第6版答案 Intermediate Accounting 6e Spiceland ch3

ch10Student: ___________________________________________________________________________1.Property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets are long-term, revenue producing assets.True False2.Sales tax paid on equipment acquired for use in the business is not capitalized.True False3.Demolition costs to remove an old building from land purchased as a site for a new building are consideredpart of the cost of the new building.True False4.The initial cost of property, plant, and equipment includes all the identifiable expenditures necessary tobring the asset to its desired condition and location for use.True False5. A distinguishing characteristic of intangible assets is the degree of uncertainty about when or if they willprovide future benefits.True False6.Costs incurred after discovery of a natural resource but before production begins are reported as expensesof the period in which the expenditures are made.True False7.The relative fair values are used to determine the valuation of individual assets acquired in a lump-sumpurchase.True False8.The fair value of the asset, debt or equity securities given in a noncash acquisition should determine thevalue of the consideration received.True False9.Under current GAAP, fair value is used to measure the components of all nonmonetary exchanges.True False10.The capitalization period for a self-constructed asset ends either when the asset is substantially completeand ready for use or when interest costs no longer are being incurred.True False11.The FASB's required accounting treatment for research and development costs often understates both netincome and assets. True False12.According to International Financial Reporting Standards, all research and development expenditures areexpensed in the period incurred. True False13. A company that prepares its financial statements according to International Financial Reporting Standardsmust calculate amortization of capitalized software development costs in the same way as under U.S. GAAP. True False14.The successful efforts method of accounting for oil and gas exploration costs allows costs incurred insearching for oil and gas within a large geographical area to be capitalized. True False15.Match each phrase with the correct term placing the letter designating the best term in the space providedby the phrase. 1. Average accumulated expenditures Account credited when assets are donated to a corporation. ____2. Franchise Approximation of average outstanding debt if all construction funds were borrowed.____3. Interest cost Both the total amount and the amount capitalized should be disclosed.____4. Revenue-donation of asset Asset received is measured at fair value.____5. Exchange of nonmonetary assets Right granted to use a trademark or tradename within a geographic area.____1. Trademark Exclusive right to display a word, symbol, or emblem. ____2. Expected cash flow approach Generates inventoriable costs.____3. R&D performed for others Incorporates specific probabilities of cash flows.____4. Land Its cost includes filling, draining, and removal of old structures.____5. Noninterest-bearing note Valued at the fair value of the note or fair value of the asset received in exchange.____17.Match each phrase with the correct term placing the letter designating the best term in the space provided by the phrase. 1. Nonmonetary exchange Point in time to begin capitalization of software development costs.____2. Natural resources Expensed in the period incurred. ____3. Technological feasibility The allocation of cost for intangible assets.____4. Amortization The basic principle is to value assets acquired using fair value of consideration given.____5. Research and development costs Wasting assets.____1. Fixed asset turnover ratio A measurement of efficiency in using depreciable assets. ____2. Copyright Exclusive right of protection given to the creator of a published work.____3. Nonmonetary exchange Measured at fair value and recognized as a liability.____4. Land improvements The basic principle is to value assets acquired using fair value of consideration given.____5. Asset retirement obligations Includes parking lots, fences, and driveways, lighting and sprinkler systems.____19.Match each phrase with the correct term placing the letter designating the best term in the space provided by the phrase. 1. Depreciation Long-term assets that generally represent various types of rights.____2. Goodwill Consideration given less fair value of net identifiable assets.____3. Depletion The cost allocation of equipment.____ 4. Intangible assets The allocation of cost of natural resources. ____5. Patents Protects against infringements on manufactured products.____20.Match each phrase with the correct term placing the letter designating the best term in the space provided by the phrase. 1. Restoration costs Costs to bring back an asset to its original condition. ____2. Lump-sum purchase Revenue recorded upon receipt.____3. Donated assets Exclusive right of protection given to the creator of a published work.____4. Copyright Capitalized between points of technological feasibility and date of product release.____5. Software development costs Price allocated in proportion to relative fair values.____1. Expected cash flow approach Expensed in the period incurred. ____2. Capital budgeting Exclusive right of protection given to the creator of a published work.____3. Start-up costs Incorporates cash flow probabilities into the analysis.____4. Lump-sum purchases The basic principle is to value assets acquired using fair value of consideration given.____5. Goodwill Includes parking lots, fences, and driveways, lighting and sprinkler systems.____6. Copyright A unique intangible asset that is not separable from the company.____7. Land improvements Weighted average of construction expenditures. ____8. Trademark An exclusive right to display a word, slogan, symbol or emblem.____ 9. Average accumulated expenditures The long-term asset acquisition decision. ____10. Nonmonetary exchange Purchase price is allocated based on relative fair values.____22.Property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets are: A. Created by the normal operation of the business and include accounts receivable.B. All assets except cash and cash equivalents.C. Current and long-term assets used in the production of either goods or services.D. Long-term revenue-producing assets.23.The acquisition costs of property, plant, and equipment do not include: A. The ordinary and necessary costs to bring the asset to its desired condition and location for use.B. The net invoice price.C. Legal fees, delivery charges, installation, and any applicable sales tax.D. Maintenance costs during the first 30 days of use.24.Goodwill is:A. Amortized over the greater of its estimated life or forty years.B. Only recorded by the seller of a business.C. The excess of the fair value of a business over the fair value of all net identifiable assets.D. None of the above.25.Productive assets that are physically consumed in operations are:A. Equipment.B. Land.C. Land improvements.D. Natural resources.26.An exclusive 20-year right to manufacture a product or use a process is a:A. Patent.B. Copyright.C. Trademark.D. Franchise.27.The exclusive right to benefit from a creative work, such as a film, is a:A. Patent.B. Copyright.C. Trademark.D. Franchise.28.The exclusive right to display a symbol of product identification is a:A. Patent.B. Copyright.C. Trademark.D. Franchise.29.The capitalized cost of equipment excludes:A. Maintenance.B. Sales tax.C. Shipping.D. Installation.30.Asset retirement obligations:A. Increase the balance in the related asset account.B. Are measured at fair value in the balance sheet.C. Are liabilities associated with the restoration of a long-term asset.D. All of the above are correct.31.If a company incurs disposition obligations as a result of acquiring an asset:A. The company recognizes the obligation at fair value when the asset is acquired.B. The company recognizes the obligation at fair value when the asset is disposed.C. The company records the difference between the fair value of the asset and the obligation when the assetis acquired.D. None of the above.32.When selling property, plant, and equipment for cash:A. The seller recognizes a gain or loss for the difference between the cash received and the fair value of theasset sold.B. The seller recognizes a gain or loss for the difference between the cash received and the book value ofthe asset sold.C. The seller recognizes losses, but not gains.D. None of the above.33.Which of the following does not pertain to accounting for asset retirement obligations?A. They accrete (increase over time) at the company's credit-adjusted risk-free rate.B. They must be recognized according to GAAP.C. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7 is applied when adjusting cash flow obligations foruncertainty.D. All of the above pertain to accounting for asset retirement obligations.Montana Mining Co. (MMC) paid $200 million for the right to explore and extract rare metals from land owned by the state of Montana. To obtain the rights, MMC agreed to restore the land to a suitablecondition for other uses after its exploration and extraction activities. MMC incurred exploration and development costs of $60 million on the project.MMC has a credit-adjusted risk free interest rate is 7%. It estimates the possible cash flows for restoringthe land, three years after its extraction activities begin, as follows:34.The asset retirement obligation (rounded) that should be recognized by MMC at the beginning of theextraction activities is:A. $8.2 millionB. $14.7 millionC. $18 millionD. $30 million35.The asset retirement obligation (rounded) that should be reported on MMC's balance sheet one year afterthe extraction activities begin is:A. $0B. $14.7 millionC. $15.7 millionD. $19.3 million36.Grab Manufacturing Co. purchased a ten-ton draw press at a cost of $180,000 with terms of 5/15, n/45.Payment was made within the discount period. Shipping costs were $4,600, which included $200 forinsurance in transit. Installation costs totaled $12,000, which included $4,000 for taking out a section of a wall and rebuilding it because the press was too large for the doorway. The capitalized cost of the ten-ton draw press is:A. $171,000.B. $183,600.C. $187,600.D. $185,760.37.Holiday Laboratories purchased a high speed industrial centrifuge at a cost of $420,000. Shipping coststotaled $15,000. Foundation work to house the centrifuge cost $8,000. An additional water line had to be run to the equipment at a cost of $3,000. Labor and testing costs totaled $6,000. Materials used up in testing cost $3,000. The capitalized cost is:A. $455,000.B. $446,000.C. $437,000.D. $435,000.38.Vijay Inc. purchased a 3-acre tract of land for a building site for $320,000. On the land was a buildingwith an appraised value of $120,000. The company demolished the old building at a cost of $12,000, but was able to sell scrap from the building for $1,500. The cost of title insurance was $900 and attorney fees for reviewing the contract was $500. Property taxes paid were $3,000, of which $250 covered the period subsequent to the purchase date. The capitalized cost of the land is:A. $336,400.B. $336,150.C. $334,650.D. $201,150.39.Juliana Corporation purchased all of the outstanding stock of Caldwell Inc., paying $2,700,000 cash.Juliana assumed all of the liabilities of Caldwell. Book values and fair values of acquired assets andliabilities were:Juliana would record goodwill of:A. $1,180,000.B. $600,000.C. $880,000.D. $100,000.ke Incorporated purchased all of the outstanding stock of Huron Company paying $950,000 cash. Lakeassumed all of the liabilities of Huron. Book values and fair values of acquired assets and liabilities were:Lake would record goodwill of:A. $0.B. $75,000.C. $445,000.D. $250,000.41.On July 1, 2011, Larkin Co. purchased a $400,000 tract of land that is intended to be the site of a newoffice complex. Larkin incurred additional costs and realized salvage proceeds during 2011 as follows:What would be the balance in the land account as of December 31, 2011?A. $400,000.B. $475,000.C. $477,000.D. $487,000.42.Assets acquired in a lump-sum purchase are valued based on:A. Their assessed valuation.B. Their relative fair values.C. The present value of their future cash flows.D. Their cost plus the difference between their cost and fair values.43.Simpson and Homer Corporation acquired an office building on three acres of land for a lump-sum price of$2,400,000. The building was completely furnished. According to independent appraisals, the fair values were $1,300,000, $780,000, and $520,000 for the building, land, and furniture and fixtures, respectively.The initial values of the building, land, and furniture and fixtures would be:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option d44.Cantor Corporation acquired a manufacturing facility on four acres of land for a lump-sum price of$8,000,000. The building included used but functional equipment. According to independent appraisals, the fair values were $4,500,000, $3,000,000, and $2,500,000 for the building, land, and equipment,respectively. The initial values of the building, land, and equipment would be:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option d45.Assets acquired under multi-year deferred payment contracts