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英语词汇学Chapter 01

英语词汇学Chapter 01

e. g. • can-opener • dip • persuader
(all-purpose key) (pick-pocket) (dagger)
e. g. • beauty (AusE: excellent, great) • auld (Scot: old) • hame (Scot: home) • lough (Irish: lake)
• This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’ (Lodwig and Barrett, 1973)
1.5 Classification of Words • The English vocabulary, multifarious in nature, consists of words of all kinds. They can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes.
e. g. • In medicine: photoscanning, hepatitis, indigestion, penicillin • In education: audiovisual, megauniversity, microteaching
e. g. • In business: bottom line, balloark figures • In horse-racing: hold him back, hold him in • In medicine: paranoid, persona, hypo

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter1

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English VocabularyThe Definition of the term “word” 词的定义The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史Classification of English Words词的分类The Definition of the term “word”Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.a minimum free formsoundlexical and grammatical meaningsyntactic functionBound form粘着形式：Never used as sentences.Free form 自由形式：Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms.It’s not a phrase，is a word.The Development of English VocabularyNative: Celtic1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS)Celtic →Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME)French (the Norman Conquest in 1066)Latin3rd period (1500-present): Modern English PeriodEarly stages of Modern English (1500-1700)Latin (Renaissance)Greek (Renaissance)Contemporary English (1700-present):Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, ItalianOther European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch …Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes.Marked progress of science and technology.Socio-economic，political and cultural changes.The influence of other cultures and languages.Classification of English WordsThree main criteria:By origin: 1. native words 本族词2. loan words 外来词By level of usage: 1. common words 普通词2. literary words 书面词3. colloquial words 口头词4. slang words 俚语5. technical words 术语By notion: 1. function words 功能词2. content words 实义词By origin:1. native words 本族词2. loan words 外来词Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of old EnglishFeatures of native words:Most are monosyllabicforming the great majority of the basic word stockLoan / borrowed words: those borrowed from other languagesBasic word stock:auxiliary, modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, the most frequently used words (essential to life)National characterStabilityWord-forming abilityAbility to form collocationsBy level of usage:1. Common words 普通词2. Literary words 书面词3. Colloquial words 口头词4. Slang words 俚语5. Technical words 术语*There are no clear-cut boundaries between the various classes of words.Common words普通词:connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday lifeThe core of the common words is the basic word stock.Stylistically neutralLiterary words书面词:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches.Most are of French, Latin or Greek origin.Among the literary word, two categories are noteworthy:archaic words . obsolete words)poetical wordsSlang俚语:Language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabularyNot generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate termsEmbracing those daring and new expression that have not been accepted as standard EnglishThe chief reason for use of slang: secure freshness and noveltyTechnical words术语:used in various fields: science, profession or trade, art, sportincreasing precision in nomenclatureone specific meaningLatin or Greek in originBy notion:1. function words 功能词2. content words 实义词Function words:determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliariesnot having much lexical meaningserving grammatically:Behaving like grammatical signals or functional markers,Expressing the kinds of connection between content wordsConstructing acceptable English sentencessmall in number and stable:In relatively closed listsBelonging to a relatively small and permanent set of words)high frequency。

Chapter One(A) 英语词汇学课程简介

Chapter One(A) 英语词汇学课程简介


兼任 湖北省学位委员会评议组成员、华中师范大学学位 委员会第3、4届委员、教育部人文社科基地华中师大语言 与语言教育研究中心兼职研究员。学术兼职包括全国专业 英语研究会理事、中南地区外语教学法研究会副理事长、 湖北省翻译者协会副会长、武汉欧美同学会常务理事等。 被邀担任教育部全国本科教学评估专家和教育部出国留学 基金语言学评审专家。同时担任上海外语教育出版社教育 部"十五"规划项目英语专业教材编写委员会委员，重庆出 版社中西部英语专业系列教材编写委员会委员。 主讲 英语词汇学、文体学、语义学等理论课程。从事语 言学和应用语言学方面的研究，并对话语篇章、语用、语 言与文化等有浓厚的兴趣。




