Case StudyAlliance Formation with Direct Selling Companies 案例studyalliance形成和直销公司-文档资料1

康奈尔大学法学院在USNews2022全美排名第13位，其法学硕士课程专门为国际生提供(tígōng)。

康奈尔大学是美国顶级私立研究型大学之一。

和一起来理解它的法学院专业介绍。

1. 法律(fǎlǜ)博士-JURIS DOCTOR DEGREE康奈尔大学法学院提供三年制法律博士(bóshì)学位。

这个学位在美国的评价很高，课程表达目前美国法律教育流行的诸多思想和观点。

康奈尔法学院在国际法在美国名列前茅，这让学习法律博士的学生有时机结合国际法课程学习。

课程(kèchéng)构造第一年课程由10门必修课组成，包括民事诉讼、宪法、契约、律师(lǜshī)职业(Lawyering)、侵权、刑法以及财产。

第二年和第三年全部是选修，并且局部课程必须是关于法律理论学和高级法律写作。

专业方向法律博士提供四个可以选择的方向，包括辩护、公法、企业法规以及普通律师业务(General practice)。

学术要求必须修满84个学分，且成绩令人满意。

在得到指导教授(facultyadvisor)同意的前提下，最多可在法学院以外修读12个与法律培训相关的学分。

J.D. DEGREE ( 国际法律研究方向)这个专业培养学生参与国际私人开业，进入跨国公司或者政府部门。

它的学分比法律博士稍多，要求89个学分。

此外，也注重国际公法、比拟法、冲突法的学习。

在申请法律博士的时候，你可以注明有意愿学习这个方向。

国际法律研究方向课程提供系列讲座、午餐会谈和座谈会。

主讲人由出色的从业者、政府官员、学者以及外国专家。

此外，康奈尔国际法协会也开展国际法相关活动。

J.D. DEGREE / LL.M. (国际法与比拟法)康奈尔法学院为其学生提供法律博士与法学硕士结合学位。

结合学位只需三年时间。

在这期间，可以到巴黎第一大学学习。

申请法学院的时候或者在完成入学注册之后可以申请结合学位。

除了法律博士要求的84个学分之外，结合学位还要求完成国际法与比拟法的20个高层次学分。

国外开放课程及一些国外大学的网址国外开放课程及一些国外大学的网址一、伯克利加州大学伯克利分校/courses.php作为美国第一的公立大学，伯克利分校提供了许多优秀教授的播客和视频讲座，可以跟踪最新的讲座。

想看教授布置的作业和课堂笔记，可以点击该教授的网页，通常，他/她都会第一堂课留下网址。

实在不行，用google搜搜吧！伯克利的视频都是.rm格式，请注意转换二、麻省麻省理工学院/OcwWeb/web/courses/courses/index.htm麻省理工是免费开放教育课件的先驱，计划在今年把１８００门课程的课件都放在网站上，提供课程与作业的ＰＤＦ格式下载。

三是，麻省理工只提供少数的视频讲座。

坐过学生上麻省有一个绝对优势，麻省理工在中国大陆和中国台湾都建立了镜像网站，把麻省的课程都翻译成立中文。

鉴于ＰＤＦ格式，推荐使用ＦｏｘＩｔＲｅａｄｅｒ。

（中国大陆）推荐（中国台湾）二、卡耐基梅隆/oli/卡耐基梅隆针对初入大学的大学生，提供１０门学科的课程视频。

与其他大学的免费课程一样，非卡耐基梅隆的学子能学习课程，但是为了使学生能够及时了解自己的课程进度，卡耐基梅隆建议造访者在网站上注册，建立自己的资料库。

这样一来，你得在有限的时间内完成一门课程，还要参加几次考试，当然，即使你得了１００分，卡耐基梅隆也不会给你开证明，更不会给你学分。

四、犹他犹他大学/front-page/Courese_listing犹他大学类似于麻省理工，提供大量的课程课件五、塔夫茨塔夫茨大学塔夫茨大学也是“开放式教育课程”的先驱之一，初期提供的课程着重在本校专长的生命科学、跨领域方法、国际观点以及对美国地区性、全国性社群服务的基础理论。

六、公开英国公开大学/course/index.php英国十几所大学联合起来，组建了英国公开大学。

有一部分课程是对注册学生开放的，但是有一批很好的课程是免费的，并提供视频。

每门课还设立了论坛，在社区中，大家发表意见，提供其他的学习资源，互相取经。

爱知大学大学院中国研究科博士课程双重学位学习简介爱知大学大学院中国研究科I. 课程学习1．课程设置与要求攻读“双重学位课程”的学生必须修完爱知大学大学院中国研究科以及**大学研究生院规定的课程。