are:A. Valued at their fair value on the date of the final payment.B. Valued at the present value of the payments required by the contract.C. Valued at the sum of the payments required by the contract.D. None of the above.46.Assets acquired by the issuance of equity securities are valued based on:A. Their fair values.B. The fair value of the equity securities.C. A. or B. above, whichever is more reasonably determinable.D. A. or B. above, whichever is smaller.47.Donated assets are recorded at:A. Zero (memo entry only).B. The donor's book value.C. The donee's stated value.D. Fair value.48.The fixed-asset turnover ratio provides:A. The rate of decline in asset lives.B. The rate of replacement of fixed assets.C. The amount of sales generated per dollar of fixed assets.D. The decline in book value of fixed assets compared to capital expenditures.49.The balance sheets of Davidson Corporation reported net fixed assets of $320,000 at the end of 2011. Thefixed-asset turnover ratio for 2011 was 4.0 and sales for the year totaled $1,480,000. Net fixed assets at the end of 2010 were:A. $470,000.B. $370,000.C. $420,000.D. None of the above.50.The basic principle used to value an asset acquired in a nonmonetary exchange is to value it at:A. Fair value of the asset(s) given up.B. The book value of the asset given plus any cash or other monetary consideration received.C. Fair value or book value, whichever is smaller.D. Book value of the asset given.51.In a nonmonetary exchange of equipment, if the exchange has commercial substance, a gain is recognizedif:A. The fair value of the equipment received exceeds the book value of the equipment received.B. The book value of the equipment received exceeds the fair value of the equipment given up.C. The fair value of the equipment surrendered exceeds the book value of the equipment given up.D. None of the above is correct.Alamos Co. exchanged equipment and $18,000 cash for similar equipment. The book value and the fair value of the old equipment were $82,000 and $90,000, respectively.52.Assuming that the exchange has commercial substance, Alamos would record a gain/(loss) of:A. $26,000.B. $8,000.C. $(8,000).D. $0.53.Assuming that the exchange lacks commercial substance, Alamos would record a gain/(loss) of:A. $26,000.B. $8,000.C. $(8,000).D. $0.Horton Stores exchanged land and cash of $5,000 for similar land. The book value and the fair value of the land were $90,000 and $100,000, respectively.54.Assuming that the exchange has commercial substance, Horton would record land-new at and record again/(loss) of:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option d55.Assuming that the exchange lacks commercial substance, Horton would record land-new at and record again/(loss) of:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option d56.Bloomington Inc. exchanged land for equipment and $3,000 in cash. The book value and the fair value ofthe land were $104,000 and $90,000, respectively.Bloomington would record equipment at and record a gain/(loss) of:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option d57.P. Chang & Co. exchanged land and $9,000 cash for equipment. The book value and the fair value of theland were $106,000 and $90,000, respectively.Chang would record equipment at and record a gain/(loss) of:A. Option aB. Option bC. Option cD. Option dBelow are data relative to an exchange of similar assets by Grand Forks Corp. Assume the exchange has commercial substance.58.In Case A, Grand Forks would record the new equipment at:A. $65,000.B. $75,000.C. $50,000.D. $60,000.59.In Case B, Grand Forks would record a gain/(loss) of:A. $5,000B. $3,000C. $(5,000)D. $(3,000)Below are listed data relative to an exchange of equipment by Pensacola Inc. Assume the exchange has commercial substance.60.In Case A, Pensacola would record the new equipment at:A. $68,000.B. $63,750.C. $67,250.D. $80,000.61.In Case B, Pensacola would record a gain/(loss) of:A. $4,000.B. $(4,000).C. $(10,000).D. None of the above is correct.62.Interest may be capitalized:A. On routinely manufactured goods as well as self-constructed assets.B. On self-constructed assets from the date an entity formally adopts a plan to build a discrete project.C. Whether or not there is specific borrowing for the construction.D. Whether or not there are actual interest costs incurred.63.Interest is eligible to be capitalized as part of an asset's cost, rather than being expensed immediately, when:A. The interest is incurred during the construction period of the asset.B. The asset is a discrete construction project for sale or lease.C. The asset is self-constructed, rather than acquired.D. All of the above are correct.64.In computing capitalized interest, average accumulated expenditures:A. Is the arithmetic mean of all construction expenditures.B. Is determined by time-weighting individual expenditures made during the asset construction period.C. Is multiplied by the company's most recent financing rates.D. All of the above are correct.65.Interest is not capitalized for:A. Assets that are constructed as discrete projects for sale or lease.B. Assets constructed for a company's own use.C. Inventories routinely and repetitively produced in large quantities.D. Interest is capitalized for all of these items.66.Average accumulated expenditures:A. Is an approximation of the average debt a firm would have outstanding if it financed all constructionthrough debt.B. Is computed as a simple average if all construction expenditures are made at the end of the period.C. Are irrelevant if the company's total outstanding debt is less than total costs of construction.D. All of the above are true statements.67.The cost of self-constructed fixed assets should:A. Include allocated indirect costs just as they are for production of products.B. Include only incremental indirect costs.C. Include only specifically identifiable indirect costs.D. Not include indirect costs.On June 1, 2010, the Crocus Company began construction of a new manufacturing plant. The plant was completed on October 31, 2011. Expenditures on the project were as follows ($ in millions):On July 1, 2010, Crocus obtained a $70 million construction loan with a 6% interest rate. The loan was outstanding through the end of October, 2011. The company's only other interest-bearing debt was a long-term note for $100 million with an interest rate of 8%. This note was outstanding during all of 2010 and 2011. The company's fiscal year-end is December 31.68.What is the amount of interest that Crocus should capitalize in 2010, using the specific interest method?A. $1.90 millionB. $1.95 millionC. $2.96 millionD. None of the above is correct.69.In computing the capitalized interest for 2011, Crocus' average accumulated expenditures are:A. $46.30 millionB. $103.54 millionC. $122.30 millionD. $124.25 million70.What is the amount of interest that Crocus should capitalize in 2011, using the specific interest method(rounded to the nearest thousand dollars)?A. $7,248,000 (rounded)B. $7,283,000 (rounded)C. $8,740,000 (rounded)D. None of the above is correct.On January 1, 2011, Kendall Inc. began construction of an automated cattle feeder system. The system was finished and ready for use on September 30, 2012. Expenditures on the project were as follows:Kendall borrowed $750,000 on a construction loan at 12% interest on January 1, 2011. This loan was outstanding throughout the construction period. The company had $4,500,000 in 9% bonds payable outstanding in 2011 and 2012.71.Average accumulated expenditures for 2011 was:A. $300,000.B. $350,000.C. $500,000.D. $400,000.72.Interest capitalized for 2011 was:A. $48,000.B. $42,000.C. $60,000.D. $36,000.73.Average accumulated expenditures for 2012 was:A. $536,000.B. $1,236,000.C. $1,200,000.D. $1,036,000.74.Interest capitalized for 2012 was:A. $104,625.B. $86,805.C. $87,875.D. $67,500.On January 1, 2011, Dreamworld Co. began construction of a new warehouse. The building was finished and ready for use on September 30, 2012. Expenditures on the project were as follows:Dreamworld had $5,000,000 in 12% bonds outstanding through both years.75.Dreamworld's average accumulated expenditures for 2011 was:A. $300,000.B. $450,000.C. $525,000.D. $600,000.76.Dreamworld's capitalized interest in 2011 was:A. $72,000.B. $63,000.C. $54,000.D. $36,000.77.The average accumulated expenditures for 2012 by the end of the construction period was:A. $1,950,000.B. $1,554,000.C. $1,254,000.D. $975,000.78.What was the final cost of Dreamworld's warehouse?A. $2,154,480.B. $2,143,860.C. $1,950,000.D. $1,254,000.79.Liddy Corp. began constructing a new warehouse for its operations during the current year. In the yearLiddy incurred interest of $30,000 on a working capital loan, and interest on a construction loan for the warehouse of $60,000. Interest computed on the average accumulated expenditures for the warehouse construction was $50,000. What amount of interest should Liddy expense for the year?A. $30,000.B. $40,000.C. $90,000.D. $140,000.80.Research and development costs for projects other than software development should be:A. Expensed in the period incurred.B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful.C. Deferred pending determination of success.D. Expensed if unsuccessful, capitalized if successful.81.Software development costs are capitalized if they are incurred:A. Prior to the point at which technological feasibility has been established.B. After commercial production has begun.C. After technological feasibility has been established but prior to the product availability date.D. None of the above is correct.82.Research and development (R&D) costs:A. Generally pertain to activities that occur prior to the start of production.B. May be expensed or capitalized, at the option of the reporting entity.C. Must be capitalized and amortized.D. None of the above is correct.83.Research and development expense for a given period includes:A. The full cost of newly acquired equipment that has an alternative future use.B. Depreciation on a research and development facility.C. Research and development conducted on a contract basis for another entity.D. Patent filing and legal costs.84.Amortization of capitalized computer software costs is:A. Either the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method at the company's option.B. The greater of the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method.C. The lesser of the percentage-of-revenue method or the straight-line method.D. Based on neither the percentage-of-revenue nor the straight-line method.85.Axcel Software began a new development project in 2010. The project reached technological feasibilityon June 30, 2011 and was available for release to customers at the beginning of 2012. Development costs incurred prior to June 30, 2011 were $3,200,000 and costs incurred from June 30 to the product release date were $1,400,000. 2012 revenues from the sale of the new software were $4,000,000 and the company anticipates additional revenues of $6,000,000. The economic life of the software is estimated at four years.2012 amortization of the software development costs would be:A. $0.B. $350,000.C. $1,840,000.D. $560,000.86.Under International Financial Reporting Standards, research expenditures are:A. Expensed in the period incurred.B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful.C. Capitalized if certain criteria are met.D. Expensed if unsuccessful, capitalized if successful.87.Under International Financial Reporting Standards, development expenditures are:A. Expensed in the period incurred.B. Expensed in the period they are determined to be unsuccessful.C. Capitalized if certain criteria are met.D. None of the above is correct.88.Cromartie LTD. prepares its financial statements according to International Financial Reporting Standards.During 2011 the company incurred $1,245,000 in research expenditures to develop a new product. An additional $756,000 in development expenditures were incurred after technological and commercialfeasibility was established and after the future economic benefits were deemed probable. The project was successfully completed and the new product was patented before the end of the 2011 fiscal year. Sale of the product began in 2012. What amount of the above expenditures would Cromartie expense in its 2011 income statement?A. $2,001,000.B. $756,000.C. $1,245,000.D. $0.89.In accounting for oil and gas exploration costs, companies:A. May not use the full-cost method.B. May use the successful efforts method.C. May use the slippery slope method.D. All of the above are correct.90.During 2011, the Longhorn Oil Company incurred $5,000,000 in exploration costs for each of 20 oil wellsdrilled in 2011 in west Texas. Of the 20 wells drilled, 14 were dry holes. Longhorn uses the successful efforts method of accounting. Assuming that none of the oil found is depleted in 2011, what oil exploration expense would Longhorn charge for this activity in its 2011 income statement?A. $0B. $30 millionC. $70 millionD. $100 million91.During 2011, Prospect Oil Corporation incurred $4,000,000 in exploration costs for each of 15 oil wellsdrilled in 2011. Of the 15 wells drilled, 10 were dry holes. Prospect uses the successful efforts method of accounting. Assuming that Prospect depletes 30% of the oil discovered in 2011, what amount of these exploration costs would remain in its 12/31/11 balance sheet?A. $6 millionB. $14 millionC. $20 millionD. $42 million。