近年来，汪榕培教授在中国古典文学英译和中西 文化比较等方面取得了突破性的进展，先后完成 了 《英译老子》、《英译易经》、 《英译陶诗》、 《英译诗经》、《英译庄子》、 《英译邯郸记》 《英译汉魏六朝诗三百首》、 《英译牡丹亭》、 《英译孔雀东南飞· 木兰诗》、等译著， 并撰写了一系列相关的论文，出版了专著《比较 与翻译》和《陶渊明诗歌英译比较研究》，得到 国内外学者的高度重视。他目前正在继续进行典 籍英译研究工作，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学 博士生导师。
What we shall learn in ish lexicology is more than to learn to remember new words，but it will make you powerful in learning new words. 有人误认为词汇学就是“学词汇”。
4.所有作业，独立完成，不能抄袭 ，否则扣分。
Chapter One
The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary

英语词汇学chapter1

英语词汇学chapter1

The Old English (449-1100)
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The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly AngloSaxon with a small mixture of Old Norse words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of England in the ninth century, such as, cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. The English continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period due to the Angles and Saxons’ various contacts with the Romans, such as, candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc.
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Norman Conquest: William, the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the AngloSaxons in 1066 AD.
Influences
Celts (the earliest inhabitants) 450 790 1066 The conquest and settlement of the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests The Norman Conquest

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。

该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。

第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。

2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。

3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。

4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。

5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。

总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。

现代英语词汇学概论chapter1

现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class)
– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
11
• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
12
1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary

现代英语词汇学概论1解析

现代英语词汇学概论1解析
E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary
Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop?
2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
back
1.2 Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words?
2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function

英语词汇学第一章[文字可编辑]

英语词汇学第一章[文字可编辑]

? Invention, expansion, omission, justification, modernization, description
? 这几个都是词素变体。
? 请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不” 的意思：
? Perfect, balance, mobile ? Responsible ? Logical ? Flexible, excusable ? im-, ir-, il- 都是in-的词素变体
? How much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?
? most frequently used coverage of reading materials
? 1,000
80.5%
? 2,000
89%
? 3,000
93%
? 4,000
95%
? 5,000
? English lexicology
– The study of English vocabulary
? Exercises:
– To be done after class
1.2 The Structure of English Words
? Lead-in
? What is a word?
– Cf: German 185,000 – French 100,000
? How much vocabulary did literary masters have?
– Shakespear: 24,000 – Milton: 16,000 – …… – English educated people: 25,000 √ – Chinese educated people: 5000

现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)

Word :a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of s ound and meaning(both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning),performing syntactic meaningCriteria of words: by origin(native—old English )( and loan language—borrowed English),by level of usage(common words, literary ,colloquial, slang and technical words);by notions(function and content words)Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning.Classification of morphemes: free morpheme-utter alone with meaning(a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense); bound morpheme—must appear with one other morpheme, free or bound)Root: the basic unchangeable part of the word, convey the main lexical meaning of the word. Either free or bound.(free roots and bound roots)Affixes: ----inflectional affixes(have only particular grammatical meaning)and derivational affixes.(added morpheme to create new words.）---prefixes and suffixesWord-formationThree major processes : compounding(joining tow or more bases to form a new unit of compound words)Derivation(forming a new word by addition of a word element)Conversion(a word of certain word-class is shifted into another word-class without any affixes)Eight minor processes :Acronymy (Initialisms –using the first letter from proper name ,phrase, technical words)Ainitialism is pronounced letter by letter) and acronyms—from the initial letters of the name of an organization or scientific term)==are pronounced as words.Clipping(deletion of one or more syllables from a word—usually a noun, which is also available in its full form)Classification—back clipping, front clipping ,front and back clipping and phrase clipping.)Blending---formed by combining the meanings and sound of tow words.one of which is not full form or both of which are not full form. ）不完整拼缀Back-formation（coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.）Words from proper names(including names of scientists, names of politicians and statesman, names of places, trademark, literature)Reduplication(a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go(2)almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong.(3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants ,as in teenyweeny.Neoclassical(new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek)The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.MiscellaneousWord meaning and sense relations1,conventionality—no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol and its sense.2,motivation—phonetic ,morphological, sematic3,main types of word meaning(interrelated andinterdependent)---class and inflectionalparadigm)andmeaning; connotative meaning—emotional association; social or stylistic meaning and affective meaning)Binary opposites.二相对立Polysemy—a term used in sematic analysis to refer to lexical item which has a range of meanings.)T wo approaches—diachronic and synchronic.---primary meaning and derived meaning, central meaning and secondary meaning(in some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.)Two processes leading to polysemy---radiation(each of the secondary meanings may become a center of further radiation),concatenation(linking together, like the links of a chain.Homonymy(---pronounced alike, spell alike, or both.)---types of homonyms(perfect homonyms—word identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning)(Homophones---identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.)(Homographs—identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.)Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect. Synonymy(—identical in meaning but different in sound and spelling.)--- Complete synonyms(absolute),Relative synonyms.Antonymy (--opppsiteness of meaning)---contrary, complementary and conversives ….Antonyms classified on the basis of morphological structure: root antonyms and derivational antonyms.Marked and unmarked words---subsume.(Marked members can not be used to include unmarked member.) Hyponymy—(relationship which obtains specific and general lexical items)Superordinate term(an upper term),Subordinate terms(a lower term)===hierarchical system Sematic field---is not simply a listing of independent items, organized into areas or field.Charateristic of the same sematic field.1),word frequency in the same semantic varies 2)these words are semantically interdepent.3) words in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocation on common. Changes in word meaning---1,causes:historical,social,foreign influence, linguistic and psychological .2, Four tendencies in sematic change---restriction, extension, degeneration, elevation (of meaning)具体化，普遍化，语义转贬，语义改良。

英语词汇学-第一章

英语词汇学-第一章
Description
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.

英语词汇学_完整版

英语词汇学_完整版
English Lexicology
Qin jianping
Chapter one Language,
and Lexicology
Step 1
Linguistics
Discuss: What is lexicology and why do we need to study it? a. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. It aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures, semantic structures, relations, formation and usages. It is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical course.
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 4
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)

英语词汇学 Chapter1

英语词汇学 Chapter1
7

English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
8
What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:




Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
5




If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动 词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在 独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论 (A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。

首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ， my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外， Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax ）却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善。

人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”（《辞海》 1984 （上） 375 页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。

口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分 Chapter Ⅱ到 Chapter Ⅳ(Morphological structure of English words and英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词word-formation )(一 ) 词素（ Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如：nation 是一个词素，national 有 nation+al两个词素。

第1章：现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】

第1章：现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】



没有上面描述特征的词，不属于语言的正常核 心。它们包括下面：
1.术语Terminology: technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.包括特定学科和学术领域的技术术语，例如在医学 上：光扫描，肝炎，消化不良，青霉素；在数学上：代数，三角学，微积 分；音乐上，交响乐，管弦乐队，奏鸣曲，协奏曲，教育上：视听教学， 自休大学，微型教学等等。 2.行话。Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科 学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流。
1.1一个词是什么？
词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已 经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的 定义上达成一致。 当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度， 一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当 根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的 发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单 位。

——自然现象：雨雪火，水，太阳月亮春夏风山 ——人的身体和亲属：头足手脸父母兄弟姐妹儿子女儿 ——动植物：橡树松树草梨苹果树马牛羊猫狗小鸡 ——动作，尺寸，范围，状态：来去吃听打带好邪恶老年轻 热冷重白黑 ——数词代词介词连接词：一十百我你你的，谁，在里，在 外，在下 等，和但直到如同 这些词不能被英语会话者回避。不能不考虑词源教育专业 地区文化等等。

英语词汇学_完整版

英语词汇学_完整版
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 3
c. Linguistics is the scientific or systematic study of language. It studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. It concerns with a wide range of linguistic phenomena, analyzes them and makes general statements ( the nature of language) about them. Its branches cover phonology, phonetics, syntax, semantics, lexicology, morphology etc. d. Language can be defined as ―a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2009
Words meaning and Componential analysis
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b. Why do we study it? The three elements of language: speech sound, grammar and vocabulary. (all the words in a language make up vocabulary. It also refers to all the words of a given dialect, book, discipline and an individual person.) It will help us to enlarge the vocabulary and improve the ability to analyze and use English words. Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without words, nothing can be conveyed.

英语词汇学Chapter1

英语词汇学Chapter1
ur receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
Main Contents
Totally 12 chapters As for chapter
Introduction to Modern English Lexicology）。北京： 北京师范大学出版社。
❖ Nation, I. S. P. 1990. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
❖ Nation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: CUP.
1,2,3,6,7,9,10,11,12, one chapter each week; As for chapters 4, 5, 8, 2 weeks for each chapter.
Evaluation Procedure
Classroom Principles 1 Never coming late (at least earlier than me) 2 Never using phones in my class Evaluation 1 Attendance 10% 2 Classroom participation 20% 3 Mid-term exam (Oct. 21) 20% 4 Final exam (Dec. 23) 50%
English Lexicology
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Course Description

词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述

词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述
drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon, criterion, botany, physics.
பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise

Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle

computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
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• The Old English (450-1100)
– The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes from about 450 AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon, which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants Celts. – The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of which was no longer in use now. – Old English was rather different from Modern English in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.
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• Neologisms (after World War II) • newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. • The main reasons (sources) for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three: – Marked progress of science and technology – Socio-economic, political and cultural changes – The influence of other cultures and languages
1.1 An overview of English vocabulary
• What is a word?
– The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. • Words are formed by morphemes
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
• The 19th and 20th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in scientific vocabulary as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the scientific exploration and discovery. • American English began to make their way to the British Isles about 1820.
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1.2 Development of English vocabulary
• The World Languages
– It is estimated that there are about 5000 languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about 300 language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, IndoEuropean Family, Altaic Family, and so on. – Chinese is a member in the Sino-Tibetan Family, while English is a member in the Indo-European Family.
• The history of the English language is divided into three periods. – Old English (449-1100) – Middle English (1100-1500) – Modern English (1500-present)
2012-12-16
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• The Middle English (1100-1500)
– Middle English is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. – A great number of French words (about 9,000) were introduced into English. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into England. (The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper
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Lexicology
the study of the lexis in human language
(Howard Jackson & Etienne Zė 2001, 陆国强 1999， et.al)
general lexicology & special lexicology
study the universal principles
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• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
• the criteria to divide language families ?
– 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock – 2. grammar
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1.2.1 Historical development of English vocabulary
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• Modern English (1500-Now)
– Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England by William Caxton. – Early Modern English (1500 – 1700, the period of the Renaissance, which began in Italy, spread in Europe and reached English in 16th century). In this period the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. Scholars translated literature from Latin and Greek into English. – In this period, the study of classics were stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin. The Latin loan words were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas.
study the lexis in a special language
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Notes: lexis
• “词汇学” 可以定义为 “对某一种语言的词汇 (lexis)的研究” 。 • “词汇” 在英语里可以用vocabulary、 lexis和 lexicon来表示 ,三个术语大致上是同义的 ,但 是 ,vocabulary比较口语化、lexicon比较学术化、 而lexis界乎两者之间tage of each source of new English words
14%
30%
56%
science and technology terms life-style terms social and economic terms
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1.2.3 Modes of English vocabulary development
– Bloomfield distinguishes between two types of linguistic forms: free form and bound form ( 自由形位 和粘附形位）
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• The term word refers to the fundamental unit of a given language, with sound and meaning( lexical and grammatical) , capable of performing a given syntactic function(句法功 能)(a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence).