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国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another. In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient. The distribution of natural resources is uneven. Some countries are abundant in resources, while elsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent. And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in others. For instance, Britain has large reserves of coal but lackssome metal reserves. Kuwait has vast oil deposits but little farm produce. And Japan relies heavily on import for most of the primary commodities. That is the reason why international trade first began.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive (stimulating factor) for trade, i. e. international specialization—one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries. Suchspecialization constitutes an important basis for international trade.Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specialization. Both theories attempt to determine which goods a country should produce for itself and export to other countries and which goods it should import from other countries.The theory of absolute advantage holds that a commodity will be produced in the countrywhere it costs least in terms of resources(capital, land, and labor). This theory is illustrated in the following table. To be more illustrative, let us assume there are only two countries producing two commodities under perfect competition:Output per man-year of labourCountry A Country B Computers5010 Cars2040From the above table, we can see that a man in Country A canproduce 50 computers in a year but only 10 in Country B. On the other hand, one man in Country B can produce 40 cars in a year but only 20 in Country A. So Country A is more efficient in producing computers than Country B, and we say the former has an absolute advantage over the latter. Similarly, Country B is more efficient with cars and has an absolute advantage over Country A. As a result, Country A would specialize in the production of computers and trade some of themfor Country B’s cars, and Country B would s pecialize in cars and exchange some of them for Country A’s computers. Both countries will gain benefits through specialization and trade.But, according to the above theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity. In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity. Will trade occur in these cases? Thetheory of comparative advantage has offered a satisfactory answer to this question.The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i. e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. The first country should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolutedisadvantage is smaller, i. e. the commodity of its comparative advantage, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater, i. e. the commodity of its comparative disadvantage. The above theory can be illustrated in this table:Output per man-year of labour Country A Country B Computer5010Cars4020The difference between this table and the previous one is thatCountry B has absolute disadvantage in the production of both computers and cars. Nevertheless, it still has a comparative advantage in cars since it is half as efficient in cars but 5 times less efficient in computers in comparison with Country A. On the other hand, Country A has absolute advantage over Country B in both computers and cars. However, we say it has comparative advantage in computers since it has greater absolute advantage in the commodity than in cars with respect to CountryB. According to the theory, both countries can gain if A specializes in computers and B specializes in cars. Where comparative advantage exists, two trading partners are both able to share in the gains from trade. Trade to exploit(tap) comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries, since it can make one country better off (well-off - richer) without making another worse off.(poorer)Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country maydevelop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of (without the influence of) the endowments of nature (natural resources). Switzerland’s comparative advantage in watch-making is a typical example. Similarly, the United States has developed comparative advantage in many lines (fields) that use the most up-to-date technology.The idea of absolute advantage as the basis for economicspecialization has a strong intuitive appeal. But the idea of comparative advantage introduced by the English economist David Ricardo makes more sense. Indeed it has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.。
第1章国际贸易学绪论§1 国际贸易学的研究国际贸易（International Trade）指世界各国（或地区）之间在商品和服务方面的交换活动，它是各个国家（或地区）在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式。
相似概念：对外贸易（Foreign Trade）、全球贸易（Global Trade）、世界贸易（World Trade）、海外贸易（Oversea Trade），国内贸易（Trade）。
国际货物贸易属商品交换范围，与国内贸易在性质上并无不同，但由于它是在不同国家或地区间进行的，所以与国内贸易相比具有以下特点：1.国际货物贸易要涉及不同国家或地区在政策措施、法律体系方面可能存在的差异和冲突，以及语言文化、社会习俗等方面带来的差异，所涉及的问题远比国内贸易复杂。
2.国际货物贸易的交易数量和金额一般较大，运输距离较远，履行时间较长，因此交易双方承担的风险远比国内贸易要大。
3.国际货物贸易容易受到交易双方所在国家的政治、经济变动，双边关系及国际局势变化等条件的影响。
4.国际货物贸易除了交易双方外，还需涉及到运输、保险、银行、商检、海关等部门的协作、配合，过程较国内贸易要复杂的多。
从统计边界上说，国际贸易是指进入或离开一国地理国界或者海关监督边界的商品交换。
EXAMPLE美国的跨国公司从国外的分美国在中国设立独资企业所生产的产品，在中国的市场上销售，是否属国际贸易？（否）支机构向母公司输入一批货物，属于跨国公司的内部贸易，它是否属于国际贸易？（是）出口贸易——一国将本国生产或加工的商品输出到其他国家或地区的活动。
进口贸易——一国将外国生产或加工的商品输入本国市场的活动。
ATTENTION：各国在进行对外贸易统计时，并不是把所有运出国境的货物都列为出口，也不是把所有运入国境的货物都列为进口，重要的判断依据是因为买卖关系而运进运出的货物。
EXAMPLE我们曾经在春节时候向台湾赠送的一对大熊猫（团团圆圆）？（否）每年故宫博物馆都要把一部分文物送出国展览？（否）对外贸易值——以货币表示的按现行价格计算的一国一定时期的对外贸易总额，称为对外贸易额或对外贸易值。