（1）爱知大学的课程设置与要求①课程设置爱知大学将按照以下的课程进行教学。

②有关进修的要求甲、必须接受指导教授对博士论文的研究指导。

乙、在攻读博士课程的一年中必须修满12学分。

丙、所修科目中必须包括必修科目2学分及研究讨论课2学分。

丁、除必修科目2学分和研究讨论课2学分以外，学生在指导教授的指导下需再从其他科目中选修8学分。

（2）**大学课程安排及修完课程的规定攻读双重学位的学生将根据所属学院的规定进行学习。

2. 课程进修方法①学生入学后，在**大学第1学期至第2学期进修**大学规定的课程（根据**大学《博士个人培养计划的规定》）。

②**大学第2学期，爱知大学入学后，学生将在中日双方指导教授的指导下，可使用RMCS系统进修爱知大学的课程。

③于**大学第3学期至第4学期（爱知大学第2学期至第3学期），赴爱知大学留学，继续进修爱知大学的课程。

在此期间可利用RMCS接受**大学指导教授的指导。

④ **大学第6学期（爱知大学第5学期）可申请**大学博士学位的论文答辩。

⑤爱知大学第6学期可申请办理爱知大学博士学位的有关手续。

3. 学分认定爱知大学与**大学将互相承认学分。

但学分的认定方法以及可给予认定的学分数将遵守所属大学的规定。

4. 博士学位（1）有关申请博士学位论文①申请爱知大学博士学位时，学生必须根据爱知大学的有关规定提交博士学位的论文。

②申请**大学博士学位时，学生必须根据**大学的有关规定提交博士学位的论文。

③提交爱知大学与**大学的博士学位论文不得为同一篇论文。

④申请爱知大学博士学位前，学生必须先取得**大学的博士学位。

（中国**大学博士论文合格后才能申请）（2）有关博士学位论文的评审①提交爱知大学的博士学位论文后，将根据爱知大学的相关审查基准进行预备审查。

case study和field study摘要：1.研究背景与目的2.案例研究与实地研究的定义与特点3.案例研究与实地研究的应用范围与优势4.案例研究与实地研究的区别与联系5.结论正文：1.研究背景与目的在社会科学、教育学、管理学等领域的研究中，研究方法的选择至关重要。

不同的研究方法对应着不同的研究目的和应用场景。

在众多研究方法中，案例研究（case study）和实地研究（field study）是两种非常常见的研究方法。

它们可以帮助研究者深入了解研究对象的内在规律，为理论研究和实践应用提供有力支持。

本文旨在概括性地介绍案例研究和实地研究的相关内容，帮助研究者更好地选择适合的研究方法。

2.案例研究与实地研究的定义与特点案例研究是一种以具体事件、现象或组织为研究对象，通过收集、整理和分析第一手和第二手资料，来揭示研究对象特征、发展过程及其内在联系的研究方法。

案例研究的主要特点包括：研究对象的具体性、研究方法的多样性、研究过程的动态性以及研究结果的独特性。

实地研究是一种在自然环境下进行的、以研究对象的实际行为和活动为主要研究内容的研究方法。

实地研究强调研究者在现场观察、参与和互动，以获取对研究对象的直接了解和认识。

实地研究的主要特点包括：研究场景的真实性、研究过程的参与性、研究资料的原始性和研究结果的情境性。

3.案例研究与实地研究的应用范围与优势案例研究在以下领域有广泛的应用：教育改革、企业管理、政策分析、市场营销等。

案例研究的优势主要体现在：深入了解研究对象、揭示事物内在规律、为理论研究和实践应用提供支持等方面。

实地研究在以下领域有广泛的应用：民族文化研究、社区发展、环境保护、组织行为等。

实地研究的优势主要体现在：获取原始资料、研究结果具有情境性、提高研究者对研究对象的理解和认识等方面。

4.案例研究与实地研究的区别与联系案例研究和实地研究在研究对象、研究方法和研究场景等方面有一定的区别，但它们在研究目的、研究过程和研究成果等方面有很多相似之处。

case study 的指南Case Study的指南导言：Case Study（案例研究）是一种常见的研究方法，用于深入了解特定情境、问题或组织，并提供解决方案。