（财务会计）西⽅财务会计课后习题答案Chapter 6Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods SoldCheck Points(10 min.) CP 6-1Nissan North AmericaBalance SheetDecember 31, 20X6Current assets:Inventory (300 @ $80)…………………..$24,000Nissan North AmericaIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20X6Sales revenue [700 ($80 + $40)]……….$84,000Cost of goods sold (700 @ $80)………… 56,000Gross profit………………………………….$28,000Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 379(10-15 min.) CP 6-2 1. (Journal entries) Inventory…………………………………..100,000Accounts Payable…………………….100,000 Cash ($140,000 ?.20)……………………28,000 Amounts Receivable ($140,000 ? .80).. 112,000Sales Revenue………………………...140,000 Cost of Goods Sold……………………..60,000 Inventory ($100,000 ?.60)…………..60,000 2. (Financial statements)BALANCE SHEETCurrent assets:Inventory ($100,000 –$60,000)……………….$40,000 INCOME STATEMENTSales revenue………………………………………$140,000Cost of goods sold……………………………….. 60,000Gross profit…………………………………………$ 80,000 380Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-3Billions Inventory………………………… 6.4Cash…………………………... 6.4 Accounts Receivable………….28.5Sales Revenue……………….28.5Cost of Goods Sold…………… 6.2Inventory……………………... 6.2 Cash………………………………26.3Accounts Receivable……….26.3Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 381(10 min.) CP 6-41. I nventory costs are increasing from $10 to $14 to $18 per unit.2. FIFO results in the highest cost of ending inventory($360)because under FIFO the ending inventory is costed at the last costs incurred during the period. When costs are increasing, the last costs are the highest costs.FIFO results in the lowest cost of goods sold. This occurs because the oldest costs are assigned to cost of goods sold. When costs are increasing, the oldest costs are the lowest.FIFO results in the highest gross profit because cost of goods sold, the expense, is the lowest. (Sales revenue is unaffected by the inventory costing method.)3. LIFO results in the lowest cost of ending inventory($240)because under LIFO, the ending inventory is costed at the oldest costs. When costs are increasing, the oldest costs are the lowest costs.LIFO results in the highest cost of goods sold. This occurs because the last costs of the period are assigned to cost of goods sold. When costs are increasing, the last costs are the highest.LIFO results in the lowest gross profit because cost of goods sold, the expense, is the highest. (Sales revenue is unaffected by the inventory costing method.)382Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-5a b cAverageCost FIFO LIFO Cost of goods sold:Average (50 @ $15*) $750FIFO (10 @ $10) + (25 @ $14) + (15 @ $18) $720LIFO (25 @ $18) + (25 @ $14) $800 Ending inventory:Average (10 @ $15*) $150FIFO (10 @ $18) $180LIFO (10 @ $10) $100 _____*Average cost= ($100 + $350 + $450)= $15per unit (10 + 25 + 25)Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 383(10-15 min.) CP 6-6Kinko’sIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20XXAverage FIFO LIFO Sales revenue (600 ? $20) $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Cost of goods sold (600 ? $9.90*)5,940(100 ? $9) + (500 ? $10) 5,900(600 ? $10) 6,000 Gross profit 6,060 6,100 6,000 Operating expenses 4,000 4,000 4,000 Net income $ 2,060 $ 2,100 $ 2,000 _____*Beginning inventory (100 @ $9.20)…………..$ 920 Purchases (700 @ $10)………………………… 7,000Goods available…………………….……………$7,920 Average cost per unit $7,920 / 800 units…$ 9.90384Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-7Kinko’sIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20XXAverage FIFO LIFO Sales revenue (600 ? $20) $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Cost of goods sold (600 ? $9.90*)5,940(100 ? $9) + (500 ? $10) 5,900(600 ? $10) ______ ______ 6,000 Gross profit 6,060 6,100 6,000 Operating expenses 4,000 4,000 4,000 Income before income tax $ 2,060Income tax expense (40%) $ 824*From CP 6-6(5 min.) CP 6-8 Lands’ End managers can delay purchases of inventory until the next year. Under LIFO, high inventory costs that would have been paid for inventory do not become expense as cost of goods sold in the current year. As a result, the current year’s income statement reports a higher net income than Lands’ End would have reported if the company had replaced inventory before year end.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 385(5-10 min.) CP 6-9Millions BALANCE SHEETCurrent assets:Inventories, at market (which is lower than cost).. $ 330 INCOME STATEMENTCost of goods sold [$1,001 + ($333 – $330)]…………$1,004 386Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-101. FIFO2. LIFO Gross profitpercentage:Gross profit= $460*= 46%$340**= 34%Net sales revenue $1,000 $1,000 _____* $1,000 – $540 = $460** $1,000 – $660 = $340Inventory turnover:Cost of goods sold= $540 $660Average inventory ($100 + $360) / 2 ($100 + $240) / 2= 2.3 times = 3.9 times3. Gross profit percentage — FIFO looks better.4. Inventory turnover — LIFO looks better.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 387(10-15 min.) CP 6-11 1. Beginning inventory……………………………... $ 300,000+ Purchases……………………………………….… 1,600,000 = Goods available…………………………………... 1,900,000 –Cost of goods sol d………………………………. (1,800,000) = Ending inventory……………………………….…2. Beginning inventory……………………………..+ Purchases……………………………………….…= Goods available…………………………………...–Cost of goods sold:Sales revenue……………………….$3,000,000Less estimated gross profit (40%) (1,200,000)Estimated cost of goods sold……………….= Estimated cost of ending inventory…………... $ 100,000 388Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(5-10 min.) CP 6-12CorrectAmount(Millions)a. Inventory ($333 + $3)…………………………………$ 336b. Net sales (unchanged)……………………………….$1,755c. Cost of goods sold ($1,001 –$3)…………………...$ 998d. Gross profit ($754 + $3)……………………….……..$ 757(10 min.) CP 6-13 1. Last year’s reported g ross profit was understated.Correct gross profit last year was $5.6 million ($4.0 + $1.6). 2. This year’s gross profit is overstated.Correct gross profit for this year is $3.2 million ($4.8 – $1.6).3. Lang’s perspective is better because correcting the errorchanges the trend of correct gross profit from up (good) to down (bad), as follows:MillionsLast Year This Year Trend Reported gross profit……..$4.0 $4.8 Up (Good) Correct gross profit……….$5.6 $3.2 Down (Bad) Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 389(5-10 min.) CP 6-14 1. Ethical. There is nothing wrong with buying inventorywhenever a company wishes.2. Ethical. Same idea as 1.3. Unethical. The company falsified its reported amounts ofinventory and net income.4. Unethical. The company falsified its reported inventorypurchases, cost of goods sold, and net income in order to cheat the government (and the people) out of income tax.5. Unethical. The company falsified its reported amount ofinventory in order to cheat the government (and the people) out of taxes.390Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions ManualExercises(15-20 min.) E 6-1 Req. 1 (journal entried)Perpetual System1. Purchases: ThousandsInventory…………………….……….… 2,200Accounts Payable………………….2,2002. Sales:Cash ($3,500 ?.20) (700)Accounts Receivable ($3,500 ? .80). 2,800Sales Revenue…………….……….3,500 Cost of Goods Sold………………….. 2,100 Inventory………………….………....2,100Req. 2 (financial statement amounts)BALANCE SHEET Thousands Current assets:Inventory ($370 + $2,200 – $2,100)... $ 470 INCOME STATEMENTSales revenue…………………………….$3,500Cost of goods sold……………………… 2,100Gross profit……………………………….$1,400Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 391(15-25 min.) E 6-2JournalDATE ACCOUNT TITLES AND EXPLANATION DEBIT CREDIT1 Inventory ($640 + $1,870 + $900)……….3,410Accounts Payable………………………3,4102 Accounts Receivable (17 @ $500)……...8,500Sales Revenue…………………………..8,500 Cost of Goods Sold……………………….2,800* Inventory…………………………………2,8003 Sales revenue………………………………$8,500Cost of goods sold……………………….. 2,800Gross profit…………………………………$5,700Ending inventory ($800 + $3,410 –$2,800)……...$1,410 _____*(9 @ $160) + (8 @ $170) = $2,800392Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10-15 min.) E 6-3 1.Cost of Goods Sold Ending Inventory(a) Specificunit cost (6 @ $160) + (11 @ $170) = $2,830 (3 @ $160) + (5 @ $180) = $1,380 (b) Averagecost 17 ? $168.40* = $2,863 8 ? $168.40* = $1,347 _____*Average cost per unit = ($800 + $640 + $1,870 + $900)= $168.40(5 + 4 + 11 + 5)(c) FIFO (9 @ $160) + (8 @ $170) = $2,800 (5 @ $180) + (3 @ $170) $1,410(d) LIFO (5 @ $180) + (11 @ $170) + (1 @ $160) $2,930 (8 @ $160) $1,2802. LIFO produces the highest cost of goods sold.FIFO produces the lowest cost of goods sold.The increase in inventory cost from $160 to $170 to $180 per unit causes the difference in cost of goods sold. Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 393(15-20 min.) E 6-4 Cost of goods sold:LIFO ($2,930) –FIFO ($2,800)…………………………$130 Incom e tax rate……………………………………….. .35 LIFO advantage in tax savings…………………………..$ 46(15 min.) E 6-51. a. FIFOCost of goods sold:(5 @ $90) + (5 @ $95)……………...$925Ending inventory:7 @ $95………………………………$665b. LIFOCost of goods sold:10 @ $95……………………………..$950Ending inventory:(5 @ $90) + (2 @ $95)……………...$6402.VPA, Inc.Income StatementMonth Ended May 31, 20XXSales revenue (3 @ $150) + (7 @ $155)................$1,535 Cost of goods sold. (925)Gross profit (610)Operating expenses (310)Income before income tax (300)Income tax expense (40%) (120)Net income………………………………………………$ 180 394Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(15 min.) E 6-6Millions1. Gross profit: FIFO LIFOSales revenue……………………………………$4.9 $4.9 Cost of goods soldFIFO: 600,000 ?$7…………………………… 4.2LIFO: (400,000 ? $5) + (100,000 ? $6)+ (100,000 ?$7)……………………… 3.3 Gross profit………………………………………$ .7 $1.6 2. Gross profit under FIFO and LIFO differ because inventorycosts decreased during the period.If you base your prediction on the decrease in inventory unit cost, then, yes, you would predict that LIFO gross profit would be higher.But if you assume that FIFO produces higher gross profit, then, no, the actual result does not follow your prediction. Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 395(15-20 min.) E 6-7 DATE: _____________TO: Rick TaborFROM: Student NameSUBJECT: Proposal for Saving Income TaxWe can save income tax by buying above-normal quantities of inventory before the end of the year. Inventory costs are rising, and the company uses the LIFO inventory method. Under LIFO, the higher cost of year-end purchases of inventory goes straight into cost of goods sold. This increases cost of goods sold and decreases net income and income taxes. Because our inventory levels are lower than normal, we need the inventory anyway. In effect, we can use our cash to buy inventory or to pay income taxes. I think it would be wiser to buy inventory.396Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10-15 min.) E 6-8 Specificunit cost 1. Used to account for automobiles, jewelry, and art objects.Average 2. Provides a middle-ground measure of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.FIFO 3. Maximizes reported income.LIFO 4. Matches the most current cost of goods sold against sales revenue.LIFO 5. Results in an old measure of the cost of ending inventory.LIFO 6. Generally associated with saving income taxes. FIFO 7. Results in a cost of ending inventory that is close to the current cost of replacing the inventory.LIFO 8. Enables a company to buy high-cost inventory at year end and thereby to decrease reportedincome.LIFO 9. Enables a company to keep reported income from dropping lower by liquidating older layers ofinventory.LCM 10. Writes inventory down when replacement cost drops below historical cost.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 397。

西方财务会计第六章答案chapter 6 Accounting for merchandising businessesClass Discussion Questions1. Mercha ndising businesses acquire merchandise for resale to customers. It is the selling ofmerchandise, instead of a service, that makes the activities of a merchandising business dif-ferent from the activities of a service business.2. Yes. Gross profit is the excess of (net) sales over cost of merchandise sold. A net loss ariseswhen operating expenses exceed gross profit. Therefore, a business can earn a gross profit but incur operating expenses in excess of this gross profit and end up with a net loss.3. a. Incr ease c. Decreaseb. Increase d. Decrease4. U nder the periodic method, the inventory records do not show the amount available for saleor the amount sold during the period. In contrast, under the perpetual method of accounting for merchandise inventory, each purchase and sale of merchandise is recorded in the invento-ry and the cost of merchandise sold accounts. As a result, the amount of merchandise availa-ble for sale and the amount sold are continuously (perpetually) disclosed in the inventory records.5. The multiple-step form of income statement contains conventional groupings for revenuesand expenses, with intermediate balances, before concluding with the net income balance. In the single-step form, the total of all expenses is deducted from the total of all revenues, with-out intermediate balances.6. The major advantages of the single-step form of income statement are its simplicity and itsemphasis on total revenues and total expenses as the determinants of net income. The major objection to the form is that such relationships as gross profit to sales and income from opera-tions to sales are not as readily determinable as when the multiple-step form is used.7. a. 2% discount allowed if paid within ten days of date of invoice; entire amount of invoicedue within 60 days of date of invoice.b. Payment due within 30 days of date of invoice.c. Payment due by the end of the month in which the sale was made.8. a. A credit memorandum issued by the seller of merchandise indicates the amount for whichthe buyer's account is to be credited (credit to Accounts Receivable) and the reason for the sales return or allowance.b. A debit memorandum issued by the buyer of merchandise indicates the amount for whichthe seller's account is to be debited (debit to Accounts Payable) and the reason for the purchases return or allowance.9. a. The buyerb. The seller10. E xamples of such accounts include the following: Sales, Sales Discounts, Sales Returns andAllowances, Cost of Merchandise Sold, Merchandise Inventory.Ex. 6–1a. $490,000 ($250,000 + $975,000 – $735,000)b.40% ($490,000 ÷ $1,225,000)c. No. If operating expenses are less than gross profit, there will be a net income. On the otherhand, if operating expenses exceed gross profit, there will be a net loss.Ex. 6–2 : $15,710 million ( $20,946 million – $5,236 million ) Ex. 6–3a. Purchases discounts, purchases returns and allowancesb. Transportation in;c. Merchandise available for saled. Merchandise inventory (ending)Ex. 6–41. The schedule should begin with the January 1, not the December 31, merchandise inventory.2. Purchases returns and allowances and purchases discounts should be deducted from (notadded to) purchases.3. The result of subtracting purchases returns and allowances and purchases discounts frompur chases should be labeled ―net purchases.‖4. Transportation in should be added to net purchases to yield cost of merchandise purchased.5. The merchandise inventory at December 31 should be deducted from merchandise availablefor sale to yield cost of merchandise sold.A correct cost of merchandise sold section is as follows:Cost of merchandise sold:Merchandise inventory, January 1, 2006 ........ $132,000 Purchases ........................................................... $600,000Less: Purchases returns and allowances$14,000Purchases discounts .............................. 6,000 20,000 Netpurchases ..................................................... $580,000Add transportation in ....................................... 7,500Cost of merchandise purchased ................. 587,500 Merchandise available for sale ......................... $719,500 Less merchandise inventory,December 31, 2006....................................... 120,000 Cost of merchandise sold .................................. $599,500 Ex. 6–5 Net sales: $3,010,000 ( $3,570,000 – $320,000 – $240,000 ) Gross profit: $868,000 ( $3,010,000 – $2,142,000 )Ex. 6–6THE MERIDEN COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Revenues:Net sales ................................................................................. $5,400,000Rent revenue ......................................................................... 30,000Total revenues................................................................... $5,430,000 Expenses:Cost of merchandise sold ..................................................... $3,240,000Selling expenses .................................................................... 480,000 Administrative expenses ...................................................... 300,000 Interest expense .................................................................... 47,500 Total expenses ................................................................... 4,067,500 Net income ..................................................................................... $1,362,500Ex. 6–71. Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts should be deducted from (not added to)sales.2. Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts should be deducted from sales to yield "netsales" (not gross sales).3. Deducting the cost of merchandise sold from net sales yields gross profit.4. Deducting the total operating expenses from gross profit would yield income from operations(or operating income).5. Interest revenue should be reported under the caption ―Other income‖ and should be addedto Income from operations to arrive at Net income.6. The final amount on the income statement should be labeled Net income, not Gross profit.A correct income statement would be as follows:THE PLAUTUS COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended October 31, 2006Revenue from sales:Sales .................................................................... $4,200,000Less: Sales returns and allowances ............... $81,200Sales discounts ....................................... 20,300 101,500Net sales ........................................................ $4,098,500 Cost of merchandise sold ........................................ 2,093,000 Gross profit .............................................................. $2,005,500 Operating expenses:Selling expenses ................................................. $ 203,000Transportation out ............................................ 7,500Administrative expenses ................................... 122,000Total operating expenses ............................ 332,500 Incomefrom operations .......................................... $1,673,000 Other income: Interest revenue ................................................. 66,500Net income ................................................................ $1,739,500 Ex. 6–8a. $25,000 c. $477,000 e. $40,000 g. $757,500b. $210,000 d. $192,000 f. $520,000 h. $690,000Ex. 6–9a. Cash ......................................................................................... 6,900Sales ................................................................................... 6,900 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 4,830 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 4,830b. Accounts Receivable ............................................................... 7,500Sales ................................................................................... 7,500 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 5,625 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 5,625c. Cash ......................................................................................... 10,200Sales ................................................................................... 10,200 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,630 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,630d. Accounts Receivable—American Express ........................... 7,200Sales ................................................................................... 7,200 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 5,040 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 5,040e. Credit Card Expense (675)Cash (675)f. Cash ......................................................................................... 6,875Credit Card Expense (325)Accounts Receivable—American Express ..................... 7,200Ex. 6–10It was acceptable to debit Sales for the $235,750. However, using Sales Returns and Allow-ances assists management in monitoring the amount of returns so that quick action can be taken if returns become excessive.Accounts Receivable should also have been credited for $235,750. In addition, Cost of Mer-chandise Sold should only have been credited for the cost of the merchandise sold, not the selling price. Merchandise Inventory should also have been debited for the cost of the merchandise re-turned. The entries to correctly record the returns would have been as follows: Sales (or Sales Returns and Allowances) ............................. 235,750 Accounts Receivable ......................................................... 235,750 Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 141,450 Cost of Merchandise Sold ................................................ 141,450 Ex. 6–11a. $7,350 [$7,500 –$150 ($7,500 × 2%)]b. Sales Returns and Allowances .............................................. 7,500Sales Discounts (150)Cash ................................................................................... 7,350Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 4,500 Cost of Merchandise Sold ................................................ 4,500Ex. 6–12(1) Sold merchandise on account, $12,000.(2) Recorded the cost of the merchandise sold and reduced the merchandise inventory account,$7,800.(3) Accepted a return of merchandise and granted an allowance, $2,500.(4) Updated the merchandise inventory account for the cost of the merchandise returned,$1,625.(5) Received the balance due within the discount period, $9,405. [Sale of $12,000, less return of$2,500, l ess discount of $95 (1% × $9,500).]Ex. 6–13a. $18,000b. $18,375c. $540 (3% × $18,000)d. $17,835Ex. 6–14a. $7,546 [Purchase of $8,500, less return of $800, less discount of $154 ($7,700 × 2%)]b. Merchandise InventoryEx. 6–15Offer A is lower than offer B. Details are as follows:A BList price ............................................................................... $40,000 $40,300Less discount ......................................................................... 800 403 $39,200 $39,897 Transportation (625)$39,825 $39,897Ex. 6–16(1) Purchased merchandise on account at a net cost of $8,000.(2) Paid transportation costs, $175.(3) An allowance or return of merchandise was granted by the creditor, $1,000.(4) Paid the balance due within the discount period: debited Accounts Payable, $7,000, and cre-dited Merchandise Inventory for the amount of the discount, $140, and Cash, $6,860.Ex. 6–17a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 7,500Accounts Payable ............................................................. 7,500b. Accounts Payable ................................................................... 1,200Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 1,200c. Accounts Payable ................................................................... 6,300Cash ................................................................................... 6,174Merchandise Inventory (126)a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 12,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 12,000b. Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ............................................... 12,000Cash ................................................................................... 11,760Merchandise Inventory (240)c. Accounts Payable*—Loew Co. ............................................. 2,940Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 2,940d. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 2,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 2,000e. Cash (940)Accounts Payable—Loew Co. (940)*Note: The debit of $2,940 to Accounts Payable in entry (c) is the amount of cash refund due from Loew Co. It is computed as the amount that was paid for the returned merchandise, $3,000, less the purchase discount of $60 ($3,000 × 2%). The credit toAccounts Payable of $2,000 in en-try (d) reduces the debit balance in the account to $940, which is the amount of the cash refund in entry (e). The alternative entries below yield the same final results.c. Accounts Receivable—Loew Co. .......................................... 2,940Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 2,940d. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 2,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 2,000e. Cash (940)Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ............................................... 2,000 Accounts Receivable—Loew Co. .................................... 2,940Ex. 6–19a. $10,500b. $4,160 [($4,500 – $500) ? 0.99] + $200c. $4,900d. $3,960e. $834 [($1,500 – $700) ? 0.98] + $50Ex. 6–20a. At the time of sale c. $4,280b. $4,000 d. Sales Tax PayableEx. 6–21a. Accounts Receivable ............................................................... 9,720Sales ................................................................................... 9,000Sales Tax Payable (720)Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,300 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,300b. Sales Tax Payable ................................................................... 9,175Cash ................................................................................... 9,175a. Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. ........................................... 11,500Sales ................................................................................... 11,500 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,900 Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,900b. Sales Returns and Allowances (900)Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. (900)Merchandise Inventory (540)Cost of Merchandise Sold (540)c. Cash ......................................................................................... 10,388Sales Discounts (212)Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. ...................................... 10,600 Ex. 6–23a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 11,500Accounts Payable—Superior Co. ................................... 11,500b. Accounts Payable—Superior Co. (900)Merchandise Inventory (900)c. Accounts Payable—Superior Co. ......................................... 10,600Cash ................................................................................... 10,388Merchandise Inventory (212)Ex. 6–24a. debit c. credit e. debitb. debit d. debit f. debitEx. 6–25(b) Cost of Merchandise Sold (d) Sales (e)Sales Discounts(f) Sales Returns and Allowances (g) Salaries Expense (j) Supplies ExpenseEx. 6–26a. 2003: 2.07 [$58,247,000,000 ÷ ($30,011,000,000 + $26,394,000,000)/2]2002: 2.24 [$53,553,000,000 ÷ ($26,394,000,000 + $21,385,000,000)/2]b.These analyses indicate a decrease in the effectiveness in the use of the assets to generateprofits. This decrease is probably due to the slowdown in the U.S. economy during 2002–2003. However, a comparison with similar companies or industry averages would be helpful in making a more definitive statement on the effectiveness of the use of the assets.Ex. 6–27a. 4.13 [$12,334,353,000 ÷ ($2,937,578,000 + $3,041,670,000)/2]b. Although Winn-Dixie and Zales are both retail stores, Zales sells jewelry at a much slowervelocity than Winn-Dixie sells groceries. Thus, Winn-Dixie is able to generate $4.13 of sales for every dollar of assets. Zales, however, is only able to generate $1.53 in sales per dollar of assets. This makes sense when one considers the sales rate for jewelry and the relative cost of holding jewelry inventory, relative to groceries. Fortunately, Zales is able to counter its slow sales velocity, relative to groceries, with higher gross profits, relative to groceries. Appendix 1—Ex. 6–28a. and c.SALES JOURNALCost of MerchandiseSold Dr.Invoice Post.Accts. Rec. Dr. MerchandiseDate No. Account Debited Ref.Sales Cr. Inventory Cr.2006Aug. 3 80 Adrienne Richt ................... ?12,000 4,0008 81 K. Smith .............................. ?10,000 5,50019 82 L. Lao .................................. ?9,000 4,00026 83 Cheryl Pugh ........................ ?14,000 6,50045,000 20,000b. andc.PURCHASES JOURNALAccounts Merchandise OtherPost Payable Inventory Accounts Post.Date Account Credited Ref.Cr. Dr. Dr. Ref. Amount2006Aug. 10 Draco Rug Importers ................. ?8,000 8,00012 Draco Rug Importers ................. ?3,500 3,50021 Draco Rug Importers ................. ?19,500 19,50031,000 31,000d.Merchandise inventory, August 1 ............................................... $ 19,000Plus: August purchases ................................................................ 31,000Less: Cost of merchandise sold ................................................... (20,000)Merchandise inventory, August 31 ............................................. $ 30,000ORQuantity Rug Style Cost2 10 by 6 Chinese* $ 7,5001 8 by 10 Persian 5,5001 8 by 10 Indian 4,0002 10 by 12 Persian 13,000 $ 30,000*($4,000 + $3,500)。

