2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2011年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePart Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure （15%）Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.1. He’s color-blind and can’t ______ the difference between red and green easily.A. detectB. discoverC. distinguishD. determine【答案】C【解析】句意：他是色盲，难以辨出红色和绿色的区别。

distinguish区分，辨别，分清。

2. As many as 100 species of fish, some ______ to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.A. unusualB. particularC. typicalD. unique【解析】句意：多达100种鱼可能会受到污染的影响，而且有些鱼类是这些水域所特有的。

be unique to为惯用搭配，指“只有……才有的；对……独一无二的”。

其他选项也包含“特有的”意思，其区别在于：unusual指事物时表示某事极少发生，或极少被人耳闻目睹；particular指某事物存在专有特点，以此与其他事物相区别；typical侧重指“典型”，指某个群族中共有、而区别于其他群族。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解时间：180分钟Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center 1.The concept of vocational or professional identity differs______between the United Sates and Japan.A.clearB.markedlyC.outstandinglyD.greedily【答案】B【解析】句意：美国和日本在职业或专业身份的概念定义上存在明显差异。

markedly明显地；显著地。

clear清楚的；明显的。

outstanding杰出的；突出的。

greedily贪婪地；贪食地。

此处需要的是具有“明显，显著”含义的副词。

2.Now that her son was old enough to support the family,Mr.Williams decided to leave everything at his______.A.handB.advocacyC.tacklingD.disposal【答案】D【解析】句意：既然她的儿子已长大到足以支撑整个家庭，威廉姆斯先生决定将所有事都交给他来处理。

复旦大学博士入学英语试题Part IV ocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: Three are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰwith a single line through the center.1. Although it is only a small business, its _________ is surprisingly high.A. turn-upB. turn-overC. turn-aboutD. turn-out2. Unfortunately not all of us obtain our just _________ in this life.A. demandsB. gainsC. desertsD. wins3. That contract about which we had a disagreement last month, has now gone __________.A. throughB. downC. overD. around4. The _______ of two houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced to sell one.A. upsurgeB. upshotC. upturnD. upkeep5. _________ through the attic and see if you can find anything for the jumble sale.A. LeashB. RummageC. FlutterD. Scrape6. How about a glass of orange juice to________ your thirst.A. quashB. QuellC. QuenchD. quieten7. Because the children keep interrupting her whenever she reads a book, she is always ___________ her place.A. missingB. slippingC. botheringD. losing8. She was putting on her watch when the _________ broke and it fell to the ground.A. beltB. stringC. tieD. strap9. I washed this dress and the color_________.A. flowedB. escapedC. ranD. removed10. The recent economic crisis has brought about a _________ in world trade.A. sagB. tiltC. droopD. slump11. Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already _________ because of the damp.A. crumblingB. flakingC. disintegratingD. splintering12. The false banknotes fooled many people, but they did not _________ to close examination.A. put upB. keep upC. stand upD. look up13. They were making enough noise at the party to wake the ___________.A. deadB. livingC. lunaticD. crippled14. If you would like to send a donation, you can ________a cheque to the organization Feed the Children.A. make upB. make forC. make outD. make off15. The students visited the museum and spent several hours with the________, who was very helpful.A. curatorB. bursarC. commissionerD. steward16. The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was __________.A. absolvedB. acquittedC. pardonedD. executed17. Mary was extremely lucky: when her great-uncle died, she __________ a fortune.A. came byB. came overC. came intoD. came through18. The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the utmost __________.A. decayB. contaminationC. squalorD. confinement19. Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but _________ slightly in the afternoon.A. recoveredB. recuperatedC. retrievedD. regained20. He tries to __________ himself with everyone by paying them compliments.A. pleaseB. ingratiateC. placateD. remunerate21. I was afraid to open the door lest the beggar _________ me.A. followedB. were to followC. followD. would follow22. By the end of the day the flood water which had covered most of the town had __________.A. reversedB. retiredC. returnedD. receded23. Educational policies made _________ the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.A. inB. onC. byD. along24. It was obvious that he had been drinking far too much from the way he came_________ down the street.A. toddlingB. hobblingC. lopingD. staggering25. He was a generous friend but as a businessman he __________ a hard bargain.A. dealtB. contractedC. droveD. faked26. My friend’s son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was __________ only a few miles from home.A. placedB. stationedC. deportedD. exorcized27. In a coal-mining area, the land tends to __________causing damage to roads and buildings.A. subsideB. diminishC. confiscateD. cede28. As the cat lay asleep, dreaming, whiskers __________.A. twitchedB. twistedC. jerkedD. jogged29. The total __________ from last month’s charity dance were far more than expected.A. earningsB. acquisitionsC. proceedsD. subsidies30. The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he __________them all in his stride.A. overlookedB. obtainedC. tackledD. tookPart IIReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage oneResale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers’ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special ‘image’ in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other. If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at ‘cut’ prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has been ‘cut’ fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article; but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the ‘standard’ price of the article because he feels that he is being ‘done’. This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods—prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of goingfrom shop to shop in search of lower prices. If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there. But this does not happen. A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers. And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods. How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on. It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit. As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public. The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story. Theefficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices. He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31. Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think __________.A. retailers may eventually stop selling their productsB. it may reduce customers’ confidence in their productsC. customers may feel uneasy when prices varyD. it may sometimes lead to poor service32 Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by __________.A. allowing customers time to payB. hiring assistants for long hours and low wagesC. advertising much more effectivelyD. establishing long-term relations with manufactures33. By saying “He feels that he is being ‘done’”, the author means that customer thinks__________.A. someone is despising himB. someone is maltreating himC. someone is blackmailing himD. someone is cheating him34. “Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?A. Good service other than price is important in attracting customers.B. An article without a brand name is not subject to Resale Price Maintenance.C. Manufactures attempt to influence possible purchasers by making their products easy to identify.D. Housewives prefer fixed prices because fixed prices are much less likely to fluctuate35. The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as “__________”.A. She knows her placeB. She knows her stuffC. She feels secureD. She feels intoxicatedPassage twoHe built a hut on a piece of rough land near a rock fall. In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen. The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside. In time Melio (not without some terrible mistakes) learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio. Their Chief never looked closely at Melioand said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail. The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream. It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water. They showed him how to bunt by laying traps and digging. In time Melio’s piece of land became a regular farm. He had wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season.The Parakanas were always around him. He’d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison; they were watching him. It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief. When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves. They had a delicate way of behaving. They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing’s edge. He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them. Then they had a curious but charming habit of taking a pace back from him, just one odd step backwards into their green corridors. Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio’s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away. They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here. This pleased the Parakanas. It meant that traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them. Their Melio would see to that. They were safe with this man and his hatred.36. It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves __________.A. reminded him of his house in the town far awayB. prevented the Parakanas from watching himC. helped him to forget the world he hatedD. protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town37. The Chief’s comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that __________.A. he did not trust MelioB. it was unwise to go too close to MelioC. he believed Melio hated the ParakanasD. he thought Melio was out of his mind38. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B. Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn’t escape being watched.C. Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what he had in store.D. The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels.39. To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed __________.A. odd but hatefulB. strange but attractiveC. unhealthy but friendlyD. cowardly but sociable40. It can be concluded from the passage that the place described by the author was __________.A. far removed from civilizationB. impossible to cultivateC. the home of Melio’s Indian relativesD. wet all the year roundPassage threeWhen he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay but past the stretch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother. There she was, a little yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin. He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks. Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes. They came running, their bodies bare, down to the rocks. Jerry swam towards them, and kept his distance a little way off. They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand. To be with them, of them, was a feeling that filled his whole body. He swam a little closer; they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eyes. Then one smiled and waved. It was enough. In a minute he had swum in and was on the rocks beside them, smiling with extreme nervousness. They shouted cheerful greetings at him, and then, as he preserved his nervous, puzzled smile, they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him. But he was happy. He was with them.They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough, pointed rocks. After they had dived and come up, they swam round, pulled themselves up, and waited their turn to dive again. They were big boys-men to Jerry. He dived, and they watched him, and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him. He felt he was accepted and he dived again carefully proud of himself.Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water, and did not come up. The others stood about watching. Jerry, after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear, let out a cry of warning; they looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water. After a long time, the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock, letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting, and giving a shout of satisfaction, immediately, the rest of them dived in. One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys; the next, the air and the surface of the water were empty. But through the heavy blue, dark shapes could be seen moving and searching.Jerry dived, shot past the school of underwater swimmers, saw a black wall of rocktowering over him, touched it, and shop up at once to the surface, where the rock formed a low wall he could see across. There was no one in sight; under him, in the water, the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared. Then one and then another of the boys came up on the far side of the wall of rock, and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it. He dived down again. He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock. When he came up, the boys were all on the diving rock, preparing to attempt the trick again. And now, overcome with a sense of failure, he shouted up in English: “Look at me! Look!” and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.41. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A. Jerry was not a good swimmerB. Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boysC. Jerry was on holiday abroadD. Jerry was not on good terms with his mother42. The word “bare” in Paragraph 2 means__________.A. in disguiseC. in the gutterB. in the limelightD. in the raw43. At the beginning, Jerry was swimming__________.A. into the little bayB. too far out to see his motherC. near to the group of boysD. further out to see than the rock44. What happened to the biggest boy?A. He had been trying to stay under water as long as possible.B. He had swum through a hole in the rock under the water.C. He had been trying to do the highest dive.D. He had played a trick on Jerry.45. Jerry splashed and kicked in the water because_________.A. he was pretending to be drowningB. he wanted to amuse all the other boysC. he hadn’t been able to do what the other boys had doneD. he wanted the other boys to listen to what he was sayingPassage fourPeter Sellers wouldn’t be allowed his career today. All those funny racial stereotypes—the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness.His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it’s the comedy of yesteryear.Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War.Nonetheless, Sellers continue to obsess people. He’s already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush.The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers’ story. He had everything and it wasn’t enough. He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life. He was world-famous and desperately lonely. At the weight of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity. He was a basket case.This is irresistible material. Sellers’ subversive and immoderate behaviour puts him in a class of his own. Picture my disappointment with Ed Sikov’s tome, therefore. Here’s a thick book that tells us nothing new.For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr. Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man’s life and work, briskly told. Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers. His clinging whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant.The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists. To go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat.Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops. When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show. He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles.His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing. This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I’m All Right, Jack which won him a British Academy Best Actor statuette. When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him. The rest is history.Or notoriety. Sellers’ descent into madness was swift. He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later. He took drugs to enhance his potency, and this precipitated a heart attack. Having worked on Dr Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide. Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him trough the door. He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette. He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, PrincessMargaret and Liza Minnelli.His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars. Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green-colors of which he was morbidly superstitious.He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines; he pulled guns on people. He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland’s mother’s house in Sweden. Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear.Sellers was happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he’d replace or abandon with manic frequency. At one of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride’s dogs. He was also selfish in the extreme: when his relationships broke up, he’d send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.46. People are still obsessed with Peter Sellers because___________.A. he was a geniusB. he was as big as The BeatlesC. his life was full of drama and contradictionD. he led a very austere life47. By saying “He was a basket case”, the author means that Peter Sellers was___________.A. handicappedB. derangedC. impetuousD. callous48. According to the passage, Peter Sellers took drugs to improve___________.A. his theatrical performanceB. his breathtaking performanceC. his walk-on roles on the stageD. his performance sexually49. The “galore” in paragraph 4 means ___________.A. numerousB. anecdotalC. criticalD. unauthorized50. Peter Sellers can be described as__________.A. unpredictable but generousB. talented but unstableC. sane but selfishD. eccentric but reliablePaper TwoPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech. Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chimps to talk have met with51no success. Verbal language represents a truly gigantic step forward in man’s52.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information. When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks; other chimps53the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in. An attacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or a friend, either of54may hurry to his aid. A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening. A male chimpanzee, about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and other individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify55one. To our human56each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call. This is significant since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves tomaintain contact, between the separated groups of the community. Yet the chimps57can certainly recognize individuals by other calls; for instance a mother knows the scream of her offspring. Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls58serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals, they cannot for the most part be compared59a spoken language. Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas; he can benefit from the experiences of others60having to be present at the time; he can make intelligent cooperative plans.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.人类是一个不断的自然的进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。