本文将为您提供一份Case Study的指南，帮助您撰写一篇符合要求的案例研究报告。

一、引言在引言部分，您需要简要介绍案例研究的背景和目的。

明确阐述研究的目标，解释为什么选择该案例，并简要描述研究方法。

二、案例背景在案例背景部分，您需要详细描述研究的案例。

包括案例所在的行业、公司或组织的背景信息，如公司规模、产品或服务等。

同时，提供案例中的具体问题或挑战。

三、问题分析在问题分析部分，您需要对案例中的问题进行分析。

通过收集和整理相关数据和信息，对问题进行梳理和分类，并分析问题的原因和影响。

四、解决方案在解决方案部分，您需要提出解决问题的方法和策略。

确保您的解决方案与案例的背景和问题相符，并基于相关理论或实践经验进行支持。

在描述解决方案时，可以使用实例或案例来说明。

五、实施和结果在实施和结果部分，您需要详细描述实施解决方案的过程和取得的结果。

说明实施的步骤、时间和资源投入，并提供可量化的结果和效益。

六、讨论和总结在讨论和总结部分，您需要对解决方案的有效性和可行性进行讨论。

分析解决方案的优点和局限性，并提出改进和发展的建议。

最后，总结案例研究的主要发现和结论。

七、结论在结论部分，简洁明了地总结整个案例研究的内容和结果。

强调解决方案的重要性和价值，并提出进一步研究的方向。

八、参考文献在参考文献部分，列出您在案例研究中使用的参考资料。

确保引用格式正确，并按字母顺序排列。

九、附录在附录部分，可以提供一些案例研究中使用的补充材料，如调查问卷、访谈记录等。

确保附录内容与案例研究的主要内容相关。

总结：本文为您提供了一份Case Study的指南，帮助您撰写一篇符合要求的案例研究报告。

通过按照指南的结构和要点进行撰写，您可以清晰地描述案例背景、问题分析、解决方案、实施和结果等关键内容，使读者能够全面了解您的研究成果。

Case Study1.Definition：(1)A case study research method is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context (Robert K. Yin,1984).(2) A case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context (Flyvbjerg B,2011).Case study refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.A form of qualitative descriptive research, the case study looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. Researchers do not focus on the discovery of a universal, generalizable truth, nor do they typically look for cause-effect relationships; instead, emphasis is placed on exploration and description.Overview：Case studies typically examine the interplay of all variables in order to provide as complete an understanding of an event or situation as possible. This type of comprehensive understanding is arrived at through a process known as thick description, which involves an in-depth description of the entity being evaluated, the circumstances under which it is used, the characteristics of the people involved in it, and the nature of the community in which it is located. Thick description also involves interpreting the meaning of demographic and descriptive data such as cultural norms and mores, community values, ingrained attitudes, and motives.Unlike quantitative methods of research, like the survey, which focus on the questions of who, what, where, how much, and how many, and archival analysis, which often situates the participant in some form of historical context, case studies are the preferred strategy when how or why questions are asked. L ikewise, they are the preferred method when the researcher has little control over the events, and when there is a contemporary focus within a real life context. In addition, unlike more specifically directed experiments, case studies require a problem that seeks a holistic understanding of the event or situation in question using inductive logic--reasoning from specific to more general terms.In scholarly circles, case studies are frequently discussed within the context of qualitative research and naturalistic inquiry. Case studies are often referred to interchangeably with ethnography, field study, and participant observation. The underlying philosophical assumptions in the case are similar to these types of qualitative research because each takes place in a natural setting (such as a classroom, neighborhood, or private home), and strives for a more holistic interpretation of the event or situation under study.Unlike more statistically-based studies which search for quantifiable data, thegoal of a case study is to offer new variables and questions for further research.F.H. Giddings, a sociologist in the early part of the century, compares statistical methods to the case study "on the basis that the former are concerned with the distribution of a particular trait, or a small number of traits, in a population, whereas the case study is concerned with the whole variety of traits to be found in a particular instance" (Hammersley 95).2. Types：Under the more generalized category of case study exist several subdivisions, each of which is custom selected for use depending upon the goals and/or objectives of the investigator. These types of case study include the following:1). Illustrative Case StudiesThese are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show what a situation is like. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.2).Exploratory (or pilot) Case StudiesThese are condensed case studies performed before implementing a large scale investigation. Their basic function is to help identify questions and select types of measurement prior to the main investigation. The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as conclusions.3).Cumulative Case StudiesThese serve to aggregate information from several sites collected at different times. The idea behind these studies is the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive studies.4).Critical Instance Case StudiesThese examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalizability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion. This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions.Identifying a Theoretical PerspectiveMuch of the case study's design is inherently determined for researchers, depending on the field from which they are working. In composition studies, researchers aretypically working from a qualitative, descriptive standpoint. In contrast, physicists will approach their research from a more quantitative perspective. Still, in designing the study, researchers need to make explicit the questions to be explored and the theoretical perspective from which they will approach the case. The three most commonly adopted theories are listed below:Individual TheoriesThese focus primarily on the individual development, cognitive behavior, personality, learning and disability, and interpersonal interactions of a particular subject. Organizational TheoriesThese focus on bureaucracies, institutions, organizational structure and functions, or excellence in organizational performance.Social TheoriesThese focus on urban development, group behavior, cultural institutions, or marketplace functions.3.Designing a Case Study：After considering the different sub categories of case study and identifying a theoretical perspective, researchers can begin to design their study. Research design is the string of logic that ultimately links the data to be collected and the conclusions to be drawn to the initial questions of the study. Typically, research designs deal with at least four problems:∙What questions to study∙What data are relevant∙What data to collect∙How to analyze that dataIn other words, a research design is basically a blueprint for getting from the beginning to the end of a study. The beginning is an initial set of questions to be answered, and the end is some set of conclusions about those questions.Because case studies are conducted on topics as diverse as Anglo-Saxon Literature (Thrane 1986) and AIDS prevention (Van Vugt 1994), it is virtually impossible to outline any strict or universal method or design for conducting the case study. However, Robert K. Yin (1993) does offer five basic components of a research design:1. A study's questions.2. A study's propositions (if any).3. A study's units of analysis.4.The logic linking of the data to the propositions.5.The criteria for interpreting the findings.In addition to these five basic components, Yin also stresses the importance of clearly articulating one's theoretical perspective, determining the goals of the study, selecting one's subject(s), selecting the appropriate method(s) of collecting data, and providing some considerations to the composition of the final report.4. Conducting Case StudiesTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of approaches and methods. These approaches, methods, and related issues are discussed in depth in this section.∙Single or Multi-modal approachTo obtain as complete a picture of the participant as possible, case study researchers can employ a variety of methods. Some common methods include interviews, protocol analyses, field studies, and participant-observations. Emig (1971) chose to use several methods of data collection. Her sources included conversations with the students, protocol analysis, discrete observations of actual composition, writing samples from each student, and school records (Lauer and Asher 1988).Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) collected data by observing classrooms, conducting faculty and student interviews, collecting self reports from the subject, and by looking at the subject's written work.A study that was criticized for using a single method model was done by Flower and Hayes (1984). In this study that explores the ways in which writers use different forms of knowing to create space, the authors used only protocol analysis to gather data. The study came under heavy fire because of their decision to use only one method, and it was, at least according to some researchers, an unreliable method at that.∙Participant SelectionCase studies can use one participant, or a small group of participants. However, it is important that the participant pool remain relatively small. The participants can represent a diverse cross section of society, but this isn't necessary.For example, the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study looked at just one participant, Nate. By contrast, in Janet Emig's (1971) study of the composition process of twelfth graders, eight participants were selected representing a diverse cross section of the community, with volunteers from an all-white upper-middle-classsuburban school, an all-black inner-city school, a racially mixed lower-middle-class school, an economically and racially mixed school, and a university school.Often, a brief "case history" is done on the participants of the study in order to provide researchers with a clearer understanding of their participants, as well as some insight as to how their own personal histories might affect the outcome of the study. For instance, in Emig's study, the investigator had access to the school records of five of the participants, and to standardized test scores for the remaining three. Also made available to the researcher was the information that three of the eight students were selected as NCTE Achievement Award winners. These personal histories can be useful in later stages of the study when data are being analyzed and conclusions drawn.Data CollectionThere are six types of data collected in case studies:1.Documents.2.Archival records.3.Interviews.4.Direct observation.5.Participant observation.6.Artifacts.In the field of composition research, these six sources might be:1. A writer's drafts.2.School records of student writers.3.Transcripts of interviews with a writer.4.Transcripts of conversations between writers (and protocols).5.Videotapes and notes from direct field observations.6.Hard copies of a writer's work on computer.Depending on whether researchers have chosen to use a single or multi-modal approach for the case study, they may choose to collect data from one or anycombination of these sources.Protocols, that is, transcriptions of participants talking aloud about what they are doing as they do it, have been particularly common in composition case studies. For example, in Emig's (1971) study, the students were asked, in four different sessions, to give oral autobiographies of their writing experiences and to compose aloud three themes in the presence of a tape recorder and the investigator.In some studies, only one method of data collection is conducted. For example, the Flower and Hayes (1981) report on the cognitive process theory of writing depends on protocol analysis alone. However, using multiple sources of evidence to increase the reliability and validity of the data can be advantageous.Case studies are likely to be much more convincing and accurate if they are based on several different sources of information, following a corroborating mode. This conclusion is echoed among many composition researchers. For example, in her study of predrafting processes of high and low-apprehensive writers, Cynthia Selfe (1985) argues that because "methods of indirect observation provide only an incomplete reflection of the complex set of processes involved in composing, a combination of several such methods should be used to gather data in any one study." Thus, in this study, Selfe collected her data from protocols, observations of students role playing their writing processes, audio taped interviews with the students, and videotaped observations of the students in the process of composing.It can be said then, that cross checking data from multiple sources can help provide a multidimensional profile of composing activities in a particular setting. Sharan Merriam (1985) suggests "checking, verifying, testing, probing, and confirming collected data as you go, arguing that this process will follow in a funnel-like design resulting in less data gathering in later phases of the study along with a congruent increase in analysis checking, verifying, and confirming."It is important to note that in case studies, as in any qualitative descriptive research, while researchers begin their studies with one or several questions driving the inquiry (which influence the key factors the researcher will be looking for during data collection), a researcher may find new key factors emerging during data collection. These might be unexpected patterns or linguistic features which become evident only during the course of the research. While not bearing directly on the researcher's guiding questions, these variables may become the basis for new questions asked at the end of the report, thus linking to the possibility of further research.Data AnalysisAs the information is collected, researchers strive to make sense of their data. Generally, researchers interpret their data in one of two ways: holistically or through coding. Holistic analysis does not attempt to break the evidence into parts, but rather to draw conclusions based on the text as a whole. Flower and Hayes (1981), for example, make inferences from entire sections of their students' protocols, rather than searching through the transcripts to look for isolatable characteristics.However, composition researchers commonly interpret their data by coding, that is by systematically searching data to identify and/or categorize specific observable actions or characteristics. These observable actions then become the key variables in thestudy. Sharan Merriam (1988) suggests seven analytic frameworks for the organization and presentation of data:1.The role of participants.2.The network analysis of formal and informal exchanges among groups.3.Historical.4.Thematical.5.Resources.6.Ritual and symbolism.7.Critical incidents that challenge or reinforce fundamental beliefs, practices,and values.There are two purposes of these frameworks: to look for patterns among the data and to look for patterns that give meaning to the case study.As stated above, while most researchers begin their case studies expecting to look for particular observable characteristics, it is not unusual for key variables to emerge during data collection. Typical variables coded in case studies of writers include pauses writers make in the production of a text, the use of specific linguistic units (such as nouns or verbs), and writing processes (planning, drafting, revising, and editing). In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, researchers coded the participant's texts for use of connectives, discourse demonstratives, average sentence length, off-register words, use of the first person pronoun, and the ratio of definite articles to indefinite articles.Since coding is inherently subjective, more than one coder is usually employed. In the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study, for example, three rhetoricians were employed to code the participant's texts for off-register phrases. The researchers established the agreement among the coders before concluding that the participant used fewer off-register words as the graduate program progressed.Composing the ReportIn the many forms it can take, "a case study is generically a story; it presents the concrete narrative detail of actual, or at least realistic events, it has a plot, exposition, characters, and sometimes even dialogue" (Boehrer 1990). Generally, case study reports are extensively descriptive, with "the most problematic issue often referred to as being the determination of the right combination of description and analysis" (1990). Typically, authors address each step of the research process, and attempt to give the reader as much context as possible for the decisions made in the research design and for the conclusions drawn.This contextualization usually includes a detailed explanation of the researchers' theoretical positions, of how those theories drove the inquiry or led to the guiding research questions, of the participants' backgrounds, of the processes of datacollection, of the training and limitations of the coders, along with a strong attempt to make connections between the data and the conclusions evident.Although the Berkenkotter, Huckin, and Ackerman (1988) study does not, case study reports often include the reactions of the participants to the study or to the researchers' conclusions. Because case studies tend to be exploratory, most end with implications for further study. Here researchers may identify significant variables that emerged during the research and suggest studies related to these, or the authors may suggest further general questions that their case study generated.For example, Emig's (1971) study concludes with a section dedicated solely to the topic of implications for further research, in which she suggests several means by which this particular study could have been improved, as well as questions and ideas raised by this study which other researchers might like to address, such as: is there a correlation between a certain personality and a certain composing process profile (e.g. is there a positive correlation between ego strength and persistence in revising)?Also included in Emig's study is a section dedicated to implications for teaching, which outlines the pedagogical ramifications of the study's findings for teachers currently involved in high school writing programs.Sharan Merriam (1985) also offers several suggestions for alternative presentations of data:1.Prepare specialized condensations for appropriate groups.2.Replace narrative sections with a series of answers to open-ended questions.3.Present "skimmer's" summaries at beginning of each section.4.Incorporate headlines that encapsulate information from text.5.Prepare analytic summaries with supporting data appendixes.6.Present data in colorful and/or unique graphic representations.5.Strengths and Weaknesses：FlexibilityThe case study approach is a comparatively flexible method of scientific research. Because its project designs seem to emphasize exploration rather than prescription or prediction, researchers are comparatively freer to discover and address issues as they arise in their experiments. In addition, the looser format of case studies allows researchers to begin with broad questions and narrow their focus as their experiment progresses rather than attempt to predict every possible outcome before the experiment is conducted.Emphasis on ContextBy seeking to understand as much as possible about a single subject or small group of subjects, case studies specialize in "deep data," or "thick description"--information based on particular contexts that can give research results a more human face. This emphasis can help bridge the gap between abstract research and concrete practice by allowing researchers to compare their firsthand observations with the quantitative results obtained through other methods of research.Inherent Subjectivity"The case study has long been stereotyped as the weak sibling among social science methods," and is often criticized as being too subjective and even pseudo-scientific. Likewise, "investigators who do case studies are often regarded as having deviated from their academic disciplines, and their investigations as having insufficient precision (that is, quantification), objectivity and rigor" (Yin 1989). Opponents cite opportunities for subjectivity in the implementation, presentation, and evaluation of case study research. The approach relies on personal interpretation of data and inferences. Results may not be generalizable, are difficult to test for validity, and rarely offer a problem-solving prescription. Simply put, relying on one or a few subjects as a basis for cognitive extrapolations runs the risk of inferring too much from what might be circumstance.High InvestmentCase studies can involve learning more about the subjects being tested than most researchers would care to know--their educational background, emotional background, perceptions of themselves and their surroundings, their likes, dislikes, and so on. Because of its emphasis on "deep data," the case study is out of reach for many large-scale research projects which look at a subject pool in the tens of thousands. A budget request of $10,000 to examine 200 subjects sounds more efficient than a similar request to examine four subjects.Ethical ConsiderationsResearchers conducting case studies should consider certain ethical issues. For example, many educational case studies are often financed by people who have, either directly or indirectly, power over both those being studied and those conducting the investigation (1985). This conflict of interests can hinder the credibility of the study. The personal integrity, sensitivity, and possible prejudices and/or biases of the investigators need to be taken into consideration as well. Personal biases can creep into how the research is conducted, alternative research methods used, and the preparation of surveys and questionnaires.A common complaint in case study research is that investigators change direction during the course of the study unaware that their original research design was inadequate for the revised investigation. Thus, the researchers leave unknown gaps and biases in the study. To avoid this, researchers should report preliminary findings so that the likelihood of bias will be reduced.6. Concerns about V alidity, Reliability, and GeneralizabilityMerriam (1985) offers several suggestions for how case study researchers might actively combat the popular attacks on the validity, reliability, and generalizability of case studies:Steps to Improve Validity and Reliability∙Prolong the Processes of Data Gathering on Site: This will help to insure the accuracy of the findings by providing the researcher with more concreteinformation upon which to formulate interpretations.∙Employ the Process of "Triangulation": Use a variety of data sources as opposed to relying solely upon one avenue of observation. One example ofsuch a data check would be what McClintock, Brannon, and Maynard (1985)refer to as a "case cluster method," that is, when a single unit within a largercase is randomly sampled, and that data treated quantitatively." For instance,in Emig's (1971) study, the case cluster method was employed, singling outthe productivity of a single student named Lynn. This cluster profile includedan advanced case history of the subject, specific examination and analysis ofindividual compositions and protocols, and extensive interview sessions. Theseven remaining students were then compared with the case of Lynn, toascertain if there are any shared, or unique dimensions to the composingprocess engaged in by these eight students.∙Conduct Member Checks: Initiate and maintain an active corroboration on the interpretation of data between the researcher and those who provided thedata. In other words, talk to your subjects.∙Collect Referential Materials: Complement the file of materials from the actual site with additional document support. For example, Emig (1971)supports her initial propositions with historical accounts by writers such as T.S.Eliot, James Joyce, and D.H. Lawrence. Emig also cites examples oftheoretical research done with regards to the creative process, as well asexamples of empirical research dealing with the writing of adolescents.Specific attention is then given to the four stages description of the composingprocess delineated by Helmoltz, Wallas, and Cowley, as it serves as the focalpoint in this study.∙Engage in Peer Consultation: Prior to composing the final draft of the report, researchers should consult with colleagues in order to establish validitythrough pooled judgment.。

a mab a case studyA Mab: A Case StudyIntroduction:In recent years, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the field of medicine. mAbs are laboratory-created molecules that mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens. These molecules have been successfully used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. One such mAb that has garnered significant attention is A Mab. In this case study, we will explore the characteristics, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of A Mab.Characteristics of A Mab:A Mab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody, meaning it is derived from human genetic material rather than animal sources. This attribute reduces the risk of immune reactions and enhances its efficacy in patients. A Mab has a high specificity for its target antigen, which allows for precise targeting of diseased cells while minimizing damageto healthy tissues. Additionally, A Mab has a long half-life, which means it remains in the body for an extended period, allowing for less frequent dosing.Mechanism of Action:A Mab exerts its therapeutic effects through various mechanisms. Primarily, it binds to a specific antigen on the surface of target cells. This binding triggers a series of immune responses, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). ADCC involves the recruitment of immune cells, such as natural killer cells, to destroy the target cell. CDC, on the other hand, leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex, resulting in cell lysis. Additionally, A Mab can also block specific signaling pathways or receptors, inhibiting the growth and survival of tumor cells. Therapeutic Applications:A Mab has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of various diseases. In oncology, it has been successfully used in the targeted therapy of solid tumors, such as breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. By specificallytargeting cancer cell surface antigens, A Mab can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells, reducing the side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy. Moreover, A Mab has also demonstrated promising results in the treatment of hematological malignancies, such as lymphomas and leukemias.Apart from cancer, A Mab has also shown potential in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. By blocking specific immune pathways or modulating immune responses, A Mab can help alleviate symptoms and slow down disease progression in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, A Mab has been investigated as a therapeutic option for infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. By targeting viral antigens or host immune responses, A Mab can neutralize the virus or prevent its entry into host cells, potentially reducing disease severity.Conclusion:A Mab represents a significant advancement in the field of monoclonal antibody therapy. Its fully humanized nature, high specificity, and various mechanisms of action make ita versatile therapeutic option for a wide range of diseases. The success of A Mab in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases highlights its potential to revolutionize modern medicine. As research and development in this field continue to progress, it is expected that more effective and targeted mAbs like A Mab will emerge, offering new hope for patients worldwide.。

价格的利润生物公司正在吞噬可改变动物DNA序列的所有专利。

这是对阻碍医学研究发展的一种冲击。

木匠认为他们的贸易工具是理所当然的。

他们买木材和锤子后，他们可以使用木材和锤子去制作任何他们所选择的东西。

多年之后来自木材厂和工具储藏室的人并没有任何进展，也没有索要利润份额。

对于那些打造明日药物的科学家们来说，这种独立性是一种罕见的奢侈品。

发展或是发现这些生物技术贸易中的工具和稀有材料的公司，对那些其他也用这些工具和材料的人进行了严格的监控。

这些工具包括关键基因的DNA序列，人类、动物植物和一些病毒的基因的部分片段，例如，HIV,克隆细胞，酶，删除基因和用于快速扫描DNA样品的DNA 芯片。

为了将他们这些关键的资源得到手，医学研究人员进场不得不签署协议，这些协议可以制约他们如何使用这些资源或是保证发现这些的公司可以得到最终结果中的部分利益。

许多学者称这抑制了了解和治愈疾病的进程。

这些建议使Harold得到了警示，Harold是华盛顿附近的美国国家卫生研究院的院长，在同年早期，他建立了一个工作小组去调查此事。

由于他的提早的调查，下个月出就能发布初步的报告。

来自安阿伯密歇根大学的法律教授，该工作组的主席Rebecea Eisenberg说，她们的工作组已经听到了好多研究者的抱怨，在它们中有一份由美国联合大学技术管理组提交的重量级的卷宗。

为了帮助收集证据，NIH建立了一个网站，在这个网站上研究者们可以匿名举报一些案件，这些案件他们相信他们的工作已经被这些限制性许可证严重阻碍了。

迫使研究人员在出版之前需要将他们的手稿展示给公司的这一保密条款和协议是投诉中最常见的原因之一。

另一个问题是一些公司坚持保有自动许可证的权利，该许可证是有关利用他们物质所生产的任何未来将被发现的产品，并且这些赋予他们对任何利用他们的工具所赚取的利润的支配权利的条款也有保有的权利。

Eisenberg说：“如果你不得不签署了许多这样的条款的话，那真的是一个大麻烦”。

case study和across case study -回复Case Study和Across Case Study在研究方法中扮演着重要的角色。

本文将详细说明这两种方法的定义、用途、步骤以及其中的差异，并探讨它们之间的优缺点。

首先，让我们先来了解Case Study（案例研究）的定义。

Case Study是通过对一个或多个个体、组织或事件进行深入细致的研究，从而获得对特定问题或现象的理解。

它侧重于全面而详细的分析，通常采用多种数据收集方法，如文献研究、访谈、观察和实地调研等。

Case Study通常适用于全面了解一个具体案例，分析其特征、背景和影响因素等。

然而，Case Study面临着以个别案例为基础的局限性，缺乏普遍性和泛化性。

与之相比，Across Case Study（跨案例研究）可以通过比较多个案例来解决这个问题，从而增强了研究的可靠性和有效性。

Across Case Study侧重于案例之间的比较和对比，它可以识别案例之间的共性、差异和模式，从而推断出更普遍的结论和理论。

下面将介绍执行Case Study和Across Case Study的步骤，以帮助读者更好地理解这两种方法。

首先是Case Study的步骤：1. 选择一个合适的案例：在选择案例时，应考虑到案例的代表性、重要性和可获得的数据的多样性。

2. 收集和整理数据：通过搜集相关文献、开展访谈、观察和实地调研等方法，收集案例所需的数据。

同时，确保数据的有效性和准确性。

3. 数据分析：对收集到的数据进行整理、分类和分析。

可以使用定性和定量研究方法，进行深入的解读和解释。

4. 提取关键信息：从案例中提取出关键的信息和问题，并将其与理论和现有知识进行联系。

这有助于形成一个有力的论证或结论。

而Across Case Study的步骤如下：1. 选择多个案例：在选择多个案例时，应考虑到案例之间的异质性和相似性，以获得广泛和全面的信息。

case study和across case studyCase Study:A case study is a detailed analysis of a particular situation or problem. It involves in-depth research and investigation to understand the context, causes, and potential solutions to the issue at hand. The primary purpose of a case study is to provide empirical evidence and insights into complex real-life scenarios.When conducting a case study, researchers typically start by defining the problem or research question that needs to be addressed. They gather relevant data from different sources such as interviews, surveys, observations, and existing literature. The collected information is then analyzed and organized to identify patterns, themes, and relationships that can help answer the research question.One important aspect of a case study is its focus on a specific case or instance. By delving deeply into a single case, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and intricacies involved. This detailed analysis allows for a more nuanced and contextualized interpretation of the findings.In addition, a case study often involves the use of various research methods, such as qualitative and quantitative approaches, to gather and analyze data. Qualitative methods, such as interviews and observations, help researchers capture rich, descriptive information about the case. On the other hand, quantitative methods, such as surveys and statistical analysis, enable researchers to uncover patterns and trends across a larger sample size.Case studies are widely used in various fields, including psychology, business, education, and healthcare. They provide valuable insights into real-world situations, inform decision-making processes, and contribute to the development of theories and best practices. For example, in the business world, case studies are often used to explore successful strategies, analyze market trends, and understand consumer behavior.Across Case Study:An across case study goes beyond examining a single case and instead focuses on comparing and contrasting multiple cases. This approach allows researchers to identify commonalities, differences, and patterns across different instances, providing a broader understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.When conducting an across case study, researchers typically select a sample of cases that represent different variations of the phenomenon being studied. These cases can be selected based on specific criteria, such as geographical location, industry type, or organizational size. By comparing a diverse range of cases, researchers can uncover underlying principles, processes, and factors that contribute to the observed outcomes.Comparative analysis is a key component of an across case study. Researchers examine similarities and differences across cases, looking for patterns and insights that can be generalized to a broader population or context. This comparative approach helps researchers identify factors that are critical in influencing the outcomes and determine their relative importance.In addition to comparative analysis, an across case study often involves the use of cross-case synthesis. This process involves synthesizing the findings from individual cases to develop overarching themes and theories that explain the phenomenon under investigation. Cross-case synthesis helps researchers build a more comprehensive and robust understanding of the research question.Across case studies are commonly employed in various fields, including social sciences, education, and public health. They allow researchers to identify commonalities and differences across different contexts, offering valuable insights that can inform policy-making, program development, and professional practices. For example, in the field of education, an across case study could compare the implementation and impact of different teaching methods across multiple schools to identify best practices.In conclusion, both case studies and across case studies are valuable research methods that provide in-depth insights into real-life situations. While case studies focus on analyzing a single instance, across case studies compare and contrast multiple cases to identify broader patterns and principles. These research methods contribute to empirical evidence, inform decision-making, and advance knowledge in various fields.。

case study和across case study -回复什么是case study和across case study，以及它们在研究中的作用和应用。

首先，让我们明确一下case study的定义。

Case study（案例研究）是一种研究方法，通过对一个具体的个体、群体或事件进行详细的分析和探究，来获得对特定现象或问题的深入理解。

它主要侧重于对个案的细致观察和描述，可以通过收集和分析多种数据，如文献、访谈、观察、调查问卷等。

相对于case study，across case study（跨案例研究）则涉及多个个体、群体或事件的比较研究，旨在寻求共性与差异，并通过对多个案例的对比来推断出普适性的结论。

它可以通过对多个案例的选择、设计、采集和分析来实现相关目的。

那么，case study和across case study在研究中扮演着什么样的角色？首先，case study注重对个案的深入观察和描述，可以帮助研究人员深入了解个体、群体或事件的复杂性和独特性。

通过透彻地研究一个案例，研究人员可以获取详细的信息和数据，从而识别出关键因素和影响因素。

此外，case study还可以用于发现新问题或提供理论性观察。

另一方面，across case study适用于多样性研究，通过多个案例的比较，可以发现共性规律和差异，有助于构建或验证理论和模型。

它可以帮助研究人员从更广泛的视角来理解现象，并具有潜在的转化和应用的可能性。

通过对比多个案例，研究人员可以识别出普适性的结论或理论，并提供对更广泛群体或现象的解释和预测。

在实际应用中，case study和across case study都有各自的优点和局限性。

在进行case study时，研究人员可以深入了解特定案例的细节，并生成丰富的数据，从而获得深刻的洞察力。

然而，由于个案的独特性，case study的结论无法直接推广到整个群体或现象上。

相比之下，across case study可以帮助研究人员识别普遍规律和变量之间的关系。

Case Study------PriticBackgroundPritic Soft Drink Company was founded in 1930. The company began as little more than a home business run from a chemist’s shop. Soon the company was producing all kinds of soft drinks, including lemonades, mineral waters, tonics and non-alcoholics.Recognising that many of the poorest customers needed an affordable source of Vitamin C during the Great Depression in the UK, Pritic found a way to bottle fruit juices so that they stayed fresh for longer without the addition of preservatives. Its juices were sold in small glass bottles which ensured easy transportation. The idea was immediately successful but it was only in 1949 that the Pritic brand was formally launched into the marketplace.In the years following the Second World War, Pritic went from strength to strength. It built a modern factory in its hometown. In 1970, the Pritic had recognition of its leading brand’s appeal in UK. In 1986, Canada Dry Rawlings came together with Pritic to from Pritic Soft Drinks. The company went on to buy the Tango brand from Beechams and acquire theUK franchises of Pepsi and 7UP. In 1995 Pritic acquired Orchid Drinks, famous for its Amé, Aqua Libra and Purdey’s Brands in 2000. Pritic acquired the UK and Irish rights of the energy drink Red Devil in 2002. In 2004, Britvic acquired Pennine Spring.Pritic is now the number two branded soft drinks business in the UK after Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd and is the number one supplier of branded still drinks in the UK. Pritic has manufacturing plants in five UK locations employing in the region of 2000 employees.Pritic supplies a wide range of products to approximately 180,000 outlets across the country. These include all the leading supermarkets, local shops restaurants, pubs, hotels and cinemas. In addition, they provide fully serviced vending machines for appropriate locations, many of which are in the public sector, eg leisure centres. They are the leading soft drinks supplier to the licensed locations.Product PortfolioPritic has more soft drinks brands than any other UK manufacturer. The company has the license to produce, market and distribute the PepsiCo brands (Pepsi, 7UP, Gatorade).The soft-drinks market is structured intotwo main categories---carbonates and stills.Carbonates produced by Pritic include Pepsi, 7UP, Tango, Red Devil, RWhites, Idris, Shandy Bass, Purdeys.Stills include Britvic, Britvic 55, Robinsons, Fruit Shoot, J20, Drench, Really Wild Drinks, Lime Grove, Be Natural, Pennine Spring, V Water.Marketing OperationsPritic places strong emphasis on brands and creating brand loyalty and in 2009, it has gained market share across all major categories.Pritic has a constant flow of new product development. They plan to launch a Tango variant called Tango Clear with no added sugar, designed to attract older consumers. Tango Clear will be sold in two flavours----kiwi and lemon and apple and watermelon. This will be the first time that Tango, which has traditionally been positioned as an irreverent brand appealing to children and young teenagers has targeted a slightly older market. The packaging is expected to reflect the new target market.New rules on television advertising of food and drink to children aged under 16 has led to the use of non-television campaigns. Sponsorship and celebrity endorsement play an important role, particularly the association with healthy sporting activity. Robinsons has long been associated with the Wimbledon tennis championships. Pritic are also involved with the sponsorship of British national concert during Christmas 2009.A successful campaign took place in 2009 to raise brand awareness and promote sales of Tango using a combination of poster, radio and advertisements in the Daily Record. The aim was to extend the summer peak sales period. The campaign included competitions and fun, humorous advertisements.Market TrendsThere was a decline in soft drinks sales in 2008 due to the economic downturn. Soft drinks have proved resilient but not immune to economic pressures as consumers seek value for money.Poor summer weather has also had an impact.Health awareness has driven demand within the soft drinks market since2000 both from consumers and at government level.Indulgence, ethical and environment concerns and convenience all play a role in consumer purchasing decisions in this market.Younger generations drink more purchased soft drinks than previous generations and fewer hot drinks.。

Case studyAllentown Materials Corporation:The Electronic Products Division (EPD)ObjectivesThis report is meant to analyze the declining situation of EPD for the past two years, and to offer some advice for its improvement.SituationThe situation was that Don Rogers and the whole company were facing with a series of problems. The performance of EPD was constantly going down, the reputation of their service and delivery was falling at the same time. The morale of the employees was declining. Meanwhile, every department lacked trust towards others, and the conflicts between them were everywhere.Generally speaking, this bad situation was due to three major problems. The first one was the deep-rooted cultures in every branch. The second problem was the difference between Bennett’s and Rogers’s styles of leadership. The third problem was Rogers’s bad decisions.We are going to analyze these three major problems in detail.Cultural differenceRogers hoped to strengthen the connections between EPD and other branches, but their cultural difference was quite notable. The Allentown Materials Corporation was like a big close family, employees from different levels usually got together to discuss an issue face to face. However, the EPD made by Bennett was more like a distinct top-down hierarchical organization, all powers of company were hold by Bennett, and all decisions must be made by Bennett as well. EPD was full of office politics but lack of group cohesiveness which they should have had. These two kinds of corporate culture were totally different from each other, so caused that if any one of the two wanted to make some changes, there would be conflicts between them. The differences of leadership stylesFrom the beginning of Bennett taking over the EPD to his death two years ago, his leadership style is the primary cause of cultural difference. He hoped that the division can be independent of Allentown Corporation for the complete control. He was mighty and strong-willed, and he took care of every single thing personally. However he was willing to try novelty. He was respected by his employees for his rich experience and ambitiousness. Nevertheless he was an authoritarian leader. He made all the major decisions by his own. There were only managers but not leaders under his leadership. He was fond of organizational behaviors and launched a development project of managing and organizing.Compared with Bennett, Don Rogers was more willing to negotiating. However there were some problems in his leadership. He allowed the employees to take part in making decisions. He took the initiative to share information with employees. He was respected and adored by his employees because he was smart and had strong presentation skills, but people doubted his leadership. People thought he was too weak and not good at dealing with conflicts. He was also not a good listener. He spent too time in occupying in corporate affairs that leads to his limited knowledge of EPD. Besides, he did not have rich experience, so people did not believe him every much. The leadership of Rogers was not suitable for the organization that was established by Bennett. Moreover, his weakness made the differences between two leadership styles bigger.The terrible decisions of RogersMany decisions that were made by Rogers were wrong and brought about bad results. He moved the headquarters and market development groups from Bennett to Allentown, but leaved the product development groups remaining at the plants. As a result, he consolidated product development under Ted Moss, who was located in Allentown. He changed almost all the senior managers. He even separated the market from the market function. The functional teams of EPD were already lack of cohesion. The actions of Rogers made the barriers of every division bigger. What is worse, he cancelled the development projects launched by Bennett.Action planRogers should know which problem is the most important one to be solved. What’s more, he should unite different groups of the Electronic Products Division (EPD) and convert conflict into cooperation.Short-termFirstly, Rogers should concentrate on EPD. Because of the difficulties of transform, he needs supports of the company. If he wants to know more about EPD’s situation, he ought to listening others’ advice. From the first day on, he needs to let the employees realize the fierce market competition and help them improve their performances. In addition, he should take advantage of his relationship to the company to reduce EPD’s short-term financial objective. That will relieve EPD’s stress.Secondly, he should develop his own alliance in different groups and they need to have a simple and viable vision, so that everyone can make efforts to a common goal. Meanwhile, Rogers translate people’s frustration into work passion.Thirdly, Rogers should solve product development problem as soon as possible. He could choose appropriate employees to form product development team. They need a specific aim and an efficient leader. At present, their leader is Glen Johnson and he is unwilling to do the job, so maybe Rogers can make personnel adjustment. The most important thing is to enhance cross-development cooperation.Long-term1.Functional department in EPD should locate in the same place. If functionsare separated, it is hard to cooperate for everyone.2.Adjusting EPD’s culture need a long time, but some long-term actions canchange it.munication in this Division should be improved.4.Rogers should cultivate new leaders to manage different department. Youngmen who haven’t affected by original culture are his best choices.5.Rogers need to get supports from company and report reform schedule tothe company regularly.。

Dissertation的Case Study是一种研究方法，通常用于深入探讨一个特定的问题或现象。

在Case Study中，研究者会对一个或多个具体的案例进行深入研究，以获得对该问题或现象的全面理解。

在进行Dissertation的Case Study时，通常需要遵循以下步骤：
1. 确定研究问题和目的：在开始进行研究之前，需要明确研究问题和目的，以及Case Study的目的和研究假设。

2. 选择案例：根据研究问题和目的，选择一个或多个具体的案例进行深入研究。

这些案例可以是现实生活中的事件、组织、人物等。

3. 收集数据：通过各种方法收集与案例相关的数据，例如访谈、观察、文献资料等。

4. 分析数据：对收集到的数据进行深入分析，以获得对案例的全面理解。

5. 结论：根据分析结果得出结论，并提出相应的建议或启示。

在进行Dissertation的Case Study时，需要注意以下几点：
1. 确保研究的客观性和公正性，避免主观偏见。

2. 收集的数据要具有代表性和可靠性，以确保研究的准确性。

3. 在分析数据时要采用适当的方法和工具，以确保研究的科学性。

4. 在结论部分要明确指出研究的贡献和局限性，以避免误导读者。

总之，Dissertation的Case Study是一种深入探讨问题或现象的研究方法，可以帮助研究者获得对该问题或现象的全面理解，并提出相应的建议或启示。