高级会计学第六版课后答案【篇一：高级会计课后作业汇总(中国人民大学会计出版社系列教材第五版)】0x7年5月，a公司以其一直用于出租的一房屋换入b公司生产的办公家具准备作为办公设备使用，b公司则将换入的房屋继续出租。

交换前a公司对该房屋采用成本模式进行后续计量，该房屋的原始成本为500 000元，累计已提折旧180 000元，公允价值为400 000元，没有计提过减值准备；b公司换入房屋后继续采用成本模式进行计量。

b公司办公家具的账面价值为280 000元，公允价值和计税价格均为300 000元，适用的增值税税率为17%。

b公司另外支付a公司49 000元的补价。

假设该交换不涉及其他相关税费。

要求：分别编制a公司和b公司与该项资产交换相关的会计分录。

分析：a公司换入的办公家具流动性强，能够在较短的时间内产生现金流量，而换出的用于出租的房屋要在较长的时间内产生现金流量，且两者的风险不同，因此两者之间的交换具有商业实质，而且出租房屋和办公家具的公允价值均能可靠计量。

支付的货币性资产占换入资产公允价值=49 000/400 000=12.25%25% （或占换出资产公允价值与支付的货币性资产之和）的比例因此，该交换属于涉及补价的非货币性资产交换1（1） a公司会计处理：换入资产的入账金额=换出资产的公允价值-收到的补价+应支付的相关税费 =400 000-49 000=351 000（元）换入资产入账金额（不含税）=351 000/(1+17%)=300 000(元)换入资产可抵扣的增值税进项税额=300 000x17%=51 000（元）该项交换应确认损益=换出资产的公允价值-换出资产的账面价值=400 000-（500 000-180 000）=80 000（元）编制会计分录：借：其他业务成本 320 000投资性房地产累计折旧180 000贷：投资性房地产 500 000 借：固定资产-办公设备300 000应交税费-应交增值税（进项税额）51 000银行存款 49 000贷：其他业务收入400 000（2）b公司会计处理：换入资产的入账金额=换出资产的公允价值+支付的补价+应支付的相关税费 =300 000+49 000+51 000（300 000x17%）=400 000（元）该项交换应确认损益=换出资产的公允价值-换出资产的账面价值=300 000-280 000=20 000（元）编制会计分录：应交税费=300 000x17%=51 000（元）借：投资性房地产-房屋 400 000主营业务成本 280 000贷：银行存款 49 000主营业务收入300 000应交税费-应交增值税（销项）51 000库存商品-办公家具280 0002.20x7年9月，x公司的生产经营出现资金短缺，为扭转财务困难，遂决定将其正在建造的一办公楼及购买的办公设备与y公司的一项专利技术及其对z公司的一项长期股权投资进行交换。

第一章习题1－1 指出图1－1所示电路中A 、B 、C 三点的电位。

图1－1 题 1－1 的电路解：图（a ）中，电流 mA I 51226.=+=, 各点电位 V C = 0 V B = 2×1.5 = 3V V A = (2+2)×1.5 = 6V图（b ）中，电流mA I 1246=+=， 各点电位 V B = 0 V A = 4×1 = 4VV C =－ 2×1 = －2V图（c ）中，因S 断开，电流I = 0， 各点电位 V A = 6V V B = 6VV C = 0图（d ）中，电流mA I 24212=+=， 各点电位 V A = 2×(4+2) =12V V B = 2×2 = 4V V C = 0图（e ）的电路按一般电路画法如图，电流mA I 12466=++=， 各点电位 V A = E 1 = 6VV B = (－1×4)+6 = 2V V C = －6V1－2 图1－2所示电路元件P 产生功率为10W ，则电流I 应为多少? 解：由图1－2可知电压U 和电流I 参考方向不一致，P = －10W ＝UI 因为U ＝10V , 所以电流I ＝－1A图 1－2 题 1－2 的电路1－3 额定值为1W 、10Ω的电阻器，使用时通过电流的限额是多少？ 解：根据功率P = I 2 R A R P I 3160101.===1－4 在图1－3所示三个电路中，已知电珠EL 的额定值都是6V 、50mA ，试问哪个电珠能正常发光？图 1－3 题 1－4 的电路解：图（a ）电路，恒压源输出的12V 电压加在电珠EL 两端，其值超过电珠额定值，不能正常发光。

图（b ）电路电珠的电阻Ω=Ω==120120506K R .，其值与120Ω电阻相同，因此电珠EL 的电压为6V ，可以正常工作。

图（c ）电路，电珠与120Ω电阻并联后，电阻为60Ω，再与120Ω电阻串联，电珠两端的电压为V 4126012060＝＋⨯小于额定值，电珠不能正常发光。

习题与参考答案_第11章一、名词解释1、独立需求答案：不依赖于其它需求的自主需求。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：易。

知识点：独立需求。

2、相关需求答案：与其它需求有内在联系的需求。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：相关需求。

3、物料需求计划/MRP答案：基于计算机系统的，确定一种零件、组件和生产产品所需资源的逻辑。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：难。

知识点：物料需求计划/MRP。

4、物料清单答案：包含了生产每单位产成品所需的全部零件、组件与原材料等的清单。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：物料清单。

5、低位码答案：出现在同一BOM的不同阶层或出现在不同BOM的物料所处的最底层的位码。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：低位码。

6、能力需求计划答案：对MRP所需能力进行核算的一种计划管理方法，即通过计算各工作中心所需的各种资源，确定对人力、设备等资源的需求。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：能力需求计划。

7、工作中心答案：各种生产或加工能力单元和成本单元的统称，它可以是一台功能独立的设备、一组功能相同的设备、一条生产线、成组生产中的成组单元、由若干工人组成的班组、一定的装配面积，甚至可以是生产单一产品的封闭车间。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：工作中心。

8、工艺路线答案：工艺流程或加工路线，是描述某一项目加工方法及加工次序的文件。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：工艺路线。

9、工作日历答案：用于编制计划的特殊形式的日历，由普通日历去除每周的双休日、节假日、停工检修日等非工作日期。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：工作日历。

10、工作中心文件答案：包含有计算工作中心能力所需信息的文档。

答案解析：略。

难易程度：中。

知识点：工作中心文件。

11、开环MRP答案：根据MPS的要求、产品结构、库存信息、预期到货、经济批量及提前期，确定原材料、外购件、零部件的采购计划以及计划执行结果报告和例外报告等，但并不考虑全部能力需求计划、也不对内外部变化做出响应的系统。

