Unit4 Certainty and Uncertainty确定与不确定

确定型决策、不确定型决策、风险型决策的比较分析叶伟内容摘要：决策按照状态空间分类，可分为确定型决策、不确定型决策和风险型决策三类。

本文就这三种决策的基本概念、使用原则、适用范围和优缺点等几个方面进行了综合的比较分析。

关键词：确定型决策不确定型决策风险型决策Abstract:According to the state space, the decision-making may be divided into decision making under certainty , decision making under uncertainty and decision making under risk. This article has carried on the comparative analysis of their basic concept, their use principle, their applicable scope and their good and bad points and so on.Keywords:Decision-making under certainty Decision-making under uncertainty Decision-making under risk1．引言决策是理性人普遍从事的一种活动，也是极为重要的制胜手段。

它的核心是，对未来活动的多个目标及用途做出合理的选择，以寻求最满意的行动方案。

决策具有以下特点：①面对新问题和新任务做出科学决定，属于创造性的管理活动；②必须对实际行为有直接的指导作用；③具有多因素、多目标、不要确定性与方案的多样性，以及决策影响的时效性和一次性。

现代决策理论的主要特点在于，以概率和数理统计为基础，以统计判定理论和高等数学为工具，广泛地收集和处理信号，考虑人的心理和外在环境、市场等应变因素，知道人们把各类工程技术因素与经济效益统一起来做定量分析，并以电子计算机为辅助手段，研究决策的性质和规律、模型与方法，以寻求整体的最优解或满意解。

不确定中的确定性作文英文回答：Uncertainty in certainty is a fascinating concept that can be observed in various aspects of life. It refers to situations where there is a level of doubt or ambiguity, but at the same time, there is a sense of inevitability or predictability. This paradoxical phenomenon can be seen in relationships, career choices, and even in everyday decision-making.In relationships, uncertainty in certainty often arises when we are in a committed partnership. While we may feel secure and confident in our relationship, there is always a degree of uncertainty about the future. We may wonder if our partner will remain faithful, if our love will stand the test of time, or if we will continue to grow together. Despite these doubts, we still have a sense of certainty in the love and connection we share. It's like walking on a tightrope, knowing that there is a risk of falling, buthaving faith in our ability to maintain balance.Career choices also exhibit uncertainty in certainty. When deciding on a career path, we may have doubts about whether we have made the right choice. We may question if we will be successful, if we will find fulfillment, or if we will have job security. However, even in the face of these uncertainties, we have a sense of certainty in our skills, passions, and ambitions. We trust that our hard work and dedication will lead us to a successful and fulfilling career. It's like taking a leap of faith, knowing that there may be obstacles along the way, but believing in our ability to overcome them.Everyday decision-making is another area where uncertainty in certainty can be observed. We are constantly faced with choices, big and small, that have uncertain outcomes. For example, deciding what to have for dinner can seem trivial, but there is always a level of uncertainty about whether we will enjoy the meal or if it will meet our expectations. However, we have a sense of certainty in our preferences, tastes, and experiences. We trust that ourpast experiences and knowledge will guide us in making the right choice. It's like following our gut instincts, knowing that they have served us well in the past.中文回答：确定性中的不确定性是一个非常有趣的概念，在生活的各个方面都能观察到。

Lesson 32: Unit Review单元复习◆课文英汉对照Ⅰ. Building Your Vocabulary 增强你的词汇A．Fill in each blank with the proper word or phrase from the list. Use the correct form..从方框中选择出适合的词或短语并用正确形式填空。

discover 发现taste 品尝examine 测试hide 隐藏prove证明light点燃1. The experiment _________that the force of the air can keep the water in the jar。

这个试验_________空气的力量能托住瓶子里的水。

2. The teacher will_________ the class on everything they have learned this term..老师将_________全班同学关于他们本学期学过的所有知识。

3. We have _________ that cardboard can hold the water in.我们已经_________卡片能把水托在里面。

4. These Western foods _________ great. 这些西餐__________很好。

5. On Easter, Danny _________ the colored eggs behind the trees.在复活节，丹尼_________彩蛋在树后。

6. I need some matches to _________ the candle.答案链接：1.proves2.examine3.discovered4.taste5.hid6.light1. Look at something or someone carefully:很认真的看某人某物：_________2. Show or tell what something means:展示或告诉某事物的意思：_________3. Put different things together:把不同的东西放在一起：_________4. A round dish:一个圆的盘子：_________答案链接：1.observe2.explain3.mix4.hide5.plate6.discoverC. Fill in the blank with the proper word. The first letter is given.用合适的单词填空，首字母已给出。

每天口语半小时 Certainty and uncertainty确定和不确定certain：确定的，形容词，certanity：确定，名词，uncertain和uncertainty也是一样的情况。

因为标题里都是名词。

1.Are you certain about that? 你对于那个确定吗？2.Were you quite sure about your success? 你很确定你成功了吗？用的were you，过去式，因为这个success也是过去的事情。

quite=very：很。

3.Really?4.I suppose you have no doubt about that. 我想你对那个毫不怀疑。

suppose：猜想，还有两种用法：1. Suppose you can fly, what will you do? 假设你会飞，你会做什么？2. You are supposed to stay at home.你应该呆在家里的。

be supposed to do应该做某事。

5.I've no doubt of your ability. 我不怀疑你的能力。

I’ve= I have我有，no+名词：没有某物，doubt：怀疑（动词/名词）, doubt of your ability对你的能力的怀疑。

6.I bet they've got lost. 我敢打赌他们迷路了。

bet打赌。

They have got lost是个完成时，get lost=be lost迷路。

7.I'm quite convinced things will improve. 我非常确定事情会更好的。

convince：说服，Convince me! 来说服我。

improve改善，I will improve my life.我会改善我的生活。

8.It's hard to tell. 难说。

自适应蒙特卡洛法评定全站仪测距不确定度仇跃鑫1，2，朱进1，2，王瑛辉1，2*（1.浙江省计量科学研究院，浙江杭州 310018；2.浙江省数字精密测量技术研究重点实验室，浙江杭州310018）摘要：全站仪测距精度的校准需要在标准基线场上进行，由于野外环境不可控和气象条件波动剧烈，因此判断全站仪的测量结果的可靠程度具有重要意义。

为了解决全站仪测距不确定度评定模型的非线性和输入量强相关等问题，本文首先采用了自适应蒙特卡洛法进行不确定度评定，然后与GUM的不确定度评定结果进行对比，当测距距离为1 176 m时，自适应蒙特卡洛法评定的不确定度结果为2.2 mm，GUM为2.6 mm，结果显示两种不确定度评定方法的测量结果均在合理预期之内，且自适应蒙特卡洛法评定的不确定度置信区间更窄。

自适应蒙特卡洛法结合了大量数据样本和自适应优化仿真次数的优势，不仅对全站仪测距过程中的各项误差源引入的不确定度分量评估更为全面，而且在保证了全站仪测距不确定度评定结果准确的同时，相比于蒙特卡洛法节约了70%的样本数量。

关键词：计量学；自适应蒙特卡洛法；全站仪；测量不确定度中图分类号：TB921；TH711 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5795（2023）05-0104-08Evaluation of uncertainty of distance measurement by total station usingadaptive Monte Carlo methodQIU Yuexin1，2, ZHU Jin1，2, WANG Yinghui1，2*(1.Zhejiang Institute of Metrology, Hangzhou 310018, China；2.Key Laboratory of Digital Precision Measurement Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310018, China)Abstract: The calibration of total station distance measurement accuracy needs to be carried out on a standard baseline field, and it is of great significance to judge the reliability of the measurement results of the total station due to the uncontrollable field environment and the drastic fluctuation of meteorological conditions. In order to solve the problems of nonlinearity and strong correlation of inputs of the total station distance measurement uncertainty evaluation model, this paper firstly adopts the adaptive Monte Carlo method to evaluate the uncertainty, and then compares the uncertainty evaluation results with those of the GUM. When the ranging distance is 1 176 m, the un⁃certainty evaluation results of the adaptive Monte Carlo method is 2.2 mm, and the GUM is 2.6 mm. The results show that the measurement results of both uncertainty assessment methods are within reasonable expectations, and the uncertainty confidence interval of the adaptive Monte Carlo method is narrower. The adaptive Monte Carlo method combines the advantages of a large number of data samples and adaptive optimization of the simulation doi：10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2023.05.15收稿日期：2023-04-01；修回日期：2023-05-12基金项目：2022年度浙江省科技厅“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划项目（2022C01139）引用格式：仇跃鑫，朱进，王瑛辉.自适应蒙特卡洛法评定全站仪测距不确定度［J］.计测技术，2023，43（5）：104-111.Citation：QIU Y X，ZHU J，WANG Y H.Evaluation of uncertainty of distance measurement by total station using adaptive Monte Carlo method［J］.Metrology & Measurement Technology，2023，43（5）：104-111.times, which not only provides a more comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty components introduced by vari⁃ous error sources in the process of total station distance measurement, but also saves 70% of samples compared with the Monte Carlo method, while guaranteeing the accuracy of the uncertainty assessment results of the total station distance measurement.Key words: metrology; adaptive Monte Carlo method; total station; measurement uncertainty0　引言全站仪被广泛应用于精密测量、机械制造和大地测量领域，本质是由一个经纬仪和一个电子测距仪共同组成，这二者的精度直接决定了全站仪的精度。

不确定性与标准答案的作文英文回答：In a world where certainty is often elusive,uncertainty reigns supreme. It is a realm where the boundaries of knowledge blur, and the familiar gives way to the unknown. Uncertainty can both exhilarate and confound us, leaving us questioning our assumptions and seeking solace in the familiar.Yet, in the face of uncertainty, we often cling to the allure of standard answers. These are the neatly packaged solutions that promise to dispel our doubts and provide a sense of closure. Standard answers can be comforting intheir simplicity, but they also have the potential tostifle our critical thinking and limit our ability to adapt.In the pursuit of certainty, we may overlook the valueof uncertainty. Uncertainty can be a catalyst for growth, innovation, and resilience. It forces us to confront ourassumptions, explore new possibilities, and embrace the unknown. By embracing uncertainty, we open ourselves up toa world of possibilities that may have otherwise remained hidden.Standard answers, on the other hand, can lull us into a false sense of security. They may provide temporary comfort, but they can also lead us down a path of complacency and missed opportunities. By relying too heavily on standard answers, we limit our ability to think critically, adapt to change, and navigate the complexities of the world around us.In a world characterized by uncertainty, the pursuit of standard answers may be a futile endeavor. True certainty may never be fully attainable, but by embracing uncertainty, we can unlock our potential, foster innovation, and live more fulfilling lives.中文回答：在不确定的世界中，不确定性占据了重要地位。

思辨作文确定与不确定英文回答：The question of certainty versus uncertainty is a complex one that has puzzled philosophers, scientists, and everyday individuals alike. On one hand, certainty provides a sense of security and stability. Knowing the outcome of a situation or having complete knowledge about a topic can give us confidence and peace of mind. For example, when I am taking a multiple-choice test and I know the correct answer, I feel certain and confident in my choice.On the other hand, uncertainty can be exciting and full of possibilities. It allows for growth, exploration, and discovery. When we are uncertain about something, we are motivated to seek answers and learn more. This can lead to personal development and new opportunities. For instance, when I travel to a new country and don't know the language or culture, I am uncertain about what to expect. However, this uncertainty also opens up the chance for me to learnand experience new things.In everyday life, we encounter both certainty and uncertainty. For routine tasks or familiar situations, certainty is often preferred. We want to know that our morning coffee will taste the same every day or that ourcar will start when we turn the key. However, in more complex or ambiguous situations, uncertainty can be embraced. For example, when making a career change or starting a new project, we may not have all the answers.But this uncertainty can lead to personal growth and the opportunity to learn new skills.中文回答：确定与不确定的问题是一个复杂的问题，困扰着哲学家、科学家和普通人。

