自动控制论文 英文版

介绍自动化英文作文英文：Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks without human intervention. It has revolutionized many industries, from manufacturing to transportation to healthcare. Automation has greatly increased efficiency and productivity, while also reducing errors and costs.In manufacturing, automation has allowed for faster and more precise production, as robots and machines can perform repetitive tasks with greater accuracy and speed than humans. This has resulted in higher quality products and lower costs for consumers.In transportation, automation has led to the development of self-driving cars and trucks, which have the potential to greatly reduce accidents and traffic congestion. In healthcare, automation has improved patient care by allowing for more accurate diagnoses and treatments.However, there are also concerns about the impact of automation on employment. As more tasks are automated, there is a risk that many jobs will become obsolete. It is important for society to address this issue and find ways to ensure that workers are not left behind in the age of automation.中文：自动化是利用技术来执行任务而无需人类干预。

(完整word版)电气工程及其自动化专业外语作文A s a student, you will learn to apply related subjects such as computer technology，industrial electronics, instrumentation，electrical machines, robotics，power electronics，and automated control systems.作为一名学生，你将学会运用相关学科,如计算机技术，工业电子，仪器仪表，电器机械，机器人技术，电力电子和自动化控制系统。

Y ou will be able to understand written and oral instructions，as well as design, install, test，modify, troubleshoot，and repair electrical systems.您将能够理解书面和口头说明，以及设计,安装，测试，修改，故障排除和修复电力系统.U pon graduation，students of the Electrical Engineering Technology –Process Automation program can approach industrial electrical and electronic systems from the viewpoint of analysis，technical evaluation, design, and development。

The six—semester program concentrates on the in-depth study of electrical and electronic principles as they apply to automated systems using programmable logic controllers。

自动控制摘要：综述了自动控制理论的发展情况，指出自动控制理论所经历的三个发展阶段，即经典控制理论、现代控制理论和智能控制理论。

最后指出，各种控制理论的复合能够取长补短，是控制理论的发展方向。

自动控制理论是自动控制科学的核心。

自动控制理论自创立至今已经过了三代的发展：第一代为20世纪初开始形成并于50年代趋于成熟的经典反馈控制理论；第二代为50、60年代在线性代数的数学基础上发展起来的现代控制理论；第三代为60年代中期即已萌芽，在发展过程中综合了人工智能、自动控制、运筹学、信息论等多学科的最新成果并在此基础上形成的智能控制理论。

经典控制理论(本质上是频域方法)和现代控制理论(本质上是时域方法)都是建立在控制对象精确模型上的控制理论，而实际上的工业生产系统中的控制对象和过程大多具有非线性、时变性、变结构、不确定性、多层次、多因素等特点，难以建立精确的数学模型。

因此，自动控制专家和学者希望能从要解决问题领域的知识出发，利用熟练操作者的丰富经验、思维和判断能力，来实现对上述复杂系统的控制，这就是基于知识的不依赖于精确的数学模型的智能控制。

本文将对经典控制理论、现代控制理论和智能控制理论的发展情况及基本内容进行介绍。

1自动控制理论发展概述自动控制是指应用自动化仪器仪表或自动控制装置代替人自动地对仪器设备或工业生产过程进行控制，使之达到预期的状态或性能指标。

对传统的工业生产过程采用自动控制技术，可以有效提高产品的质量和企业的经济效益。

对一些恶劣环境下的控制操作，自动控制显得尤其重要。

自动控制理论是与人类社会发展密切联系的一门学科，是自动控制科学的核心。

自从19世纪Ma xw el l对具有调速器的蒸汽发动机系统进行线性常微分方程描述及稳定性分析以来，经过20世纪初Ny q ui s t，Bo de，H a rr is，E va ns，Wi e nn er，N ic ho l s等人的杰出贡献，终于形成了经典反馈控制理论基础，并于50年代趋于成熟。

自动化控制英语作文带翻译In the modern era, the advent of automation hasrevolutionized the way control systems operate. Automation refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. This technology-driven shift hassignificant implications for various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and even domestic settings.自动化对控制系统的影响在现代时代，自动化的出现彻底改变了控制系统的运作方式。

自动化指的是使用技术在最少的人力干预下执行任务。

这种技术驱动的转变对各种行业，包括制造业、交通运输甚至家庭环境都有着重要的影响。

Firstly, automation enhances efficiency and accuracy. Automated control systems can process information and respond to changes at a speed that far exceeds human capabilities.This leads to a significant increase in productivity and a reduction in the likelihood of human error.首先，自动化提高了效率和准确性。

自动化控制系统可以处理信息并以超过人类能力的速率响应变化。

这导致生产力的显著提高，并减少了人为错误的可能性。

Secondly, the implementation of automated control systems can lead to cost savings. Although the initial investment in automation technology can be substantial, the long-term benefits include reduced labor costs and lower energyconsumption. Over time, these savings can offset the initial costs, making automation a cost-effective solution.其次，实施自动化控制系统可以带来成本节约。

自动化专业介绍英语作文English: Automation is a rapidly growing field that involves the use of various technologies to control and monitor different processes, reducing the need for human intervention. This field encompasses a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, transportation, and more. Automation professionals are responsible for designing, developing, and implementing automated systems to streamline operations, increase efficiency, and improve overall productivity. They work with a variety of tools and technologies, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robotics, sensors, and actuators. To succeed in this field, individuals need a strong background in engineering, computer science, or a related discipline, along with excellent problem-solving skills and attention to detail. With the continued advancement of technology, the demand for automation professionals is expected to grow, making it an exciting and rewarding career choice for those interested in cutting-edge innovations and improving system performance.中文翻译: 自动化是一个快速发展的领域，涉及使用各种技术来控制和监控不同的流程，减少人为干预的需求。

CONTROL C. Huygens, "Horologii oscillatorii," Part 5, Paris, 1673. J. C. Maxwell, "On governors," Proc. Royal Soc. London, 16,1868, pp. 270283.
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and the need for developing a sound theory.3 Where Maxwell left off was then picked up by Edward John Routh,4 and independently by Adolf Hurwitz,5 who came up with what is known today as the Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria, solving completely the problem of stability of constant coefficient linear differential equations of any finite order. At about the same time, and as the nineteenth century was coming to a close, another trendsetting development took place, again in the area of stability, but this time for nonlinear dynamical systems. Motivated by problems that arise in astronomy in connection with the motion of the planets, a topic studied earlier by Henry Poincare,6 among others, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov developed in his doctoral thesis in Russia a new approach for testing the stability of the equilibrium of a system described by nonlinear ordinary differential equations, known today as the Second Method of Lyapunov. Hence, there was quite a bit of accumulated activity in control at the beginning of the twentieth century. But what this century, and particularly its second half, delivered was something different in terms of both content and sheer volume of diverse contributions. The incessant growth caused by an explosion of new fresh ideas, and driven by numerous applications from different domains, brought this activity to unprecedented levels. As we are coming to the close of this century, we thought that it would be useful to reflect back and ask the questions: What have been the major results of this century in control? What have been the greatest hits in control? How has control theory evolved since the times of Maxwell, Routh, Hurwitz, and Lyapunov (among others)? There is of course no unique way of answering all these questions, but one possible way is to collect under one cover,

自动化控制英语作文模板Automation Control。

With the rapid development of technology, automation control has become an integral part of our daily lives. From smart homes to industrial production, automation control has brought about great convenience and efficiency. In this essay, we will explore the significance of automation control and its impact on various aspects of our lives.First and foremost, automation control plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and efficiency in industrial production. By utilizing advanced technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence, factories are able to automate repetitive tasks, minimize human error, and increase production output. This not only reduces labor costs but also improves the overall quality of products. As a result, businesses can stay competitive in the global market and meet the increasing demands of consumers.Moreover, automation control has revolutionized the way we live in our homes. Smart home devices, such as thermostats, lighting systems, and security cameras, can be controlled remotely through mobile apps or voice commands. This level of automation not only provides convenience but also helps to save energy and improve home security. For instance, homeowners can adjust the temperature of their homes while they are away, resulting in energy savings and reduced utility bills.In addition, automation control has made significant advancements in the field of transportation. The development of autonomous vehicles has the potential to revolutionize the way we travel. With the ability to navigate and operate without human intervention, autonomous vehicles can reduce traffic accidents, decrease congestion, and provide a more efficient and sustainable transportation system. Furthermore, automation control in public transportation, such as automated fare collection systems and real-time tracking, has improved the overall commuting experience for passengers.Furthermore, automation control has also had a profound impact on the healthcare industry. From robotic surgery to automated medication dispensing systems, automation has improved the accuracy and precision of medical procedures, leading to better patient outcomes. Additionally, automation control in healthcare facilities has streamlined administrative tasks, allowing healthcare professionals to focus more on patient care.Despite the numerous benefits of automation control, there are also concerns about its impact on employment. As automation continues to replace certain jobs, there is a growing need for retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing labor market. Additionally, there is a need for policies and regulations to ensure that the benefits of automation are equitably distributed and that workers are not left behind.In conclusion, automation control has become an indispensable part of our modern society, revolutionizing various aspects of our lives. From industrial production tosmart homes, transportation, and healthcare, automation has brought about greater efficiency, convenience, and improved quality of life. However, it is important to address the challenges and implications of automation, such as its impact on employment, to ensure a smooth transition to a more automated future.。

液压挖掘机的半自动控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述翻译部分1．英文原文Semi-automatic control system for hydraulic shovelHirokazu Araya),Masayuki KagoshimaMechanical Engineering Research Laboratory,Kobe Steel,Ltd.,Nishi-ku,Kobe Hyogo 651 2271,JapanAccepted 27 June 2000AbstractA semi-automatic control system for a hydraulic shovel has been ing this system,unskilled operators canoperate a hydraulic shovel easily and accurately.A mathematical control model of a hydraulic shovel with a controller wasconstructed and a control algorithm was developed by simulation.This algorithm was applied to a hydraulic shovel and itseffectiveness was evaluated.High control accuracy and high-stability performance were achieved by feedback plusfeedforward control,nonlinear compensation,state feedback and gainscheduling according to the attitude.q 2001 ElsevierScience B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords: Construction machinery;Hydraulic shovel;Feedforward;State feedback;Operation1.IntroductionA hydraulic shovel is a construction machinery that can be regarded as a large articulated robot. Digging and loading operations using this machine require a high level of skill,and cause considerable fatigue even in skilled operators.On the other hand, operators grow older,and the number of skilled operators has thus decreased.The situation calls for hydraulic shovels,which can be operated easily by any person w1 –5x. The reasons why hydraulic shovel requires a high level of skill are as follows.1.More than two levers must be operated simulta-neously and adjusted well in such operations.2.The direction of lever operations is different from that of a shovel’s attachment movement. For example,in level crowding by a hydraulic shovel,we must operate three levers ?arm,boom, bucket. simultaneously to move the top of a bucket along a level surface ?Fig.1..In this case,the lever operation indicates the direction of the actuator,but this direction differs from the working direction. If an operator use only one lever and other free-doms are operated automatically,the operation be-comes veryeasily.We call this system a semi-auto-matic control system.When we develop this semi-automatic control system,these two technical problems must be solved.1.We must use ordinary control valves for auto-matic control.2.We must compensate dynamic characteristics of a hydraulic shovel to improve the precision of control.Fig.1.Level crowding of an excavator and frame model of an excavator. We have developed a control algorithm to solve these technical problemsand confirm the effect of this control algorithm by experiments with actual hydraulic ing this control algorithm,we have completed a semi-automatic control system for hydraulic shovels.We then report these items.2.Hydraulic shovel modelTo study control algorithms,we have to analyze numerical models of a hydraulic shovel.The hy- draulic shovel,whose boom,arm,and bucket joints are hydraulically driven,is modeled as shown in Fig.2.The details of the model are described in the following.2.1.Dynamic model [6]Supposing that each attachment is a solid body, from Lagrange’s equations of motion,the following expressions are obtained:K 3 s m 3 1 g3g;and g s gravitational acceleration. u is the joint angle,t is the supply torque the attachment length,1 g iis the distance between the fulcrum and the center of gravity,m iis the mass of the attachment,I iis the moment of inertia around the center of gravity ?subscripts i s 1–3,mean boom, arm,and bucket,respectively..2.2.Hydraulic modelEach joint is driven by a hydraulic cylinder whose flow is controlled by a spool valve,as shown in Fig.3.We can assume the following:1.The open area of a valve is proportional to the spool displacement.2.There is no oil leak.3.No pressure drop occurs when oil flows throughpiping.H.Araya,M.Kagoshimar Automation in Construction 10 (2001) 477–486 479Fig.2.Model of hydraulic shovel.4.The effective sectional area of the cylinder is the same on both the head and the rod sides. In this problem,for each joint,we have the followingequation from the pressure flow character-stics of the cylinder:时；where,A is effective cross-sectional area of cylin-der;h i s cylinder length;X is spool displacement;Ps i s supply pressure;P1 is cylinder head-side pres-sure;P 2 i s cylinder rod-side pressure;Vi s oilvol-ume in thecylinder andpiping;B is spoolwidth; gsoildensity;KsbulkFig.3.Model of hydraulic cylinder and valve.modulus of oil;and cs flow coefficient.2.3.Link relationsIn the model shown in Fig.1,the relation be-tween the cylinder length change rate and the attach-ment rotational angular velocity is given as follows:?1. boom2.4.Torque relations From the link relations of Section 2.3,the supply torque t is given as follows,taking cylinder friction I into consideration: Where,C ciis the viscous friction coefficient and Fi is kinetic frictional force of a cylinder2.5.Response characteristics of the spool Spool action has a great effect on control charac-teristics.Thus,we are assuming that the spool hasthe following first-order lag against the reference input.iis the reference input of spool dis- placement and Ts piis a time constant.3.Angle control systemAs shown in Fig.4,the angle u is basically controlled to follow the reference angle ug by posi-tion feedback.In order to obtain more accuratecontrol,nonlinear compensation and state feedback are added to theposition feedback.We will discuss details of these algorithms as follows. 3.1.Nonlinear compensationIn the ordinary automatic control systems,new control devices such as servo valves are used.In our semi-automatic system,in order to realize the coexistence of manual and automatic operations,we must use the main control valves,which are used in manual operation.In these valves,the relation between spool displacement and open area is nonlinear. Then,in automatic operation,using this relation,the spool displacement is inversely calculated from the required open area,and the nonlinearity is compen- sated ?Fig.5..Fig.4.Block diagram of control system ?u..H.Araya,M.Kagoshimar Automation in Construction 10 (2001) 477–486 481Fig.5.Nonlinear compensation.3.2.State feedbackBased on the model discussed in Section 2,if thedynamic characteristics forboom angle control are linearized in the vicinity of a certain standard condition ?spool displacement X10,cylinder differential pressure P,and boom angle u.,the closed-looptransfer function can be expressed byThis system has a comparatively small coefficient a1so the response is oscillatory.For instance,if in our large SK-16 hydraulic shovel,X 10is 0,the coefficients are given as a s 2.7=102.Addingthe accelerationfeedback of gain Ka,to this ?the upper loop in Fig.4.,the closed loop transfer function is given as Adding this factor,the coefficient of s2 becomes larger,thus,the system becomes stable.In this way,acceleration feedback is effective in improving the response characteristics.However,it is generally difficult to detect acceleration accurately.To overcome this difficulty,cylinder force feedback was applied instead of acceleration feedback ?the lower loop in Fig.4..In this case,cylinder force is calculated from detected cylinder pressure and filtered in its lower-frequency portion w 7,8x.This is called pressure feedback.4.Servo control systemWhen one joint is manually operated and another joint is controlled automatically to follow the manual operation,a servo control system must be required. For example,as shown in Fig.6,in the level crowding control,the boom is controlled to keep the arm end height Z ?calculated from u and u .to reference Zr.In order to obtain more accurate control,the following control actions are introduced.482H.Araya,M.Kagoshimar Automation in Construction 10 (2001) 477–486Fig.6.Block diagram of control system ?Z..4.1.Feedforward control Calculating Z from Fig.1,we obtain Differentiating both sides of Eq.?8. with respect to time,we have the following relation, The first term of the right-hand side can be taken as the expression ?feedback portion. to convert Z˙ to u˙,and the second term of the right-hand side is the expression ?feedforward portion. to calculate how much u should be changed when u is changed 1 2 manually.Actually,u˙ is determined using the difference2 value of Du.To optimizehe feedforward rate,feedforward gain K ffis tunned. There may be a method to detect and use the arm operating-lever condition ?i.e.angle. instead of arm angular velocity,since the arm is driven at an angular velocity nearly proportional to this lever condi-tion.4.2.Adapti?e gain scheduling according to the attitude In articulated machines like hydraulic shovels,dynamic characteristics are greatly susceptible to the attitude.Therefore,it is difficult to control the machine stably at all attitudes with constant gain.To solve this problem,the adaptive gain scheduling according to the attitude is multiplied in the feedbackloop ?Fig.6..As shown in Fig.7,the adaptive gain KZ or K u .is characterized as a function of two variables,u X and Z.u X 2 2means how the arm is extended,and Z means the height of the bucket.5.Simulation resultsThe level crowding control was simulated byapplying the control algorithm described in Section 4 to the hydraulic shovel model discussed in Section 2.In the simulation,our large SK-16 hydraulic shovel was employed..Fig.8 shows one of the results.Five seconds after the control started,load disturbanceH.Araya,M.Kagoshimar Automation in Construction 10 (2001) 477–486 483Fig.7.Gain scheduling according to the attitude. was applied stepwise.Fig.9shows the use of feedforward control can reduce control error.6.ConclusionsThis paper has shown that combining state feedback and feedforward controls makes it possible toaccurately control the hydraulic shovel,and also showed that nonlinear compensation makes it possible to use ordinary control valves for automatic controls.The use of these control techniques allows even unskilled operators to operate hydraulic shovels easily and accurately.We will apply these control techniques to other construction machinery such as crawler cranes,and improve the conventional construction machinery to the machines which can be operated easily byanyone.2. 中文译文液压挖掘机的半自动控制系统Hirokazu Araya ,Masayuki Kagoshima 日本机械工程研究实验室Kobe Steel, Ltd., Nishi-ku, Kobe Hyogo 651 2271,2000年7月27日摘要开发出了一种应用于液压挖掘机的半自动控制系统。

介绍自动化专业的英文作文英文：As an automation major, I have always been fascinatedby the way technology can simplify and streamline processes. Automation is all about using technology to make tasks more efficient and less labor-intensive. It involves designing, developing, and implementing systems that can operate on their own with minimal human intervention.One of the most interesting aspects of studying automation is learning about the various technologies that are used in the field. For example, I have had the opportunity to work with programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are essential for controlling machinery and processes in a wide range of industries. I have alsolearned about industrial robots, which are used for tasks such as assembly, painting, and welding in manufacturing plants.Studying automation has also given me the chance towork on real-world projects that have allowed me to apply what I have learned in the classroom to practical situations. For instance, I have worked on a project to design an automated system for a warehouse that involved using sensors and actuators to control the movement of goods. It was incredibly rewarding to see the system in action and know that I had played a part in its development.In addition to the technical skills I have gained, studying automation has also taught me the importance of teamwork and communication. Many automation projectsrequire collaboration with engineers from different disciplines, as well as with clients and end-users.Learning how to effectively communicate and work as part of a team has been invaluable in preparing me for a career in the field.Overall, studying automation has been a challenging and rewarding experience. I have gained a deep understanding of the technologies and principles that drive automation, andI am excited to apply what I have learned to make a realimpact in the industry.中文：作为一个自动化专业的学生，我一直被技术如何简化和优化流程所吸引。

mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the
controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )
information, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.

毕业论文外文译文学院自动化与电气工程学院专业自动控制Component-based Safety Computer of Railway SignalInterlocking System1 IntroductionSignal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields.2 Railways signal interlocking system2.1 Functions of signal interlocking systemThe basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it interlocking regulation.Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system computer-based Interlocking System.2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking systemGenerally, the Interlocking System of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system can be divided into three layers as shown in figure1.Man-Machine Interface layerInterlocking safety layerImplementation layerOutdoorequiptmentsFigure 1 Architecture of Signal Interlocking System3 Component-based safety computer design3.1 Design strategyThe design concept of component-based safety critical computer is different from that of special customized computer. Our design strategy of SIC is on a base of fault-tolerance and system integration. We separate the SIC into three layers, the standardized component unit layer, safety software layer and the system layer. Different safety functions are allocated for each layer, and the final integration of the three layers ensures the predefined safety integrity level of the whole SIC. The three layers can be described as follows:(1) Component unit layer includes four independent standardized CPU modules. A this year.(2) Safety software layer mainly utilizes fail-safe strategy and fault-tolerant management. The interlocking safety computing of the whole system adopts two outputs from different CPU, it can mostly ensure the diversity of software to errors of signal version and remove risks.(3) System layer aims to improve reliability, availability and maintainability by means of redundancy.3.2 Design of in figure 2, the SIC of four independent component units (C11, C12, C21, C22). The fault-tolerant architecture adopts dual 2 vote 2 (2v2×2) structure, and a kind of selected as computing unit which adopts Intel X Scale kernel, 533 MHZ.The operation of SIC is based on a dual two-layer data buses. The protocol, and the low bus is Controller Area Network (CAN). C11、C12 and C21、C22 respectively make up of two safety computing components IC1 and IC2, which are of 2v2 structure. And each component external dynamic circuit watchdog that is set for computing supervision and switching.Diagnosis terminalC12C21C22&&Watchdog driver Fail-safe switchInput modle Output ModleInterfaceConsole C11High bus (Ether NET)Low bus (CAN)Figure 2 Hardware structure of SIC3.3 Standardized component unitAfter component module is made certain, according to the safety-critical requirements of railway signal interlocking system, we the module. The design includes power supply, interfaces and other embedded circuits.The fault-tolerant processing, synchronized computing, and fault diagnosis of SIC mostly depend on the safety software. Here the safety software design method is differing from that of the special computer too. For dedicated computer, the software is often specially designed based on the bare object, a special scheduling program is commonly designed as safety software for the computer, and not a universal operating system. The fault-tolerant processing and fault diagnosis of the dedicated computer are tightly a standard Linux OS.The safety software is vital element of secondary development. It includes Linux OS adjustment, fail-safe process, fault-tolerance management, and safety interlocking logic. The them are shown in Figure 4.Safety Interlock LogicFail-safe process Fault-tolerance management Linux OS adjustmentFigure 4 Safety software3.4.1 Fault-tolerant modelThe Fault-tolerant computation of SIC is of a multilevel model:SIC=F1002D(F2002(S c11,S c12),F2002(S c21,S c22))Firstly, basic computing unit Ci1 adopts one algorithm to complete the S Ci1, and Ci2 finishes the S Ci2 via a different algorithm, secondly 2 out of 2 (2oo2) safety computing component of SIC executes 2oo2 calculation and gets F SICi from the calculation results of S Ci1 S Ci2, and thirdly, according the states of watchdog and switch unit block, the result of SIC is gotten via a 1 out of 2 with diagnostics (1oo2D) calculation, which is based on F SIC1 and F SIC2.The flow of calculations is as follows:(1) S ci1=F ci1 (D net1,D net2,D di,D fss)(2) S ci2=F ci2 (D net1,D net2,D di,D fss)(3) F SICi=F2oo2 (S ci1, S ci2 ),(i=1,2)(4) SIC_OutPut=F1oo2D (F SIC1, F SIC2)3.4.2 Safety computationAs interlocking system consists of a fixed set of task, the computational model of SIC is task-based. In general, applications may conform to a time-triggered, event-triggered or mixed computational model. Here the time-triggered mode is selected, tasks are executed cyclically. The consistency of computing states between the two units is the foundation of SIC for ensuring safety and credibility. As SIC works under a loosely coupled mode, it is different from that of dedicated algorithm is necessary for SIC.SIC can be considered as a multiprocessor distributed system, and its computational model is essentially based on data comparing via . First, an analytical approach is used to confirm the worst-case response time of each task. To guarantee the deadline of tasks that communicate across the network, the access time and delay of communication medium is set to a fixed possible value. Moreover, the computational model must meets the real time requirements of railway interlocking system, within the system computing cycle, we set many check points P i(i=1,2,... n) , which are small enough for synchronization, and computation result voting is executed at each point. The safety computation flow of SIC is shown in Figure 5.S t a r tS t a r t０τ１τ２τ１Ｐ２Ｐ０τ１τ２τ１Ｐ２Ｐ０Ｔ０ＴＣ1i Ｃi 21Ｔ2Ｔ1Ｔ2Ｔ…………………n+1τn+1τn Ｐn Ｐn τn τclockclockS a f e t y f u n c t i o n sT a s k s o f i n t e r l o c k i n gl o g i ci :p:c h e c k p o i n tI n i t i a l i z e S y n c h r o n i z a t i o nG u a r a n t e e S y n c h r o n o u s T i m e t r i g g e rFigure 5 Safety computational model of SIC4. Hardware safety integrity level evaluation4.1 Safety IntegrityAs an authoritative international standard for safety-related system, IEC 61508 presents a definition of safety integrity: probability of a safety-related system satisfactorily performing the required safety functions under all the stated conditions within a stated period of time. In IEC 61508, there are four levels of safety integrity are prescribe, SIL1～SIL4. The SIL1 is the lowest, and SIL4 . The SIL of SIC can be evaluated via the probability of dangerous per of SIL about such system in IEC 61508, see table 1.Table 1-Safety Integrity levels: target failure measures for a safety function operating in Safety Integrity levelHigh demand or continuous mode of Operation (Probability of a dangerous Failure per hour)4 ≥10-9 to ＜10-8 3 ≥10-8 to ＜10-7 2 ≥10-7 to ＜10-6 1 ≥10-6 to ＜10-54.2 Reliability block diagram of SICAfter analyzing the structure and working principle of the SIC, we get the bockdiagram of reliability, as figure 6.2002200220022002NET1NET2NET1NET2λ=1×10-7DC=99%Voting=1002Dλ=1×10-7DC=99%Voting=1002Dλ=1×10Β=2%βD =1%DC=99% Voting=1002DHigh bus Logic subsystemLow busFigure 6 Block diagram of SIC reliability5. ConclusionsIn this paper, we proposed an available standardized component-based computer SIC. Railway signal interlocking is a fail-safe system with a required probability of less than 10-9 safety critical failures per order to meet the critical constraints, fault-tolerant architecture and safety tactics are used in SIC. Although the computational model and implementation techniques are rather complex, the philosophy of SIC provides a cheerful prospect to safety critical applications, it renders in a simpler style of shorten development cycle and reduce cost. SIC put into practical application, and proven.………………………………………………………………………………………………………From: ),取值很小，能实现同步，并且在每个检查点得出计算结果。

自动化专业的英语文章Automation is the use of machines, computers, and software to perform tasks that were previously done by humans. Automation has revolutionized many industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and finance. In the field of automation, there are many different areas of specialization. One area of specialization in automation is control systems. Control systems are used to control the operation of machines and equipment. They can be used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, power generation, and oil and gas. Control systems can be simple or complex, depending on the application. They can be used to control the temperature of a room or to control the operation of a nuclear power plant.Another area of specialization in automation is robotics. Robotics involves the design, construction, and operation of robots. Robots can be used in a variety of applications, including manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture. Robotics technology is advancing rapidly, and robots are becoming more sophisticated and capable.Industrial automation is another area of specialization in automation. Industrial automation involves the use of machines, computers, and software to automate manufacturing processes.Industrial automation can be used to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and improve quality. Industrial automation can also be used to improve safety, by reducing the need for workers to perform dangerous tasks.In conclusion, automation is a rapidly growing field with many different areas of specialization. Control systems, robotics, and industrial automation are just a few of the areas where professionals can specialize. Automation has revolutionized many industries and will continue to do so in the future. As technology advances, the possibilities for automation are endless.。

介绍自动化专业的英文作文英文：I chose to major in automation because I have always been fascinated by the idea of creating systems and processes that can operate on their own, without constant human intervention. Automation is a field that is constantly evolving and has a wide range of applications, from manufacturing and industrial processes to transportation and even everyday household tasks. 。

Studying automation has given me the opportunity to learn about various technologies such as robotics, control systems, and artificial intelligence. I have also gained hands-on experience in programming and designing automated systems, which has been both challenging and rewarding. For example, in one of my projects, I developed a robotic arm that could pick and place objects with precision, using sensors and actuators to detect and manipulate the items.In addition to the technical aspects, automation also involves understanding the needs and behaviors of the end-users. This requires not only technical skills but also the ability to communicate and collaborate with people from different backgrounds. For instance, when working on a project to automate a production line, I had to work closely with the factory workers to understand their workflow and ensure that the automated system would integrate seamlessly into their processes.Overall, studying automation has allowed me to develop a wide range of skills, from technical expertise to problem-solving and teamwork. I am excited about the opportunities that this field offers and look forward to applying my knowledge to create innovative solutions in the future.中文：我选择自动化专业是因为我一直对创造能够自行运行的系统和流程的想法着迷。

用专业英语介绍自动化发展的作文英文回答：The development of automation has significantly changed the way we live and work. Automation refers to the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft, and otherapplications with minimal or reduced human intervention.For example, in the manufacturing industry, robots are used to perform repetitive tasks with high precision and efficiency, which has greatly improved productivity. In addition, automation has also been widely applied in the field of transportation, where self-driving cars and trucks are being developed to reduce the risk of human error and improve road safety.中文回答：自动化的发展显著改变了我们的生活和工作方式。

自动化是指利用各种控制系统来操作设备，如机械、工厂中的工艺过程、锅炉和热处理炉、电话网络的开关、船舶、飞机等的驾驶和稳定等应用，减少人为干预。

自控英语作文模板英文回答：Self-discipline is the ability to control one's impulses and actions, to make choices that are in accordance with one's values, and to pursue goals despite obstacles and temptations. It is an essential virtue for success in every area of life, from personal relationships to career advancement.There are many different ways to develop self-discipline, but some of the most effective include:Setting clear goals. When you know what you want to achieve, it is easier to stay motivated and to make choices that will help you reach your goals.Breaking down goals into smaller steps. This can make goals seem less daunting and more achievable, and it can help you to stay on track.Creating a plan. Once you have broken down your goals into smaller steps, you can create a plan for how you will achieve them. This will help you to stay organized and to avoid procrastination.Staying positive. It is important to stay positive and to focus on the progress you are making, rather than on the setbacks you may encounter.Rewarding yourself. When you achieve a goal, it is important to reward yourself. This will help you to stay motivated and to make it more likely that you will continue to pursue your goals.Self-discipline is not always easy, but it is a skill that can be learned and developed. By following the tips above, you can improve your self-discipline and achieve your goals.中文回答：自控力是控制冲动和行为的能力，根据价值观做出选择，并克服障碍和诱惑追求目标。

Classification of control systems there are three ways: by automatic classification methods in order to participate in the control mode classification, to adjust the law category.One way to control category1, the open-loop control system if the computer output of open loop control system to exercise control of the production process, but the control results --- the state of the production process does not affect the computer control systems, computer \ controller \ production and other sectors does not constitute a closed loop, is called open-loop control system computer. the production process of the state is no feedback to the computer, but by the operator to monitor the status of the production process, decision control program, and tell the computer to control the role of exercising control.2, closed loop control system computer to the production of an object or process control, the state can directly influence the production process computer control system, called the closed-loop control system computer. Control of the computer monitor in the operator, the automatic acceptance of the production process state test results, calculate and determine the control scheme, the direct command and control units (devices) of action, the role of exercising control of the production process. In such systems, aircraft control components under control of control information sent to control device operation, the other running equipment condition as the output, measured by the detection part, the feedback as input to the control computer; to make control Computer \ Control Components \ production \ test components form a closed loop. We will call this form of control computer control closed-loop control. Closed loop control system computer, using a mathematical model to set the value of the production process and test results of the best value of the deviation between the feedback and control the production process to run at their best.3, line control system as long as the computer controlled production of the controlled object or process, to exercise direct control, without human intervention are called the control computer on-line control, or on-line control system.4, offline control system control computer does not directly participate in the control object or the controlled production process. It only managed to complete the process of the controlled object or the status of testing, and testing of data processing; and then develop control programs, the output control instruction, operator reference control instructions manually controlled operation to control parts of the object orsubject control process control. This control form is called off-line computer control system.5, real-time control system control computer real-time control system is controlled by the control of the object or process, or request when the request processing control, the control function in a timely manner to address and control systems, commonly used in the production process is interrupted for the occasion. Such as steel, each one refining furnace steel is a process; and if the process rolling, rolling out each piece of steel considered a process, each process is repeated. Only enter the process only requires a computer control. Once control of the computer, it requires a computer from the production process information in the required time to respond to or control. Such systems often use sophisticated interrupt system and interrupt handling procedures to achieve. In summary, an online system is not necessarily a real-time system. But a real-time system must be an online system.Second, in order to participate in the control mode to Category1, direct digital control system by the control computer to replace conventional analog instruments and direct regulation to control the production process, as the computer as digital signals, so named after the DDC control. Actually controlled the production process control components, control signals received by the process controller input / output channels of D / (D / A) converter output of the digital control computer volume to be converted into analog; analog input control machine to go through the process of input / output channels of analog / digital (A / D) converter into a digital number into the computer. DDC control systems often use a small computer or microprocessor, the time-sharing system to achieve multiple points of control. Is in fact a discrete sampling with the controller, to achieve discrete multi-point control. DDC computer control system that has become the main control computer control system forms. DDC control of the advantage of flexibility, large, focused on high reliability and low cost. Can use several forms of digital computing circuits, or even dozens of loop production process, integral to proportional --- --- differential (PID) control to maintain the industrial state of the controlled object at a given value, the deviation small and stable. And as long as the change of control algorithms and applications can achieve more complex control. Such as feedforward control and the best control. Under normal circumstances, DDC-level control often more complex as the implementation of advanced control level.2, supervisory computer control system supervisory computer control system fora particular production process, according to the production process of various states, according to the production process of the mathematical model to calculate the best production equipment should be running a given value, and the best value automatically or manually on the DDC Executive-level computer or analog meter to align the regulation or control of the target set. By a DDC or adjust the instrument at various points on the production process (running equipment) to exercise control. SCC system is that it can guarantee the production process is always controlled the situation in the best condition to run, so get the most benefit. SCC results directly affect the merits of the first of its mathematical model, this should always improve the operation process model, and modify the control algorithm, and application control procedures.3, multi-level control systems in modern manufacturing enterprises in the production process not only the need to address the problem of online control, and Huan Zhi Li called for a solution of production problems, the daily product line, the number of arrangements for planning and scheduling, and Rose plans develop a long term planning, notice Xiaoshou prospects, there was multi-level control system. DDC class is mainly used for direct control of the production process, for PID, or feedforward control; SCC level is mainly used for optimal control or adaptive control or learning control calculation, and command and control the same DDC class report back to the MIS class. DDC level usually microcomputers, SCC-level general use of small computers or high-end microcomputers. MIS Workshop main function of governance is based on plant-level production of varieties issued, the number of orders and collect up the production process of the state of information, at any time reasonable schedule to achieve optimal control, command and SCC-level supervisory control. Factory management level MIS main function is to accept the company and factory production tasks assigned by the actual situation of optimized computing, Zhi Ding factory production plans and short-term (ten days or weeks or days) arrangements, and then issued to the plant-level production tasks. Corporate governance level MIS main function is to guess the market demand computing to develop strategic long-term development planning, and contract orders, raw material supply situation and the production conditions, comparison of the optimal production program selection and calculation, work out the entire company business a long time (months or ten days) of the production plan, sales plan, assigned to the task of the factory management level. MIS-level main function is to achieve real-timeinformation processing, decision-makers at all levels to provide useful information, make on the production planning \ scheduling and management programs to plan the coordination and management control in the optimal state. This one can control the size and scope of enterprise size divided into several levels. Each level has to be addressed according to the size of the amount of information to determine the type of computer used. MIS generally use small computer shop class or high-grade micro-computer, the factory management level of the MIS with a medium-sized computer, and corporate governance level MIS is to use large-scale computer, or use super computer. 4, distributed control or distributed control system distributed control or distributed control, the control system is divided into a number of independent local control subsystems to complete the controlled production process control task. Since the emergence of micro-computers and rapid development of distributed control to provide for the realization of the material and technical basis, in recent years, decentralized control can be different almost normal development, and has become an important trend in the development of computer control. Since the 70's, appeared focused on distributed control system, called DCS. It is a decentralized local control of the new computer control system.Three, classified according to the law regulating1, program control if the computer control system the division of a predetermined time function control, such control is called program control. Such as the furnace temperature-time curves Anzhao some control on the process control. Here the procedure is time-varying changes have to determine the corresponding value, rather than the computer running.2, sequence control in the process control based on the generated sequence control, computer, over time, as can be determined according to the corresponding control value and previous results at the moment both to exercise on the production process control system, called the order of the computer control .3, proportional - integral - differential analog PID control regulation of conventional PID control instrument can be completed. Micro-computer can also be achieved with PID control.4, feedforward control is usually the feedback control system, have certain effects on the interference in order to generate feedback over the role of inhibitory control of interference, and thus delay the control of undesirable consequences. In order to overcome the negative lag control, with the computer accepts the interferencesignal after the, did not produce effects in the Huan insert a feedforward control Zuoyong, it Ganghao interference point in the interference of the control to completely offset the effect on the variable, it was Ming Wei Yin Er disturbance compensation control.5, optimal control (optimal control) system control computer, such as to have controlled object is best known as the best run of the control system control system. Such as computer control system is limited in the existing conditions, select appropriate control law (mathematical model), the controlled object indicators in optimal running condition. Such as the largest output, consumption of the largest, highest quality standards, such as the least scrap rate. Best is determined by a set of mathematical models, sometimes several in a limited range of the best indicators of the pursuit of individual, sometimes the best indicators of comprehensive requirements.6, the adaptive control system, optimal control, when the working conditions or qualifications change, we can not get the best control effects. If the situation changes in working conditions, the control system can still be controlled in the best state of the object's control, such control system called the adaptive system. This requires mathematical model reflects the change in the conditions, how to achieve the best state. Control computer to detect changes in terms of the information given by the laws of mathematical models to calculate, to change the control variables, the controlled objects still in the best condition.7, self-learning control system if the computer can keep the results under the controlled object gain experience running their own change and improve the control law so that more and better control effect, this control system is called self-learning control system. Above mentioned optimal control, adaptive control and self-learning control are related to multi-parameter, multi-variable complex control systems, are all problems of modern control theory. Determine the stability of the system, many factors affect the control of complex mathematical models, have to be a production control, production technology, automation, instrumentation, programming, computer hardware, each with various personnel to be realized. Controlled object by the length of reaction time required to control the number of points and mathematical models to determine the complexity of the computer use scale. Generally speaking, a strong need to functionality (speed and computing power) of the computer can be achieved. The Zhuzhong control, can be a single type also is not single, you can combineseveral forms to achieve control of the production process. This should address the actual situation of the controlled object, the system analysis, system design determined at the time.。