IntermediateAccounting教科书上习题答案（byJDavidSpiceland）Chapter 7 Cash and ReceivablesQUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICSAACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 6e with the following AACSB learning skills:Questions AACSB Tags Exercises (cont.)AACSB Tags 7-1Reflective thinking 7-11Analytic7-2 Reflective thinking 7-12Analytic7-3Reflective thinking 7-13Analytic7-4Reflective thinking, Communications 7-14Analytic7-5Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-15Analytic7-6Reflective thinking 7-16Analytic7-7Reflective thinking 7-17Analytic7-8Reflective thinking 7-18Diversity, Analytic7-9Reflective thinking, Communications 7-19Analytic7-10Reflective thinking 7-20 Reflective thinking7-11Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-21Analytic7-12Reflective thinking 7-22Analytic7-13Reflective thinking 7-23Analytic7-14Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-24 Analytic7-15Reflective thinking, Communications 7-25Analytic7-16 Reflective thinking7-26Analytic7-17 Reflective thinking7-27 Analytic7-18 Reflective thinking7-28 Analytic7-19 Reflective thinking, Communications7-29 Analytic7-20 Diversity, Reflective thinking7-30 Reflective thinking,CommunicationsBrief Exercises 7-31 Reflective thinking,Communications 7-1Reflective thinking CPA/CMA7-2Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-1Analytic7-3Reflective thinking 7-2Analytic7-4 Analytic 7-3Reflective thinking7-5Analytic 7-4 Analytic7-6Analytic 7-5Analytic7-7Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-6Analytic7-8Analytic 7-7Analytic7-9Analytic 7-1Reflective thinking7-10Analytic 7-2Analytic7-11Analytic 7-3Analytic7-12Analytic Problems7-13 Analytic 7-1Analytic7-14Reflective thinking 7-2Analytic7-15 Diversity, Reflective thinking 7-3Analytic7-16 Analytic 7-4 Analytic7-17 Analytic 7-5 AnalyticExercises7-6 Analytic 7-1Analytic7-7Analytic 7-2Analytic 7-8Analytic 7-3 Diversity, Analytic 7-9 Diversity, Analytic 7-4Analytic 7-10Analytic 7-5Analytic 7-11Analytic 7-6 Analytic 7-12Analytic 7-7 Analytic 7-13Analytic 7-8Analytic 7-14Analytic 7-9Analytic 7-15 Analytic 7-10AnalyticQUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICSQuestion 7-1Cash equivalents usually include negotiable instruments as well as highly liquid investments that have a maturity date no longer than three months from date of purchase.Question 7-2Internal control procedures involving accounting functions are intended to improve the accuracy and reliability of accounting information and to safeguard the company’s assets. The separation of duties means that employees involved in recordkeeping should not also have physical responsibility for assets.Question 7-3Management must document the company’s internal controls and assess their adequacy. The auditors must provide an opinion on management’s assessment. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s Auditing Standard No. 5, which supersedes Auditing Standard No. 2, further requires the auditor to express its own opinion on whether the company has maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.Question 7-4A compensating balance is an amount of cash a depositor (debtor) must leave on deposit in an account at a bank (creditor) as security for a loan or a commitment to lend. The classification and disclosure of a compensating balance depends on the nature of the restriction and the classification of the related debt. If the restriction is legally binding, then the cash will be classified as either current or noncurrent (investments and funds or other assets) depending on the classification of the related debt. In either case, note disclosure is appropriate. If the compensating balance arrangement is informal and no contractual agreement restricts the use of cash, note disclosure of the arrangement including amounts involved is appropriate. The compensating balance can be included in the cash and cash equivalents category of current assets. Question 7-5Yes, IFRS and U.S. GAAP differ in how bank overdrafts are treated. Under IFRS, overdrafts can be offset against other cash accounts. Under U.S. GAAP overdrafts must be treated as liabilities.Answers to Questions (continued)Question 7-6Trade discounts are reductions below a list price and are used to establish a final price for a transaction. The reduced price is the starting point for initial valuation of the transaction. A cash discount is a reduction, not in the selling price of a good or service, but in the amount to be paid by a credit customer if the receivable is paid within a specified period of time.The gross method of accounting for cash discounts considers discounts not taken as part of sales revenue. The net method considers discounts not taken as interest revenue, because they are viewed as compensation to the seller for allowing the buyer to defer payment.Question 7-8When returns are material and a company can make reasonable estimates of future returns, an allowance for sales returns is established. At a financial reporting date, this provides an estimate of the amount of future returns for prior sales, and involves a debit to sales returns and a credit to allowance for sales returns for the estimated amount. Allowance for sales returns is a contra account to accounts receivable. When returns actually occur in the future reporting period, the allowance for sales returns is debited.Question 7-9Even when specific customer accounts haven’t been proven uncollectible by the end of the reporting period, bad debt expense properly should be matched with sales revenue on the income statement for that period. Likewise, since it’s not expected that all accounts receivable will be collected, the balance sheet should report only the expected net realizable value of that asset. So, to record the bad debt expense and the related reduction of accounts receivable when the amount hasn’t been determined, an estimate is needed. In an adjusting entry, we record bad debt expense and reduce accounts receivable for an estimate of the amount that eventually will prove uncollectible.If uncollectible accounts are immaterial or not anticipated, or it’s not possible to reliably estimate uncollectible accounts, an allowance for uncollectible accounts is not appropriate. In these few cases, any bad debts that do arise simply are written off as bad debt expense at the time they prove uncollectible.Answers to Questions (continued)Question 7-10The income statement approach to estimating bad debts determines bad debt expense directly by relating uncollectible amounts to credit sales. The balance sheet approach to estimating future bad debts indirectly determines bad debt expense by estimating the net realizable value for accounts receivable that exist at the end of the period. In other words, the allowance for uncollectible accounts at the end of the period is estimated and then bad debt expense is determined by adjusting the allowance account to reflect net realizable value.Question 7-11A company has to separately disclose trade receivables and receivables from related parties under U.S. GAAP, but not under IFRS.Question 7-12The assignment of all accounts receivable in general as collateral for debt requires no special accounting treatment other than note disclosure of the agreement. Question 7-13The accounting treatment of receivables factored with recourse depends on whether certain criteria are met. If the criteria are met, the factoring is accounted for as a sale. If they are not met, the factoring is accounted for as a loan. In addition, note disclosure may be required. Accounts receivable factored without recourse are accounted for as the sale of an asset. The difference between the book value and the fair value of proceeds received is recognized as a gain or a loss.Question 7-14U.S. GAAP focuses on whether control of assets has shifted from the transferor to the transferee. In contrast, IFRS focuses on whether the company has transferred “substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership,” as well as whether the company has transferred control. Under IFRS:If the company transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership, the transfer is treated as a sale.If the company retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership, the transfer is treated as a secured borrowing. If neither conditions 1 or 2 hold, the company accounts for the transaction as a sale if it has transferred control, and as a secured borrowing if it has retained control.Answers to Questions (continued)When a note is discounted, a financial institution, usually a bank, accepts the note and gives the seller cash equal to the maturity value of the note reduced by a discount. The discount is computed by applying a discount rate to the maturity value and represents the financing fee the bank charges for the transaction.The four-step process used to account for a discounted note receivable is as follows:1. Accrue any interest revenue earned since the last payment date (or date of thenote).2. Compute the maturity value.3. Subtract the discount the bank requires (discount rate times maturity valuetimes the remaining length of time from date of discounting to maturity date) from the maturity value to compute the proceeds to be received from the bank (maturity value less discount)./doc/2db73084591b6bd97f192279168884868762b8ba.html pute the difference between the proceeds and the book value of the noteand related interest receivable. The treatment of the difference will depend on whether the discounting is accounted for as a sale or as a loan. If it’s a sale the difference is recorded as a loss or gain on the sale; if it’s a loan the difference is viewed as interest expense or interest revenue.Question 7-16A company’s investment in receivables is influenced by several related variables, to include the level of sales, the nature of the product or service, and credit and collection policies. The receivables turnover and average collection period ratios are designed to monitor receivables.Question 7-17The items necessary to adjust the bank balance might include deposits outstanding (including undeposited cash), outstanding checks, and any bank errors discovered during the reconciliation process. The items necessary to adjust the book balance mi ght include collections made by the bank on the company’s behalf, service and other charges made by the bank, NSF (nonsufficient funds) check charges, and any company errors discovered during the reconciliation process.Answers to Questions (concluded)Question 7-18A petty cash fund is established by transferring a specified amount of cash from the company’s general checking account to an employee designated as the petty cash custodian. The fund is replenished by writing a check to the petty cash custodian for the sum of the bills paid with petty cash. The appropriate expense accounts are recorded from petty cash vouchers at the time the fund is replenished.Question 7-19When a creditor’s investment in a receivable becomes impaired, due to a troubled debt restructuring or for any other reason, the receivable is re-measured based on the discounted present value of currently expected cash flows at the loan’s original effective rate (regardless of the extent to which expected cash receipts have been reduced). The extent of the impairment is the difference between the carrying amount of the receivable (the present value of the receivable’s cash flows prior to the restructuring) and the present value of the revised cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective rate. This difference is recorded as a loss at the time the receivable is reduced.Question 7-20No. Under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS, a company can recognize in net income the recovery of impairment losses of accounts and notes receivable.BRIEF EXERCISESBrief Exercise 7-1The company could improve its internal control procedure for cash receipts by segregating the duties of recordkeeping andthe handling of cash. Jim Seymour, responsible for recordkeeping, should not also be responsible for depositing customer checks.Brief Exercise 7-2Under IFRS the cash balance would be $245,000, because they could offset the two accounts. Under U.S. GAAP the balance would be $250,000, because they could not offset the two accounts.Brief Exercise 7-3All of these items would be included as cash and cash equivalents except the U.S. Treasury bills, which would be included in the current asset section of the balance sheet as short-term investments.Brief Exercise 7-4Income before tax in 2012 will be reduced by $2,500, the amount of the cash discounts.$25,000 x 10 = $250,000 x 1% = $2,500Brief Exercise 7-5Income before tax in 2011 will be reduced by $2,500, the anticipated amount of cash discounts.$25,000 x 10 = $250,000 x 1% = $2,500Brief Exercise 7-6Estimated returns = $10,600,000 x 8% = $848,000Less: Actual returns (720,000)Remaining estimated returns $128,000Brief Exercise 7-7Singletary cannot combine the two types of receivables under U.S. GAAP, as the director is a related party. Under IFRS a combined presentation would be allowed. Brief Exercise 7-8(1) Bad debt expense = $1,500,000 x 2% = $30,000(2) Allowance for uncollectible accounts:Beginning balance $25,000Add: Bad debt expense 30,000Deduct: Write-offs (16,000)Ending balance $39,000Brief Exercise 7-9(1) A llowance for uncollectible accounts:Beginning balance $ 25,000Deduct: Write-offs (16,000)Required allowance (33,400)*Bad debt expense $24,400(2) Required allowance = $334,000** x 10% = $33,400* Accounts receivable:Beginning balance $ 300,000Add: Credit sales 1,500,000Deduct: Cash collections (1,450,000)Write-offs (16,000)Ending balance $ 334,000** Brief Exercise 7-10 Allowance for uncollectible accounts:Beginning balance $30,000Add: Bad debt expense 40,000Deduct: Required allowance (38,000)Write-offs $32,000Brief Exercise 7-11Credit sales $8,200,000Deduct: Cash collections (7,950,000)Write-offs (32,000)* Year-end balance in A/R (2,000,000) Beginning balance in A/R $1,782,000*Allowance for uncollectible accounts:Beginning balance $30,000Add: Bad debt expense 40,000Deduct: Required allowance (38,000)Write-offs $32,000 Brief Exercise 7-122011 interest revenue:$20,000 x 6% x 1/12 =$1002012 interest revenue:$20,000 x 6% x 2/12 =$200Brief Exercise 7-13Assets decrease by $7,000:Cash increases by $100,000 x 85% = $ 85,000 Receivable from factor increases by($11,000 – $3,000 fee) 8,000Accounts receivable decrease (100,000)Net decrease in assets $ (7,000)Liabilities would not change as a result of this transaction.Income before income taxes decreases by $7,000(the loss on sales of receivables)The journal entry to record the transaction is as follows:Brief Exercise 7-14Logitech would account for the transfer as a secured borrowing. The receivables remain on the company’s books and a liability is recorded for the amount borrowed plus the bank’s fee.Brief Exercise 7-15Under IFRS, Huling would treat this transaction as a secured borrowing, because they retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. Under U.S. GAAP, Huling would treat this transaction as a sale, because they have transferred control. Note, however, that in practice we would typically expect for the entity that has the risks and rewards of ownership to also have control over the assets, so we would expect these criteria to usually lead to the same accounting.Brief Exercise 7-16Brief Exercise 7-17Receivables turnover = $320,000 = 5.33$60,000*($50,000 + 70,000) 2 = $60,000*Average collection = 365 = 68 daysperiod 5.33EXERCISESExercise 7-1Requirement 1Cash and cash equivalents includes:a. Balance in checking account $13,500Balance in savings account 22,100b. Undeposited customer checks 5,200c. Currency and coins on hand 580f. U.S. treasury bills with 2-month maturity 15,000Total $56,380Requirement 2d. The $400,000 savings account will be used for future plant expansion andtherefore should be classified as a noncurrent asset, either in other assets orinvestments.e. The $20,000 in the checking account is a compensating balance for a long-term loan and should be classified as a noncurrent asset, either in otherassets or investments.f. The $20,000 in 7-month treasury bills should be classified as a current assetalong with other temporary investments.Exercise 7-2Requirement 1Cash and cash equivalents includes:Cash in bank – checking account $22,500U.S. treasury bills 5,000Cash on hand 1,350Undeposited customer checks 1,840Total $30,690Requirement 2The $10,000 in 6-month treasury bills should be classified as a current asset along with other temporary investments. Exercise 7-3Requirement 1: U.S. GAAPCurrent Assets:Cash $175,000Current Liabilities:Bank Overdrafts $ 15,000 Requirement 2: IFRSCurrent Assets:Cash $160,000(No current liabilities with respect to overdrafts.)Exercise 7-4Requirement 1Sales price = 100 units x $600 = $60,000 x 70% = $42,000Requirement 2Exercise 7-4 (concluded) Requirement 3Requirement 1, using the net method:Requirement 2, using the net method:Exercise 7-5Requirement 1Sales price = 1,000 units x $50 = $50,000Requirement 2。

习题册参考答案第一章半导体二极管§1-1 半导体的基本知识一、填空题1. 导体绝缘体半导体2. 半导体3. 硅锗4. 热敏光敏掺杂5. 正负负正6. 单向导电导通截止7. 高二、判断题1.×2.×3.√三、选择题1.C2.A3.C4.A§1-2 半导体二极管一、填空题1. 阳正阴负2.硅二极管锗二极管普通整流稳压开关光敏发光变容3.正极负极4.0.7 0.35.单向导电性导通小大截止大小6.大小7.0.5 0.28.最大整流电流最高反向工作电压9.烧毁击穿10.硅稳压锗普通硅整流锗开关11.击穿开路12.小好13.电光光电发光二极管二、判断题1.×2.×3.×4.√5.×6.×7.×8.×9.× 10.√ 11.× 12.× 13.× 14.× 15.× 16.√三、选择题1.C2.C 3．B 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A11.C 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.A四、综合题1. 答：硅管死区电压为0.5V左右而锗管为0.2V左右；硅管的正向管压降为0.7V左右而锗管为0.3V左右；硅管的反向饱和电流较小而锗管较大。

2. 答：图b）中的灯不亮。

3. 答：a）图中，二极管导通，U AO=-6V；b）图，二极管截止，U AO=-12V；c）图V1导通，V2截止，U AO=0V。

4. 答：5.答：6.答：2CZ83： N 型硅材料整流二极管序号为83 2CW55： N 型硅材料稳压二极管序号为55 2DK14： P 型硅材料开关二极管序号为14 7.答：序号 型号 所用材料F I （mA ）RM U (V)R I (μA)1 2AP9 锗 5 202 1N4148 硅 100 75 5 32CZ56A硅3000258.答：图a ）中，在表头处串联一个二极管，若直流电源极性接错，二极管V1反向截止，使表头指针不发生反偏，起保护表头的目的。

会计学(非专业用)第6版课后习题答案下第七章一、思考题1.什么是固定资产? 固定资产有哪些基本特点?答案：固定资产,是指同时具有下列特征的有形资产:(1)为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有的;(2)使用寿命超过一个会计年度。

基本特点主要包括：（1）持有目的为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有；（2）使用寿命超过一个会计年度；（3）存在形态为有形资产。

2.固定资产的取得方式有哪些? 如何确定自行建造固定资产的取得成本?答案：固定资产的取得方式主要包括购买、自行建造、融资租入等。

自行建造的固定资产,其成本由建造该项资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的必要支出构成,包括工程用物资成本、人工成本、缴纳的相关税费、应予资本化的借款费用以及应分摊的间接费用等。

3.什么是固定资产折旧? 固定资产折旧方法有哪些?答案：折旧,是指在固定资产预计使用寿命内,按照确定的方法对应计折旧额进行系统分摊的过程。

固定资产折旧方法包括年限平均法、工作量法、双倍余额递减法和年数总和法等。

4.什么是年限平均法? 什么是加速折旧法? 如何认识和评价上述两类方法?答案：年限平均法,是指将固定资产应计折旧额平均分摊到其预计使用寿命期内的一种方法。

加速折旧法,是指在固定资产使用的早期多提折旧、在其使用的后期少提折旧的计提方法。

在实际工作中,加速折旧法能够更好地满足固定资产提前更新的需要。

认识和评价略。

5.什么是固定资产后续支出? 固定资产后续支出是如何核算的?答案：固定资产后续支出,是指企业在固定资产持续使用过程中发生的维护修理费用和更新改造支出等。

固定资产后续支出如果符合固定资产确认条件的(即该支出很可能导致流入企业的经济利益超过了原先的估计,且支出的金额能够可靠计量),则应将其予以资本化,计入固定资产账面价值,同时将被替换部分的账面价值扣除;如果后续支出不符合固定资产确认条件的,则应将其费用化,计入当期损益。

6.什么是固定资产处置? 固定资产处置是如何核算的?答案：固定资产处置,包括固定资产的出售、转让、报废和毁损、对外投资、非货币性资产交换、债务重组等。

孙茂竹《管理会计学》（第6版）笔记和课后习题第一部分复习指南目录封面第1章管理会计概论1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题与典型题详解第2章变动成本法2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题与典型题详解第3章本—量—利分析3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题与典型题详解第4章经营预测4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题与典型题详解第5章经营决策5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题与典型题详解第6章存货决策6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题与典型题详解第7章投资决策7.1 考点难点归纳7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题与典型题详解第8章标准成本法8.1 考点难点归纳8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题与典型题详解第9章作业成本计算法9.1 考点难点归纳9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题与典型题详解第10章全面预算管理10.1 考点难点归纳10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题与典型题详解第11章业绩考核与评价11.1 考点难点归纳11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题与典型题详解试读第1章管理会计概论1.1 复习笔记一、管理会计的定义1．国外会计学界对管理会计定义的论述国外会计学界对管理会计的定义先后经历了两个阶段：（1）狭义管理会计阶段狭义管理会计的核心内容为：①管理会计以企业为主体展开其管理活动；②管理会计是为企业管理当局的管理目标服务的；③管理会计是一个信息系统。

（2）广义管理会计阶段广义管理会计的核心内容是：①管理会计以企业为主体展开其管理活动；②管理会计既为企业管理当局的管理目标服务，同时也为股东、债权人、规章制度制定机构及税务当局等非管理集团服务；③管理会计作为一个信息系统，它所提供的财务信息包括用来解释实际和计划所必需的货币性和非货币性信息；④从内容上看，管理会计既包括财务会计，又包括成本会计和财务管理。

1A ,；1B -2AWithin the stricken area,not a single soul remained alive,and the city centre looked~as if it had been razed by a monster steam-roller.The bomb exploded 1,000 the ground.On August 6,1945,an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima.Three days later,yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow.The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expanse of reddish rub-【ble.Within the fraction of a second,the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an im-mense mass of expanding gas,millions of degrees hot.A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone,concrete,metal,and woodover the ground.2BPond,once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of manytourist stands.2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast w ind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome./ Sweep-#ing through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeastwind made...3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plungingdown to join in the valley below.the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a pic-nic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.for breath after running up the stairs,Mr Wood stood at his neighbour's doorand knocked again and again till someone opened it.town folk envied Horace, who had come into a small fortune with which hebought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big changethat had come over him in recent years.idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive himalmost drove him mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot cen-。

Chapter 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow2.10AssetsCurrent assetsCash $ 4,000Accounts receivable 8,000Total current assets $ 12,000Fixed assetsMachinery $ 34,000Patents 82,000Total fixed assets $116,000Total assets $128,000Liabilities and equityCurrent liabilitiesAccounts payable $ 6,000Taxes payable 2,000Total current liabilities $ 8,000Long-term liabilitiesBonds payable $7,000Stockholders equityCommon stock ($100 par) $ 88,000Capital surplus 19,000Retained earnings 6,000Total stockholders equity $113,000Total liabilities and equity $128,0002.11One year ago TodayLong-term debt $50,000,000 $50,000,000Preferred stock 30,000,000 30,000,000Common stock 100,000,000 110,000,000Retained earnings 20,000,000 22,000,000Total $200,000,000 $212,000,0002.12Total Cash Flow ofthe Stancil CompanyCash flows from the firmCapital spending $(1,000)Additions to working capital (4,000)Total $(5,000)Cash flows to investors of the firmShort-term debt $(6,000)Long-term debt (20,000)Equity (Dividend - Financing) 21,000Total $(5,000)[Note: This table isn’t the Statement of Cash Flows, which is only covered in Appendix 2B, since the latter has th e change in cash (on the balance sheet) as a final entry.]2.13 a. The changes in net working capital can be computed from:Sources of net working capitalNet income $100Depreciation 50Increases in long-term debt 75Total sources $225Uses of net working capitalDividends $50Increases in fixed assets* 150Total uses $200Additions to net working capital $25*Includes $50 of depreciation.b.Cash flow from the firmOperating cash flow $150Capital spending (150)Additions to net working capital (25)Total $(25)Cash flow to the investorsDebt $(75)Equity 50Total $(25)Chapter 3: Financial Markets and Net Present Value: First Principles of Finance (Advanced)3.14 $120,000 - ($150,000 - $100,000) (1.1) = $65,0003.15 $40,000 + ($50,000 - $20,000) (1.12) = $73,6003.16 a. ($7 million + $3 million) (1.10) = $11.0 millionb.i. They could spend $10 million by borrowing $5 million today.ii. They will have to spend $5.5 million [= $11 million - ($5 million x 1.1)] at t=1.Chapter 4: Net Present Valuea. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0510 = $1,628.89b. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0710 = $1,967.15c. $1,000 ⨯ 1.0520 = $2,653.30d. Interest compounds on the interest already earned. Therefore, the interest earned inSince this bond has no interim coupon payments, its present value is simply the present value of the $1,000 that will be received in 25 years. Note: As will be discussed in the next chapter, the present value of the payments associated with a bond is the price of that bond.PV = $1,000 /1.125 = $92.30PV = $1,500,000 / 1.0827 = $187,780.23a. At a discount rate of zero, the future value and present value are always the same. Remember, FV =PV (1 + r) t. If r = 0, then the formula reduces to FV = PV. Therefore, the values of the options are $10,000 and $20,000, respectively. You should choose the second option.b. Option one: $10,000 / 1.1 = $9,090.91Option two: $20,000 / 1.15 = $12,418.43Choose the second option.c. Option one: $10,000 / 1.2 = $8,333.33Option two: $20,000 / 1.25 = $8,037.55Choose the first option.d. You are indifferent at the rate that equates the PVs of the two alternatives. You know that rate mustfall between 10% and 20% because the option you would choose differs at these rates. Let r be thediscount rate that makes you indifferent between the options.$10,000 / (1 + r) = $20,000 / (1 + r)5(1 + r)4 = $20,000 / $10,000 = 21 + r = 1.18921r = 0.18921 = 18.921%The $1,000 that you place in the account at the end of the first year will earn interest for six years. The $1,000 that you place in the account at the end of the second year will earn interest for five years, etc. Thus, the account will have a balance of$1,000 (1.12)6 + $1,000 (1.12)5 + $1,000 (1.12)4 + $1,000 (1.12)3= $6,714.61PV = $5,000,000 / 1.1210 = $1,609,866.18a. $1.000 (1.08)3 = $1,259.71b. $1,000 [1 + (0.08 / 2)]2 ⨯ 3 = $1,000 (1.04)6 = $1,265.32c. $1,000 [1 + (0.08 / 12)]12 ⨯ 3 = $1,000 (1.00667)36 = $1,270.24d. $1,000 e0.08 ⨯ 3 = $1,271.25e. The future value increases because of the compounding. The account is earning interest on interest. Essentially, the interest is added to the account balance at the e nd of every compounding period. During the next period, the account earns interest on the new balance. When the compounding period shortens, the balance that earns interest is rising faster.The price of the consol bond is the present value of the coupon payments. Apply the perpetuity formula to find the present value. PV = $120 / 0.15 = $800a. $1,000 / 0.1 = $10,000b. $500 / 0.1 = $5,000 is the value one year from now of the perpetual stream. Thus, the value of theperpetuity is $5,000 / 1.1 = $4,545.45.c. $2,420 / 0.1 = $24,200 is the value two years from now of the perpetual stream. Thus, the value of the perpetuity is $24,200 / 1.12 = $20,000.pply the NPV technique. Since the inflows are an annuity you can use the present value of an annuity factor.ANPV = -$6,200 + $1,200 81.0= -$6,200 + $1,200 (5.3349)= $201.88Yes, you should buy the asset.Use an annuity factor to compute the value two years from today of the twenty payments. Remember, the annuity formula gives you the value of the stream one year before the first payment. Hence, the annuity factor will give you the value at the end of year two of the stream of payments.A= $2,000 (9.8181)Value at the end of year two = $2,000 20.008= $19,636.20The present value is simply that amount discounted back two years.PV = $19,636.20 / 1.082 = $16,834.88The easiest way to do this problem is to use the annuity factor. The annuity factor must be equal to $12,800 / $2,000 = 6.4; remember PV =C A T r. The annuity factors are in the appendix to the text. To use the factor table to solve this problem, scan across the row labeled 10 years until you find 6.4. It is close to the factor for 9%, 6.4177. Thus, the rate you will receive on this note is slightly more than 9%.You can find a more precise answer by interpolating between nine and ten percent.[ 10% ⎤[6.1446 ⎤a ⎡r ⎥bc ⎡6.4 ⎪ d⎣9%⎦⎣6.4177 ⎦By interpolating, you are presuming that the ratio of a to b is equal to the ratio of c to d.(9 - r ) / (9 - 10) = (6.4177 - 6.4 ) / (6.4177 - 6.1446)r = 9.0648%The exact value could be obtained by solving the annuity formula for the interest rate. Sophisticated calculators can compute the rate directly as 9.0626%.[Note: A standard financial calculator’s TVM keys can solve for this rate. With annuity flows, the IRR key on “advanced” financial c alculators is unnecessary.]a. The annuity amount can be computed by first calculating the PV of the $25,000 which youThat amount is $17,824.65 [= $25,000 / 1.075]. Next compute the annuity which has the same present value.A$17,824.65 = C 507.0$17,824.65 = C (4.1002)C = $4,347.26Thus, putting $4,347.26 into the 7% account each year will provide $25,000 five years from today.b. The lump sum payment must be the present value of the $25,000, i.e., $25,000 / 1.075 =$17,824.65The formula for future value of any annuity can be used to solve the problem (see footnote 11 of the text).Option one: This cash flow is an annuity due. To value it, you must use the after-tax amounts. Theafter-tax payment is $160,000 (1 - 0.28) = $115,200. Value all except the first payment using the standard annuity formula, then add back the first payment of $115,200 to obtain the value of this option.AValue = $115,200 + $115,200 30.010= $115,200 + $115,200 (9.4269)= $1,201,178.88Option two: This option is valued similarly. You are able to have $446,000 now; this is already on an after-tax basis. You will receive an annuity of $101,055 for each of the next thirty years. Those payments are taxable when you receive them, so your after-tax payment is $72,759.60 [= $101,055 (1 - 0.28)].AValue = $446,000 + $72,759.60 30.010= $446,000 + $72,759.60 (9.4269)= $1,131,897.47Since option one has a higher PV, you should choose it.et r be the rate of interest you must earn.$10,000(1 + r)12 = $80,000(1 + r)12= 8r = 0.18921 = 18.921%First compute the present value of all the payments you must make for your children’s educati on. The value as of one year before matriculation of one child’s education isA= $21,000 (2.8550) = $59,955.$21,000 415.0This is the value of the elder child’s education fourteen years from now. It is the value of the younger child’s education sixteen years from today. The present value of these isPV = $59,955 / 1.1514 + $59,955 / 1.1516= $14,880.44You want to make fifteen equal payments into an account that yields 15% so that the present value of the equal payments is $14,880.44.A= $14,880.44 / 5.8474 = $2,544.80Payment = $14,880.44 / 15.015This problem applies the growing annuity formula. The first payment is$50,000(1.04)2(0.02) = $1,081.60.PV = $1,081.60 [1 / (0.08 - 0.04) - {1 / (0.08 - 0.04)}{1.04 / 1.08}40]= $21,064.28This is the present value of the payments, so the value forty years from today is$21,064.28 (1.0840) = $457,611.46se the discount factors to discount the individual cash flows. Then compute the NPV of the project. NoticeYou can still use the factor tables to compute their PV. Essentially, they form cash flows that are a six year annuity less a two year annuity. Thus, the appropriate annuity factor to use with them is 2.6198 (= 4.3553 - 1.7355).Year Cash Flow Factor PV0.9091 $636.371$70020.8264 743.769003 1,000 ⎤4 1,000 ⎥ 2.6198 2,619.805 1,000 ⎥6 1,000 ⎦7 1,250 0.5132 641.508 1,375 0.4665 641.44Total $5,282.87NPV = -$5,000 + $5,282.87= $282.87Purchase the machine.Chapter 5: How to Value Bonds and StocksThe amount of the semi-annual interest payment is $40 (=$1,000 ⨯ 0.08 / 2). There are a total of 40 periods;i.e., two half years in each of the twenty years in the term to maturity. The annuity factor tables can be usedto price these bonds. The appropriate discount rate to use is the semi-annual rate. That rate is simply the annual rate divided by two. Thus, for part b the rate to be used is 5% and for part c is it 3%.A+F/(1+r)40PV=C Tra. $40 (19.7928) + $1,000 / 1.0440 = $1,000Notice that whenever the coupon rate and the market rate are the same, the bond is priced at par.b. $40 (17.1591) + $1,000 / 1.0540 = $828.41Notice that whenever the coupon rate is below the market rate, the bond is priced below par.c. $40 (23.1148) + $1,000 / 1.0340 = $1,231.15Notice that whenever the coupon rate is above the market rate, the bond is priced above par.a. The semi-annual interest rate is $60 / $1,000 = 0.06. Thus, the effective annual rate is 1.062 - 1 =0.1236 = 12.36%.A+ $1,000 / 1.0612b. Price = $30 12.006= $748.48A+ $1,000 / 1.0412c. Price = $30 1204.0= $906.15Note: In parts b and c we are implicitly assuming that the yield curve is flat. That is, the yield in year 5applies for year 6 as well.rice = $2 (0.72) / 1.15 + $4 (0.72) / 1.152 + $50 / 1.153= $36.31The number of shares you own = $100,000 / $36.31 = 2,754 sharesPrice = $1.15 (1.18) / 1.12 + $1.15 (1.182) / 1.122 + $1.152 (1.182) / 1.123+ {$1.152 (1.182)(1.06) / (0.12 - 0.06)} / 1.123= $26.95[Insert before last sentence of question: Assume that dividends are a fixed proportion of earnings.] Dividend one year from now = $5 (1 - 0.10) = $4.50Price = $5 + $4.50 / {0.14 - (-0.10)}= $23.75Since the current $5 dividend has not yet been paid, it is still included in the stock price.Chapter 6: Some Alternative Investment Rulesa. Payback period of Project A = 1 + ($7,500 - $4,000) / $3,500 = 2 yearsPayback period of Project B = 2 + ($5,000 - $2,500 -$1,200) / $3,000 = 2.43 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. NPV A = -$7,500 + $4,000 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 + $1,500 / 1.153 = -$388.96NPV B = -$5,000 + $2,500 / 1.15 + $1,200 / 1.152 + $3,000 / 1.153 = $53.83Project B should be chosen.a. Average Investment:($16,000 + $12,000 + $8,000 + $4,000 + 0) / 5 = $8,000Average accounting return:$4,500 / $8,000 = 0.5625 = 56.25%b. 1. AAR does not consider the timing of the cash flows, hence it does not consider the timevalue of money.2. AAR uses an arbitrary firm standard as the decision rule.3. AAR uses accounting data rather than net cash flows.aAverage Investment = (8000 + 4000 + 1500 + 0)/4 = 3375.00Average Net Income = 2000(1-0.75) = 1500=> AAR = 1500/3375=44.44%a. Solve x by trial and error:-$8,000 + $4,000 / (1 + x) + $3000 / (1 + x)2 + $2,000 / (1 + x)3 = 0x = 6.93%b. No, since the IRR (6.93%) is less than the discount rate of 8%.Alternatively, the NPV @ a discount rate of 0.08 = -$136.62.a. Solve r in the equation:$5,000 - $2,500 / (1 + r) - $2,000 / (1 + r)2 - $1,000 / (1 + r)3- $1,000 / (1 + r)4 = 0By trial and error,IRR = r = 13.99%b. Since this problem is the case of financing, accept the project if the IRR is less than the required rate of return.IRR = 13.99% > 10%Reject the offer.c. IRR = 13.99% < 20%Accept the offer.d. When r = 10%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.1 - $2,000 / 1.12 - $1,000 / 1.13 - $1,000 / 1.14When r = 20%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.2 - $2,000 / 1.22 - $1,000 / 1.23 - $1,000 / 1.24= $466.82Yes, they are consistent with the choices of the IRR rule since the signs of the cash flows change only once.A/ $160,000 = 1.04PI = $40,000 715.0Since the PI exceeds one accept the project.Chapter 7: Net Present Value and Capital BudgetingSince there is uncertainty surrounding the bonus payments, which McRae might receive, you must use the expected value of McRae’s bonuses in the computation of the PV of his contract. McRae’s salary plus the expected value of his bonuses in years one through three is$250,000 + 0.6 ⨯ $75,000 + 0.4 ⨯ $0 = $295,000.Thus the total PV of his three-year contract isPV = $400,000 + $295,000 [(1 - 1 / 1.12363) / 0.1236]+ {$125,000 / 1.12363} [(1 - 1 / 1.123610 / 0.1236]= $1,594,825.68EPS = $800,000 / 200,000 = $4NPVGO = (-$400,000 + $1,000,000) / 200,000 = $3Price = EPS / r + NPVGO= $4 / 0.12 + $3=$36.33Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 51. Annual Salary$120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 $120,000 Savings2. Depreciation 100,000 160,000 96,000 57,600 57,6003. Taxable Income 20,000 -40,000 24,000 62,400 62,4004. Taxes 6,800 -13,600 8,160 21,216 21,2165. Operating Cash Flow113,200 133,600 111,840 98,784 98,784 (line 1-4)$100,000 -100,0006. ∆ Net workingcapital7. Investment $500,000 75,792*8. Total Cash Flow -$400,000 $113,200 $133,600 $111,840 $98,784 $74,576*75,792 = $100,000 - 0.34 ($100,000 - $28,800)NPV = -$400,000+ $113,200 / 1.12 + $133,600 / 1.122 + $111,840 / 1.123+ $98,784 / 1.124 + $74,576 / 1.125= -$7,722.52Real interest rate = (1.15 / 1.04) - 1 = 10.58%NPV A = -$40,000+ $20,000 / 1.1058 + $15,000 / 1.10582 + $15,000 / 1.10583= $1,446.76NPV B = -$50,000+ $10,000 / 1.15 + $20,000 / 1.152 + $40,000 / 1.153= $119.17Choose project A.PV = $120,000 / {0.11 - (-0.06)}t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 t = 4 t = 5 t = 6 ...$12,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000$4,000$12,000 $6,000 $6,000 ...The present value of one cycle is:A+ $4,000 / 1.064PV = $12,000 + $6,000 306.0= $12,000 + $6,000 (2.6730) + $4,000 / 1.064= $31,206.37The cycle is four years long, so use a four year annuity factor to compute the equivalent annual cost (EAC).AEAC = $31,206.37 / 406.0= $31,206.37 / 3.4651= $9,006The present value of such a stream in perpetuity is$9,006 / 0.06 = $150,100o evaluate the word processors, compute their equivalent annual costs (EAC).BangAPV(costs) = (10 ⨯ $8,000) + (10 ⨯ $2,000) 414.0= $80,000 + $20,000 (2.9137)= $138,274EAC = $138,274 / 2.9137= $47,456IOUAPV(costs) = (11 ⨯ $5,000) + (11 ⨯ $2,500) 3.014- (11 ⨯ $500) / 1.143= $55,000 + $27,500 (2.3216) - $5,500 / 1.143= $115,132EAC = $115,132 / 2.3216= $49,592BYO should purchase the Bang word processors.Chapter 8: Strategy and Analysis in Using Net Present ValueThe accounting break-even= (120,000 + 20,000) / (1,500 - 1,100)= 350 units. The accounting break-even= 340,000 / (2.00 - 0.72)= 265,625 abalonesb. [($2.00 ⨯ 300,000) - (340,000 + 0.72 ⨯ 300,000)] (0.65)= $28,600This is the after tax profit.Chapter 9: Capital Market Theory: An Overviewa. Capital gains = $38 - $37 = $1 per shareb. Total dollar returns = Dividends + Capital Gains = $1,000 + ($1*500) = $1,500 On a per share basis, this calculation is $2 + $1 = $3 per sharec. On a per share basis, $3/$37 = 0.0811 = 8.11% On a total dollar basis, $1,500/(500*$37) = 0.0811 = 8.11%d. No, you do not need to sell the shares to include the capital gains in the computation of the returns. The capital gain is included whether or not you realize the gain. Since you could realize the gain if you choose, you should include it.The expected holding period return is:()[]%865.1515865.052$/52$75.54$50.5$==-+There appears to be a lack of clarity about the meaning of holding period returns. The method used in the answer to this question is the one used in Section 9.1. However, the correspondence is not exact, because in this question, unlike Section 9.1, there are cash flows within the holding period. The answer above ignores the dividend paid in the first year. Although the answer above technically conforms to the eqn at the bottom of Fig. 9.2, the presence of intermediate cash flows that aren’t accounted for renders th is measure questionable, at best. There is no similar example in the body of the text, and I have never seen holding period returns calculated in this way before.Although not discussed in this book, there are two generally accepted methods of computing holding period returns in the presence of intermediate cash flows. First, the time weighted return calculates averages (geometric or arithmetic) of returns between cash flows. Unfortunately, that method can’t be used here, because we are not given the va lue of the stock at the end of year one. Second, the dollar weighted measure calculates the internal rate of return over the entire holding period. Theoretically, that method can be applied here, as follows: 0 = -52 + 5.50/(1+r) + 60.25/(1+r)2 => r = 0.1306.This produces a two year holding period return of (1.1306)2 – 1 = 0.2782. Unfortunately, this book does not teach the dollar weighted method.In order to salvage this question in a financially meaningful way, you would need the value of the stock at the end of one year. Then an illustration of the correct use of the time-weighted return would be appropriate. A complicating factor is that, while Section 9.2 illustrates the holding period return using the geometric return for historical data, the arithmetic return is more appropriate for expected future returns.E(R) = T-Bill rate + Average Excess Return = 6.2% + (13.0% -3.8%) = 15.4%. Common Treasury Realized Stocks Bills Risk Premium -7 32.4% 11.2% 21.2%-6 -4.9 14.7 -19.6-5 21.4 10.5 10.9 -4 22.5 8.8 13.7 -3 6.3 9.9 -3.6 -2 32.2 7.7 24.5 Last 18.5 6.2 12.3 b. The average risk premium is 8.49%.49.873.125.246.37.139.106.192.21=++-++- c. Yes, it is possible for the observed risk premium to be negative. This can happen in any single year. The.b.Standard deviation = 03311.0001096.0=.b.Standard deviation = = 0.03137 = 3.137%.b.Chapter 10: Return and Risk: The Capital-Asset-Pricing Model (CAPM)a. = 0.1 (– 4.5%) + 0.2 (4.4%) + 0.5 (12.0%) + 0.2 (20.7%) = 10.57%b.σ2 = 0.1 (–0.045 – 0.1057)2 + 0.2 (0.044 – 0.1057)2 + 0.5 (0.12 – 0.1057)2+ 0.2 (0.207 – 0.1057)2 = 0.0052σ = (0.0052)1/2 = 0.072 = 7.20%Holdings of Atlas stock = 120 ⨯ $50 = $6,000 ⨯ $20 = $3,000Weight of Atlas stock = $6,000 / $9,000 = 2 / 3Weight of Babcock stock = $3,000 / $9,000 = 1 / 3a. = 0.3 (0.12) + 0.7 (0.18) = 0.162 = 16.2%σP 2= 0.32 (0.09)2 + 0.72 (0.25)2 + 2 (0.3) (0.7) (0.09) (0.25) (0.2)= 0.033244σP= (0.033244)1/2 = 0.1823 = 18.23%a.State Return on A Return on B Probability1 15% 35% 0.4 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.22 15% -5% 0.4 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.23 10% 35% 0.6 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.34 10% -5% 0.6 ⨯ 0.5 = 0.3b. = 0.2 [0.5 (0.15) + 0.5 (0.35)] + 0.2[0.5 (0.15) + 0.5 (-0.05)]+ 0.3 [0.5 (0.10) + 0.5 (0.35)] + 0.3 [0.5 (0.10) + 0.5 (-0.05)]= 0.135= 13.5%Note: The solution to this problem requires calculus.Specifically, the solution is found by minimizing a function subject to a constraint. Calculus ability is not necessary to understand the principles behind a minimum variance portfolio.Min { X A2 σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2 X A X B Cov(R A , R B)}subject to X A + X B = 1Let X A = 1 - X B. Then,Min {(1 - X B)2σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2(1 - X B) X B Cov (R A, R B)}Take a derivative with respect to X B.d{∙} / dX B = (2 X B - 2) σA2+ 2 X B σB2 + 2 Cov(R A, R B) - 4 X B Cov(R A, R B)Set the derivative equal to zero, cancel the common 2 and solve for X B.X BσA2- σA2+ X B σB2 + Cov(R A, R B) - 2 X B Cov(R A, R B) = 0X B = {σA2 - Cov(R A, R B)} / {σA2+ σB2 - 2 Cov(R A, R B)}andX A = {σB2 - