英语笔记
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翻译的定义：美国翻译理论家奈达说，翻译就是在译入语中用最切近而又自然的对应信息再现原语的信息，首先是在意义上，其次是在文体上，他还说翻译不止是一门科学，而且说到底完美的翻译永远是一种艺术。
翻译的标准，严复的信、达、雅。
鲁迅认为：凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。
翻译的分类：就所涉及的语言来分可分为语内翻译和语外翻译。
就操作方式而言，可分为口译，笔译，机器翻译。
就翻译的文体而言，可分为实用文体和文学文体。
就翻译的活动的处理方式而言，可分为全译，编译，节译，摘译等。
结构对比：汉语意合重于形合，英语形合生于意合。
英语句子多前重心，汉语句子多后重心，英语有少用动词或使用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向，而汉语则有动辄使用动词的固有习惯。
英语的物称倾向十分明显。
英语被动语态的使用频率很高。
英语句子常常是环扣相嵌，盘根错节，句中有句，而汉语结构相对比较简单，多用积累式分句或独立的单句。
句子（根据环境译）英语表达习惯1、always remember you 永远记住你2、it’s a shame/that’s too bad 真遗憾3、mind the steps 小心台阶4、请勿疲劳驾驶do not fatigue driving5、我感到很痛I feel great pain .I am painful6、亚洲四小龙the four little tigers of Asia7、百里挑一one in a thousand8、干杯（一饮而尽）cheers! Bottom up.9、不许动（警察或劫匪的吆喝语）Freeze!10、到此为止吧，不必多说了period！11、时间到Time’s over /Game is over /Game!12、谢天谢地Amen！13、别紧张relax！14、我们吹了we’re though 完了，没戏了I’m though15、他活不长（生命受到威胁）he’s history16、没什么好紧张的（没什么大不了的）No sweat17、(从前)海边住着一个渔夫At the seaside lived a fisherman.A fisherman lived at the seaside.There lived a fisherman at the seaside18、随后跳舞开始了Then they danced./Then theydance began 到时间了。
Then they began to dance./Then dancing began.人们兴致来了。
19、我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票，今天晚上请你们两个人去看电影。
My husband has bought two film tickets for us tonight, because you’re laid off and have to c ut your expenses.翻译：语言、文化、社会（中文修养）Scope of translation:语言分类：语内、语际活动形式：口语、笔译、同声、连续translation is a kind of science.an art and a craft(技能)严复：three character guide :信、达、雅faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance－“I don’t know what you do with you brass(黄铜).”said Mr scurridge.－“I spend it on you ,”she said ,“Always a good table ,you must have. Never nothing short.”“不知道你掖着臭钱干什么”史卡力先生问。
“供你吃喝呀！”她回答到“你总是一定要好吃好喝，缺一点也不行”。
3、Non-linguistic context 非语言环境It’s freezing cold here.这里冷的要死We excel at making a living but often fall in making a life he good at.我们善于谋生，却往往不会营造生活。
I have read your work.我拜读了你的大作He was on his way to China again.他踏上了去中国的旅程。
He sold hard-to get items.他兜售紧消商品。
人大代表一行五人于春节前观察了这个福利中心。
：A group of five NPC representatives inspected this welfare center on the eve of spring festival.香港总督尤德爵士今晨北京逝世。
：Sir Edward Youde, Governor of Hong Kong, passed away in Beijing this morning.我不善于讲话，也不习惯发表演说，我一生没做过教室。
译文1: I am not good at talking, and I’m not used to giving lectures ,I have never done any teaching either.口语译文2：Taking is not my province, nor is lecturing, never have I taken up teaching as my professing, either.书面己所不欲，勿施于人：Don’t do unto others, what you don’t want to be done by.(1.0)瞧，你像只落汤鸡！Look! You are wet through!劳驾，去市场街怎么走?：Excuse me, but could you show me the way to Market Street.骄阳之下，柳树上，回答他的是一片“知了，知了”的声音。
：Under the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: “see, see……”.(昨奉大函，诵悉一是，尊稿极佳；唯篇幅甚长，本志地位有限，故不克刊登，良用歉意（主要表达歉意）：I received your letter yesterday. I read it and noted it contents. Your article is very good. But it’s very long. This magazine has limited space. Therefore, I can’t publish your article, I’m very sorry.English/Chinese一、直线型与螺旋型二、分析性/综合性As it’s too late for you to go home no w, you had better stay overnight at this space.今晚太晚了，你最好在休息一晚。
（无关联词）三、抽象性与形象型四、客观性与主观性五、前重心与后重心六、竹节句法与流水句法七、理解型与绘画型八、语义对应与非对应1知己知彼，百战不殆Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles.2有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的时候才会成功。
It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed, only when he has one foot in the grave.一目了然see with half an eye一模一样as alike as two peas三言两语in a few words; in one or two words三心二意to be in two minds三思而后行look before you leap三三两两by ones and twos四面八方all directions; all around; all quarters; far and near七嘴八舌all talking at once半斤八两six of one and half-a-dozen of the other十之八九ten to one十全十美be perfect in every way: be out of this world; to be nines同舟共济to be in the same boat 处境相同亡羊补牢lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen 未晚/晚怒发冲冠make one’s hair stand on end见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我胖了，说我胖了之后大骂其新党。
After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he deserved that I liked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译1、文法与翻译a)他和以为百万富翁的女儿结了婚He married the daughter of a millionaire.b)借你的电话用好吗？May I use your telephone?c)计算机软件的设计由她负责She is in charge of writing computer programs.d)坐在花园的篱笆上，一只黄蜂刺了我一下Sitting on a fence in my garden, I was stung by a wasp.e)聚也不已，散也不易It’s not easy to gather, nor is it to leave each other.f)饭前洗手，睡前洗脚Wash your hands before meals, and your feet before going to bad.g)他一把抓住我的手He caught me by the hand.h)我怀疑真有这事I doubt whether it is true./I suspect that it might be true.i)骄傲不好，会使你失去群众It’s not good to be proud, it will deprive you of the trust of the people.j)昨晚他们家被偷了Their house was robbed last night.We were about to set out when the telephone bell rang.我们正要出发，电话铃响了。
