生物工程专业英语翻译(第二章)

1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。

2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。

1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。

2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。

1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense，biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries，perhaps even thousands of years。

In 2000，German archeologists uncover a 3，000—year—old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe。

Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman's bare chest，so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it，triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.广义上来说，生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来，甚至数千年.2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。

Beijing University of Chemical Technology 化学工业出版社• Exercise for Chapter 1Line 1-10, P. 1生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。

生物工程利用细菌，酵母，真菌，植物细胞或培养的哺乳动物细胞作为工业加工的组分。

只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。

Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms,or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management.Biotechnology utilizes bacteria,yeasts，fungi，algae，plant cells or cultured mammalian cells as constituents of industrial processes.Successful application of biotechnology will result only from the integration of a multiplicity of scientific disciplines and technologies,including microbiology,biochemistry,genetics,molecular biology,chemistry and chemical and process engineering.line3 ---line7, P.6生物科学和生物工程之间有一个很明显的区别。

1、Once a suitable organism is found, conventional breeding and mutagenesismethods are used where possible to induce genetic changes that may produce even more of the desired product.一旦筛选到了合适的生物体，就尽可能地应用传统育种及诱变方法来使生物体发生遗传变化，从而产生更多的目标产物。

2、Thus, totally new capabilities can be engineered and microorganisms in particularand plant and animal cells to a lesser extent may be made to produce substances beyond their naturally endowed genetic capabilities通过这种方法就可以设计出全新的性能，并且,可以主要应用微生物和相对较少的动植物细胞来生产某些物质，它们的性质是那些本来正常遗传所不具备的。

3、Thus, resistance to viral infection and increased genetic stability may beincorporated into organisms that lack them, the formation of harmful by-products can be reduced or eliminated and objectionable odours, colours or slime products can be removed这样，对那些遗传稳定性不高，易遭受病毒感染的生物体来说，就可以提高抵抗力和稳定性，同时，有害副产品的形成也可以减少或消除，并且，那些具有令人讨厌的颜色、气味或粘质的产品也可以除掉。

生物工程专业英语单词内生孢子Endospore 无菌的aseptic 氧oxygen 耐高渗Halotolerant 毒力virulence 氯chlorine 病原微生物pathogen 稀释attenuation 钠sodium 肠道的entero 消毒sterilization 分裂fission Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acidSulfuric acid TCA Tricarboxylic acid Polymerase chain reaction cfu Colony forming unit 黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 沙门氏菌Salmonella typhi大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 巴氏杀菌pesteurization human immunodeficiency virus 革兰氏阳/阴性Gram positive/negativeTube 烧杯Beaker 鞭毛flagellaFunnel 属genus 纤毛pili 培养皿Petri dishes 命名法nomenclature 荚膜capsule 移液枪Pipette 球菌coccus 细胞膜plasma membrane胰岛素insulin 制造业manufacture 益生元prebiotic 糖尿病diabete(s) 促进facilitate 抗生素antibiotic 极性共价键polar bond 共价键covalent bond 离子键ionic bond 氢键hydrogen bondatom 底物substrate 色素(photo)pigment electron 延长、拉长elongate 染色stainidentical 瘫痪paralysis 原子核nucleus 完全相同的复制、折叠replicate 外显子exon 杂交hybridization algae 内含子intron 合成synthetic流行病学epidemiology 终止子terminator synthesis生物降解bioremediation 启动子promoter 同时地simultaneously 防腐剂preservative 转录transcription 噬菌体bacteriophage 洗涤剂detergent 翻译translation 颗粒particleAdenine 氨基酸amino acid 杂种muleThymine 简并性degenerate 小麦wheatGuanine 调控regulate 大麦barleyCytocine 神经元neuron 玉米maze/cornUracil 成纤维细fibroblast 大豆soybean胞strand 肌肉细胞muscle cell 高粱sorghum orientation 源于；得自derive 谷物cereal primer 表明；指出indicate 豆类legume complementary 分离isolate 穗panicle sequence 扩增amplification 生理盐水saline单倍体hyploid 载体vector 胆固醇chloesterol 双倍体diploid 质粒plasmid 白灵药panacea 常染色体autosomal chromosomes 性染色体sex chromosome作业。

Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic. Inorganic compounds are defined as molecules, usually small, that typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role. Inorganic compounds include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many salts, acids, and bases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。

无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。

无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。

All living organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds for growth, repair, maintenance, and reproduction. Water is one of the most important, as well as one of the rmost abundant, of these compounds, and it is particularly vital to microorganisms. Outside the cell, nutrients are dissolved in water, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell , water is the medium for most chemical reactions. In fact, water is by far the most abundant component of almost all living cells. Water makes up 5% to 95% or more of each cell, the average being between 65% and 75%. Simply stated, no organism can survive without water 所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。

Lesson TwoPhotosynthesis内容：Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containing cells of green plants, algae藻, and certain protists 原生生物and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas 然而 cellular细胞的 respiration 呼吸is highly exergonic吸收能量的and releases energy, photosynthesis光合作用requires energy and is highly endergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。

总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。

细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。

Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split裂开 (oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of 在面前 light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。

Biologists?and?chemists?divide?compounds?into?two?principal?classes,?inorgan ic?and?organic.?Inorganic?compounds?are?defined?as?molecules,?usually?small, ?that?typically?lack?carbon?and?in?which?ionic?bonds?may?play?an?important?r ole.?Inorganic?compounds?include?water,?oxygen,?carbon?dioxide,?and?many?sal ts,?acids,?and?bases.??生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。

无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。

无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。

???All?living?organisms?require?a?wide?variety?of?inorganic?compounds?for?grow th,?repair,?maintenance,?and?reproduction.?Water?is?one?of?the?most?importan t,?as?well?as?one?of?the?rmost?abundant,?of?these?compounds,?and?it?is?parti cularly?vital?to?microorganisms.?Outside?the?cell,?nutrients?are?dissolved?i n?water,?which?facilitates?their?passage?through?cell?membranes.?And?inside? the?cell?,?water?is?the?medium?for?most?chemical?reactions.?In?fact,?water?i s?by?far?the?most?abundant?component?of?almost?all?living?cells.?Water?makes ?up?5%?to?95%?or?more?of?each?cell,?the?average?being?between?65%?and?75%.?S imply?stated,?no?organism?can?survive?without?water?所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。

第二章生长与代谢的生物化学2.1 前言一个微生物以生产另一个微生物为目的。

在某些情况下，利用微生物的生物学家们希望这样的情况能够快速频繁的发生。

在另外一些产物不是生物体自身的情况下，生物学家必须对它进行操纵使微生物的目标发生变化，这样以来，微生物就要努力的挣脱对它们繁殖能力的限制，生产出生物学家希望得到的产物。

生物体的生长过程及其生产出的各种产物与微生物代谢的本质特点是密不可分的。

代谢过程是两种互相紧密联系又以相反方向进行的活动过程。

合成代谢过程主要是细胞物质的生成，不仅包括构成细胞的主要组成物质（蛋白质、核酸、脂质、碳水化合物等等），同时也包括它们的前提物质——氨基酸、嘌呤与嘧啶、脂肪酸、各种糖与糖苷。

合成代谢不是自发进行的，必须由能量所推动，对大多数微生物来说，是通过一系列的产能分解代谢过程来供给能量。

碳水化合物分解为CO2和水的过程是最为常见的分解代谢反应，然而微生物以这样的方式还能够利用更大范围的还原性含碳化合物。

分解代谢与合成代谢所有微生物生物化学的基础，可以从两者的平衡关系或者分别对它们进行讨论。

实际中，我们要有效的区分那些需要空气中的氧进行需氧代谢的生物与那些进行厌氧代谢的生物。

还原性含碳化合物与O2反应生成水和CO2，这是一个高效的放热反应过程。

因此，一个进行需氧代谢的生物要使用一小部分底物进行分解代谢以维持某一水平的合成代谢，即成长过程。

对于厌氧型生物，其底物的转化的过程基本上是一个不匀称的反应（氧化还原反应），产生很少的能量，因此，大部分底物都要被分解从而维持一定水平的合成代谢。

在生物体中这种差别能够明显的体现出来，比如酵母，它属于兼性厌氧生物，即它可在有氧条件下生长也可在无氧环境下生存。

需氧酵母使糖以同样的速度转化为CO2和水，相对产生高产量的新酵母。

而厌氧条件下，酵母菌生长缓慢，此时酵母被有效的转化为酒精和CO2。

2.2 代谢与能量分解代谢与合成代谢间的有效联系在于，各种分解代谢过程促进少量反应物的合成，而后又被用来促进全面的合成代谢反应。

生物工程生物技术专业英语翻译Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。