 rounds of user tests: 1st round with family and friends, 2nd round in Huangpu senior care center in Shanghai, and 3rd round in the bridge 8 senior citizen activity center. Among the test feedback, 80% showed interest to use more.And last, for the market feasibility check, the production bill of materials is researched and concluded. Assuming the production size is 1,000 per batch, the production cost per unit is about RMB 2,500, and so the retail price is planned to be about RMB 4,000. Two collaborators of this tool are confirmed: they are NetEase as the commercial collaborator and Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences as the urgent help service provider.In the future, The authors will seek more collaboration with local community regulators and explore opportunities to work with more local government.Figure 1. The first generation robot for the senior people online consumption showed in Shanghai. ReferencesHart, T. A., Chaparro, B. S., & Halcomb, C. G. (2008). Evaluating websites for older adults: Adherence to ‘senior-friendly ’guidelines and end-user performance. Behavior & Information Technology, 27(3), 191-199.Iyer, R., & Eastman, J. K. (2006). The elderly and their attitudes toward the internet: The impact on internet use, purchase, andcomparison shopping. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 14(1), 57-67.Leppel, K., & McCloskey, D. W. (2011). A cross-generational examination of electronic commerce adoption. Journal ofConsumer Marketing, 28(4), 261-268.Reisenwitz, T., Iyer, R., Kuhlmeier, D. B., & Eastman, J. K. (2007). The elderly’s internet usage: An updated look. Journal ofConsumer Marketing, 24(7), 406-418.Sorce, P., Perotti, V., & Widrick, S. (2005). Attitude and age differences in online buying. International Journal of Retail &Distribution Management, 33(2), 122-132.Wang, L., Zou, H., & Yang, X. (2020). Analysis and suggestions on the reasons restricting Chinese elderly people ’s consumptionand demand willingness. China Sports Science and Technology, 56(09), 66-74.Zeng, H., & Fan, X. (2019). Further stimulating the silver consumption market. Macroeconomic Management, 10, 33-38.Zhang, Y.-Y., Zang, M.-J., & Li, X. (2020). A survey report on the elderly care industry in China under the background ofpopulation aging: A case study of daily consumption. Modern Marketing, 02, 105-106.。

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Marketing And Selling To Chinese Businesses A White Paper by Matthew Harrison and Mark Hedley of B2B InternationalI NTRODUCTIONpage 1The question of how to market and sell to companies based in China is one that is debated endlessly by foreign companies seeking to profit from the huge potential of the country. Views expressed by businesspeople claiming to know the secret of success in China vary wildly, from those (generally newcomers) who say that marketing and selling in China is ‘j ust like home’through to those (usually those with at least a couple of y ears’experience in China) who exaggerate the unique nature of Chinese business and Chinese people to such an extent that selling in China sounds like an impossibility. The reality is that these two positions are both equally crass and incorrect – there is no reason why a Western company with a flexible, patient and ‘l istening’ approach to marketing and sales should not succeed in the Chinese market.As Chinese companies have developed over the past decade, they have rapidly become more sophisticated in their business systems and practices, creating both opportunities and challenges for Western businesses. Although ongoing East-West cultural differences continue to pose challenges to foreign enterprises carrying out marketing in China, companies that make an effort to understand such variations and integrate them into their marketing strategies stand a greater chance of succeeding in the China market.This paper is based on past surveys of Chinese business opinion in the two key cities of Beijing and Shanghai, comprising 100 in-depth interviews with business owners and senior purchasers. Companies of all sizes were interviewed, from those turning over US$1.5m through to multinational organizations. Companies were divided into quotas to ensure a cross-section of different types of manufacturing and service companies.The principal aim of this paper is to dispel some of the myths propagated about Chinese business, and explore the reasons behind both successful and unsuccessful marketing and sales approaches in China.C HINESE A TTITUDES T OWARDS M ARKETING A ND S ALESpage 2When discussing Chinese attitudes towards marketing and sales, it is important to make the distinction between the different types of companies operating in China. Marketing staff employed by western multinationals typically have more heightened awareness of marketing concepts than local Chinese companies, often employing expatriates or returnee overseas students with MBAs in senior marketing positions. With such large variations in marketing practices among different types of companies in China, foreign companies are best advised to take a flexible approach to sales and marketing.In general, the principle of ‘marketing’in business-to-business markets is less widely recognized in China than in more mature markets. Commonly, marketing is viewed as a task for the sales department, its role sometimes viewed as little more than taking care of the company logo and brochures. In short, marketing is defined by many in Chinese businesses as consisting of only the ‘promotion’ element of the 4 Ps. ‘P rodu ct’ is the job of engineers, ‘p rice’ the job of sales forces and ‘p lace’ the job of senior management. At worst, marketing departments are derided a s ‘spending departments’, their apparently superficial output seen as a poor substitute for the relationships that are so important in a Chinese business environment.Figure 1 The 4 Ps Of MarketingIn contrast to some Western markets, the salesperson and more broadly the principle of selling are more widely respected in China. Two issues perhaps lie at the core of this fact: firstly, the entrepreneurial spirit of the Chinese people, and secondly the great importance placed on relationships in business decision-making. A good salesman must be adept at forging not only relationships, but also friendships with potential customers. The importance of relationship-building tends to imply a long sales process, requiring of salespeople patience, continual learning and an on-the-ground presence.H OW D O C HINESE C OMPANIES W ANT T O B E T ARGETED?page 3In order to appreciate how good Western companies are at targeting potential Chinese customers, it is worthwhile considering how Chinese companies prefer to be targeted by potential suppliers. As in other markets, the answer to this question is that a wide range of marketing and sales techniques can work, and usually a combination of different methods is necessary. Figure 2 illustrates the general view of the Chinese business community:Figure 2 Communicating With Chinese ClientsWhat are your most and least favoured ways of hearing about a suppli er’s product orservice?Conferences and exhibitionsIn many Western markets, conferences and exhibitions are often derided as a waste of time and money. In Asia, and particularly China, nothing could be further from the truth. In most industries and market sectors, attendance at exhibitions, conferences and similar events can be essential for any company looking to achieve substantial or sustained success in China. Such events are an excellent way of making initial contact with customers, and can also be a good means of moving a potential sales relationship forward relatively quickly. They are a way of gaining trust, and are an opportunity for the target market to compare local and international offerings, establishing the supplier as ‘op en’.The events are an opportunity for potential customers to ask questions, and have the advantage of establishing the face-to- face contact which Chinese buyers value so much. More importantly, they help to persuade buyers that companies are committed to the local market, by virtue of the fact that they have physically devoted the time and expense to be there.All big cities have conference and exhibition centers (Beijing has seven, for example) and details of their events can be found simply by contacting the centers directly or looking at their websites. The ‘E vents Eye’ is an English language website that gives details of Chineseexhibitions across different industries and cities (see Figure 3 below).Figure 3 (China section)page4Although some of the larger exhibitions cover multiple industry sectors and are bigger in scale, most exhibitions are limited to a specific industry area. The size and scope of these exhibitions varies greatly, and it is advisable to do some background research before deciding which exhibition to attend. Looking over exhibitor lists from past exhibitions is a useful way of gauging the profile of an exhibition. Similarly, the location of an exhibition is often significant. While the larger, more influential expos tend to be located in Tier 1 cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, exhibitions located in Tier 2 and 3 cities are more likely to have a higher proportion of smaller local companies than multinationals. Similarly, exhibitions located near to industry clusters are likely to have more key industry players in attendance.It is also worthwhile remembering that exhibitions are an indirect form of marketing and seldom result in immediate sales leads in the short term. The benefits of attending such exhibitions can seem frustratingly intangible to Western companies, since there is no way to assess their true impact on sales. It may be the case that Chinese businesspeople are culturally disposed to over-emphasize the importance of trade shows and exhibitions, although it is also the case that companies that fail to attend key exhibitions can create a negative impression with customers just by virtue of being absent.EmailEmail is now the primary means of communication for any Chinese company that regularly deals with foreign customers or suppliers. Email is extremely important at all stages of the sales process, but particularly at the introduction stage –Chinese buyers tend to react positively to a well-structured, personalized email as a prelude to a more detailed face-to- face discussion. Such an email would usually be accompanied by a soft copy brochure that gives general information on the suppli er’s offering. Although the level of English spoken in China is continually improving, sending a Chinese version of company literature is usually recommended in order to grab a bu yer’s attention and avoid any potential misunderstandings.page 5As discussed below, however, it is usually essential to make a call to the target company before sending company details through –‘c old’, non-personalised messages are extremely unlikely to be taken seriously.WebsitesThe number of internet users in China now exceeds 400 million, which makes China the world’s largest online community. As such, most Chinese companies have a website and are increasingly using online and digital marketing as the principal means through which they communicate with their customers. A clear and attractive company website that conveys a compan y’s product or service offering is therefore vital to generating interest from Chinese businesses. As with direct email and fax communication, having a Chinese version of company websites is also essential, both enabling the company to communicate with a greater target audience and clearly demonstrating the compan y’s commitment to the China market.Having a well structured, navigable and informative website can also help differentiate Western companies from local competition, since many Chinese buyers are extremely critical of the standard of Chinese compan ies’websites, seeing them as badly designed, lacking in information and generally unprofessional. An informative homepage is therefore an unmet need that Western companies are well placed to meet.Blogging, social networking sites, online communities92% of Chinese netizens use some form of social media, whilst many consumers regularly post messages on online forums or blogs. As in Western markets, the huge popularity of such social media in China offers good low-cost and effective promotion and marketing channels for both b2c and b2b vendors. A mistrust of traditional media channels and advertising, along with the heightened significance of networking within Chinese society makes China especially suited to marketing through these types of social media. For example, many Chinese buyers and technical staff often use online communities to evaluate products and services they are planning to buy.With sites such as Twitter and Facebook currently being blocked by the Chinese government, the social networking sites popular in China tend to be quite different from those commonly used in the West. LinkedIn has a large take-up among English-speaking Chinese businesspeople, and other local Chinese language sites such as Tianji and Wealink are also becoming increasingly popular business networking sites. Figure 4 lists the most popular social networking and blogging sites in China.Taking advantage of such online media presents many challenges to foreign companies. Foreign enterprises may need to dedicate resources to translate press releases and discussion topics into Chinese, and be active in keeping blogs and profiles fully up to date.Figure 4 Social Networking Sites in Chinapage6Source: (5th August 2009) Face-to-face meetings in the workplaceFace-to-face meetings in the workplace are an essential step towards making a sale in most business markets. Only when a face-to-face appointment is secured can it be assumed that the enquiry is a serious one. As in the West, Chinese buyers are busy people and prefer for suppliers to visit them at their offices, unless negotiations are at an advanced stage and the client wants to visit the supplier’s production facilities to look at the scale of the operation.Being able to speak at least basic Chinese is a good way to impress and show respect to a potential customer, and it can help to build rapport with the customer at an early stage.Although being able to speak Chinese fluently is often helpful, many senior Chinese executives at multinationals and larger private companies can speak English, whilst interpreters can also be used to avoid any misunderstandings caused by language differences.Phone callsMaking phone calls to Chinese companies is an effective way of making an initial introduction, and above all in identifying key decision makers within an organisation. It is recommended to call target companies to make a self-introduction before sending any e- mail correspondence, to ensure that company documentation is sent to the right person, and that someone in the target company is expecting the information. The high turnover rate of Chinese employees, even in senior positions, means that buyers change frequently, and a quick phone call is often useful to confirm the name and contact details of the key contact person.page 7Although the telephone is a valued means of communication during the sales process, its limitations should be recognised. In summary, it should be used for introductory and relatively low-level discussions, such as arranging meetings or clarifying points from a meeting. It is extremely unlikely that negotiations will be conducted or sales made over the phone, unless the contract is particularly small or there is already an established relationship with the customer. To put it succinctly, cold-calling campaigns are very effective at establishing contacts and beginning a relationship, but utterly ineffective when it comes to negotiating or closing sales.Sending details by postWhilst the postal service in China is efficient, the growth in email and internet use is such that it is increasingly acceptable, maybe even expected, for company literature and other details to be sent electronically. Hard copy brochures and presentations are used widely, but these tend to be presented during one-to-one meetings.Where literature is being sent on a wider scale (the main example being a direct marketing campaign) then the postal service is perfectly acceptable. Indeed for non-personalised or mass communications, hard copy is usually more effective (assuming that good contact details have been obtained), as ‘j un k’emails are routinely deleted. Many businesses state that receiving good-quality company literature through the post is such a rare occurrence, that companies who succeed at doing it well do make an impact. Western-style campaigns in particular tend to have impact, especially if the materials are bilingual. As with websites and other media, a successful campaign can depend on appearing both ‘West ern’(usually synonymous with good quality) and ‘C hine se’(knowledgeable about China, and willing to adapt to Chinese requirements).Relationships and NetworkingChinese guanxi is critical to how Chinese companies do business, although the whole concept can be alien to many foreigners. Guanxi refers to on e’s network of personal relationships, which can be drawn on in a business context. Similarly, the concept of guanxi means that business relationships can often transform into personal friendships, and indeed many Chinese businesspeople consciously spend a great deal of time and energy nurturing such relationships. This can take the form of banqueting, evening entertainment or gift- giving – activities that can seem onerous and unnecessary to many Westerners.Although such networking and relationship-building is clearly important to the sales process in China, there is a tendency among some commentators to overemphasise its importance when trying to penetrate the Chinese market. As in any market, building strong relationships is extremely important to achieving market success, although guanxi is no substitute for a strong product offering or a trustworthy supplier. What Western companies sometimes have difficulty coming to terms with is the way in which this trust is gained, and the time it often takes to convince the customer that yours is the product or service that meets their needs. The overriding piece of advice for Western companies would be to understand the importance of establishing relationships when targeting Chinese companies, and to be prepared for the patience required for this.In conclusion, therefore, a wide-ranging marketing and sales approach is required in China, with different activities complementing each other, and working at different times inCommunications Approach When To UseExhibitions and conferences Regularly but strategically, to establish the first contactwith new customers and to maintain brand awareness inthe market.Email After initial contact has been established, use an email tointroduce the company, and specific products and servicesthat may be of interest, in more detail.Website An easily found, easily navigated and easily understoodwebsite is essential at all points during the ‘sales proces s’and beyond. A good site will be referred to again and againbefore, during and after the sale.Online Media Business networking sites such as LinkedIn and Tianji can beused for networking purposes, whilst blogging sites can beused effectively for product promotion and as a forum togauge market feedback.Face-to-face meetings This is essential, but only under the right circumstances.Workplace meetings should be used to move therelationship forward, once the potential customer hasshown some interest. Deals will almost always be closed inface-to-face meetings.Phone calls As a first contact, in order to locate the correct person.However, avoid trying to ‘sell’ or negotiate over the phone– this should usually be done face-to-face. Obviouslyphone calls can be used for informal discussions and tokeep in contact between meetings.Post Direct mail can be an effective way of generating initialinterest. Contrary to popular belief, the Chinese are, ifanything, more receptive to direct mail than mostWesterners.Networking An important complement to marketing effort at all times.Relevant events should be attended, and businessrelationships developed to the maximum. different ways. The table below summarises the main means of communication with Chinese companies, and the benefits and drawbacks of each.page 8 Figure 5 Marketing And Sales Communications In China – Summary Of What To Use, And WhenW HAT M ESSAGES M UST W ESTERN B USINESSES C OMMUNICATE ?Successful marketing communicates to a target audience that its needs can be met by a particular suppli er’s offering. Any marketing campaign should have at its core the communication of the target marke t’s needs. With this in mind, it is essential to consider what Chinese businesses require from potential Western suppliers. We have excluded ‘p rice’ f rom our analysis, taking th is as ‘a giv en’.Figure 6 Main Chinese Requirements From Western Businesses (Other Than Price) page9Communicating superior qualityUnsurprisingly, the main requirement Chinese buyers have from potential Western suppliers is to provide market-leading quality. Indeed, this is a ‘hygien e’requirement, in that the minimum a Western company must do is justify its higher prices vis-à-vis the local competition. In other words, the compan y’s offering must add value in the eyes of the buyer.Communicating superior value in Chinese business-to-business markets is more challenging than it once was. In large part due to their higher cost base, most Western companies tend to target the top end of their markets, although in many business-to-business markets the premium that can be charged for Western products is rapidly decreasing. Although these trends vary greatly between different markets, in general four key reasons can be identified for this:1)Increasing numbers of foreign companies are competing with each other, drivingdown prices2)Improving quality of the local offering, eroding Western companies’competitiveadvantage3)The ability of local companies to communicate their offering is increasing4)International companies based in China localising management and procurementpositions, resulting in a greater willingness to ‘b uy loc al’Communicating experience and credentialsTwo of the top four requirements of Chinese buyers and business owners –the need for Western companies to prove that they are ‘e stablish ed’in the market, and the need for them to demonstrate experience of dealing with similar companies (preferably in China), illustrate the difficulty many Western companies have in gaining the trust of their target audience. As previously noted, ‘busin ess’trust in China is often developed through relationships. However, important as these are, the first thing any Western company shouldpage 10do is prepare and present comprehensive case studies and client lists for the potential Chinese customer. These should be leveraged to the absolute maximum, and from the earliest possible stage in the relationship. This is in contrast to many Western markets, where past experience is often mentioned in the vaguest terms and references are rarely followed up.This need to communicate relevant past experience cannot be overstated and relates to perhaps the biggest barrier facing any Western company (particularly new entrants) in China – the time and effort required to gain the target mark et’s trust.Leveraging the brandThe challenge of gaining trust can be turned into an advantage if the Western company leverages its brand to the maximum. When approaching a potential customer for the first time, a compan y’s brand can communicate experience and credentials in the same way as a case study or reference. Even if the company is unknown in China, the brand of ‘The Wes t’ can be a real plus, and at the very least generate curiosity in the compan y’s offering. Most Chinese people continue to associate Western brands with quality, and this confers immediate advantages in terms of brand perceptions, regardless of how accurate this is. Communicating reliabilityReliability typically refers to quality of service as opposed to quality of product. Chinese buyers are extremely demanding in terms of their service requirements on issues as diverse as lead time, availability after hours and technical service. When dealing with Western companies, Chinese businesses feel they are paying for top quality, and when technical issues arise they therefore expect them to be dealt with quickly and efficiently.A key challenge in respect of such needs is communicating that the Western supplier has an established and permanent presence and infrastructure within China. There is a great deal of wariness regarding Western companies who are happy to export their products to China and charge significantly more than local competition, but are not willing to offer on-the- ground after-sales support.This need acts as further justification for foreign companies investing in some form of ‘local presen ce’in China, especially where companies have product or service offerings that require more in-depth technical support. Another option to address this problem is to utilise distribution partners and other intermediaries to provide technical support, although finding a trustworthy local partner also comes with its attendant challenges.Communicating understanding, and willingness to meet needsChinese buyers state emphatically that they want Western companies to show an understanding of their needs, but also a willingness to listen to and learn from the buyer. A frequent comment is that Westerners ‘turn o ff’buyers by spending far too much time talking about what they can offer, and far too little time building up their understanding of what the customer requires, and what is driving that requirement.Chinese buyers do not expect suppliers to understand their needs immediately, and prefer suppliers to listen carefully to the issues facing the business, and commence a dialogue which begins to identify their needs and put forward ways of meeting these needs. Suppliers who claim to have the solution as soon as they begin talking to the potential customer are seen as crass, naïve and untrustworthy. On the other hand, suppliers wholisten, understand and suggest are seen as understanding the problem, qualified to give a solution and willing to work for the benefit of the customer.page 11Being easy to work withAs well as being reliable in a business sense, Chinese buyers state that they want suppliers that are easy to deal with, and who engage with them on a personal level. Companies that are unwilling to take the discussion outside the workplace are often seen as unfriendly and –more significantly –hard to get to know, perhaps willfully so. The latter can be fatal to a potential business relationship, in an environment where gaining trust is fundamental.C HINESE B UYERS’ E XPERIENCE O F W ESTERN C OMPANIESIt is clear that Western companies are doing their utmost to market themselves to Chinese businesses. Over half of all companies included in our study state that they have been targeted by ‘20 or mo re’ Western businesses within the last year alone. 41% of companies maintain that they are targeted by Western companies at least as frequently as they are by Chinese companies. Whatever the views we arrive at in terms of the execution of Western marketing and sales campaigns in China, the determination of Western companies is beyond doubt. Chinese businesses are now being targeted on a large scale, not only as low-cost suppliers but for their burgeoning purchasing power.Means of communication – How well do Western businesses perform?It is true to say that the most effective way of targeting a potential customer is not necessarily the way in which that potential customer asks to be targeted. Nevertheless, it is informative to compare the approach of Western companies with the preference of the Chinese target market. If nothing else, a company that perceives a supplier to be approaching him in a suitable fashion is more likely to be well-disposed towards that supplier, particularly when it is a supplier that has not been used before. Figure 6 shows how Western selling approaches correspond to the main means of communication desired by the target Chinese audience.Figure 7 How Well Do Western Companies Choose Their Marketing & Sales Approaches In China?page 12Strong communication through online mediaWhen comparing the communications approach of Western companies with the preference of the target Chinese businesses, it can be seen that West erners’ strengths and weaknesses fall into two distinct areas. On the positive side, Western companies are seen as excellent in terms of their ability to communicate through online media. The efforts made by Western companies to communicate in Chinese are recognised, and above all Westerners are seen as presenting themselves extremely professionally and clearly.A typical remark made by a Chinese businessperson in our study was “Western companies are excellent at using their websites to tell you exactly what they offer, and how it can benefit you. They get straight to the point. Chinese companies tell you about their people and what industry they are in but don’t really tell you what they d o”.In written business communications, this directness and clarity is a distinct quality which many Western companies are using to their advantage.Weak interpersonal communicationPerhaps unsurprisingly, Westerne rs’abilities are seen as lacking in terms of interpersonal contact. This manifests itself in a perceived unwillingness to attend events, visit the client’s workplace, or even to make phone calls. Good as Western compani es’written communications often are, complementing this with verbal and particularly face-to-face interpersonal contact is essential. One of the most commonly mentioned and extreme differences between supplier-client contact in Western companies, in comparison with China, is Western ers’ tendency to think that ‘work is work’ and that it is therefore limited to the workplace. In China, relationship-building and negotiations take place not only during the working day, but also at a restaurant afterwards. Taking a business guest for a meal is a basic common courtesy. The comment below is typical:“The British don’t understand Chinese culture. Their technology and quality check system is mature and comprehensive, and they are professional in their field and everything they do. They are polite, but that is not enough. We’d like to invite them to join our supper after finishing working, but they can’t understand and will go back to the hotel directly.”H OW W ELL D O W ESTERNERS G ET T HEIR M ESSAGE A CROSS?It has been seen that the means by which Westerners seek to communicate with potential Chinese customers leaves room for improvement. Perhaps more important is the question of the messages Western companies actually convey, and how well these correspond to what the target market wants to hear.There are a number of messages that most Western companies communicate extremely effectively, and others where the correct message is not being heard. On the positive side, Western companies are seen as synonymous with high quality and professionalism, something which is exemplified not only in the products and services being bought, but throughout every aspect of the organisation. Conversely, Western companies are seen as inflexible in a number of ways, ranging from the product or service specification through to negotiations and procurement procedures.。

Ac h i e v i n g t h e g o a l o f carbon and carbon neu-tralization is not only an internal requirement forsustainable and high-quality develop-ment in China, but also the inevitable choice to promote the construction of a community of a shared future for mankind. China-EU carbon pricing became a hot topic at the recent Inter-national Financial Forum (IFF) .Carbon pricing is highly importantAt the two sessions this year, China promised to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutral-ity by 2060.In this statement, the peak in carbon emissions refers to the level at which carbon emission will start on a steady decline, and carbon neutrality refers to zero carbon dioxide emissions overall.Wang Yi, Deputy Director of the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting, Chinese Acade-my of Sciences, pointed out that Chi-na is making more stringent policies in carbon pricing and carbon-related areas. Carbon pricing may play a very important role in the carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the future. This is determined by the systematic, leading and practical characteristics of carbon neutrality. In addition, the carbon pricing mechanism itself is not based on the free market, but often intervened by the human-driven mar-ket. Whether it is the setting of a total amount, or the rate and direction of its emission reduction, the cost needs to be determined.Regarding the construction of China’s carbon market in the future, Wang Yi suggested that we should make a better analysis of the currentBy Jo Liquota and the trend of carbon pric-es in the whole trading process; It is necessary to gradually clarify macro policies, including the amount of peak carbon emissions and industrial pol-icies; the coordination mechanism of carbon pricing should be determined. In the future, China’s policies should consider the coordination of each other, including the carbon market, carbon tax, carbon pricing, as well as the coordination with foreign carbon border regulation mechanisms and the domestic investment and financing policies; we should adopt multi-step measures and competition strategies, consider the current situation of Chi-na, seek truth from facts, and not rush to launch a substantial carbon pricing policy. On top of that it is also import-ant to strengthen international coop-eration and dialogue.Domenico Siniscalco, Vice Chair-man of the IFF, Global Vice Chairman of Morgan Stanley and Former Finance Minister of Italy, introduced the ba-sic situation of the European carbonmarket and the carbon pricing mecha-nism. He said that political and social factors should be taken into account when it comes to carbon pricing. The carbon price shall also vary in different regions because of different economic characteristics and industrial struc-tures. However, the price of carbon shall be stable and not too volatile.Domenico Siniscalco also sug-gested that China could learn from the experiences of many other coun-tries and adopt the model of combing carbon pricing and carbon tax in the future.Cyril Cacisa, Senior Energ y Analyst of the Department of Envi-ronment and Climate Change of the International Energy Agency, also expressed his opinion of China’s car-bon trading market. He pointed out, “China has special advantages because many people have rich experiences, which will promote reform and im-provement, and better pilot the carbon trading system to achieve greater prog-ress. China’s carbon trading marketCarbon Pricing Requires MoreInternational Cooperation and Dialogue31will be conducive to China’s achieve-ment of long-term goals. Therefore, we are very glad to see the attempts and efforts in China’s carbon trading market this year, which will certainly promote China’s future development up to 2050 and even further in the fu-ture. We are confident that China will make rapid progress in this respect, and will establish a very significant and effective pricing system for China, and be able to better transform its own industrial system.”Mei Dewen, General Manager of the Beijing Green Exchange, praised such comments. He said, “China has the world’s largest green bond market, which exceeded RMB 12 trillion last year. The carbon market quota to be launched this year is nearly 4 billion tons, which has surpassed that of the European Union. China is also the world’s largest carbon market. There-fore, the Chinese market needs an effective, flexible, stable and inclusive carbon price signal that can ref lect marginal costs and externality costs for emission reduction.”Strengthen international cooperationRegarding specific carbon trad-ing, Wang Yuanfeng, member of the IFF academic committee and Deputy Chairman of the China Develop-ment Strategy Research Association, envisions the personalization of car-bon trading. Wang Yuanfeng said, “with the continuous improvement and maturity of the system, we will have more individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises involved in carbon trading. It is important for all people to engage in carbon trading and pricing, to get consumers deeply involved and have them understand which products feature high carbon or low carbon. In the end consumers will not choose high-carbon products and save energy and reduce emissions through their own choices.”“Carbon prices should not be ei-ther too low or too high. If the price is too low, carbon emitters will not care about the costs for emission; If it is too high, costs will be a great burden for enterprises and consumers,” said Wang Weiquan, Deputy Secretary General of the Renewable Energy ProfessionalCommittee of China Association ofCircular Economy.Mei Dewen stressed the needfor releasing an effective, flexible andstable carbon price signal that canboth reflect the marginal and exter-nality costs for emission reduction. Toachieve this goal, it is imperative tomake nine changes: carbon emissionreduction should be shifted from thecurrent relatively soft constraint tomore stringent emission reduction,or total amount emission reduction;carbon emission accounting shouldbe more direct and rigorous; the mainmarket players of the emission reduc-tion shall extend from emission-con-trolled enterprises only to the focuson emission-controlled enterprises,non-emission controlled enterprises, fi-nancial institutions, intermediaries andindividuals; products should shift fromspot goods to spot, futures and deriv-atives to convert risks and liquidity;the allocation of quotas shall changefrom free allocation to “free + paid al-location” ; the key emission-controlledindustries should shift from eightindustries to emission facilities thatmeet certain emission standards; theservice model shall change from in-termediary service of account openingand settlement to market makers; theintermediary service institutions shallturn from consulting and monitoringservices to other services like businessexploring, sharing and arbitrage; themarket scope shall expand from localmarket to the whole country and thefocus shall shift from the domesticmarket to the international market.“We need to change the socialcost of carbon emissions from a narrowcarbon price to green premium, whichis a more comprehensive governanceconcept.” Peng Wensheng, Chief Econ-omist of CICC, said that the so-calledgreen premium is the difference be-tween the cost of clean energy and thecost of fossil energy. There are threeways to reduce green premium andpromote economic entities to use moreclean energy: first, reduce the cost ofclean energy through technologicalprogress and public policy investment;the second is to increase the cost offossil energy through the carbon emis-The carbon pricingshall be promotedonly when China,the U.S. and the EU,the world’s threelargest economiesand emitters, worktogether.sion price; the third includes means ofsocial governance in terms of culture,value and living habits.Alain Quine, Chairman of theFrench Carbon Pricing Committee,believes that there are two ways toachieve carbon neutrality. One is in-novation, and the other is internationalcooperation. “As for the carbon trad-ing market, it is not only a matter ofprice. I believe we have made a lot ofprogress on the issue of price, mainlyabout the scope. In addition, the coun-tries should use carbon pricing as anincentive to enable enterprises and in-dividuals to achieve these easily-obtainresults,” said Alan Quine.Regarding international coop-eration, Edmond Alphandery, V icePresident of the IFF, Chairman ofthe European Carbon Pricing ActionGroup and former Finance Ministerof France, said, “the carbon pricingshall be promoted only when China,the U.S. and the EU, the world’s threelargest economies and emitters, worktogether. The cooperation among thethree parties will have a significantimpact on the world. At present, bothChina and Europe have issued positivemeasures in terms of carbon market.He hopes that China and Europe canwork together to promote the U.S. toestablish a long-term carbon marketand realize the fundamental change ofenergy transition.” 32。

初中英语单词分类记忆一、分类记忆法名词（1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）Tuesday（星期二）Wednesday（星期三）Thursday（星期四）Friday（星期五）Saturday（星期六）Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）February（二月）March（三月）April（四月）May（五月）June（六月）July（七月）August（八月）September（九月）October（十月）November（十一月）December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）summer（夏天）autumn（秋天）winter（冬天）（4）时间(time）second（秒）minute（分）hour（小时）day（天）night（夜）week（星期）month（月份）year（年）century（世纪）（5）国家(country)China(中国)Japan（日本）England(英国)India（印度）Canada（加拿大）America / the United States(美国)Australia（澳大利亚）Germany（德国）Russia（俄罗斯）France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）Africa（非洲）America（美洲）Europe（欧洲）（7）方位(direction)east（东）south（南）west（西）north（北）left（左）right（右）（8）交通工具(transport)bike / bicycle（自行车）bus（公共汽车）car（小汽车）jeep（吉普车）train（火车）ship（轮船）plane（飞机）（9）饮食(meal)breakfast（早餐）lunch（午餐）supper（晚餐）dinner（正餐、晚餐）snack（快餐）picnic（野餐）（10）米面及肉类食品rice（米、米饭）porridge（粥）dumpling（饺子）noodle【常用复数】（面条）meat（肉）beef（牛肉）mutton（羊肉）chicken（鸡肉）egg（鸡蛋）（11）水果(fruit)Apple（苹果）banana（香蕉）pear（梨子）orange（橙子）strawberry（草莓）（12）蔬菜(vegetable)tomato（西红柿）potato（马铃薯）carrot（胡萝卜）cabbage（洋白菜、卷心菜）onion（洋葱）（13）零食(snack)chocolate（巧克力）hamburger（汉堡包）cake（蛋糕）bread（面包）mooncake（月饼）ice cream（冰淇淋）cheese（奶酪）salad（沙拉）dessert（甜食）candy（糖果）biscuit（饼干）pie（馅饼）cheese（干酪；奶酪）（14）饮料(drink)juice（果汁）milk（牛奶）tea（茶）green tea（绿茶）coffee（咖啡）（15）调料（relish）butter（黄油）sauce（酱油）salt（盐）（16）学习用品pen（钢笔）pencil（铅笔）eraser（橡皮擦）ruler（直尺）knife（小刀）（17）颜色(color)red 红色（的）yellow黄色（的）blue蓝色（的）green绿色（的）black黑色（的）white白色（的）orange橙黄色（的）brown棕色（的）褐色（的）pink粉红色（的）purple紫色（的）gray灰色（的）（18）衣着clothes（衣服）shirt（衬衫）T-shirt（男衬衫）coat（外套、上衣）raincoat（雨衣）uniform（制服）skirt（裙子）dress（裙子、衣服）trousers（裤子）pants（裤子）jeans（牛仔裤）shorts（短裤）sock（袜子）shoe（鞋子）（19）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）math（数学）English（英语）history（历史）geography（地理）biology（生物）physics（物理）chemistry（化学）P.E.（体育）（20）身体部位(body)head（头）hair（头发）neck（脖子）eye（眼睛）nose（鼻子）mouth（嘴巴）tooth（牙齿）ear（耳朵）face（脸）arm（手臂）hand（手）finger（手指）heart（心）back（背部）knee（膝盖）leg（腿）foot（脚）（21）亲属father（父亲）mother（妈妈）parents（父母）grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）brother（哥、弟）sister（姐、妹）cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹husband（丈夫）妻子（wife）son（儿子）daughter（女儿）uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）（22）动物(animal)lion（狮子）tiger（老虎）elephant（大象）camel（骆驼）cow（奶牛）pig（猪）fox（狐狸）snake（蛇）duck（鸭子）chicken（鸡）hen（母鸡）bird（小鸟）rabbit（兔子）panda（熊猫）deer（鹿）giraffe（长颈鹿）sheep（羊）fish（鱼）ant（蚂蚁）mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）dog（狗）cat（猫）monkey（猴子）pig（猪）（23）职业teacher（老师）doctor（医生）nurse（护士）policeman（男警察）policewoman（女警察）reporter（记者）shop assistant（店员）bank clerk（银行职员）waiter（服务员）scientist（科学家）student（学生）farmer（农民）fisherman（渔夫）cook（厨师）barber（理发师）（24）公共场所shop / store（商店）bank（银行）hospital（医院）police station（警察局）TV station（电视站）stop（车站）cinema（电影院）theater（戏剧院）hotel（旅馆）restaurant（餐馆）factory（工厂）pany（公司）market（市场）supermarket（超市）museum（博物馆）post office（邮局）school（学校）airport（飞机场）church（教堂）（25）学校（school）primary school（小学）middle school（中学）junior high school（初中）senior high school（高中）university（大学）（26）房间(room)Living-room（起居室、客厅）bedroom（卧室）bathroom（洗澡房）kitchen（厨房）（27）宇宙sun（太阳）moon（月亮）star（星星）earth（地球）sky（天空）air（空气）rain（雨）cloud（云）wind（风）snow（雪）（28）天气（weather）sunny（晴朗的）rainy（多雨的）cloudy（多云的、阴天的）windy（有风的）snowy（多雪的）（29）运动（sport）basketball（篮球）football（足球）volleyball（排球）baseball（球）tennis（羽毛球）table tennis / ping-pong（乒乓球）（30）乐器drum（鼓）trumpet（喇叭）piano（钢琴）violin（小提琴）guitar（吉他）二、构词记忆法1、合成法由两个或者两个以上的词合成新词，这种构词法叫做合成法。

采购员 Purchasing Specialist/Staff贸易经理 Trading Manager贸易主管 Trading Supervisor贸易专员 Trading Specialist贸易助理 Trading Assistant业务跟单经理 Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单 Senior Merchandiser业务跟单 Merchandiser助理业务跟单 Assistant Merchandiser报关员 Customs Specialist单证员 Documentation Specialist船务人员 Shipping Specialist办公室职位职称中英文对照高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee总监Director合伙人Partner总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant物料经理Materials Manager物料主管Materials Supervisor采购经理Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management生产/营运/工程Manufacturing/Operations/Engineering 工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术/工艺设计经理/主管Technical/Industrial Design Mgr./Spvr.技术/工艺设计工程师Technical/Industrial Design Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量经理QA Manager质量主管QA Supervisor质量工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师Certification Engineer安全/健康/环境经理/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程绘图员Project Drafting Specialist机械制图员Drafting Specialist化验员Laboratory Technician技工Technician / Engineer Trainee电工Electrician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production行政/人事/后勤Admin./HR/Support Services行政/人事总监Admin/Human Resources Director人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager总裁办主任Director of President Office行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office Support资料管理员Information / Data Management Specialist 电脑操作员/打字员Computer Operator/Typist文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer 编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director影视策划/制作人员Entertainment Planning / Production 导演Director摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计(Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员Financial Controller 财务主任. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Financial Reporter 财务报告人General Auditor 审计长Fund Manager 财务经理General Manager/ President 总经理Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员General Manager Assistant 总经理助理Import Manager 进口部经理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员Hardware Engineer (计算机)硬件工程师Interpreter 口语翻译International Sales Staff 国际销售员Legal Adviser 法律顾问Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Line Supervisor 生产线主管Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Management Consultant 管理顾问Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Manager 经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Market Analyst 市场分析员Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Marketing Assistant 销售助理Office Clerk 职员Marketing Executive 销售主管Operational Manager 业务经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Package Designer 包装设计师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Music Teacher 音乐教师Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Naval Architect 造船工程师Personnel Manager 人事部经理Office Assistant 办公室助理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Purchasing Agent 采购(进货)员Private Secretary 私人秘书Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Product Manager 生产部经理Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Production Engineer 产品工程师Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Professional Staff 专业人员Regional Manger 地区经理Programmer 电脑程序设计师Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Project Staff (项目)策划人员Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Promotional Manager 推售部经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Proof-reader 校对员Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Sales Assistant 销售助理Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Service Manager 服务部经理Sales Engineer 销售工程师Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Sales Executive 销售主管Software Engineer (计算机)软件工程师Sales Manager 销售部经理Supervisor 监管员Salesperson 销售员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Seller Representative 销售代表Systems Engineer 系统工程师Sales Supervisor 销售监管Systems Operator 系统操作员School Registrar 学校注册主任Technical Editor 技术编辑Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Technical Translator 技术翻译Secretary 秘书Technical Worker 技术工人Security Officer 安全人员Telecommunication Executive 电讯(电信)员Senior Accountant 高级会计Telephonist / Operator 接线员、话务员Senior Employee 高级雇员Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Tourist Guide 导游Translation Checker 翻译核对员Trainee Manager 培训部经理Wordprocessor Operator 银行高级职员Translator 翻译员Typist 打字员公司英文标识总公司 Head Office分公司 Branch Office营业部 Business Office人事部 Personnel Department人力资源部Human Resources Department总务部 General Affairs Department财务部 General Accounting Department销售部 Sales Department促销部 Sales Promotion Department国际部 International Department出口部 Export Department进口部 Import Department公共关系 Public Relations Department广告部 Advertising Department企划部 Planning Department产品开发部 Product Development Department研发部 Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室 Secretarial Pool行政词汇：首席执行官 Chief Executive Officer（CEO）部门经理 Branch Manager市场行政总监 Executive Marketing Director国际监管 Controller(International)运营总监 Director of Operations进出口经理 Import/Export Manager商店经理助理 Assistant Store Manager操作经理 Operations Manager房地产经理 Property Manager首席运营官 Chief Operations Officer（CPO）生产经理 Production Manager服务经理 Service Manager零售店经理 Retail Store Manager产品经理 Product Manager项目经理 Project Manager总经理 General Manager区域经理 Regional Manager管理顾问 Management Consultant仓库经理 Warehouse Manager运输经理 Transportation Manager库存管理经理 Inventory Control Manager办公室经理 Office Manager助理 Staff Assistant办公室文员 General Office Clerk接待员 Receptionist订单输入文员 order Entry Clerk副总裁 Vice-President行政主管 Administrative Director行政副总裁 Vice-President of Administration 行政助理 Executive Assistant行政秘书 Executive Secretary票务代理 Ticket Agent保险协调员 Insurance Coordinator档案管理员 File Clerk市场与销售:销售副总裁 Vice-President of Sales市场副总裁 Vice-President of Marketing高级客户经理 Senior Account Manager销售主管 Sales Administrator地区销售经理 Regional Sales Manager地区客户经理 Regional Account Manager房地产评估师 Real Estate Appraiser采购经理 Merchandising Manager市场顾问 Marketing Consultant市场助理 Marketing Assistant市场与销售总监 Marketing and Sales Director 市场调查分析员 Market Research Analyst厂家代表 Manufacturer's Representative分公司权利总监 Director of Subsidiary Rights 复查代表 Callback Representative客户管理助理 Assistant Account Executive广告经理 Advertising Manager广告协调员 Advertising Coordinator广告助理 Advertising Assistant客户代表 Account Representative广告文撰写人 Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail)批发采购员 Wholesale Buyer旅行代办员 Travel Agent销售总监 Telemarketing Director销售员 Telemarketer调查员 Tele-Interviewer销售员 Salesperson销售代表 Sales Representative销售经理 Sales Manager销售执行者 Sales Executive销售助理 Sales Assistant零售采购员 Retail Buyer房地产经理 Real Estate Manager房地产经纪人 Real Estate Broker采购代理 Purchasing Agent产品开发 Product Developer市场经理 Marketing Manager市场实习 Marketing Intern市场总监 Marketing Director保险代理人 Insurance Agent客户经理 Account Manager计算机行业:应用软件程序员 Applications Programmer电脑操作主管 Computer Operations Supervisor电脑技术员 Computer Technician开发工程师 Developmental Engineer信息服务主管 Director of Information Services 信息分析 Information Analyst局域网管理员 LAN Administrator网络管理经理 Manager of Network Administration 产品支持经理 Product Support Manager承包商 Subcontractor (Programming)电脑操作员 Computer Operator硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer电脑部经理 MIS Manager操作分析 Operations Analyst项目经理 Project Manager统计员 Statistician系统分析 Systems Analyst系统工程师 Systems Engineer系统程序员 Systems Programmer技术工程师T Technical Engineer技术：技术讲解员 Technical Illustrator研究发展技术员 Research and Development Technician 质量管理检查员 Quality Control Inspector质量检测技术员 QA Test Technician精密度检查员 Precision Inspector技术支持专员 Technical Support Specialist工程技术员 Engineering Technician电子设备维修员 Electronic Equipment Repairer电信业顾问 Telecommunications Consultant技术指导讲师 Technical Instructor建筑师 Landscape Architect测量员 Surveyor草图设计员 Drafter房屋验收 Building Inspector建筑师 Architect广播技术员 Broadcast Technician工程词汇:制造业工程师 Manufacturing Engineer工程顾问 Engineering Consultant环境工程师 Environmental Engineer设备工程师 Facilities Engineer工业工程师 Industrial Engineer电子工程师 Electronics Engineer电机工程师 Electrical Engineer机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer石油工程师 Petroleum Engineer陶器工程师 Ceramic Engineer化学工程师 Chemical Engineer土木工程师 Civil Engineer电力工程师 Electrical Engineer施工工程师 Field Engineer航海工程师 Marine Engineer产品工程师 Product Engineer品管工程师 Quality Control 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松江区2023学年度第二学期模拟考质量监控试卷高三英语（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2024.4 考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．At 8:00. B．At 8:15. C．At 8:30. D．At 8:45.2．A．A professor. B．A coach. C．An engineer. D．A nurse.3．A．In a restaurant. B．In a hairdres ser’s.C．At a cinema. D．At a tailor’s. 4．A．Ways to visit a university. B．Two student tour guides.C．A tour of Fudan University. D．The campus of Fudan University.5．A．They did not make it there finally.B．They were not well received there.C．They experienced something unpleasant on the way.D．They had a wonderful time before they arrived there.6．A．Excited. B．Interested. C．Confused. D．Annoyed. 7．A．Practice the presentation in front of him. B．Watch how he makes a presentation. C．Reduce the time spent in practicing. D．Find out who her audience will be.8．A．She is always absent-minded. B．She forgot to tell the man about it.C．She is unclear about Sophie’s plan.D．She slipped in the neighboring town. 9．A．Because it took him much time to go to work.B．Because he had to save money for his journey.C．Because the job arranged many business journeys.D．Because he considered it unlucky to have that job.10．A．Buy a new printer with less noise. B．Ask the man to borrow a printer.C．Read a book on how to fix the printer. D．Get someone to repair the printer.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．How encores came into existence. B．How bands perform encores properly.C．Why audiences used to need encores. D．Why encores are part of a performance. 12．A．The 17th century. B．The 18th century. C．The 19th century. D．The 20th century. 13．A．French people were more interested in encores than others.B．Bands usually prepare more than two encores for each show.C．Recording technology boosted audiences’ needs for encores.D．Musicians can get recharged during the break before encores.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14．A．Because of the rule for the class. B．Because of the course materials.C．Because the speaker changed his topics. D．Because the speaker disliked technology. 15．A．The students do not assess the speaker’s class fairly.B．The students are satisfied with the class environment.C．The speaker did not favor leaving technology at the door.D．The speaker were worried about students’ evaluation on him.16．A．It will stop students getting on well together.B．It may help students better understand themes.C．It will improve teaching effect by giving students more help.D．It may distract students from digging deep within themselves.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17．A．Doctor and patient. B．Salesman and customer.C．Teacher and student. D．Employer and employee.18．A．Fishing industry. B．Statistics. C．Computer modeling. D．Note-taking. 19．A．She is good at making model computers. B．She has decided on the title of the essay. C．She is uninterested in coping with statistics. D．She has always been weak at note-taking. 20．A．Learn to take notes immediately. B．Find out possible strategies alone.C．Read for more useful information. D．Work on her weaknesses by herself. Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Remote Work Slows Senior Housing Market RecoveryWith the rise of remote work, the market for senior housing has met with problems in its recovery. Only a few old people choose to live in senior-living communities （21）______the growing senior population and the cancelation of COVID-19 restrictions once making family visits difficult.（22）______ this trend suggests is that people’s shift to remote work contributes to the slow rebound of the senior housing market. That is, remote work is keeping many older Americans from moving into senior-living communities once warmly （23）______（welcome）.When more adults began working remotely during the pandemic（流行病）, they were able to check in on aging parents easily —they （24）______ take care of their parents’ issues on short notice.Experts have been analyzing the phenomenon in different ways. Some found that the greater flexibility to care for parents （25）______（mean）people’s delay in sending aged parents to expensive senior-housing accommodations. Therefore, markets with high levels of people working from home usually have lower senior-housing occupancy rates. Others said remote work might have some effect but also pointed to different factors. For instance, many seniors think that their family wallets are getting thinner, making some of them reluctant （26）______（send）to senior-living communities.The age at which people enter senior housing is also increasing, （27）______serves as another sign that shows people are choosing to delay transitioning. The rising cost of senior living weighs heavily on that decision. The CPI （consumer-price index）for nursing homes and adult day services rose 4.5% last May compared with （28）______in May, 2022.Still, many senior-housing operators are optimistic. When （29）______（illustrate）their point, they showed an increase in the number of people turning 80 years old over the following years and the actual wealth they have collected. Moreover, they find remote work arrangements are decreasing in some parts of the country, （30）______ employees there have seen their lowered productivity while working from home.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．variedBrain Signals for Lasting PainBrain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment alre ady used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But nomedical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极）into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions—the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pa in based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿）from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around £4.5m a year）while keeping all the essential information.Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarilyproud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely54 for almost a century.The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared 42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error 43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered 44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder 45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example 46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised 47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction 48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw 49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring 50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate 51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging 52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts 53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live 54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected 55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admirationSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shropshire, England. Darwin’s childhood passion was science, and his interest in chemistry, however, was clear; he was even nicknamed ‘Gas’ by his classmates.In 1825, his father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University, where he learned how to classify plants. Darwin became passionate about natural history and this became his focus while he studied at Cambridge. Darwin went on a voyage together with Robert Fitzroy, the captain of HMS Beagle, to South America to facilitate British trade in Patagonia. The journey was life-changing. Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals and rocks, which helped him to develop an understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals that he gathered led him to express doubts on former explanations about how species formed and evolved over time.Darwin’s work convinced him that natural selection was key to understanding the development of the natural world. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive when they inherit （经遗传获得）characteristics best suited for that specific environment. These features then become more widespread and can lead eventually to the development of a new species. With natural selection, Darwin argued how a wide variety of life forms developed over time from a single common ancestor.Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1839. When Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died from a sudden illness in 1851, he lost his belief in God. His tenth and final child, Charles Waring Darwin, was born in 1856．Significantly for Darwin, this baby was disabled, altering how Darwin thought about the human species. Darwin had previously thought that species remained adapted until the environment changed; he now believed that every new variation was imperfect and that a struggle to survive was what drove species to adapt.Though rejected at the beginning, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is nowadays well acc epted by the scientific community as the best evidence-based explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. The Natural History Museum’s library alone has 478 editions of his On the Origin of Species in 38 languages.56．What made Darwin reconsider the origin and development of species?A．Examining plants and animals collected.B．His desire for a voyage to different continents.C．Classifying samples in a journey to South America.D．His passion for natural history at Edinburgh University.57．We can learn from paragraphs 1 to 3 that Darwin ______.A．used natural selection to develop new speciesB．enjoyed being called nicknames related to scienceC．learned some knowledge about plants when studying medicineD．argued with others over the diversity of life forms for a long period58．Which of the following changed Darwin’s view on the human species?A．That he had ten children in all. B．His youngest son’s being disabled.C．That he lost his eldest daughter. D．His marriage with Emma Wedgwood.59．This passage is mainly about ______.A．Darwin’s passion for medical science B．Darwin’s theory and experimentsC．Charles Darwin’s changing interest D．Charles Darwin’s life and work（B）Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. （Details at.）Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails（路线）and program information, and to take in exhibits.What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail （also called Main Trail）. Choose short, medium, or long loops（环线）. Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.（Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.）Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at /goga.Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.More InformationMuir Woods National Monument /muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-269660．Muir Woods will probably attract ______.①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking loversA．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③61．What can be learned from the passage?A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.62．According to the map of Muir Woods, ______.A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridgesB．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir BeachC．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods（C）Precognitive dreams are dreams that seemingly predict the future which cannot be inferred from actually available information. Former US President Abraham Lincoln once revealed the frightening dream to his law partner and friend Ward Hill Lamon, “…Then I heard people weep… ‘Who is dead in the White House?’ I demanded. ‘The President,’ ‘he was killed!’…” The killing did happen later.Christopher French, Professor in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, stated the most likely explanation for such a phenomenon was coincidence（巧合）. “In addition to pure coincidences we must also consider the unreliability of memory”, he added. Asked what criteria would have to be met for him to accept that precognitive dreams were a reality, he said, “The primary problem with tests of the claim is that the subjects are unable to tell when the event（s）they’ve dreamed about will happen.”However, some claimed to make such tests practicable. Professor Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh, has conducted studies into precognitive dreaming. She stated that knowing future through dreams challenged the basic assumption of science — causality （relationship of cause and effect）.Dick Bierman, a retired physicist and psychologist, who has worked at the Universities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Groningen, has put forward a theory that may explain precognitive dreams. It is based on the fact that when scientists use certain mathematical descriptions to talk about things like electromagnetism（电磁学）, these descriptions favour the belief that time only moves in one direction. However, in practice the wave that is running backwards in time does exist. This concept is called the time symmetry, meaning that the laws of physics look the same when time runs forward or backward. But he believes that time symmetry breaks down due to external conditions. “The key of the theory is that it assumes that there is a special context that restores th e broken time-symmetry, if the waves running backwards are ‘absorbed’ by a consistent multi-particle（多粒子）system. The brain under a dream state may be such a system where broken time-symmetry is partially restored. This is still not a full explanation for precognitive dreams but it shows where physics might be adjusted to accommodate the phenomenon,” he explains.Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 63．According to French, what makes it difficult to test precognitive dreams?A．Unavailability of people’s dreams.B．That coincidences happen a lot in reality.C．That criteria for dream reliability are not trustworthy.D．People’s inability to tell when dreamt events will happen.64．Believers in precognitive dreams may question the truth of ______.A．the assumption of causality B．the time symmetryC．memories of ordinary people D．modern scientific tests65．We can infer from the passage that ______.A．Lincoln was warned of the killing by his friendB．Watt carried out several experiments on causalityC．researches on electromagnetism are based on the time symmetryD．time’s moving in two directions may justify precognitive dreams66．Which might be the best title of the passage?A．Should Dreams Be Assessed?B．Can Dreams Predict the Future?C．How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams?D．Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams?Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A．Labeling poses even more of a problem when it comes to kids.B．It can be helpful for those not quite able to understand why they feel the way they do.C．There seems to be a desire to see negative emotions as something requiring intervention or diagnosis. D．Labeling leads to children’s overcoming their addiction to what is posted online.E．Someone has had only a certain experience and judges all behavior with that experience.F．The basic function of a diagnosis is to give you a name for those behaviors once felt unusual.Addiction to LabelingMaybe you’ve noticed it in the comments section of popular social media posts about anxiety. depression or things alike, with a number of people claiming to pick these labels for themselves.These days, labeling is everywhere. （67）______ However, the negative part is that it’s easy for someone to identify with the characteristics without truly recognizing the context in which these characteristics would require diagnosis, according to Charlotte Armitage, a registered integrative psychotherapist and psychologist.If you have done your research and genuinely feel that you have some form of mental health concern, then finally having a name for your behaviors can be great. But the risk is that many people will seek labels and intervention for any behavior, pattern or emotion that is outside of the permanent happy group that society has set as the norm. “（68）______ Then the saying ‘a little bit of knowledge is dangerous’ springs to my mind,” Armitage adds.（69）______“Children are still developing and evolving, and many childhood behavioral features may seem like those of a disorder when there’re other potential explanations for that behavior,” Armitage notes. Ideally, a diagnosis for a child should be carried out by a qualified mental health professional. So it is with an adult.Nevertheless, the most important thing to bear in mind is that diagnosis doesn’t mean to indicate that you are broken or less capable.（70）______ And if you go deeper, it can alert you to the fact that you are not alone, and that many people experience life in the same way as you do.Ⅳ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71．Why Willing to Wait?First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.Ⅴ．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72．大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。

董事长Board Chairman总经理General Manager副总经理Vice General Manager总经理秘书Secretary总经理助理General Manager's Assistant秘书Secretary客户经理Account Manager高级理财顾问Senior Financial Consultant高级客户经理Senior Account Manager市场总监Marketing Director客户主任Account Executive市场营销部经理Manager of Marketing Department 销售部经理Sales Manager餐饮部经理Food and Bererage Manager客房部经理Housekeeper康乐部经理Recreation Dept Manager财务部经理Financial Controller人事部经理Personnel Manager工程部经理Chief Engineer保安部经理Chief Security Officer办公室主任Director of Executive Office大堂副理Asst Manager物资经理Logistic &amp; Purchasing Dept.Manager 会计Accountant销售工程师Sales Engineer生产经理Production Dept.Manager销售工程师Sales Engineer工会主席Labour Union chairman操作工Operator库管员Warehouse Keeper技术工程师Technicial Engineer销售一部经理Sales Dept.Manager接待员Receiptionalist配料员Operator保洁员Purifier人事经理助理HR Assistant炊事员Canteen Worker会计Accountant质保经理QC Dept.Manager机械师Machinist工程主管Facilities Supervisor采购员Buyer车间班长Group Leader叉车司机Driver机修工Operator行政经理Administrative Dep.Manager运输协调员Traffic Coordinator副总工程师Vice - Chief Engineer综合管理部部长Colligation and Management Dep.Minister网络主管Network Manage综合管理部总务Colligation and Management Dep.General Affair 市场部部长Market Dep.Minister市场部项目总理Market Dep.Item Manager质保部Quantity Engineer工艺员Engineer调度员Dispatcher采购主管Purchase Manage综合管理部Colligation and Management Dep财务部部长Finance Dep.Minister市场部部长助理Market Dep.Minister's assistant生产部部长助理Produce Dep. Ministarls assistant研发工程师Develop Engineer业务主办Operation Direct计划员Programmer更夫Bellman技术服务部经理Technical Service Dept.Manager物资内勤Secretary技术服务工程师Technician Service Engineer销售二部经理Sales Dept.Manager车间主管Production Supervisor内勤Secretary出纳Cashier检验员hecker市场部经理Marketing Dept.Manager区域销售经理Regional Sales ManagerIT工程师IT Engineer研磨工Operator司机Driver清扫工Purifier人力资源部经理Human Resources Manager文员Clerk财务经理Finance Dept.Manager技术发展部经理Technical Development Dept.Manager 电工Electrician送货员Deliveryman挤压工OperatorSenior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer (计算机)软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive 电讯(电信)员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员董事长Board Chairman总经理General Manager副总经理Vice General Manager总经理秘书Secretary总经理助理General Manager's Assistant市场营销部经理Manager of Marketing Department销售部经理Sales Manager餐饮部经理Food and Bererage Manager客房部经理Housekeeper康乐部经理Recreation Dept Manager财务部经理Financial Controller信息部经理Info Manager人事部经理Personnel Manager工程部经理Chief Engineer保安部经理Chief Security Officer办公室主任Director of Executive Office大堂副理Asst Manager物资经理Logistic &amp; Purchasing Dept.Manager会计Accountant销售工程师Sales Engineer生产经理Production Dept.Manager销售工程师Sales Engineer工会主席Labour Union chairman操作工Operator库管员Warehouse Keeper技术工程师Technicial Engineer销售一部经理Sales Dept.Manager接待员Receiptionalist配料员Operator保洁员Purifier人事经理助理HR Assistant炊事员Canteen Worker质保经理QC Dept.ManagerSr Engineer--Supplier Quality Engineering 高级工程师-供应商质量工程师, Sr Engineer Team Lead 高级工程师主管Oracle Database Administrator Oracle数据库管理员HR Sr. Staffing Administrator人力资源高级招聘主管Logistic Supervisor物流主管ITA Sr Administrator ITA高级行政人员Assocaite Engineer 助理工程师Senior Engineer高级软件工程师Product Assurance Manager 产品验证经理ORT Test Mananger ORT测试经理Quality Staff Engineer 质量工程师Sr Engineer--Customer Quality Engineering 高级工程师-客户质量经理IT System Analyst IT系统分析员Associate Engineer 助理工程师Training Supervisor培训主管HSA Production Supervisor美国HSA生产主管Associate Engineer(for Drive equipment) 助理工程师（硬盘设备）Product Manager(for Product Engineering) 产品经理(产品工程师)Firmware Engineer固件工程师Senior Software Engineer(for Tooling Development) 高级软件工程师（模具拓展）Sr Engineer--Quality 高级工程师-质量IT Developer人力资源软件开发IT Staff Analyst IT分析师主管IT Analyst(Teamcenter Engineering) IT分析师（Teamcenter工程师）Mechanical Commodity Manager 物料采购经理Staff Supplier Quality Engineer质量工程师主管&nbsp;</td><td width="50%" height="59"><p>Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist &amp; Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理Copywriter广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager副总经理Economic Research Assistant经济助究助理Electrical Engineer电气工程师Engineering Technician工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher英语教师Export Sales Manager外销部经理Export Sales Staff外销部职员Financial Controller财务主任Financial Reporter财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员Fund Manager财务经理General Auditor审计长General Manager/ President总经理General Manager Assistant总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer (计算机)硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager经理Manager for Public Relations公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff (项目)策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购(进货)员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research&amp;.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator文字处理操作员机械师Machinist工程主管Facilities Supervisor采购员Buyer车间班长Group Leader叉车司机Driver机修工Operator采购主管Purchase Manage综合管理部Colligation and Management Dep财务部部长Finance Dep.Minister市场部部长助理Market Dep.Minister's assistant 生产部部长助理Produce Dep. Ministarls assistant 研发工程师Develop Engineer业务主办Operation Direct计划员Programmer更夫Bellman技术服务部经理Technical Service Dept.Manager 物资内勤Secretary技术服务工程师Technician Service Engineer销售二部经理Sales Dept.Manager车间主管Production Supervisor内勤Secretary出纳Cashier检验员hecker市场部经理Marketing Dept.Manager区域销售经理Regional Sales ManagerIT工程师IT Engineer研磨工Operator司机Driver清扫工Purifier人力资源部经理Human Resources Manager文员Clerk财务经理Finance Dept.Manager技术发展部经理Technical Development Dept.Manager电工Electrician送货员Deliveryman挤压工Operator行政经理Administrative Dep.Manager运输协调员Traffic Coordinator副总工程师Vice - Chief Engineer综合管理部部长Colligation and Management Dep.Minister网络主管Network Manage综合管理部总务Colligation and Management Dep.General Affair市场部部长Market Dep.Minister市场部项目总理Market Dep.Item Manager质保部Quantity Engineer工艺员Engineer调度员DispatcherCustomer Quality Manager 客户质量经理Engineering Manager(For HDIG Group, Funtional Engineering) 工程经理（希捷集团设计经理）EHS Director/Senior Manager EHS主管/高级经理Senior Manager(for Lean Manufacturing) 高级经理（精益生产）Drive FA Engineer(for Product Engineering) 硬盘失效工程师（产品工程师）Engineering Manager(for Functional Engineering) 工程经理（设计工程师）Senior FA Engineer(for worldwide FA ) 高级失效分析工程师（世界范围内失效分析）Engineer(for Drive equipment) 工程师（硬盘设备）M&amp;P Sr.Engineer 法国M&amp;P高级工程师HGSA Equipment Engineer(software) HGSA设备高级工程师（软件）。

中国老年旅游市场的现状分析及开发对策作者：廖光萍来源：《旅游纵览·行业版》2013年第01期摘要：中国已经进入人口老龄化阶段，并且老年人占总人口比例越来越大。

随着人们物质生活的富足，越来越多的老年人在满足其物质生活之后，也开始追求更多的精神享受。

因此，老年旅游飞速发展，老年旅游市场开发潜力巨大。

1997年“夕阳红”首次推出后至今十多年的时间里，老年旅游已成为旅游行业中颇为重要的一部份。

但在中国旅游业目前所形成，专门针对老年人的产品项目还比较少。

在这样的情况下，充分了解老年旅游的特点，认识到老年旅游市场中存在的问题，提出几点具有现实意义的开拓对策，希望更好的开发老年旅游市场。

关键词：老年旅游；人口老龄化；旅游市场Abstract：China has entered the stage of an aging population，and the elderly occupy increasingly large proportion of the total population. With the abundance of people's material life，more and more older people meet their material life，and begin to pursue the more spiritual enjoyment. Therefore，the elderly tourism are developing rapidly，whose market development potential is huge. Since 1997 "sunset red" first was launched more than a decade's time，the elderly tourism has become quite an important part of the tourism industry. But the specialized products for the elderly which are formed in the tourism industry in China are still small. In this case，to fully understand the characteristics of the elderly tourism，to recognize the problems in the elderly tourist market，some points of development countermeasures which have practical significance are raised，hoping to better develop the Senior Tourists Market.Keyword：Senior Tourists，the aging of the population，tourism market一．老年旅游市场前景的分析分析老年旅游市场的前景，可以从诸多方面入手，这里主要从老年旅游市场的规模和老年人的消费需求两方面进行分析。

宝洁1、设计部DesignVision:Design will be a catalyst that propels P&G into delivering extraordinary experiences that improve the lives of people today and in the future.Mission:Drive P&G's continued growth by attracting the best and brightest external Design talent.Be our core firms' best client so they want to work with us and develop a strategic partnership. Match project / brand needs with design firms' core skillsValue Statement"Fusing pleasure and meaning with function to build irresistible brands that delight consumers".2、信息与决策解决方案部information and decision solutionOur Vision:Leaders in business transformation through information and decision solutions.Key Capabilities:Project Management, Business Process Transformation, Business Analysis, Service Management, Application Management, Enterprise Architecture, etc.A P&G IDS career offers an exciting and fast paced environment to build Business, Technical and Leadership skills. You will apply these skills to deliver a competitive advantage and significant business resul ts within one of the world’s top companies. IDS is a strategic capabilit y for key P&G operations (e.g. Marketing, Sales, Product Supply, Finance, etc.). P&G IDS is also a global organization so you will have the opportunity to work closely with both IDS and business experts from all over the world, and to work in a wide variety of assignments.Professional career development opportunities in IDSSystems Analyst / Systems ManagerBe responsible for IDS solutions in certain business area (e.g. Customer Team, Plant, Brand Team and Service Line). Innovate, implement and leverage high impact IDS solutions for thebusiness’s development.Section ManagerLead the IDS function within a business unit (e.g. Top Retailer Channel, Skin Care Category, Market and Service Line). Be responsible for IDS portfolio management, master plan and deliver business operation critical solutions and service, and developing the IDS organization. Associate Director / DirectorLead the IDS function for a large business unit/ function / service line (Sales, Supply Network Solution), establish IDS Strategy, Investment, Project Portfolio, and Organization Design direction. Work closely with senior P&G business leaders and global GBS/IDS leaders, as well as senior customers and suppliers at the regional and global level.A P&G Greater China IDS careerA P&G Greater China IDS career provides opportunities for you to become a professional business leader with multiple skills of systemically understanding of the business and end-to-end business processes, cutting edge information technologies, and competency of project management, business process transformation, business analysis and service management. You have opportunities to work in business solutions of Supply Chain Management, Customer Relationship Management, Enterprise Resources Planning and Knowledge Management, etc.3、产品供应部product supplyAs the largest functional organization in P&G, Product Supply has almost 50% P&G employees, and 140+ plants in 40 countries. There are 5 disciplines in Product Supply: Customer Service & Logistics, Engineering, Manufacturing, Purchases, Quality Assurance. From AMR Research survey in 2007, we are awarded as the top 3 best leadership in supply chain management in the world and top one among FMCG Industry.What you can expect upon Product Supply:1. Global Leading Supply Chain2. Work and Think Globally3. The best place to build your management skill and technical mastery4. And we have the Broadest Work Location Opportunities:China, we managed 8 P&G plants at Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dongguan;And 8 Distribution centers located at Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Xi’an, Chengdu, Shanghai,Changsha and Guangzhou.You also have many opportunities to work with P&G global and work at other countries.What’s 5 PS Disciplines:Customer Service & Logistics: Delivers supply chain integration through to our customers’ shelves to win the first moment of truth, which enables superior retail presence and improved customer and consumer value. Our mantra is “Always There, Always Preferred, Always Affordable.”Engineering: Deliver a competitive advantage by innovating, providing and protecting supply network technologies, systems and facilities in a safe and healthful environment to maximize consumer value and increase project Net Present Value and shareholder return. Manufacturing: Use different technologies, human resources and capital assets to manage the making, packing, and assembly systems to produce the right products at the right time with quality, consistency and total delivered cost reduction.Purchases: Use our understanding of global, regional and local market as well as industry trends. Build supplier relationships to achieve the best overall value for the Company when acquiring or contracting for goods, services, property and equipment.Quality Assurance: Develop and establish a Company-wide vision, strategy and quality policy that ensures the delivery of design and execution excellence within legal and regulatory compliance.Build the business by leveraging quality to win at the First and Second Moments of Truth while delivering consumer satisfaction.Welcome to join Global Leading Supply Chain – P&G Product Supply4、研究开发部R&DInnovation is the cornerstone of P&G's success. P&G is the first and foremost a Research and Development Company and Research & Development (R&D) are the lifeblood of the business. Our Technical Center in Beijing (BJTC) is responsible for the development of consumer products for Greater China, Asia, and the rest of the world, especially in the fields of Household Care, Oral Care, Beauty Care, Feminine Care and Baby Care. Whilst still growing, BJTC is currently rankedamongst the company’s leading world class technical centers and has about 400 employees as well as excellent research facilities and experts from many different countries. Our goal is to understand the consumer better than anyone else and to develop technologies, products,packages and devices that best meet the needs of the consumers in Greater China, the Asia n region and globally. To do so R&D is divided into several main capabilities including ormula Design, Technology, Process Design, Product Research, Analytical, Clinical and Packaging & Device Development. All working together as a team towards one common goal:Improving the lives of the world`s consumers.Professional career development opportunities in R&DAs soon as you begin working, you are assigned with a project of great responsibility, while being taught technical and managerial skills through on-the-job－and regular training to become more successful. For delivering your projects, you will interact with both regional and global colleagues from many functions and nationalities. Given the regional and global character of R&Dinternational assignments happen frequently for our top performing people.5、人力资源部HRMissionPartner with our business leaders to:∙Create and sustain business growth and competitive advantage with people, organizations, systems and culture∙Preserve a value-driven, principle-based core∙Leverage the strengths of “Build from within” systemRoles of HRStrategic Partner: We work with business leaders to develop and deploy business strategies to the organization.Change Agent: We help line management in preparing their organization to deal with change, which is the main constant in a very competitive global marketplace.Employee Champion: We work with line management to increase the employee`s capability and commitment to the Company.Administrative Expert: We ensure that the programs designed to attract and retain our employees are executed in a high quality and “zero defect” manner.Professional career developmentOpportunities in HRAssociate HR Manager: R esponsible for supporting one or more specific core HR systems and processes at the corporate level or in a site.HR Manager : Responsible for leading one or more specific core HR system and processes at the corporate level. Responsible for leading the HR function in a small independent site.Senior HR Manager: Responsible for leading a big plant or a business unit or geographic area. Responsible for leading two or more core HR systems and processes.Associate HR Director: Responsible for leading HR in a big geographic area that may include multiple sites or several business units. Responsible for leading a wide group of HR core systems. HR Director: Responsible for leading Greater China HR organization, setting HR direction and priorities for the Company.It is important to note that location flexibility may be required in Greater China (e.g. Hong Kong to China, Taiwan to China, and Guangzhou to Beijing) and International assignment opportunities (in many P&G locations) may be available at various levels in HR. marketplace6、财务部fiancé and accountingBring your education, experience, and scientific knowledge to P&G and we'll keep you growing and developing your skills and areas of expertise. The TCS provides an integrated career path for all R&D employees who may enter at differing points on the path based on their education, experience, and area of specialization. Progression depends on excellence in technical results, and developing mastery, innovation, and collaboration.Opportunity：job rotation，oversea experience，location flexibilityPath：financial analyst——senior financial analyst——group manager——AD & Above7、市场研究部consumer & market knowledgeCMK’s Aspiration in Support of P&G’sVisionCMK is the voice of t he world’s consumers and shoppers, navigating the way to improve consumers' lives via connecting hindsight, insight, and foresight to drive business success. We are internal consultant and proactive business leader in company. We lead the identification of consumer, market and retail evolution and robust predictions of business outcomes, and use it to drive company strategy and portfolio choice. We inspire teams to maximize new and established brand initiatives by acting on the integrated knowledge of: 1) c onsumer/shopper’s needs and habits, 2) market and retailer dynamics, 3) external influences and, 4) key drivers of business growth. This enables the design and optimization of robust propositions for established brands and new initiatives in both developing and developed markets. We are collaborative leaders and crucial members of P&G’s global brand building community and China market research industry. We are committed to grow our future leaders via world class training, deliberate assignment / career planning and diversified organization.Professional career development opportunities in CMKAssociate ManagerHandles one brand under training of immediate manager.ManagerHandles one or two brands as well as category projects.Senior ManagerManages one category e.g. Hair Care or Oral Care.Associate DirectorManages several categories.DirectorManages a large region and a large business.General Manager/Vice PresidentManages a large region or a group of categories on a global basis8、客户业务发展部Customer Business DevelopmentWe grow great business and organization leadersIn P&G we understand that our Company’s success begins when our shoppers are choosingwhich brand to purchase. We call this “the first moment of truth”. Customers are a key pillar of the P&G strategy because they greatly influence this first moment of truth.Who Are We?As a member of Customer Business Development (CBD), you will have a significant impact on the first moment of truth by jointly creating value with our customers that positively influences the first moment of truth. CBD plays a leading role in this effort from sophisticated global retailers to small neighborhood stores and open markets. The Customer Business Development concept, which we invented, came from recognizing that jointly creating value with our retail customers and distributors is fundamental to the growth of our mutual businesses. As a member of CBD, you will be responsible for developing partnership and leveraging training, analytical data, communication skills and personal leadership to deliver our joint goals.Professional career development opportunities in CBDThe CBD career path comprises major early responsibilities, executive level interfaces, a dynamic environment and intellectual challenges. Success will mainly depend on your business results, strong leadership, strategic thinking and solutions, creativity and strong people development skill. Key Account ManagerResponsible for total business including volume and sales fundamentals like distribution, shelving, pricing and merchandising at a defined geographic territory or customer.Unit ManagerManage sales volume of a larger geography or customer and leading a team of people.Market/District ManagerResponsible for either a larger territory or bigger customer business with greater organizational complexity by leading both UM and their people to achieve breakthrough business results. Associate DirectorResponsible for a multi-functional CBD organization of a larger territory or global retailer team or small sized country business.DirectorResponsible for a larger-scale and multi-functional CBD organization for a channel or amedium-sized country.In CBD you also have the opportunity to work in our Market Strategy & Planning Department (Internal Broadening Assignment), which is the critical link between CBD Field and BrandManagement developing the right initiatives, customer marketing concepts and activities for our brands.It is important to note that location flexibility may be required in CBD mainland China9、法律部LegalVision:Provide superior quality, timely and proactive legal services and results by using our thorough understanding of the Company's needs and our legal expertise in an atmosphere of respect, trust and satisfaction. We are responsible, efficient, confident and creative in working with otherfunctions hand in hand and with outside organizations in a professional way.Your Initial Job AssignmentIn the Legal Department, you will assist in planning, conducting legal research, and providing legal advice. And you will also be responsible for the preparation of legal documents, compliance with contract terms, and be involved in handling relevant legal issues, corporate projects and lawsuits. ∙Function Introduction∙Success Stories∙Intership Program∙10、对外关系部External RelationsVision: Create P&G business advantage through External RelationsMission: Cultivate superior influencer relationships to build and protect the business andreputation of P&G and its brands.This mission is carried out through excellence in five core disciplines: Brand PR, Regulatory and Technical and Relations, Government relations, Corporate Reputation and Consumer Relations.Professional career development opportunitiesYour Initial Job AssignmentExternal RelationsExternal Relations encompasses work in: Government Relations, including managing P&G’sinteractions with government locally, with the central government and international governments;Technical External Relations, includes the development of regulatory strategies, securing product approvals, ensuring regulatory compliance, issue and crisis management and brand technical support; Brand Public Relations includes planning and managing brand public relations programs, such as contacts and relationships with news media and key stakeholders and large scale integrated marketing PR programs and annual retaining PR programs; CorporateCommunications and Corporate Social Responsibility includes developing and deploying corporate public relations strategies, policies, and procedures and corporate communications programs to build P&G image and reputation; Technical Marketing includes building andleveraging relationships with external experts and professional organizations to build credibility for P&G research and our brands and development of communications to educate consumers about our brands.11、市场部marketingHave you ever imagined managing an international leading brand? Are you prepared to take challenges and make your work creative and exciting?MissionP&G Marketing is a global community of the world’s best Brand Builders and Business Leaders.We are dedicated to growing Brand and Category share leadership, and to empower oursucceeding generations to do the same. In short, we are passionate about building Brands that last forever. Join the winning team of P&G Marketing! The job is frequently glamorous and highly strategic.This is the place where global leading brands are being built and promoted, and this is where you will undergo the transformation from a fresh graduate to global leader.Marketing Core Skills∙General Business Leadership – create and deliver winning business strategies based on superior understanding of the consumer, customer and competitive environment.∙Marketing Functional Mastery – Create consumer / shopper / influencer-inspired marketing strategies, and develop / execute superior, efficient marketing plans.Organizational Leadership / Leveraging – Collaborate with, influence and lead direct reports, teams /peers, and the broader organization to deliver business and marketingobjectives.Professional career development opportunities in MKTAssistant Brand ManagerDevelops skills in brand strategy and marketing plan development, advertising, Public Relations, consumer bonding, direct marketing and project management.Brand ManagerTakes the full responsibility for volume and profit of a brand, and leads a brand group to develop and deploy the brand strategy and plans in all aspects.Associate Marketing Director / Marketing DirectorTakes tremendous responsibilities in one or more categories.Our Marketers will also find career choices that focus on Marketing Expertise – e.g. advertising development, media, corporate marketing, knowledge creation & integration etc. Eventually your superior leadership and great achievement can take you to broader responsibilities as a General Manager and you can be in charge of the organization to manage national or even global P&G businesses!。

英语作文-康复护理服务市场逐年扩大，助推养老事业繁荣兴盛The expanding market for rehabilitation nursing services is playing a pivotal role in driving the prosperity of the elderly care industry. As societies worldwide confront the challenges posed by aging populations, the demand for high-quality care and support for seniors has surged. In response to this growing need, the rehabilitation nursing services sector has witnessed remarkable growth, contributing significantly to the flourishing landscape of elderly care.One of the primary drivers behind the expansion of the rehabilitation nursing services market is the increasing prevalence of age-related health conditions and disabilities. With advancements in healthcare and improvements in overall life expectancy, the population of elderly individuals requiring specialized care and rehabilitation services has expanded significantly. This demographic shift has fueled the demand for comprehensive rehabilitation nursing services tailored to the unique needs of older adults.Moreover, societal trends, including changing family structures and evolving lifestyle patterns, have further accentuated the reliance on professional rehabilitation nursing services. As traditional family support systems undergo transformation due to factors such as urbanization and globalization, there is a growing need for external support networks to provide holistic care to the elderly. Rehabilitation nursing services have emerged as a vital component of this support ecosystem, offering personalized care plans and therapeutic interventions to enhance the quality of life for seniors.The expansion of the rehabilitation nursing services market is also fueled by advancements in medical technology and healthcare practices. Innovations in rehabilitation techniques, assistive devices, and therapeutic modalities have revolutionized the way elderly individuals recover from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and regain functional independence. As a result, there is a growing demandfor skilled rehabilitation nurses who can leverage these technological advancements to deliver evidence-based care and achieve optimal patient outcomes.Furthermore, government initiatives and policy reforms aimed at promoting elderly care and enhancing healthcare access have further bolstered the growth of the rehabilitation nursing services market. Recognizing the importance of ensuring dignified and quality care for senior citizens, many governments have implemented measures to support the development of rehabilitation infrastructure, expand healthcare coverage, and incentivize investments in geriatric care services. These initiatives have created a conducive environment for the expansion of the rehabilitation nursing services market, enabling providers to meet the evolving needs of an aging population.In conclusion, the expanding market for rehabilitation nursing services is playing a vital role in driving the prosperity of the elderly care industry. Fueled by demographic trends, technological advancements, and supportive government policies, the rehabilitation nursing services sector continues to grow and evolve to meet the diverse needs of older adults. By providing specialized care, promoting functional independence, and enhancing overall well-being, rehabilitation nursing services contribute significantly to the flourishing landscape of elderly care, ensuring that seniors can age with dignity and quality of life.。

职位英文缩写GM（General Manager）总经理VP（Vice President）副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁AVP（Assistant Vice President）副总裁助理------------------------------------------------------------------CEO（Chief Executive Officer）首席执行官COO（Chief Operations Officer）首席运营官CFO（Chief Financial Officer）首席财务官CTO（Chief Technology Officer）首席技术官------------------------------------------------------------------HRD（Human Resource Director）人力资源总监OD（Operations Director）运营总监MD（Marketing Director）市场总监OM（Operations Manager）运作经理PM（Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份）BM（Branch Manager）部门经理DM（District Manager）区域经理RM（Regional Manager）区域经理＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝President 总裁Vice-President 副总裁Assistant VP 副总裁助理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监General Manager 总经理Branch Manager 部门经理Product Manager 产品经理Project Manager 项目经理Regional Manager 区域经理Production Manager 生产经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员Computer Operator 电脑操作员Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Computer Technician 电脑技术员MIS Manager 管理信息系统部经理Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Operations Analyst 操作分析Director of Information Services 信息服务主管LAN Administrator 局域网管理员Systems Analyst 系统分析Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理Systems Engineer 系统工程师Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Systems Programmer 系统程序员VP Sales 销售副总裁VP Marketing 市场副总裁Senior Account Manager 高级客户经理Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketer 电话销售员Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Regional Account Manager 地区客户经理Salesperson 销售员Sales Representative 销售代表Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Manager 销售经理Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Sales Assistant 销售助理Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Retail Buyer 零售采购员Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturer’s Representative 厂家代表Purchasing Agent 采购代理Assistant Account Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Manager 广告经理Marketing Intern 市场实习Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Marketing Director 市场总监Advertising Assistant 广告助理Account Manager 客户经理Account Representative 客户代表Accounting Payable Clerk 应付帐款文员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Manager 会计经理Accounts Receivable Clerk 应收帐款文员Accounting Clerk 会计文员Certified Public Accountant 注册会计师Senior Accountant 高级会计Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官Audit Manager 审计经理Collections Officer 收款负责人Actuarial Analyst 保险分析员Auditor 审计师Junior Accountant 初级会计Loan Administrator 贷款管理员Management Accountant 管理会计Billing Clerk 票据文员Billing Supervisor 票据管理员Bookkeeper 档案管理Staff Auditor 审计员Bookkeeping Clerk 档案管理助理Budget Analyst 预算分析Tax Accountant 税务会计Credit Analyst 信用分析Credit Manager 信用管理经理Vice-President of Administration and Finance 财务行政副总裁Financial Analyst 财务分析Vice-President of Finance 财务副总裁Financial Consultant 财务顾问Financial Manager 财务经理Financial Planner 财务计划员VP HR 人力资源副总裁Assistant VP HR 人力资源副总裁助理HR Director 人力资源总监Compensation &Benefit Manager 薪酬福利经理Staffing Manager 招聘经理Training Manager 培训经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Payroller 工资专员Training Coordinator 培训协调员Training Specialist 培训专员HR Supervisor (Training) 培训主管Vice-President of Administration 行政副总裁Administrative Director 行政总监Office Manager 办公室经理File Clerk 档案管理员Administration Assistant 行政助理Receptionist 接待员General Office Clerk 办公室文员Secretary 秘书Order Entry Clerk 订单输入文员Operator 接线员Typist 打字员visiting professor 客座教授＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝Ministry of Labour 劳工部(美作epartment of Labor)labour market 劳工市场, 劳务市场Labour exchange, Employment exchange 职业介绍所(美作:Employment Bureau)labour management 职业介绍经纪人full employment 整日制工作to be paid by the hour 按小时付酬seasonal work 季节工作piecework work 计件工作timework work 计时工作teamwork work 联合工作shift work 换班工作assembly line work 组装线工作(美作:serial production)workshop 车间handicrafts, crafts 手艺, 技艺trade, craft 行当profession, occupation 职务employment, job 工作situation, post 位置job 一件工作vacancy 空缺, 空额work permit 工作许可证to apply for a job 求职, 找工作application(for a job) 求职to engage, to employ 雇用work contract 劳务合同industrial accident 劳动事故occupational disease 职业病vocational guidance 职业指导vocational training 职业训练retraining, reorientation, rehabilitation 再训练, 再培训holidays, holiday, vacation 假期receptionist 接待员typist 打字员key puncher 电脑操作员stenographer 速记员telephone operator 电话接线员programmer 电脑程序员system analyst 系统分析员shorthand typist 速记打字员office girl 女记事员public servants 公务员national public servant 国家公务员local public service employee 地方公务员nation railroad man 国营铁路职员tracer 绘图员illustrator 汇稿员saleswoman 女店员pilot 驾驶员simultaneous 同时译员publisher 出版人员graphic designer 美术设计员delivery boy 送报员secretary 秘书policeman 警察journalist 记者editor 编辑interpreter 通译者director 导演talent 星探actor 男演员actress 女演员photographer 摄影师scholar 学者translator 翻译家novelist 小说家playwright 剧作家linguist 语言学家botanist 植物学家economist 经济学家chemist 化学家scientist 科学家philosopher 哲学家politician 政治学家physicist 物理学家astropologist 人类学家archaeologist 考古学家geologist 地质学家expert on folklore 民俗学家mathematician 数学家biologist 生物学家zoologist 动物学家statistician 统计学家physiologist 生理学家futurologist 未来学家artists 艺术家musician 音乐家composer 作曲家singer 歌唱家designer 设计家sculptor 雕刻家designer 服装设计师fashion coordinator 时装调配师dressmaker 女装裁剪师cutter 裁剪师sewer 裁缝师tailor 西装师傅beautician 美容师model 模特ballerina 芭蕾舞星detective 刑警chief of police 警察局长taxi driver 出租车司机clerk 店员mailman 邮差newspaper boy 报童bootblack 擦鞋童poet 诗人copywriter 撰稿人producer 制片人newscaster 新闻评论人milkman 送奶人merchant 商人florist 卖花人baker 面包师greengrocer 菜贩fish-monger 鱼贩butcher 肉贩shoe-maker 鞋匠saleswoman 女店员stewardess 空中小姐conductor 车掌station agent 站长porter 行李夫car mechanic 汽车修理师architect 建筑师civil planner 城市设计师civil engineer 土木技师druggist, chemist, pharmacist 药剂师oil supplier 加油工(public) health nurse 保健护士dentist 牙科医生supervisor 监工forman 工头doctor 医生nurse 护士。

中国银发经济的发展趋势英语作文全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Yo, dudes and dudettes! Today I wanna talk about the trend of China's silver-haired economy, which is all about the peeps who are older and wiser, if you know what I mean. So, let's dive right in!First off, what exactly is the silver-haired economy? Well, it's all about how older peeps are becoming a major force in China's economy. As people get older, they tend to have more money to spend and they often have different needs and wants than younger folks. That means there are tons of cool opportunities for businesses to cater to this groovy group of peeps.One major trend in the silver-haired economy is the rise of products and services tailored specifically to older peeps. From retirement communities to health and wellness products, businesses are coming up with all sorts of rad stuff to meet the needs of the older crowd. And let me tell you, the demand for these products and services is only gonna keep growing as China's population continues to age.Another mega trend in the silver-haired economy is the rise of technology for older peeps. Yep, you heard me right! From smartphone apps that help seniors stay connected with their peeps to wearable devices that track their health, technology is playing a major role in helping older peeps live their best lives. And with more and more older peeps getting tech-savvy, the possibilities are totally endless!But hey, it's not just about businesses making money off older peeps. The silver-haired economy is also changing the way we think about aging in China. Instead of seeing older peeps as a burden, peeps are starting to recognize the valuable contributions they can make to society. Older peeps have a ton of knowledge and experience to share, and they deserve just as much respect and support as people of any other age.So there you have it, peeps! The silver-haired economy is totally where it's at in China, and it's only gonna get bigger and better from here on out. So let's give some love to our older peeps and help them keep on shining bright like the stars they are. Peace out!篇2Hello everyone, today I want to talk about the development trend of China's silver hair economy.The silver hair economy refers to the economic activities related to elderly people. As more and more Chinese people enter old age, the silver hair economy has become an important part of the country’s overall economic development.One major trend in the development of the silver hair economy is the increasing demand for healthcare and long-term care services for the elderly. As people age, they often require more medical attention and assistance with daily activities. This has created a growing market for nursing homes, home care services, and medical equipment tailored to the needs of elderly individuals.Another important trend is the rising importance of technology in the silver hair economy. With the advancement of technology, there are now more innovative solutions to help elderly people live independently and comfortably. For example, there are smart devices that can monitor a person’s health and alert caregivers in case of an emergency.Additionally, the growing number of elderly people in China has also led to increased opportunities for businesses catering to their needs. This includes products and services specificallydesigned for senior citizens, such as specialized clothing, travel packages, and leisure activities.In conclusion, the silver hair economy in China is expected to continue growing in the coming years, driven by factors such as the aging population, technological advancements, and increased demand for elderly care services. It is important for businesses and policymakers to recognize the potential of this market and take steps to support its development.Thank you for listening!篇3Oh my god, writing more than 2000 words is like, so totally crazy! But okay, here goes nothing!So, like, China's silver economy is like, totally booming right now! It's all about how older people are, like, living longer and being more active and stuff. And that means there's, like, a huge market for products and services aimed at them, you know?Like, there are all these cool technologies that are being developed to help older people, like, stay healthy and independent. There are, like, smart home devices that can, like, monitor their health and remind them to take their meds andstuff. And, like, there are also all these awesome apps that can, like, connect them with doctors and caregivers and things.And, like, there are also all these cool services that are being offered to older people, like, senior-friendly transportation and meal delivery and, like, home care services. And, like, there are also all these cool social activities that are, like, being organized for older people, you know?So, it's like, super exciting to see how the silver economy in China is, like, growing and evolving. And, like, I think it's gonna keep on, like, getting bigger and better in the future. So, like, yay for the silver economy in China!篇4Title: The Trend of China's Silver Economy DevelopmentHello everyone! Today I want to talk about the development trend of China's silver economy. The silver economy refers to the economic activities related to the elderly population. As we all know, China has a large population of elderly people, and their needs and consumption habits are becoming more and more important in the economy.First of all, the silver economy in China is growing rapidly. With the aging population, more and more products and services are being designed for the elderly. From healthcare products to leisure activities, there is a wide range of options for the elderly to choose from. This trend is expected to continue in the future as the population continues to age.Secondly, the market for silver economy products and services is expanding. As the elderly become more affluent and active, they are willing to spend more money on products and services that cater to their needs. This has created a growing market for businesses that are targeting the elderly population. Companies are developing innovative products and services to meet the needs of this expanding market.Lastly, the government is also paying more attention to the silver economy. Policies and regulations are being put in place to support the development of the silver economy. This includes tax incentives for businesses that target the elderly population, as well as funding for research and development of products and services for the elderly.In conclusion, the silver economy in China is on the rise. With the growing elderly population and increasing demand for products and services tailored to their needs, the future of thesilver economy looks bright. It is important for businesses and the government to continue to support and invest in this growing sector of the economy. Let's look forward to a more prosperous silver economy in China! Thank you for listening!篇5I'm going to tell you about the development trend of China's silver economy in a very simple and casual way!Hey guys, have you ever heard of the silver economy? It's all about how older people contribute to the economy. Like when grandma and grandpa buy stuff or go on trips, they are helping the economy grow!In China, more and more people are getting older because of better healthcare and living conditions. This means there are lots of older folks who still have energy and money to spend. So companies are starting to focus on making products and services for them.For example, there are more retirement communities, healthcare services, and travel packages designed for older people. This is really cool because it shows that everyone, no matter how old, is important to the economy.As the silver economy grows, there will be more jobs for people to take care of older folks and more businesses catering to their needs. It's a win-win situation!In conclusion, the silver economy in China is on the rise and it's going to bring lots of opportunities for everyone. So let's remember to respect and take care of our older generation because they are the real MVPs of the economy!篇6Chinese silver hair economy is growing fast now. Silver hair economy means the economic activities related to elderly people. In China, with the aging population, the silver hair economy is becoming more and more important.Firstly, the development of the silver hair economy in China is supported by the government. The Chinese government has put a lot of effort in promoting the silver hair economy, such as encouraging the development of elderly care services, health care products for elderly people, and tourism services for senior citizens. As a result, many companies are investing in the silver hair economy, and more and more products and services are available for elderly people.Secondly, the demand for products and services for elderly people is increasing in China. With the improvement of living standards, more and more elderly people are looking forhigh-quality products and services to improve their life quality. For example, many elderly people are now willing to spend money on health care products, entertainment activities, and travel experiences. Therefore, the market for silver hair economy is expanding rapidly.Thirdly, the silver hair economy is becoming more diverse in China. Not only the traditional industries like elderly care services and health care products are growing, but also new industries related to elderly people are emerging. For example, virtual reality games for senior citizens, smart home devices for elderly care, and online shopping platforms for elderly people are all new trends in the silver hair economy.In conclusion, the development of the silver hair economy in China is promising. With the government's support, the increasing demand from elderly people, and the diversification of industries, the silver hair economy has a bright future in China. We believe that the silver hair economy will continue to grow and bring more opportunities for businesses and elderly people in China.篇7China's Silver Hair Economy Development TrendsHi everyone, today I want to talk to you about the development trends of China's silver hair economy. Do you know what the silver hair economy is? It's all about the older people in our country and how they are becoming more important in the economy.First of all, the number of older people in China is growing. With advancements in medicine and healthcare, people are living longer than ever before. This means there are more older people who need goods and services tailored to their needs. Companies are starting to realize this and are creating products specifically for the elderly.Secondly, older people have a lot of money to spend. They have worked hard their whole lives and have saved up a good amount of money for their retirement. This means they have the spending power to support businesses that cater to them. From healthcare to travel to entertainment, there are many opportunities for businesses to tap into this market.Thirdly, older people are becoming more active andtech-savvy. They are not just sitting at home watching TV all day.Many older people are staying active by going to the gym, taking up hobbies, and even starting their own businesses. They are also using technology like smartphones and social media to stay connected with their friends and family.In conclusion, the silver hair economy in China is growing and there are many opportunities for businesses to tap into this market. As younger students like us grow up, we need to remember that the older generation is an important part of the economy too. Let's support them and help them live their best lives in their golden years. Thank you!篇8Oh, hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the development trend of China's silver hair economy. The silver hair economy is all about older people and how they are contributing to the economy. Let's find out more about it!First of all, did you know that China has a lot of older people? Yeah, it's true! As people get older, they need more products and services tailored to their needs. This creates a big opportunity for businesses to come up with new ideas and products to cater to this group of people. For example, senior-friendly smartphones, healthcare services, and leisure activities are all in high demand.Another important thing to consider is that China's population is aging quickly. This means that in the future, there will be more older people than young people. This will have a big impact on the economy and society as a whole. Businesses will need to adapt to the needs of older consumers, and the government will need to provide more support and services for the elderly.In addition, older people in China are becoming more active and are looking for ways to stay healthy and engaged. This has created a booming market for products and services related to health, wellness, and leisure. From fitness classes to travel packages, there are plenty of opportunities for businesses to tap into this growing market.Overall, the silver hair economy in China is set to grow rapidly in the coming years. It presents a unique opportunity for businesses to innovate and cater to the needs of older consumers. By embracing the silver hair economy, China can create a more inclusive and prosperous society for people of all ages. Let's look forward to seeing how this trend unfolds in the future!篇9Title: The Trend of China's Silver Hair Economy DevelopmentHi everyone! Today, I want to talk to you about the development trend of China's silver hair economy. The silver hair economy refers to the economic activities and opportunities related to the elderly population. As we all know, China has a large population of seniors and this has led to the emergence of a new market and business opportunities.Firstly, let's talk about the rising demand for products and services catering to the elderly. With the increasing number of seniors in China, there is a growing demand for products and services tailored to their needs. This includes healthcare products, retirement communities, leisure activities, and so on. Companies are starting to pay more attention to this market segment and are coming up with innovative solutions to cater to the needs of the elderly.Secondly, the silver hair economy is creating new job opportunities. As the demand for products and services for seniors grows, so does the need for workers to provide these goods and services. This includes healthcare professionals, caregivers, leisure coordinators, and more. This is good news for young people entering the workforce, as they will have more job opportunities in this growing industry.Lastly, the silver hair economy is also driving innovation in technology. With the rise of the elderly population, there is a need for technologies that can help seniors live independently and comfortably. This includes smart home devices, healthcare apps, wearable technology, and more. Companies are investing in research and development to come up with new solutions to improve the quality of life for seniors.In conclusion, the silver hair economy in China is on the rise and presents a lot of opportunities for businesses, job seekers, and innovators. It is important for us to pay attention to this trend and think about how we can contribute to the development of this sector. Let's embrace the silver hair economy and work together to create a better future for our elders. Thank you for listening!篇10Title: The Development Trend of China's Silver EconomyHey guys! Today, let's talk about the development trend of China's silver economy. What is the silver economy, you ask? Well, it's all about the businesses and services that cater to older people, like elderly care, healthcare, leisure activities, and more.With the aging population in China, this silver economy is becoming more and more important.First of all, with more and more elderly people in China, there will be a big demand for products and services that cater to them. This means more jobs and opportunities in the silver economy. Companies will need to come up with innovative solutions to help older people live a better and more comfortable life.Secondly, the silver economy will also bring about changes in the way we think about aging. Instead of seeing older people as a burden, we will start to see them as valuable members of society who have a lot to offer. This will lead to more respect and support for the elderly in China.Moreover, with advances in technology, there will be new opportunities to improve the lives of older people. From smart homes that can help seniors live independently to virtual reality programs that can keep them active and engaged, technology will play a big role in the development of the silver economy.In conclusion, the silver economy in China is set to grow and become a more important part of our society. It's not just about taking care of older people, but also about recognizing their value and creating a more inclusive and supportive society for allages. Let's embrace the silver economy and work together to make China a better place for everyone!。

英文简历高级市场经理PERSONAL DATA:Name: Anthony LiuDate of Birth: July 1, 1964Sex: MaleLanguages: English, Mandarin and ShanghaineseTraining:? McDonald’s Worldwide Hamburger Marketing University Class XXIX at McDonald’s Global at Oak Brook, Chicago,U.S.A---Marketing StrategicPlanning Training Session? 1-Month Working & Training Experience at Reebok China HQ in Hong Kong? 2-Month Working & Training Experience at Lion Nathan Global in Sydney, Australia? 2-Month Working & Training Experience at Perfetti Global in Milan, Italy? Research Training from Gallup in China? Advertising & Media Planning Training from O & M and Mind Share in China? Presentation Skills Training in China? International Trade & Finance Training in China .E-mail:Mobile: ************EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:1986-1990: Department of Sociology, Peking UniversityBachelor of Law in SociologyPROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:xx- Present: Senior Marketing Manager, McDonald’s( China ) Co., Ltd.Position PurposeLeads the process of developing of themarketing/business plan that profitably builds sales, transactions, and market sha re for McDonald’s brand. Leads additional areas of responsibility with impact outside of discipline. Key customers include Top Management,Division/Home Office Staff, Agencies, Key Suppliers, Staff and Restaurant ManagementPrincipal Aountabilities1 Leadership? Maintains and strengthens the McDonald’s brand position in the market as of responsibility? Actively participates with Agencies, and Top Management in establishing and municating business goals ? Leads the strategic and tactical development, execution, evaluation and continuous improvement of all national / local, promotion and public relations activity to achieve annual business goals? Identifies and utilizes available resources outside of the market to aid in the development and execution of the business/marketing plan2 Process Management? Maintains and strengthens the McDonald’s brand position in the market and other areas of responsibility ? Leads the process for development, execution and evaluation of media plans? Leads the process for development and execution of local creative ( TV, radio, outdoor, print, and restaurant merchandising, etc. ) in aordance with national creative standards? Leads the process for development and execution of ethnic and other key targeted marketing plans in order to reach important customer segments? Leads the process for developing relationships with strategic business partners ( outside suppliers, RMHC, Distribution Center, etc. )? Leads the process for managing media relations and crisis management? Serves as the Department Head for the administration of the Marketing Department ( Staff responsibilities,cross-functional teams, budget management, etc. ) ? Leads the process to promote local store marketing as a resources? Ensures the proper use of the McDonald’s trademarks, logo, producer’s licenses, and make sure all advertising materials have legal and creative approval3 People? Selects, develops and coaches marketing staff to create and effective Marketing team and develop them for future opportunities within the system? Builds strong relationships and fosters teamwork among Agencies, Suppliers and Staff to achieve maximum performance4 Analysis? Gathers, analyzes, and provides aurate, relevant, and timely information so that agencies make the best remendations? Interprets and evaluates information related to sales, P & L, promotional evaluation, petition, general economic trends, and qualitative/quantitative research? Offers advise and counsel to ensure that panyfinancial resources are used effectivelyxx-xx: Marketing Manager, Reebok International Trading ( Shanghai ) Co., Ltd., Swire Resources GroupJob Summary & Objectives? Supervise a sales team to deliver the budgeted sales turnover and gross profit , for Reebok and Non-Reebok’s Business in Eastern China.? To be responsible for entire marketing & operation of pany’s brands with pany’s business objectives and marketing strategiesMain Duties1. Sales & Distribution? Formulate, implement and evaluate sales plan to achieve sales and gross profit targets? Ensure optimum distribution coverage to aomplish both sales and brands objectives? Maintain close working relationship with all aounts, especially key aounts to gain maximum supports for merchandise mix, product clearance and payment? Monitor and control consistent pricing in the market2. Marketing Planning & Management? Develop, execute and monitor marketing plans in terms of product mix, pricing, distribution and promotion in aordance with division’s objectives and strategies ? Provide clear briefs to A&P Team to develop effective A&P programs to deliver planned results? Analyze petitors’ merchandising strategies and performance, market trends, latest technology development, and other related information and remend appropriate actions when necessary? Organize regular trade presentations to retailer to strengthen brand image and trade and product knowledge3. Staff development? Recruiting, training and motivating sales team and marketing team to ensure highest standards of customer service with the Human Resources Department? Develop effective market intelligence collection system and performance benchmark to enhance sales team’s productivity2000-xx: Brand Manager-Rheineck; Category Marketing Manager-Mainstream; Category Marketing Manager- Premium, Lion Nathan China? Develop the long-term brand strategy for the China market? Formulate and supervise the implementation of the marketing action plan to achieve the marketing objectives ? To work as the leader of the New Product Development Project, and push the whole process running efficiently & achieving the objectives suessfully? Monitor A&P budget of brand marketing activities? To manage the whole team, and ensure the best teamwork and team members’ professional development 1998-2000: Brand Manager of Alpenliebe, Perfetti Confectionery Co., Ltd ShanghaiYearly planning of all the activities of the brand together with the Marketing Director, continuous sales monitoring of all the items in the different areas;checking the market in the various provinces and keeping under control all the petitors activities ? Sales promotion & PR activities: planning, organizing and monitoring the sales promotion & PR activities, together with the local agencies and the sales managers. Planning the cities involved in the program and the time of campaigns; organizing all the materials required to execute the promotion activities in the best way; monitoring the executions together with the sales department and the sales promotion agencies; report to the Marketing Director about the results? Advertising: proposing and planning the campaigns together with the Marketing Director; planning and monitoring together with the media department the execution of the advertising campaign. Managing new TVC development. Following the execution of the campaigns with all the media used. Report to the Marketing Director about the results. Execution of consumer researches when required to ensure the mercials the best results? Packaging: together with the packaging development manager developing of new packaging proposals aording with the plans agreed with the marketing Director? POS materials: developing of all the tools necessary to ensure the best performance of the product on thedifferent kinds of point of sales in which the brand is solid? Product development: together with the R & D department following the steps of new products development. Conducing when required products test, consumers surveys, panel monitoring in order to achieve the best results for the new and the existing products? Trade Marketing: proposing and planning the annual trade marketing activities with the sales managers; monitoring the executions together with the sales department; report to the Marketing Director and National Sales General Manager about the results? Responsible for the results of the assistant brand manager’s work and of her professional growth and achievements1995-1998: Marketing Supervisor, Shanghai KFC Co, Ltd? Planned and implemented product development, kids promotion campaigns, and some PR events? Planned and implemented marketing research programs, worked closely with Gallup onsome important worldwide research projects? Worked closely with O&M to initiate advertising campaigns, arranged media plans and prepared literatures ? Joined the formulation of A&P? Coordinated American Independence Day events1990-1995: Teaching assistant, Shanghai University of Science and Technology? Taught the course of International Marketing。

最全面的外企医药代表薪资待遇辉瑞：普代3000，高代4000，交通1800，电话350，住房补贴工资的18%，奖金10000中美史克：普代底薪；2800元，交通1000元，电话800元，年终补贴8000元，季度奖9000元，住房公积金600元/月，出差住宿350元/天，餐补100元/天，宴请费2500元/月，礼品费1000元/月。

诺和诺德：底薪3000-4500,电话1000,交通1000,差500/天,季奖12000,出差星级宾馆,每年带薪国外休假.诺华：普代3000，高代4300，交通500，电话200，一类城市，另一年有7000福利，其他福利很差，奖金少．诺华的底薪是2400，600车补，100话补。

罗氏：普代2600-3200，高代３８００－４５００，交通１０００，电话３００，奖金高．礼来：普代3800-4000，高代5000，交通900，电话３５０交通900，电话350，奖金很高赛诺飞万安特：底薪4000，600车补，100话补，奖金每月15000(要完成任务),其他的福利也特别的好赛诺菲：普代试用期三个月,底薪4000,补助1100,奖金完成任务有得发! 高代5500 客户主任6500德国勃林格：底薪5000 补助2000 餐补1000 奖金一个月5000-8000。

阿斯利康：工资3000-3500电话300交通300，奖金6000/季。

高4500-5500，交通900，电话500季奖8500-9000施贵宝：工资3500，电话300交通600，奖金8000-12000/季度ＧＳＫ：普代3000-3500，高代4000-4500，交通1000，电话500，奖金18000/四个月杨森皮肤组：工资2000-2500，电话300交通300，奖金不知道香港澳美：底薪800元；车费报销；房补150-200元；开发费根医院规模定1000-3000元；提成2%博福益普生：底薪3000+补助800左右费森尤斯·卡比:底薪3000左右,补助600-800,出差补助一天200多步长：底薪5000,电话1200,交通800,差补450/天,季奖20000,出差必须最高宾馆,每年带薪国外休假.欧加农妇科组：4000-5000补助每天110/住宿150 奖金很有诱惑力韩美：底薪3千多第一制药：普代3500,车补900,每天补40,电话480,出差每天90,出租,车费全包,其他500.每月5500-6000的保底,加班费可观,一天600,奖金如果拿到,月可20000,大城市就更不得了.瑞士雪兰诺：基本工资3500左右，奖金每季度12000左右，不同区域，待遇不同！北京萌蒂：普代5000/月+提成+各种福利？法国施维雅底薪3200，车补600，话补200，食补80，200多提成，加班一天２５０,每月有6000的奖金．我认识几位外企的医药代表朋友，对他们的企业和待遇有一点简单的认识，下面写出来希望对去外企的朋友有参考的价值，不对的还请各位指正。

艺术总监【CAO 】 首席品牌官【CBO 】 首席文化官【CCO I 开发总监【CDO 】 首席执行官【CEOI 首席财务官【CFO I 人事总监【CHO 】 首席信息官【CIO 】 首席知识官【CKOI 首席市场官【CMO 】 首席谈判官【CNO 】 首席营运官【COO 】 公关总监【CPO 】 质量总监【CQO 】 销售总监【CSO 首席技术官【CTO I 评估总监【CVO 】公司高层职位的英文缩写CEO : Chief Executive Officer 首席执仃官CFO : Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官C00 : Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官 CTO : Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官 CIO : Chief In formation Officer 首席信息官 CRO : Chief Risk Officer 首席风险官chief Artistic officerchief brand officerChief Cultural Officer chief Developme nt officerChief Executive officerChief finance officerChief Huma n resource officerchief in formati on officerchief kno wledge officerchief Marketi ng officerchief Negotiati on officerchief Operati on officerchief Public relati on officerchief Quality officerchief Sales officer chief Tech no logy officer chief Valuati on officer GM : General Manager 总经理 VP ： Vice Preside nt 副总裁 FVP ( First Vice Preside nt )第一副总裁 AVP ： Assista nt Vice Preside nt 副总裁助理HRD ： Human Resource Director 人力资源总监OD ： Operations Director 运营总监MD : Marketing Director 市场总监OM : Operations Manager 运作经理PM : Production Manager 生产经理、Product Manager 产品经理、Project Manager 项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份)BM ( Branch Manager )部门经理DM ( District Manager )区域经理RM ( Regional Manager )区域经理广告公司职位英文对照：AAD 〔 Associated Account Director 〕 --- 副客户总监AAD 〔 Associated Art Director 〕 -- 副美术指导ACD 〔 Associated Creative Director ] --- 副创作总监AD 〔 Account Director 〕 --- 客户服务总监、业务指导AD 〔 Art Director 〕一一美术指导（在创作部可以独挡一面执行美术指导工作的美术监督） AE 〔 Account Executive 〕一一客户执行、客户服务、客户主任；预算执行者，负责广告代理 商和广告主之间的一切有关业务，观念，预算，广告表现之联系AM 〔 Account Manager 〕 ---- 客户经理AP 〔 Account Planne 门——客户企划（分策略企划和业务企划两种）ASM 〔 Area Sale Man aged ---- 大区销售经理CD〔Creative Director〕- 创作总监、创意总监、创意指导（CD的前身，不是撰稿人便美术设计，因为积累了丰富的经验，并有优异的创作成绩而成为督导）CGH [ Creative Group Head〕---- 创意组长〔Computer Visualizer〕----- 计算机绘图员CW〔Copywriter〕-- 撰稿人DCS〔Director of Client Service〕-- 客户主管ECD〔Executive Creative Director〕--- 执行创意总监FA〔Finish Artist〕-- 完稿、画师〔Finish Artist Group Head〕----- 完稿组长GAD〔Group Account Director〕--- 客户群总监GCD〔Group Creative Director〕 --- 创意群总监GMD〔General Managing Director〕 -- 总经理MD〔Media Director〕--- 媒体指导、媒介部经理SAD〔Senior Art Director〕 -- 高级美术指导SCW〔Senior Copywriter ] --- 高级文案〔Copy Director〕----- 文案指导〔Media Supervisor〕--- 媒介主任、媒介总监〔Media Planner〕-- 媒介策划〔Planning Director〕 --- 企划指导〔Pla nning Supervisor ] --- 企戈U总监〔Print Production Manager〕--- 平面制作经理〔Production Manager〕--- 制作经理〔Research Supervisor] --- 调查总监〔Studio Manager〕 -- 画房经理、作业室经理〔Traffic Control Specialist （简称Traffic）〕- 制管人员[Traffic Coordinator〕--- 平面制作统筹〔TV Producer〕 -- 制片〔Visualizer〕-- 插图家、插画师、绘图员、视觉设计〔Visualizer Group Head〕--- 视觉设计组长〔Artist〕-- 正稿员Preside nt 总裁Vice-Preside nt 副总裁Assista nt VP副总裁助理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监General Manager 总经理Branch Manager 部门经理Product Manager 产品经理Project Manager 项目经理Regional Manager 区域经理Production Manager 生产经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员Computer Operator 电脑操作员Computer Operati ons Supervisor 电脑操作主管Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Computer Technician 电脑技术员MIS Manager管理信息系统部经理Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Operations Analyst 操作分析Director of In formatio n Services 信息服务主管LAN Administrator局域网管理员Systems An alyst 系统分析Man ager of Network Admi nistratio n 网络管理经理Systems Engineer系统工程师Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Systems Programmer 系统程序员VP Sales销售副总裁VP Marketing市场副总裁Senior Account Manager 高级客户经理Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketer电话销售员Regio nal Sales Man ager 地区销售经理Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Regional Account Manager 地区客户经理Salespers on 销售员Sales Represe ntative 销售代表Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Manager销售经理Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Sales Executive销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Sales Assista nt 销售助理Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Retail Buyer零售采购员Market Research Analyst市场调查分析员Manufacturer ' s Representative 厂家代表Purchasi ng Age nt 采购代理Assistant Account Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Manager 广告经理Marketi ng In tern 市场实习Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Marketi ng Director 市场总监Advertising Assistant 广告助理Account Manager 客户经理Account Representative 客户代表Accounting Payable Clerk 应付帐款文员Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Manager 会计经理Accou nts Receivable Clerk 应收帐款文员Accounting Clerk 会计文员Certified Public Accountant 注册会计师Senior Accountant 高级会计Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官Audit Manager审计经理Collections Officer 收款负责人Actuarial Analyst 保险分析员Auditor审计师Junior Accountant 初级会计Loan Administrator 贷款管理员Man ageme nt Acco untant 管理会计Billing Clerk票据文员Billing Supervisor 票据管理员Bookkeeper档案管理Staff Auditor 审计员Bookkeeping Clerk档案管理助理Budget Analyst 预算分析Tax Accountant 税务会计Credit Analyst 信用分析Credit Manager信用管理经理Vice-Preside nt of Adm ini stratio n and Finance 财务行政副总裁Financial Analyst 财务分析Vice-Preside nt of Finance 财务副总裁Financial Consultant 财务顾问Financial Manager 财务经理Financial Planner 财务计划员VP HR人力资源副总裁Assista nt VP HR人力资源副总裁助理HR Director人力资源总监Compe nsation & Ben efit Ma nager 薪酬福利经理Staffing Manager 招聘经理Training Manager 培训经理Benefits Coordinator员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Payroller工资专员Training Coordinator 培训协调员Trai ning Specialist 培训专员HR Supervisor (Trai nin g)培训主管Vice-Preside nt of Adm ini strati on 彳亍政副总裁Admi nistrative Director 行政总监Office Manager办公室经理File Clerk档案管理员Adm ini strati on Assista nt 行政助理Receptionist 接待员General Office Clerk 办公室文员Secretary 秘书Order Entry Clerk订单输入文员Operator接线员Typist打字员visiting professor 客座教授计算机/互联网/通讯Technology/Internet 首席技术执行官CTO/VP Engin eeri ng技术总监/经理Technical Director/Manager 信息技术经理IT Ma nager信息技术主管IT Supervisor信息技术专员IT Specialist项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目执行/协调人员Project Specialist / Coordinator 系统分析员System An alyst高级软件工程师Senior Software En gi neer软件工程师Software En gi neer 系统工程师System Engin eer 高级硬件工程师Senior Hardware En gi neer硬件工程师Hardware En gi neer 通信技术工程师Communi cati ons Engin eerERP 技术/ 应用顾问ERP Tech nical/Applicati on Con sulta nt 数据库工程师Database Engin eer 技术支持经理Tech ni cal Support Man ager技术支持工程师Tech ni cal Support Engin eer品质经理QA Ma nager信息安全工程师In formati on Security Engin eer软件测试工程师Software QA Engin eer 硬件测试工程师Hardware QA Engin eer 测试员Test Engineer网站营运经理/ 主管Web Operations Manager/Supervisor 网络工程师Network Engin eer系统管理员/ 网管System Manager/Webmaster 网页设计/制作Web Designer/Production 技术文员/助理Technical Clerk/Assistant 销售Sales 销售总监Sales Director 销售经理Sales Man ager 区域销售经理Regio nal Sales Man ager客户经理Sales Accou nt Man ager渠道/ 分销经理Cha nn el/Distribution Man ager市场/公关/广告 市场/广告总监 市场/营销经理 市场/营销主管 市场/营销专员 渠道主管 Channel Supervisor销售主管 Sales Supervisor销售代表 Sales Represe ntative / Executive 销售工程师 Sales Engin eer医药代表 Pharmaceutical Sales Represe ntative 保险代理 In sura nee Age nt 销售助理 Sales Assista nt / Trainee商务经理 Bus in ess Ma nager商务专员 /助理 Business Executive/Assistant销售行政经理 Sales Admi n. Man ager销售行政主管 Sales Admi n. Supervisor售前/售后技术服务经理Tech nical Service Man ager 售前/售后技术服务主管Tech nical Service Supervisor 售前/售后技术服务工程师 Tech nical Service Engin eer售后/客户服务（非技术）经理 售后/客户服务（非技术）主管 售后/客户服务（非技术）专员Customer Service Man agerCustomer Service Supervisor Customer Service Executive 经销商 DistributorMarketi ng/PR/Advertis ingMarketi ng/Advertis ing Director/VPMarket ing Man agerMarket ing SupervisorMarketi ng Executive/C ommuni cati on市场助理 Market ing Assista nt / Trainee 产品 /品牌经理 Product/Brand Manager 产品 / 品牌主管 Product/BrandSupervisor 市场通路经理 Trade Market ing Man ager 市场通路主管 Trade Market ing Supervisor 促销经理 Promoti ons Man ager促销主管 Promoti ons Supervisor 促销员 Promoti ons Specialist市场分析 /调研人员 Market Analyst/ Research Analyst 公关 / 会务经理 Public Relati ons Man ager 公关 / 会务主管 Public Relations Supervisor 公关 / 会务专员 Public Relatio ns Executive媒介经理 Media Man ager媒介人员 Media Specialist企业 / 业务发展经理 Bus in ess Developme nt Ma nager企业策划人员 Corporate Pla nning广告策划 /设计 /文案 Advertising Creative/Design/Copy writer 财务 / 审计 / 统计 /金融 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2008年，中国的男女比例是106：100。

看到一个很简单的说法，以后要学会用：In 2008, there were 106 males for every 100 females in China.（河的）交汇处confluence；（道路的）交汇处junction/intersection. Wuhan is a port city situated at the confluence of the Han and Y angtze River中国人经常说“××靠边站了”，对应的英语单词就是sideline. He has been sideline since he publicly offended his boss. 同样可以表达这个意思还有marginalize“全部加起来，中国少数民族人口占总人口的8%左右”，注意这里的“全部加起来”怎么说：Taken together, China's minority peoples account for about 8% of the total populationA和B无法区分：A is indistinguishable from B. eg: Some minority groups' physical appearance is indistinguishable from the Han.可以毫不夸张地说：It's no exaggeration to say that. 比如：It is no exaggeration to say that without China, the North Korean regime would not survive形容一个黑户（没有政府证明文件）过着胆战心惊勉强过活的日子，看到一个说法：live a precarious, paperless existence无意中发现joint有“廉价场所”的意思。