⼀、根据复旦⼤学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共30⼩题，每⼩题0.5分，共15分。

预计测试时间（25分钟）211. The drowning child was saved by Dick's __ action.[ A ] acute [ B ] alert[ C ] profound [ D ] prompt212. We should always keep in mind that __ decisions often lead to bitter iegrets.[ A ] urgent [ B ] hasty[ C] instant [ D ] prompt213. The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from new orders with you.[ A ] placing [ B ] putting[ C ] arranging [ D ] providing214. He pointed out that the living standard of urban and __ people continued to improve.[ A ] remote [ B ] municipal[ C ] rural [ D ] provincial215. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women __ this field is climbing.[ A ] engaging [ B ] devoting[ C ] registering [ D ] pursuing216. When they had finished playing, the children were made to all the toys they had takenout.[ A ] pat off [ B ] put out[ C ] put up [ D ] put away217. Jack was about to announce our plan but I[ A ] cut him short [ B ] turned him out[ C ] gave him up [ D ] put him through218. It was felt that be lacked the __ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.[ A ] petition [ B ] engagement[ C ] commitment [ D ] qualification219. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to her umbrella.[ A ] carry [ B ] fetch[ C ] bring [ D ] reach220. An agreement was __ last Friday by the two parties.[ A ] arrived at [ B ] arrived in[ C ] occurred [ D ] realized221. if I take this medicine twice a day, it should __ my cold.[ A ] heal [ B ] cure[ C ] treat [ D ] recover222. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to __ the situation?[ A ] simplify. [ B ] modify[ C ] verify [ D ] rectify223. The lost car of the Lees was found __ in the woods off the highway.[ A ] vanished [ B ] scattered[ C ] abandoned [ D ] rejected224. The story that follows __ two famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.[ A ] concerns [ B ] states[ C ] proclaims [ D ] relates225. The government regulations that put this archeological site under protection.[ A ] published [ B ] issued[ C ] discharged [ D ] released226. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any __ on what he promises.[ A ] faith [ B ] belief[ C] credit [ D ] reliance227. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.[ A ] retain [ B ] sustain[ C ] maintain [ D ] remain228. The strong wind with sand comes from the hill in front of their house.[ A ] empty [ B ] isolated[ C ] bare [ D ] remote229. Men's never-ceasing for knowledge continues to broaden our understanding of the earth's atmosphere.[ A ] request [ B ] quest[ C ] investigation [ D ] research230. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to __ healthy.[ A ] preserve [ B ] stay[ C ] maintain [ D ] reserve231. The salesman's annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave up.[ A ] endurance [ B ] assistance[ C ] persistence [ D ] resistance232. A neat letter improves your chances of a favorable _-[ A ] circumstance [ B ] request[ C ] reception [ D ] response233. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly Oil[ A ] consciousness [ B ] impulse[ C ] instinct [ D ] response234. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary __ for reason-ing.[ A ] resource [ B ] resolution[ C ] requirement [ D ] response235. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six __ libraries specially servethe countryside.[ A ] mobile [ B ] drifting[ C ] shifting [ D ] rotating236. He does nothing that __ the interests of the collective.[ A ] runs for [ B ] runs against[ C ] runs over [ D ] runs into237. Old Americans are extremely reluctant to buy on __ and likely to save as much money as pos-sible.[ A ] debt [ B ] credit[ C ] deposit [ D ] sale238. In my opinion, you can widen the __ of these improvements through your active participation.[ A ] dimension [ B ] volume[ C ] magnitude [ D ] scope239. Have you a funny __ or unusual experience that you would like to share.'?[ A ] amusement [ B ] incident[ C ] accident [ D ] section240. No one needs to feel awkward in __ his own customs.[ A ] pursuing [ B ] following[ C ] chasing [ D ] seeking。

2012年复旦大学考博英语试卷词汇1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in Americaduring the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generallyregarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value ofchildren would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents beganto increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expectedearnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread ofhumanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsoryeducation laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessmentof children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation a nalogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We ar e all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of theworld by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would 5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoringeyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Itwas thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was alsothe one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, shewould become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could sherestwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree oflabor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during thematuration process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参照资料( 10 ) 一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定,每年词汇题共30小题，每题0.5分，共15分。

估计测试时间（25分钟）如下为华慧考博网教务辅导团体编著资料。

241. One of his eyes was injured in an accident, but after a __ operation, he quickly recovered hissight.[ A ] precise [ B ] considerate[ C ] delicate [ D ] sensitive242. There's a whole __ of bills waiting to be paid.[ A ] stock [ B ] stack[ C ] number [ D ] sequence243. Please come and help me with this form because I don't know how toit.[ A ] set about [ B ] set off[ C ] set aside [ D ] set up244. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is __ nonsense.[ A ] shear [ B ] sheer[ C ] shield [ D ] sheet245. There is no easy solution to Japan's labor __[ A ] decline [ B ] vacancy[ C ] rarity [ D ] shortage246. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the resultthat incomes from taxation might actually[ A ] shrink [ 8 ] delay[ C ] disperse [ D ] sink247. A ~ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.[ A ] shorthand [ B ] scheme[ C ] schedule [ D ] sketch248. My boss has always attended to the ~ of important business himself.[ A ] transaction [ B ] stimulation[ C ] transition [ D ] solution249. This book is a of radio scripts, in which we seek to explain how the words and expressions become part of our language.[ A ] collection [ B ] publication[ C ] volume [ D ] stack250. All parts of this sewing machine are __ so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.[ A ] mechanized [ B ] minimized[ C ] modernized [ D ] standardized251. The tragedy of the Challenger ~ an ongoing controversy on all aspects of America's spaceprogram.[ A ] arose [ B ] ignited[ C ] resulted [ D ] started252. John found a lost dog on the street and the local station to broadcast a poignant appeal forthe dog's owner to come forward.[ A ] informed [ B ] reminded[ C ] notified [ D ] startled253. The newly-buih Science Building seems __ enough to last a hundred years.[ A ] spacious [ B ] sophisticated[ C ] substantial [ D ] steady254. He failed to can3, ont some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the conse-quences.[ A ] answer for [ B ] run into[ C ] abide by [ D ] step into255. You must stick to the plan, whatever happens.[ A ] severely [ B ] rigidly[ C ] strongly [ D ] stiffly256. As an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both targets and moving targets.[ A ] stationary [ B ] standing[ C ] stable [ D ] still257. The survey found that Hungary __ as the most environment-conscious country of East Europe.[ A ] broke out [ B ] held ont[ C ] ran ont [ D ] stood ont258. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by __ them that I managed to get them on.[ A ] spreading [ B ] extending[ C ] squeezing [ D ] stretching259. He underwent four operations in two weeks.[ A ] excessive [ B ] extensive[ C ] intensive [ D ] successive260. The book contained a large __ of information.[ A ] deal [ B ] amount[ C ] number [ D ] sam261. The California forest fires, which were regarded yesterday as 'almost under control, __ againduring the night.[ A ] flared up [ B ] kept up[ C ] sent over [ D ] swept through262. Communication is the process of a message from a source to an audience via a channel.[ A ] transmitting [ B ] submitting[ C ] transforming [ D ] switching263. Parents have a legal to ensure that their children are provided with efficient education suit-able to their age.[ A ] impulse [ B ] obligation[ C ] influence [ D ] sympathy264. Bob was completely __ by the robber's disguise.[ A ] taken away [ B ] taken down[ C ] taken to [ D ] taken in265. Jim isn't , but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[ A ] gloomy [ B ] dull[ C ] awkward [ D ] tedious266. I am sure 1 can him into letting us stay in the hotel for the night.[ A ] speak [ B ] talk[ C ] say [ D ] tell267. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that __ lot.[ A ] valid [ B ] vain[ C ] vacant [ D ] vague268. After having gone __ far, George did not want to turn back.[ A ] enough [ B ] much[ C ] such [ D ] that269. If English is not our first language you can often be puzzled by ways of expression that the nativespeaker of English does not even have to __[ A ] think ont [ B ] think about[ C ] think over [ D ] think for270. The political future of the president is now hanging by a __[ A ] rope [ B ] cord[ C ] string [ D ] thread。

Passage19动物调节体温不同方式Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature,and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around37ºC;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations,the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time,but popular terminology still reflects the old division into“warm-blooded’and “cold-blooded”species;warm-blooded included mammals and birds,whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied,it became evident that this classification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature,called homotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment,called poikilotherms.But this classification also proved inadequate,because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore,many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water,and their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by,and who get most of their heat from,the environment.The former are called endotherms,and the latter are called ectotherms.Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature,and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat.Endotherms(mainly mammals and birds)also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.1.The passage mainly discusses______.A.body temperatures of various animalsB.the newest research on measuring temperatureC.methods of temperature reductionD.the classification of animals by temperature regulation2.Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A.Warm-bloodedB.EctothermicC.Cold-bloodedD.Poikilothermic3.In general,the temperature of endotherms is regulated______.A.consciouslyB.internallyC.inadequatelyD.environmentally4.According to the passage,the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by______.A.seeking out appropriate locationsB.hibernating part of the yearC.staying in deep waterD.triggering certain metabolic processes5.According to the passage,human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by______.A.choosing favorable environmentsB.internal metabolic processesC.eating more foodD.doing physical exercises【答案与解析】1.D问本文主要讨论了什么问题。

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。

Passage16人体器官移植In most countries,the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined,as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery.The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation.It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives,but,because organ removal must take place immediately after death,it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time.It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation.An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime.Such laws have been passed in Denmark,France,Sweden,Italy,and pulsory postmortem examination,a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting,is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion,provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission.This,of course,requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal:the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed.It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical consideration concerning the diagnosis of death,and,particularly,how far resuscitation should be continued.Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breath.Artificial respiration and massage of the heart,the standard methods of resuscitation,are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead.Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.1.According to the author,which of the following is NOT true?A.Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.B.The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal does not prove to be always feasible.C.It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.D.In some countries there are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.2.Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?A.People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.an removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.an removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society.an removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his lifetime.3.The underlined word“impair”at the end of Paragraph2call best be replaced by______.A.neglectB.weakene together withD.be superior to4.It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when______.A.artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultB.a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedC.standard methods of resuscitation have failedD.the brain is certainly dead5.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A.Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.B.Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.C.The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.D.The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.【答案与解析】1.C A符合原文第一段第一句“In most countries，the law on organ transplantationis poorly defined，as legislation has not yet been created to cope with thisadvance in surgery”；B符合原文第一段第三句“It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives，but，because organ removal must take place immediately after death，it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time”；D符合原文第一段倒数第二句“Such laws have been passed in Denmark，France，Sweden，Italy，and Israel”；而C原文并没有提及，故选C。

复旦大学考博英语阅读理解模拟题及答案Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault(断层),whichconstantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes.But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid faultin Missouri?Between December of1811and February of1812,three majorearthquakes occurred,all centered around the town of New Madrid,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.Property damage was severe.Buildings in the area were almost destroyed.Whole forests fell atonce,and huge cracks opened in the ground,allowing smell ofsulfur(硫磺)to filter upward.The Mississippi River itself completely changed character,Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi developing suddenrapids and whirlpools.Several times it changed its course,and once,according to some observers,it actually appeared to runbackwards.Few people were killed in the New Marid earthquakes,probably simply because few people lived in the area in1811;but theseverity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock wavesrang bells in church towers in Charleston,South Carolina,on thecoast.Buildings shook in New York City,and clocks wer stopped inWashington,D.C.Scientists now know that America's two major faultsare essentially different.The San Andreas is a horizontal boundarybetween two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions.California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches(倾斜)forward.The New Madrid fault,on the other hand,is a vertical fault;at some points,possibly hundreds of millions of years ago,rock was pushed up toward the surface,probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly,the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed,leaving huge cracks.Even now,the rock continues to settle downwards,and sudden sinking motions trigger(触发)earthquakes in the region.The fault itself,a large crack in this layer of rock,with dozens of other cracks that split off from it,extends from northeastArkansas through Missouri and into southern lllinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since1811;these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming,but the scientists say have no method of predictingwhen a large earthquake will occur.11.This passage is mainly about.A)the New Madrid fault in Missouri B)the San Andreas and the New Madrid faultsC)the causes of faults D)current scientific knowledge about faults12.The New Madrid fault is.A)a horizontal faultB)a vertical faultC)a more serious fault than the San Andreas faultD)responsible for forming the Mississippi River13.We may conclude from the passage that.A)it is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in CaliforniaB)the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in MissouriC)California will become an island in futureD)A big earthquake will occur to California soon14.This passage implies that.A)horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults.B)Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faultsC)Earthquakes occur only around fault areasD)California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake15.As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph,the word essentially means.A)greatly C)basically B)extremely D)necessarilyPassage31.B2.B3.A4.C5.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

复旦大学考博英语词汇习题及参考资料一L复旦大学考博英语词汇习题及参考资料一1. Language，culture and personality may be considered of each other in thought，but theyare inseparable in fact.［A ］indistinctly ［ B ］separately［C ］irrelevantly ［D ］independently2. Shortage of land and funding are bl amed for the city‘s green space.［A ］inefficient ［ B ］inaccurate［C ］inadequate ［D ］indispensable3. It is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind.［A ］incompatible ［B ］incredible［C ］indefinite ［D ］indispensable4. Although sports __ the household，Joe drew the line when they interfered with family tradi-tions and routine.［A ］overwhelmed ［B ］affected［C ］dominated ［D ］influenced5. Once you have made your point clear at the __ of the essay，you must then proceed to con-vince readers about the position you have taken.［A ］departure ［B ］outset［C ］concentration ［D ］initiation6. These excursions will give you an even deeper __ into our language and culture.［A ］inquiry ［ B ］investigation［C ］input ［D ］insight7. The novel contains some marvelously revealing __ offactory life.［A ］glimpses ［ B ］glances［C ］shots ［D ］insights8. Changing from solid to liquid，water takes in heat from all substances near it，and thisproduces artificial cold surrounding it.［A ］absorption ［ B ］transition［C ］consumption ［D ］interaction9. One way for writers to support a point is through ，that is，by means of several examples to back up an idea.［A ］illustration ［ B ］demonstration［C ］explanation ［D ］interpretation10. In this factory the machines are not regulated __ bm are jointly controlled by a central com-puter system.［A ］independently ［ B ］individually［C ］irrespectively ［D ］irregularly11. We must ___ __ that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.［A ］assure ［ B ］secure［C ］ensure ［D ］issue12. If we believe something is good and true we should __ to it.［A ］hold up ［B ］keep on［C ］hold on ［D ］keep up13. That cupboaM must always be carefully locked.［A ］shut ［B ］held［C ］closed ［D ］kept14. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will __down the economy’。

复旦大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附参考答案和解析Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through center.1．Official figures show that unemployment ______ in November and then fell slowly over the next two months.A．plodded B．peeped C．plunged D．peaked2．The old lady was immediately sent to a nearby hospital when she ______ from heat stroke.A．passed away B．passed off C．passed out D．passed by 3．Her spirits ______ at the thought of all the work she had to do that morning.A．sagged B．sacked C．saddled D．scored4．Jack would rather his younger sister ______ in the same hospital as he does.A．worked B．works C．to work D．work5．Jane was badly taken in when she paid $ 300 for that second-hand bicycle; it was not worth ______.A．that all much B．all that much C．much all that D．that much all6．A patient crowd had ______ around the entrance to the theatre, hoping to catch a glimpse of the stars of the show.A．contracted B．consulted C．contemplated D．congregated 7．UN diplomats are suspicious that the country's ______ weapons programme may be broader than reported.A．flail B．clandestine C．temperate D．fake8．Fortunately the acting and photography are so good that they somehow manage to ______ the limitations of the film plot.A．trace B．transcend C．tranquilize D．trail9．When the report was published, various environmental groups criticized it for being too ______.A．alert B．zealous C．meek D．gregarious10．Her friends helped her ______ after her sister was killed in a car crash.A．pull off B．pull out C．pull through D．pull on11．Nell's father said to him that he was ______ dog to learn new tricks.A．so old a B．a too old C．too old a D．a so old12．The skipper was not willing to risk ______ his ship through the straits until he could see where he was going.A．taking B．to take C．having taken D．being taken13．We were running out of money and things were looking ______.A．grim B．glossy C．gorgeous D．gracious14．If law and order ______ not maintained, neither the citizens nor their properties are safe.A．were B．are C．is D．was15．He saw writers and artists as being important to the state for they could ______.credibility on the regime.A．bestow B．embrace C．disperse D．undertake16．When import taxes on goods are high, there is a greater chance that they will be ______.A．bartered B．counterfeited C．manufactured D．smuggled 17．There's been so little rain, the forest is ______ to go up in flames at any moment.A．precarious B．feeble C．convenient D．liable18．The school's development committee has deliberated the question ______ great length.A．on B．along C．at D．for19．On a Summer evening it is ______ to hear the joyful sound of the shepherd's flute floating across the valley.A．treacherous B．enchanting C．rash D．furtive20．Let's ______ the arrangements with the others before we make a decision.A．talk over B．talk into C．talk down D．talk round21．He'll have to ______ the music when his parents find out he's been missing school.A．listen to B．compose C．face D．play22．Her eyes were shining brightly and her face was suffused ______ color.A．with B．in C．by D．of23．In my opinion Elizabeth and Henry are not ______ friends as lovers.A．too much B．as much C．very much D．so much24．Yesterday my brother ______ with his girlfriend over where to go on holiday.A．fell off B．fell out C．fell away D．fell apart25．The writer ______ the newspaper readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.A．spurred B．menaced C．cautioned D．induced26．Some of his colleagues say he's loud and ______ and that everyone hates him.A．obnoxious B．straightforward C．considerate D．genial 27．She claims that the pressure on public hospitals could be ______ by combining medical resources in the public and private sectors．A．relieved B．replaced C．retrieved D．resurrected28．Please ______ it that the door is locked before you leave.A．see through B．see to C．see into D．see after29．I will ______ you personally responsible if anything goes wrong in this project.A．get B．hold C．let D．have30．The burglars ______ the house but found nothing valuable.A．ransacked B．besieged C．mortgaged D．renovatedPart ⅡReading Comprehension （40 points）Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.Passage OneNowadays, with plentiful ice and electric churning, few people recall the shared excitement of the era when making ice cream was a rarely scheduled event. Then the iceman brought to the back door, on special order, a handsome 2-foot-square cube of cold crystal and everyone in the family took a turn at the crank. The critical question among us children was, of course, who might lick the dasher. A century or so ago the novelist Stendhal knew only hand-churned ice cream and, when he first tasted it, exclaimed, “What a pity this isn't a sin!”Hand-churning is still tops for perfectionists for no power-driven machine has yet been invented that can achieve a comparable texture. Even French Pot, the very best commercial method for making ice cream, calls for finishing by hand．Ice creams are based on carefully cooked well-chilled syrups and heavy custards, added to unwhipped cream. No form of vanilla flavoring can surpass that of vanilla sugar or of the bean itself, steeped in a hot syrup. If sweetened frozen fruits are incorporated into the cream mixture instead of flesh fruits, be sure to adjust sugar content accordingly.Make up mixtures for chum-frozen ice creams the day before you freeze, to increase fill the container only 3/4 full to permit expansion. To pack the freezer, allow 3 to 6 quarts of chipped or cracked ice to 1 cup of coarse rock salt. Pack about 1/3 of the freezer with ice and add layers of salt and ice around the container until the freezer is full. Allow the pack to stand about 3 minutes before you start turning. Turn slowly at first, about 40 revolutions a minute, until a slight pull is felt. Then triple speed for 5 to 6 minutes. If any additions, such as finely cut candied or flesh fruits or nuts are to be made, do so at this point. Then repack and taper off the churning to about 80 revolutions a minute for a few minutes more. The cream should be ready in 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the quality.If the ice cream or ice is to be used at once, it should be frozen harder than if you plan to serve it later. Should the interval be 2 hours or more, packing will firm it. To pack, pour off the salt water in the freezer and wipe off the lid. Remove the dasher carefully, making sure that no salt or water gets into the cream container. Scrape the cream down from the sides of the container. Place a cork in the lid and replace the lid. Repack the container in the freezer with additional ice and salt, using the same proportions as before. Cover the freezer with newspapers, a piece of carpet or other heavy material.The cream should be smooth when served. If it proves granular, you used too much salt in the packing mixture, overfilled the inner container with the ice cream mixture or turned too rapidly. If you are making a large quantity with the idea of storing some in the deep-freeze, package in sizes you plan on serving. Should ice cream be allowed to melt even slightly and is then refrozen, it loses in volume and even more in good texture.31．In the first paragraph, “took a turn at the crank” could be paraphrased ______.A．“helped to mix the ice cream”B．“ate some ice cream”C．“helped break up the ice with a hammer”D．“protected the ice cream from children”32．According to the writer truly perfect ice cream ______.A．is now common and inexpensive at most storesB．is only possible with hand laborC．should be melted and then refrozenD．needs to be a sin33．When ice cream is being hand-churned it is surrounded by a mixture of ______.A．syrup and cream B．syrup and iceC．salt and ice D．flesh fruit and ice34．In paragraph 4, “taper off” means ______.A．cut up B．stop C．speed up D．slow down35．This passage reflects an era when ______.A．people liked a little salt in their ice creamB．making ice cream was an occasional form of family entertainmentC．ice cream was not popularD．people did not knew now to make cheese with their creamPassage TwoFood and drink play a major role in Christmas celebrations in most countries, but in few more so than in Mexico. Many families over the festive season will do little more than cook and ingest a seemingly constant cycle of tortillas, fried beans, meat both roasted and stewed, and sticky desserts for days on end．Thus does the extended family keep on extending—further and further over their collective waistlines.Lucky them, you might think. Except that Mexico's bad eating habits are leading to a health crisis that most Mexicans seem blissfully unaware of. Obesity and its related disorder, diabetes, are now major health concerns in a country where large rural regions are still concerned more with under- than with over-nourishment. In its perennial rivalry with the United States, Mexico has at last found an area in which it can match its northern neighbor—mouthful for mouthful.The statistics are impressive, and alarming. According to the OECD, Mexico is now thesecond fattest nation in that group of 30 countries A health poll in 1999 found that 35% of women were overweight, and another 24% technically obese. Juan Rivera，an official at the National Institute of Public Health, says that the combined figure for men would be about 55%, and that a similar poll to be carried out next year will show the fat quotient rising. Only the United States, with combined figures of over 60%, is a head.That situation also varies geographically. Although Mexicans populate the north of their country more sparsely than the south, they make up for it weight-wise. A study published by the Pan-American Health Organization a month ago showed that in the mostly Hispanic population that lives on either side of the American-Mexican border, fully 74%of men and 70％of women are either over weight or obese.Moreover, even experts have been surprised by how rapidly the nation has swollen. Whereas the 1999 poll showed 59％of women overweight or obese, only 11 years previously that figure was just 33 %. Nowhere is the transformation more noticeable than in the prevalence of diabetes, closely linked to over-eating and obesity. In 1968, says Joel Rodriguez of the Mexican Diabetes Federation, the disease was in 35th place as a direct cause of mortality in Mexico, but now it occupies first place, above both cancer and heart disease. With about 6.5m diabetics out of a population of 100m, Mexico now has a higher rate than any other large country in the world. Not surprisingly, Mr. Rodriguez argues that Mexi co is in the grip of an “epidemic”.Nor does it tax the brain much to work out that the causes of these explosions in obesity and diabetes are the Mexican diet and a lack of exercise. For most Mexicans, food consumption, not just at Christmas but all year round, is an unvarying combination of refried beans, tortillas, meat and refrescos, or fizzy drinks; they consume 101 liters of cola drinks per person per year, just a little less than Americans and three times as much as Brazilians.Meanwhile, the lack of exercise, Mr. Rivera argues, is a symptom of rapid urbanization over the past 30 years. Obesity and diabetes rates remain slightly lower in rural areas, indicating that manual labor endures as an effective way to stave off weight gain. In Mexico City, though, pollution and crime have progressively driven people out of the parks and the streets, so most now walk as little as possible—preferably no further than from the valet-parking service to the restaurant. To combat the fat, health professionals say that the country must first realize that it is indeed in the grip of an epidemic．Other diseases, such as AIDS and cancer, have captured mostof the publicity in recent years; obesity and diabetes have been comparatively neglected.But these are also, as in other developing countries, mainly problems of the urban poor. It is a symptom of their growing prosperity that these parts of the population have, probably for the first time, almost unlimited access to the greatest amount of calories for the smallest amount of money. But with little knowledge of nutritional values, their diets are now unbalanced and unhealthy.Low-carb products and other dietary imports from the United States have already made an appearance on the posher Mexican supermarket shelves. They may go into be shopping baskets of the rake-thin and utterly unrepresentative models who dominate the country's advertising hoardings. But they are still comparatively expensive. For the heaving mass of the population, things may have to get worse before the government, doctors and consumers realize that things have got to start getting better.36．The phrase “on end” in the first paragraph can be replaced by ______.A．until all been consumed B．uprightC．continuously D．until the last day37．Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage?A．Mexicans are eating a lot because of the country's affluence.B．Mexicans can match Americans in the nourishment of their diet.C．Mexicans only overeat during festive seasons.D．Mexico is now the second fattest nation in this world.38．Judging by the context, the word “perennial” in the second paragraph most probably means ______.A．perpetual B．recurring C．transient D．perilous39．Which is the most significant cause of mortality in Mexico?A．Cancer. B．Heart disease. C．Diabetes. D．Epidemic.40．It is known from the passage that from 1988 to 1999 the figure of women overweight or obese in Mexico rose by ______.A．30% B．26% C．35% D．55%Passage ThreeWhen you are small, all ambitions fall into one grand category：when I'm grown up. When I'm grown up, you say, I'll go up in space. I'm going to be an author. I'll kill them all and thenthey'll be sorry. I'll be married in a cathedral with sixteen bridesmaids in pink lace. I'll have a puppy of my own and no one will be able to take him away.None of it ever happens, of course—or dam little, but the fantasies give you the idea that there is something to grow up for. Indeed one of the saddest things about gilded adolescence is the feeling that from eighteen on, it's all downhill; I read with horror of an American hippie wedding where someone said to the groom (age twenty), “You seem so kind a grown up somehow”, and the lad had to go around seeking reassurance that he wasn't, no, really he wasn't. A determination to be better adults than the present incumbents is fine, but to refuse to grow up at all is just plain unrealism.Right, so then you get some of what you want, or something like it, or something that will do all right; and for years you are too busy to do more than live in the present and put one foot in front of the other; your goals stretching little beyond the day when the boss has a stroke or the moment when the children can bring you tea in bed—and the later moment when they actually bring you hot tea, not mostly slopped in the saucer. However, I have now discovered an even sweeter category of ambition. When my children are grown up …When my children are grown up I'll learn to fly an aer o plane. I will career round the sky, knowing that if I do “go pop” there will be no little ones to suffer shock and maladjustment; that even if the worst does come to the worst I will at least dodge the geriatric ward and all that looking for your glasses in order to see where you've left your teeth. When my children are grown up I'll have fragile, lovely things on low tables; I'll have a white carpet; I'll go to the pictures in the afternoon. When the children are grown up I'll actually be able to do a day's work in day, instead of spread over three, and go away for a weekend without planning as if for a trip to the Moon. When I'm grown up—I mean when they're grown up—I'll be free.Of course, I know it's got to get worse before it gets better. Twelve-year-olds, I'm told, don't go to tend at seven, so you don't even get your evenings; once they're past ten you have to start worrying about their friends instead of simply shooting the intruders off the doorstep, and to settle down to a steady ten years of criticism of everything you've ever thought or done or worn. Boys, it seems, may be less of a trial then girls, since they can't get pregnant and they don't borrow your clothes—if they do borrow your clothes, of course, you've got even more to worry about.The young don't respect their parents any more, that's what. Goodness, how sad,still, likeeating snails, it might be all right once you've got over the idea: it might let us off having to bother quite so much with them when the time comes. But one is simply not going to be able to drone away one’s days, toothless by the fire, brooding on the past.41．What interests the writer about young children is that they ______.A．have so many unselfish ambitions B．have such long-term ambitionsC．don't all want to be spacemen D．all long for adult pleasures42．The writer maintains that fantasies ______.A．satisfy ambition B．lessen ambitionC．stimulate ambition D．frustrate ambition43．What does the writer feel is wrong with the modern generation?A．Their wanting to grow up. B．Their not wanting to grow up.C．Their wanting to improve adults. D．Their not wanting to improve adults.44．The writer feels that as an adult one must ______.A．achieve one's ambitions at all costsB．continue to be ambitiousC．find a compromise between ambition and realityD．give up all one's earlier ambitions45．When the children leave home, the writer thinks that ______.A．there will be compensations B．she will be delightedC．she will be desolated D．there will be nothing to doPassage FourFor years, pediatricians didn't worry much about treating hypertension in their patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it's hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use? The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things, maybe they'll grow out of this too.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in childhood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with high bloodpressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well,” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it's worrisome.”Who's most at risk? Boys more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow more dense. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately, the abnormal thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under control—through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment—allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure? It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure for a particular child's age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn't a fake. He'll also check, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could he the source of the trouble. Because hypertension can be hard to detect, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood pressure checks for every child over age 3．About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight. And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the US who are overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%, or 4.7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking your kids—the earlier the better—on healthy, attractive snacks like fruits (try freezing some grapes) or carrot sticks with salsa. Not only will they lower your children's blood pressure；these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playground than with their Play Station. Even if they don't shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they'll be more likely to eat right and exercise if you set a good example.46．This piece of writing is mainly addressed to ______.A．parents B．boys C．gifts D．pediatrician47．The word “unclog” in paragraph 6 can be replaced by ______.A．fix B．clear C．hinder D．dismantle48．By saying “It's not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child's arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”, the writer implies ______.A．hypertension is hard to detectB．children often refuse to have their blood pressure testedC．you'll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child's blood pressure checked in a groceryD．in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child's blood pressure examined49．Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A．Drug treatments. B．Weight loss.C．Exercise. D．Overwork.50．We can conclude from the passage that ______.A．children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and strokeB．parent's blood pressure decides their children's blood pressureC．besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertensionD．vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart troublePart ⅢCloze (10 points)Directions：Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.Even geologist is familiar with the erosion cycle. No sooner has an area of land been raised above sea-level than it becomes subject to the erosive forces of nature. The rain beats down on the ground and washed 51 the finer particles, sweeping them into rivulets and into rivers and out to sea. The frost freezes the rain water in cracks of the rocks and breaks 52 even the hardest of the constituents of the earth's crust. Blocks of rock dislodged at high levels are brought down by the force of gravity. Alternate heating and 53 of bare rock surfaces causes their disintegration. In the dry regions of the world the wind is a powerful force in removing materialfrom one area to another. All this is natural. But nature has also provided certain defensive forces. Bare rock surfaces are in 54 course protected by soil, itself dependent initially on the weathering of the rocks. Slowly 55 surely, different types of soil with differing “profiles” evolve the main types depending primarily on the climate. The protective soil covering, once it is formed, is hold together by the growth of vegetation. Grass and herbaceous plants, 56 long, branching tenuous roots, hold firmly together the surface particles. The 57 is true with the forest cover. The heaviest tropical downpours beating on the leaves of the giant trees reach the ground only 58 spray, gently watering the surface layers and penetrating along the long passages provided by the roots to the lower levels of the soil. The soil, thus protected by grass, herb, or trees, furnishes a quiet habitat for a myriad varied organisms—earthworms that importantly modify the soil, bacteria, active in their work of converting 59 leaves and decaying vegetation into humus and food for the growing plants. Chemical action is constantly taking 60 ; soil acids attack mineral particles and salts in solution move from one layer in the soil to another.Part ⅣTranslation (20 points)Section A (10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into Chinese.Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in his mind for a possible course of action. Not for the first time in his flying career, he felt himself in the grip of a cute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness of his responsibility for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives was tinged with a sudden icy premonition of disaster. Was this, then what it felt like? Older pilots, those who had been in combat in the war, always maintained that if you kept at the game long enough you'd buy it in the end. How was it that in the space of half an hour a normal, everyday, routing flight, carrying a crowd of happy football fans, could change into a nightmare nearly four miles above the earth, something that would shriek across the front pages of a hundred newspapers?Section B(10 points)Directions：Put the following passage into English．在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。

2012年复旦大学考博英语真题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in Americaduring the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generallyregarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value ofchildren would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents beganto increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expectedearnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread ofhumanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsoryeducation laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessmentof children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitud e to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of theworld by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would 5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoringeyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Itwas thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was alsothe one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, shewould become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could sherestwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when in come and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree oflabor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job c reation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during thematuration process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

复旦大学博士招生入学考试英语真题2012年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part I Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized. （分数：0.50）A.logicalB.haphazardC.orderlyD.tidy2.Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine. （分数：0.50）A.destructiveB.horribleC.amiableD.delectable3.If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at. （分数：0.50）A.at any rateB.by chanceC.at a lossD.by the way4.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead. （分数：0.50）A.fantasticB.frankC.franticD.frenzy5.In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you. （分数：0.50）A.take controlB.take placeC.take upD.take over6.Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness. （分数：0.50）A.paradoxB.junctionC.premiseD.dilemma7.There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack. （分数：0.50）A.in the wake ofB.in the course ofC.in the context ofD.in the light of8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care. （分数：0.50）A.grudgedB.deniedC.negated9.It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood. （分数：0.50）A.potentialityB.perceptionC.facultyD.acquisition10.Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing. （分数：0.50）A.rooted inB.originated fromC.trapped inD.indulged in11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded_____:”No,conditions are different here.”（分数：0.50）A.ambiguouslyB.implicitlyC.unhesitatinglyD.optimistically12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor. （分数：0.50）A.acquaintedB.installedC.regulatedD.facilitated13.In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%. （分数：0.50）A.elementaryB.temporaryC.voluntaryD.customary14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries. （分数：0.50）A.pass overB.stand forC.break downD.set off15.As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life. （分数：0.50）A.pursuedB.seducedC.consumedD.guaranteed16.His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.（分数：0.50）A.exemplifiedB.createdC.performedD.realized17.They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome. （分数：0.50）B.primeC.nextD.cardinal18.The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.（分数：0.50）A.sufferedB.afflictedC.inducedD.infected19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage. （分数：0.50）A.terminateB.initiateC.consummateD.separate20.Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries. （分数：0.50）A.futileB.glitteringC.franticD.concentrated21.The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians. （分数：0.50）A.perishableB.periodicalC.perverseD.perennial22.As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later. （分数：0.50）A.counterfeitB.fakeC.imitativeD.fraudulent23.It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away. （分数：0.50）A.subtleB.feebleC.nastyD.na?ve24.It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime. （分数：0.50）A.confirmedB.clarifiedmittedD.converyed25.Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why. （分数：0.50）A.rationalC.hesitantD.intuitive26.More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops. （分数：0.50）A.looseB.tamedC.wildD.stary27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie. （分数：0.50）A.excuseB.indulgenceC.exaggerationD.understatement28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully. （分数：0.50）A.subject toB.carry onC.yield toD.aim at29.I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I havesucceeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours. （分数：0.50）A.on the pointB.off the pointC.to the pointD.up to a point30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened. （分数：0.50）A.rehearseB.reiterateC.reinforceD.reenact二、Part II Reading Comp(总题数：4，分数：40.00)In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, lessthan a century later,in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were manyand complex. The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicitbonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. Yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," Zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacral-ization' of children's lives. " Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such tradi-tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, educa-tion, and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: thepower of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " sur-render" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in america during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the（分数：2.00）A.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed(2).it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who（分数：2.00）A.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.present the central thesis a recent bookD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon(3).which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage? （分数：2.00）A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because paraents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the courseof a lifetime increased greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humantiarian ideals resultedin a wholeasale reappraisal of the worthof an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised thd costs, of available child labor.(4).the primary purpose of the passage is to （分数：2.00）A.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a xocial phenomenon(5).zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth except changes in （分数：2.00）A.the mortality rateB.the nature of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movementsA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And ifI have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early,I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I couldplease myself, but if I doitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andif Idoitoutinthestreets theneighborswill remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone mustnot interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of commonplace intercoursethat make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.（分数：10.00）(1).The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ as （分数：2.00）A.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private(2).The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one is （分数：2.00）A.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive(3).Asituationanalogous to the ‘insolence ofoffice’ described inparagraph 2 would be （分数：2.00）A.a teacher correcting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier(4).The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes in （分数：2.00）A.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the lawD.his own home(5).In the sentence ‘ We are all liable....’ the author is （分数：2.00）A.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedyThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died -as she nearly did -upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today -that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highestpitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could,indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident -scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her -a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed -perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictated letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. For months at a stretchshe never lefther bed. But she would notrest. At this rate, the doctors assuredher, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ... when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specterof Scutari -the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay that phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could she rest while these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look to the health of theArmy.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following except （分数：2.00）A.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important(2).Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who is （分数：2.00）A.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome(3).The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is to （分数：2.00）A.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD.argue that peacetimeconditions were worse than wartime conditions(4).The author's attitude to his material is （分数：2.00）A.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration(5).In her statement Miss Nightingale intended to （分数：2.00）A.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under whichordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army lifeHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the riseof families with morethan one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicappedor have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected. As a result of such contradictory evidence, itis uncertain whether those suffering seriously asa result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debatea€” that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage? （分数：2.00）A.What causes labor market pathologies that resultin sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities(2).The author uses “ labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following? （分数：2.00）A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income(3).Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author? （分数：2.00）A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.(4).The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by （分数：2.00）A.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers(5).According to the passage, one factor thatcauses unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the （分数：2.00）A.recurrenceof periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poorD.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics三、PartⅢCloze (10%)(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As children we start (51) a natural curiosity about everything around us, and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated, buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience. The future success of research in science and engineering depends (52) our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimulation of mental processes early in life. Pattern recognition, analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward. To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do (53) to the developing person. For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education, the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success. But why are so (54) of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career? Is it (55) we have dampened their curiosity? Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery? Is it because too many of us currently involved (56) the research enterprise has become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scientists and engineers? Perhaps entirely different factors are (57) play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers. We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing. We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have (58) to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery. We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common (59) (60) very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________四、PartⅣTranslation (20(总题数：1，分数：20.00)31.由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

[模拟] 复旦大学考博英语2Part ⅠVocabulary Directions: There are 30 incompete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter or Answer Sheet I with a single line through center.第1题：He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ( ) the consequences.A.answer forB.run intoC.abide byD.step into参考答案：A答案解析：answer for是“对……负责”；B．run into是“陷入，碰到”；C．abide by 是“遵守”；D．step into是“进入，走进”。

第2题：The wealth of a country should be measured ( ) the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard toD.in case of参考答案：B答案解析：本题意为“衡量一个国家的财富，既要根据一个国家生产的物质又要根据该国人民的健康和幸福”。

in terms of的意思是“根据，按照”；in line with的意思是“跟……一致，符合”；in regard to的意思是“关于”；in case of的意思是“假使……，万一……”。

目　录2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2011年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2010年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2009年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2008年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2007年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2006年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2005年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2004年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2003年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePart I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized.A. logicalB. haphazardC. orderlyD. tidy【答案】B句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当【解析】困难。

haphazard随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。

orderly整齐的；有组织的。

2. Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine.A. destructiveB. horribleC. amiableD. delectableD【答案】【解析】句意：密西西比州也保持着南方人们热情好客、气候一年到头温暖舒适和菜肴真正美味可口的声誉。

复旦大学考博英语历年试题题型题量分析导语：考博，英语是第一关，而英语成绩的高低主要取决于平时的复习，因此决心考博的考生一定要提前准备，每天学习英语。

全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要，能够为考生准确定位自己的英语水平提供良好的参照，也使考生对自己报考的院校试题有一个全面的了解，更加清晰地了解出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性。

下面是华慧考博的老师对复旦大学试题进行的一个全面的分析。

一．试题结构分析复旦大学考博英语的测试时间为3个小时，试卷分为词汇、阅读、完型、翻译、作文5个部分。

华慧老师根据近几年来的真题进行了分析，并列表如下：听力词汇与结构阅读理解完形填空翻译写作2003-2011年______15分（30题）40分（4篇，20题）10分（10题，无备选项）20分（汉译英）15分2001-2002年题型及分值分布与2003-2011年不同。

2001-2002年15分（20题）20分（20题）20（2篇，20题）15分（10题，无备选项）15分（汉译英）15分二．考核要求：除医学考博英语外，其他专业的考博英语由全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，其中复旦大学的考博英语对考生的具体要求如下：词汇方面，需要考生掌握7000~8000单词，900常用动词短语。

当然，一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇，通过考博英语也没有多大问题，只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。

长期关注和研究考博英语试题，反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。

事实上，背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的，考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇，而是阅读、翻译、写作能力。

所以，词汇够用即可，建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇，然后略加拓展，如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE词汇。