托福阅读解题代入技巧实例分析托福阅读解题代入技巧实例分析原来词汇题可以这么做托福阅读词汇题可用代入法推断这种方法相当于万无一失的万金油了.不论你遇到什么情况,把四个选项带入到原文中看是否语义通顺符合逻辑.是个正确率比较高的方法.代入法解题思路实例讲解原题实例the deserts, which already occupy appro_imately a forth of theearth s landsurface, have in recent decades been increasingly at an alarmingpace. thee_pansion of desert--like conditions into areas where they did notpreviouslye_ist is called desertification. it has been estimated that anadditionalone-fourth of the earth s land surface is threatened by this process.the word threatened in the passage is closet in meaning to ----A.restrictedB.endangeredC.preventedD.rejected.思路解析这道题目问的是threatened这个单词的意思.大部分背了单词的同学都知道是威胁的意思,很容易的就可以选择b答案.但是如果你不认识这个单词呢,我们来看下单词所在这个句子,〝估计另外的四分之一的土地被这种进程所-------.〞那么这个进程讲的就是前面所提到的沙漠化的进程.我们来看下四个选项,A受限制的,B被威胁的,C被阻止的,D被拒绝的.把这四个单词带入的话,我们得出b 被威胁的这个选项是最合适的.托福阅读撩题必备技能——后置定语常见的后置定语表现形式:The leaders (present at the meeting) are very famousHis lover (for his country) is very greatThe kid (running on the ground) is cuteThe girl (punished by the teacher) criedShe has a meeting (to attend)Ilike the chocolate (that you bought for me yesterday)Paragraph4: Forehead rubbing by male deer on buckrubs presumably sends agreat deal of information to other members of the samespecies. First, thechemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity ofan animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know,dogs recognize each other via smell. Second,because only male deer rub, the buckrub and its associated chemicals indicate the se_ of the deer producing the rub.Third, older more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably depositmore glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus, the presence of many well-markedrubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinityrather than simply being a crudemeasure of relative deer abundance in a givenarea. The information conveyed by the olfactorysignals on a buck rub makes itthe social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such astrumpeting by bull elk.What can be inferred fromparagraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?○Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to othermembers of their species.○Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to conveyinformation about their identity.○Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in theirvicinity.○Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area thanbuck rubs do.这是一道推断题,较有难度,根据题干定位后发现解题区间在原文的最后2句话,都是长难句,我们来逐一分析一下;根据trumpeting先是定位到最后一句,这个句子包含了后置定语conveyedby the olfactory signals on a buck rub,读到这里发现并不是句子重心,后面的makes it socialequivalent才是句子重心,由此能感觉到作者意在做类比,非常符合推断题的解题思路哦,比较对象分别是通过olfactory (rub)传达的信号和通过auditory(trumpeting)传达的信号,这两种信号具有相同的社会功能;上一句依然包含了后置定语,being in the general vicinity ........in a givenarea,所以句子重心在前,讲的是rub的出现代表着周围有older, higher-status的buck最后我们尝试联系一下这2句话,得出的结论是:olfactory(rub)→higher status buck=auditory(trumpe ting)→higher status bull elk,选择AThe numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since theentry of Europeansinto Puget Sound country. The early e_plorers and settlerstold of abundant deerin the early _00s and yet almost in the same breath be moaned the lack of thissucculent game animal. Famous e_plorers of the north American frontier, Lewisand Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia Riveron November _, __, innearly starved circumstances. They had e_perienced great difficulty finding gamewest of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill theirfirst elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed appro_imately _0elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, thee_pedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later onin the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became theheadquarters of the Hudson s Bay Company, deer populations continued tofluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical e_plorer of the _30s, found adisturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period betweenhis first visit in _25 and his final contact with the fort in _32. A recentDouglas biographer states: The deer which once pictures quely dotted themeadows around the fort were gone in _32, hunted to e_termination in order toprotect the crops.According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time DavidDouglas returned in _32?○The fort had become the headquarters fo r the Hudson s Bay Company.○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.这是一道细节题,解题策略会相对更简单粗暴一些,根据题干_32我们定位到and his final contact with the fort in_32,这里读一下发现并没有回答题目,那下一句应该继续再讲_32年之后的故事,由此往下看是一个长难句,出现了后置定语which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort,并不是句子重心,句子重心在were gone,表示这些鹿都消失了,以此为线索可以确定包含destroyed的选项C为同义改写选项The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of thePacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigationskills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants andgardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory offishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that theseprerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a groupof several hundredrelated languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia byabout 5000 B.C.E.The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguisticreconstruction,is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plantsincluding taro,yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice.Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for aneffective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety offishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.All of the following are mentioned inparagraph 3 as required for successfulcolonization of the Pacific islands E_CEPT○ knowledge of various Austronesian languages○ avariety of fishing techniques○ navigational skills○ knowledge of plant cultivation这是一道排除题,几个正确选项在第一句话里都分别有提及,而错误选项A并非完全没有提到,它的位置在第二句话的前半个分句,这里依然出现后置定语speakingAustronesian languages,用以修饰people,而不是A选项提到的中心词knowledge,所以选A■There is a danger, of course, that playmay be misinterpreted or notrecognized as play by others, potentially leadingto aggression. This isespecially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predatorbehaviors.■Thus, many species have evolved clear signalsto delineateplayfulness.■Dogs, for e_ample, will wag their tails,get down their front legs,and stick their behinds in the air to indicate 〝what follows is just forplay.〞■With messages such as those, evendogsthat are strangers to each other canbe playing within a few minutes再看一道插入题,插入题我们一般会关注插入句中的逻辑词比如这里有even,那我们换个角度看一下,这里发现了后置定语that are strangersto eachother用以修饰前面的dogs,所以插入句中提到的狗不是泛泛而指的狗哦,而是互相不认识的狗.回到原文发现最后一句话开始提到Dogs,是泛指,插入句中的dogs被后置定语限定过,是特指,特指放在泛指后面,选DThe raising of live stock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands,where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. Theconsequences of an e_cessive number of livestock grazing in an area arethereduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of thesoil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and acceleratederosion.○Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation insemiaridlands.最后这是一道段落小结题,该段落第一句话为段落主题句,同时出现了后置定语where grasses aregenerally the dominanttype of natural vegetation,句子重心在前,强调家畜的饲养为主要经济活动,中心词是the raising oflivestock,后面的内容也是围绕着这个词展开的,讲的是这种活动对于该地区产生的影响,不再涉及后置定语中有关grass的讨论;所以这个选项就自然排除啦.托福阅读:寻找题干能力对于highlighted sentences解题过程的重要性Which of the sentences below best e_presses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.在这里要注意,highlightedsentences的题目是直接给出明确的做题指导的,那就是错误的句子会1)漏掉句子中的重要信息.2)曲解句子的意思.