确定与不确定的作文素材英文回答：Certainly, the concept of certainty and uncertainty is a prevalent theme in our lives. On one hand, certainty provides us with a sense of security and stability, allowing us to make plans and set goals with confidence. On the other hand, uncertainty brings about a sense of adventure and excitement, as we navigate through the unknown and embrace new experiences. Both certainty and uncertainty have their own merits and drawbacks, and they play a crucial role in shaping our perspectives and decisions.In the realm of relationships, certainty can bring about a deep sense of trust and understanding between individuals. When we are certain about someone's intentions and feelings towards us, it fosters a strong bond and allows us to build meaningful connections. Conversely, uncertainty in relationships can lead to doubt andinsecurity, causing tension and misunderstandings. However, uncertainty can also add an element of thrill and mystery to a relationship, keeping the spark alive and encouraging us to explore new facets of our partner.In the professional sphere, certainty can provide a clear sense of direction and purpose in our careers. When we are certain about our skills and abilities, we can pursue our goals with determination and confidence. On the other hand, uncertainty in the workplace can lead to anxiety and apprehension, especially when faced with challenges and changes. Yet, uncertainty can also spur innovation and creativity, pushing us to think outside the box and adapt to new circumstances.In the face of major life decisions, certainty canoffer a sense of reassurance and conviction in our choices. It allows us to move forward with a strong sense of purpose and commitment. However, embracing uncertainty in decision-making can lead to unexpected opportunities and personal growth. It encourages us to step out of our comfort zones and embrace the unknown, leading to new discoveries andexperiences.Overall, both certainty and uncertainty are integral parts of the human experience. While certainty provides us with stability and confidence, uncertainty challenges us to grow and adapt. Balancing the two is essential in leading a fulfilling and dynamic life.中文回答：确定与不确定的概念在我们的生活中是一个常见的主题。

Unit 4 Man of Virtue一、单词——在语境中默写，在联想中积累写得准用得活(用所给词的适当形式填空)1.debate n．/vt.辩论，争论2.keen adj.敏锐的3.occasional adj.偶尔的，间或发生的4.appreciative adj.有鉴赏力的，感激的5.delight vt.(使)高兴，(使)欣喜 n．高兴→delighted adj.高兴的，愉快的→delightful adj.令人高兴的6.skate vi.溜冰，滑冰→skater n．溜冰者7.cultivate vt.培养；教养→cultivation n．培养；教养ugh vi.笑n.笑，笑声→laughter n．笑，笑声9.certain adj.确定的，肯定的，特定的→certainty n．确定，确实的事情→uncertainty n．不确定，不可靠10.convenient adj.便利的，方便的→ inconvenient adj.不方便的，有困难的→convenience n．便利，舒适，适宜11.pitiless adj.无情的→pitiful adj.慈悲的，可怜的，凄惨的→pity n．同情，怜悯；遗憾vt.同情，怜悯12.angrily adv.生气地；愤怒地→angry adj.发怒的，愤怒的，生气的→anger n．怒，愤怒vt.使发怒，激怒13.explore vt.勘探，勘查，探测；仔细查阅，探索，探究→exploration n．探险，探测1.It took the exploration (explore) team one month to get through the desert.2.Playing chess can cultivate (cultivation) one’s patience and perseverance.3.Whenever I think of this joke, I cannot help but burst into laughter (laugh)．4.To my delight, the company was very appreciative (appreciate) of my efforts.5.“It is certain that everyone will succeed in the end，” he said with certainty.(certain)6.You’ll find these meals quick and convenient to prepare.We provide these meals for the convenience of the customers.(convenient)7.Look at the skater on the ice! How quickly she is skating.(skate) 8.Don’t be pitiful to the people who are pitiless.(pity)9.She said angrily,_“You have made your father very angry.You must beg his pardon.”(anger)10.He takes great delight inproving others wrong.When he did it, he felt delighted.But I don’t think what he does is delightful.(delight)1.“高兴”名词一览①delight高兴，喜悦②happiness 高兴，幸福③joy 快乐，高兴④pleasure快乐，愉快⑤gladness欢乐，高兴2.­al结尾形容词荟萃①occasional偶尔的②individual 个人的③additional 额外的④emotional 情感的⑤typical 典型的⑥fundamental基本的3.聚焦­er结尾不指人名词①laughter 笑声②washer 洗衣机③cooker 炊具④opener 起子⑤recorder 录音机⑥loudspeaker扬声器4.盘点in­前缀形容词①inconvenient不方便的②incomplete 不完整的③independent独立的④informal 非正式的⑤incorrect 不正确的二、短语——在应用中记牢，在归纳中记多写得准用得活(选用左栏短语填空)1.make_up_one’s_mind下定决心，打定主意2.set_up 创立，建立3.have_fun 玩得开心4.be_regarded_as 被视为5.be_divided_into 被分为6.pass_away 去世7.fix_one’s_attention_on 集中注意力于……8.as_usual 像往常一样9.pull_out 拔(抽，取)出；(车等)驶出10.turn_up 出现11.make_one’s_fortune 谋生1.The school has set_up a special class to help poor readers.2.He said he’d come to help me, but he let me down.He never turned_up.3.When he was in high school, he made_up_his_mind to apply for membership in the Party.4.As everybody knows, kangaroos are native to Australia and are_regarded_as one of Australia’s national treasures.5.You should pull_out this tooth.I’m afraid this tooth will have to be taken12.be_under_arrest 被捕13.now_and_then 偶尔14.ought_to 应该out.6.Such things ought_not_to be allowed.⇩积得多平时多输入，用时顺手出1.“be＋过去分词＋into”短语扫描①be divided into被分为②be admitted into 被录取到③be translated into 被译成④be made into 被制成⑤be transformed into 被转变成2.pass短语归纳①pass away去世②pass by 从旁边经过③pass down 传下来④pass on 传递；继续⑤pass out 昏过去三、句式——在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通背原句明句式学仿写1.Nevertheless, Disney decided tobuild his park in California and wenton with his plans for a clean, safepark, which he decided to call Disneyland.然而，迪斯尼决定在加利福尼亚建一个公园并继续为建干净、安全的公园而筹划，他决定把这个公园叫作迪斯尼乐园。

第17讲:情境交际之话题归纳初中阶段要掌握的30个日常交际项目是：1.问候Greetingsa.Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi.How are you?b.Fine, thank you, And you?Very well, thank you.2.介绍Introductionsa.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Comrade….b.How do you do?Nice/Glad to see/meet you.c.My name is….I’m a student/worker etc.(here).3.告别Farewellsa.I think it’s time for to leave now.b.Goodbye! (Bye-bye! Bye!)See you later/tomorrow. (See you.) Good night.4.打电话Making telephone callsa.Hello! May I speak to …?Is that…(speaking)?b.Hold on, please.He/She isn’t here right now.Can I take a message for you?c.I called to tell/ask you…d.Goodbye.5.感谢和应答Thanks and responsesa.Thank you (very much).Thanks a lot.Many thanks.Thanks for…b.Not at all.That’s all right.You’re welcome.6.祝愿，祝贺和应答Good wishes, congratulations, responsesa.Good luck!Best wishes to you.Have a nice/good time.Congratulations!c.Thank you.d.Happy New Year!Merry Christmas!Happy birthday to you.e.The same to you.7.意愿IntentionsI’m going to…I will...I’d like to…I want/hope to…8.道歉和应答Apologies and responsesa.I’m sorry. (Sorry.)I’m sorry for/about…Excuse me.b.That’s all right.It doesn’t matter.That’s nothing.9.遗憾和同情Regrets and sympathy What a pity!I’m sorry to hear…10.邀请和应答Invitations and responsesa.Will you come to…?Would you like to…?b.Yes, I’d love to…Yes, it’s very kind/nice of you.c.I’d love to, but…11.提供（帮助等）和应答Offers and responsesa.Can I help you?What can I do for you?Here, take this/my…Let me…for you.Would you like some…?b.Thanks. That would be nice/fine.Thank you for your help.Yes, please.c.No, thanks/thank you.That’s very kind of you, but…12.请求允许和应答Asking for permission and responsesa.May I…?Can/Could I…?b.Yes/Certainly.Yes, do please.Of course (you may).That’s Ok/all right.c.I’m sorry, but…You’d better not.13.表示同意和不同意Expressing agreement and disagreementa.Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please.Yes, I think so.b.That’s true/OK.That’s a good idea.I agree (with you).c.No, I don’t think so.I’m afraid not.I really can’t agree with you.14.表示肯定和不肯定Expressing certainty and uncertaintya.I’m sure.I’m sure (that) …b.I’m not sure.I’m not sure whether/if…c.Maybe/Perhaps15.喜好和厌恶Likes and dislikesa.I like/love…(very much).I like/love to…b.I don’t like (to) …I hate (to) …16.谈论天气Talking about the weathera.What’s the weather like today?How’s the weather in…?b.It’s fine/cloudy/windy/rainy, etc.It’s rather warm/cold/hot/etc. today, isn’t it?17.购物Shoppinga.What can I do for you?May/Can I help you?b.I want/I’d like…How much is it?That’s too much/expensive, I’m afraid.That’s fine. I’ll take it.Let me have…kilo/box, etc.c.How many/much do you want?What colour/size/kind do you want?d.Do you have any other kind/size/colour,etc.?18.问路和应答Asking the way and responsesa.Excuse me. Where’s the men’s/ladies’room?Excuse me, can you tell me the way to…?How can I get to…? I don’t know the way.b.Go down this street.Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.It’s about …metres from here.19.问时间或日期和应答Asking the time or date and responsesa.What day is (it) today?What’s the date today?What time is it?What’s the time, please?b.It’s Monday/Tuesday, etc.It’s January 10th.It’s five o,clock/half past five/a quarter to five/five thirty, etc. It’s time for…20.请求Requestsa.Can/Could you…for me?Will/would you please…?May I have…?b.Please give/pass me…Please wait (here/a moment).Please wait for your turn.Please stand in line/line up.Please hurry.c.Don’t rush/crowd.No noise, please.No smoking, please.21.劝告和建议Advice and suggestionsa.You’d better…You should…You need (to)…b.Shall we…?Let’s…What /How about…?22.禁止和警告Prohibition and warningsa.You can’t/mustn’t…If you…, you’ll…b.Take care !Be careful !Look out !23.表示感情Expressing certain emotionsa.喜悦Pleasure, joyI’m glad/pleased/happy to…That’s nice.That’s wonderful/great.b.焦虑AnxietyWhat’s wrong?What’s the matter (with you)?I’m/He’s/She’s worried.Oh, what shall I/we do?c.惊奇SurpriseReally?Oh dear?Is that so?24.就餐Taking mealsa.What would you like to have?Would you like something to eat/drink?b.I’d like…Would you like some more…?Help yourself to some…c.Thank you. I’ve had enough/Just a little, please.25.约会Making appointmentsa.Are you free this afternoon/evening?How about tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening? Shall we meet at 4: 30 at…?b.Yes, that’s all right.Yes, I’ll be free then.c.No, I won’t be free then. But I’ll be free…a. All right. See you then.26.传递信息Passing on a messagea.Will you please give this note/message to…?b.asked me to give you this note.c.Thanks for the message.27.看病Seeing the doctora.There’s something wrong with…I’ve got a cough.I feel terrible(bad).I don’t feel well.I’ve got a pain here.This place hurts.b.Take this medicine three times a day.Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.It’s nothing serious.You’ll be right/well soon.28.求救Calling for helpa.Help!b.What’s the matter?29.语言困难Language difficultiesPardon.Please say that again/more slowly.What do you mean by…?I’m sorry I can’t follow you.I’m sorry I know only a little English.30.常见的标志和说明Some common signs and instructions BUSINESS HOURS FRAGILEOFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UPOPEN MENUCLOSED NO SMOKINGPULL NO PARKINGPUSH NO PHOTOSON DANGER!OFF PLAYENTRANCE STOPEXIT PAUSEINSTRUCTIONS第17讲:情境交际之考点精讲同学们在中考复习时，首先应熟记教材第一至三册中出现的常用交际用语和习惯表达法。

思辨作文确定与不确定英文回答：Certainty and uncertainty are two fundamental aspectsof human existence. Throughout our lives, we constantly encounter situations that can either be defined bycertainty or plagued with uncertainty. While certainty provides us with a sense of security and stability, uncertainty challenges us to adapt and grow. Both certainty and uncertainty have their own merits and drawbacks, and it is important to strike a balance between the two.Certainty, in its essence, offers us a clear path to follow. It gives us confidence in our decisions and actions, knowing that the outcomes are predictable. For example, when I go to a well-established restaurant that has consistently delivered delicious meals in the past, I canbe certain that I will have a satisfying dining experience. This certainty allows me to relax and enjoy my meal without any worries.On the other hand, uncertainty can be exhilarating and full of opportunities. It pushes us out of our comfortzones and encourages personal growth. When I travel to a new country, I am faced with unfamiliar customs, languages, and landscapes. While this uncertainty may initially be daunting, it also opens up a world of possibilities. I have the chance to explore new cultures, meet interesting people, and broaden my horizons. The uncertainty of traveling adds excitement and spontaneity to my life.However, too much certainty can lead to complacency and stagnation. If we always stick to what we know and are familiar with, we may miss out on new experiences and perspectives. For instance, if I only eat at the same restaurant every day, I will never discover the diverse flavors and cuisines that other establishments have to offer. Embracing uncertainty allows us to break free from our routines and discover new passions and interests.On the other hand, excessive uncertainty can also be overwhelming and stressful. When faced with constantunpredictability, we may feel anxious and unsure about the future. This can hinder our ability to make decisions and take action. For example, if I am constantly unsure aboutmy career path, I may struggle to commit to a specific jobor pursue further education. Striking a balance between certainty and uncertainty allows us to make informed decisions while still being open to new possibilities.In conclusion, certainty and uncertainty are both integral parts of our lives. While certainty provides uswith stability and confidence, uncertainty challenges us to adapt and grow. It is important to find a balance between the two, as excessive certainty can lead to complacency and stagnation, while excessive uncertainty can cause anxiety and indecision. By embracing both certainty and uncertainty, we can navigate through life with confidence and opennessto new experiences.中文回答：确定性和不确定性是人类存在的两个基本方面。

【高起专/高起本】2023年全国成人高考《英语》考试大纲（带复习内容）2023年成人高考高起专英语考试大纲如下：英语复习考试范围包括语音、词汇、语法、日常交际用语、阅读和写作等方面。

英语复习考试在记忆、理解和综合应用这三个层次上检测考生掌握英语的水平：1.记忆:能记住本大纲规定的语音、语法知识;能记住单词的拼写、读音、基本词义及主要用法;能记住本大纲规定的短语和习惯用语的意思和主要用法。