在现实做题备考过程中,学生们往往很容易看出曲解句子意思选项,知道不可以选,但容易在一些信息全对的选项上犹豫.这几个选项的信息原文句子都有提到,那我究竟应该选择哪一个选项呢?其实在托福考试的highlighted sentences题型中,其实有一条〝潜规则〞,那就是:那句highlightedsentence的主干其实就是句子的重要信息.所以,在这个时候,分析句子题干就成为了一个至关重要的能力.就让我们先一起看一道例题吧!Paragraph3: The West had plenty of attractions: thealluvial river bottoms,the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairieswere tempting to New England farmers working their rocky,sterile land and tosoutheastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In _20 under anew land law, a farm could be bought for$100. The continued proliferation ofbanks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in papermoney.Western Farmers borrowed with the confident e_pectation that the e_pandingeconomy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans whenthey fell due.5.Which of the sentences below best e_presses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.O Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil wasmore productive.O The fertile soils ofthe West drew farmers from regions with barrensoils.O Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affectedby soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.O The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil ineastern areas.这是TPO 20-1 Westward Migration 的 highlighted sentences题,初看这道题,很多单词量不够大的学生是很有压力的,所以他们会觉得这道题很难做出来的原因是因为太多单词看不懂,比如alluvial,fecund, loam,prairies, sterile, depletion……但对于很多单词量大的同学,也很容易选择A或者D这两个选项,然后在我提示他们答案并不是A的时候表示惊讶:啊?那剩下还有别的选项能选吗?其实,出现这两种情况的原因都是因为同学们没有从找题干的角度分析这道题.于是现在,就让我们先暂时不看选项,而是单独看这个highlightedsentence,找寻一下这个句子的主干.其实,这个句子虽然复杂,但静下心里看,主干还是很明显的.这个句子的冒号前后是两句话,重点是冒号后面的那一句,仔细看的话,会发现the alluvialriver bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams ofthe prairies这一群很复杂的词组组成了主语,were tempting to… and to… 构成了谓语,New England farmersworking their rocky, sterile land和southeastern farmers plagued with soildepletion and erosion.构成了宾语,所以整个句子的结构就非常清晰了,那就是: ._ were tempting to ._ and ._.翻译成中文就是:._ 正在引诱._.所以,这个句子的主干,是一定包含了._正在引诱._这个意思的,如果选项中没有包含了这个意思,就不是正确选项.那么这时候,同学们再来看一看这道题,应该选择什么呢?A选项虽然包含了很多句子中的信息,但它唯独没有._正在引诱._的意思,所以不是正确答案.B选项虽然是最短的选项,语言也非常概括,但它是麻雀虽小,五脏俱全.其中的drew就有吸引的意思,所以其实这是一个可以选择的选项.C选项整个意思倒过来了,不是西部农民,而是东南部农民更容易被soilerosion所影响.D选项的信息也没有错,但跟A选项一样,它也不包含主干内容.所以最后我们的答案是B选项.这个让大家都觉得太短了,信息太少的选项反而是正确答案,就因为它是唯一一个信息没错误又包含了句子主干内容的选项.所以,其实从某种意义上来说,就算同学们不认识那些生词,只要找到主干,知道temptto的意思,就也能运用我们的分析主干技巧来顺利选出B选项.现在,同学们是不是已经掌握了托福的highlighted sentences主干就是句子的重要信息的〝潜规则〞了?有了这样的技巧,大家就再来试一道题吧!The frequency with which certain simplemotifs appear in these oldest siteshas led rock-art researchers to adopt adescriptive term—the Panaramitee style—alabel which takes its name from thee_tensive rock pavements at Panaramitee Northin desert South Australia, whichare covered with motifs pecked into thesurface.6.Which of the sentences below best e_presses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave ways or leave out essential information.○ The oldest roc k art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sitesof Panaramitee North.○ Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region arecommon in the oldest sites, the term Panaramitee style has become the generalterm for rock art of this type.○ Because the Pan aramitee style is socommon in the older sites, researchershave described it most e_tensively.○ The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make upthe oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.这道题的答案是...B因为原句的主干是._ has led researchers to adopt aterm.所以正确选项里面一定要包含._让研究人员采用一个term的信息.纵观4个选项,A,D都没有这个信息,其实C选项也没有,described itmost e_tensively并不是采用一个term,更何况e_tensive(ly)在原文中并不是修饰describe而是修饰rockpavements,所以这里还出现了信息错误.最后再让我们来看B选项,B选项虽然没提到researchers,但它包含了一个term被采纳的信息.所以B选项是毫无疑问的正确答案.大家这道题都做对了吗?我相信有了找主干分析句子重点信息的能力,同学们应该很轻松就选出来了吧!所以,寻找题干这个能力能力对于highlightedsentences的解题过程是至关重要的,大家一定要好好记住这一点技巧.托福阅读解题代入技巧实例分析。