2.理解:能正确使用话音、语法和日常交际用语知识;能够理解各种语言现象;能够读懂适当难度的语言材料。

3.综合应用:能够使用本大纲规定的各类语言知识,整体理解不同形式的语篇;能够根据特定要求比较连贯、得体地表达自己的意思。

Ⅰ复习考试内容一、语音熟悉英语字母及常用字母组合在单词中的读音。

了解英语的基本语调以及使用语调的规则,并能在实践中运用这些规则。

能在简单的日常会话中使用比较自然的语音语调。

二、词汇掌握2000个左右常用英语单词和一定数的短语和习惯用语，对单词能认、会读,知道词义及其在语句中的用法。

对在一般交际中使用频率高的单词和短语会拼写、能正确使用。

知道一些常用词的近义词和反义词。

能够根据上下文或利用基本的构词法知识推断语篇中生词的含义。

三、语法1.词类1)名词；2)形容词；3)副词；4)动词；5)代词；6)冠词；7)数词；8)介词；9)连词；10)感叹词。

2.名词1)可数和不可数名词；2)名词的复数形式；3)专有名词；4)所有格。

3.代词1)人称代词；2)物主代词；3)反身代词；4)指示代词；5)不定代词；6)疑问代词。

4.数词1)基数词；2)序数词。

5.介词6.连词7.形容词1)形容词作定语、表语和宾语补足语的用法；2)比较等级:原级、比较级、最高级。

8.副词1)时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接、关系等副词的用法。

2)比较等级:原级、比较级、最高级。

9.冠词的一般用法10.动词1)动词的基本形式：(1)现在式；(2)过去式；(3)过去分词；(4)-ing 形式。

知识点总结一、考试性质和命题指导思想上海市初中毕业英语科统一学业考试是义务教育阶段的终结性考试。

它的指导思想是有利于推进中小学实施素质教育，有利于推进中小学课程改革，有利于促进初中教育教学改革，有利于切实减轻中学生过重的学业负担，有利于培养学的创新精神和实践能力，有利于促进学生全面和谐、富有个性的发展，有利于学生在高中教育阶段的可持续发展。

考试结果既是衡量初中学生是否达到毕业标准的重要依据，也是高中阶段各类学校招生的重要依据。

考试对象为2012年完成上海市全日制九年义务教育学业的九年级学生。

二、考试目标英语科统一学业考试旨在测试考生的英语基础知识和运用英语进行交际的能力。

在语言知识和语言能力之间侧重对语言能力的考核。

语言知识包括语音、词汇、语法以及语言功能。

语言能力包括运用语言获取和了解信息的能力，以及按情景或要求传递信息、表达思想的能力。

依据《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》（2004年11月版）规定的六年至九年级教学目标，确定语言知识和语言能力的考试目标如下:I.语言知识主要测试学生在具体语境中对常用词汇、基础语法和常用语言功能的记忆、理解和应用。

II.语言能力1.听主要测试学生理解口头英语的能力（1）从所听材料中获取事实信息的能力；（2）理解所听材料的基本内容及上下文关系的能力；（3）推断所听材料的隐含意思的能力。

2.读主要测试学生理解书面英语的能力。

（1）从各类语篇中获取事实信息的能力；（2）根据上下文理解词句意义的能力；（3）理解和归纳语篇主旨大意的能力；（4）推测语篇隐含意义的能力。

3.写主要测试学生根据要求进行书面表达的能力（1）运用词汇和语法知识写出正确的句子的能力；（2）用通顺连贯的语言围绕一个主题进行表达的能力。

三、考试内容以上海市中小学课程教材改革委员会制定的《上海市中小学英语课程标准》（征求意见稿）规定的教材内容为考试的范围，包括《英语》（牛津上海版）六年级到九年级（共八本）（上海教育出版社和牛津版大学出版社共同出版）及《英语》（新世纪版）六年级到九年级（共八本）（上海外国语教育出版社出版）。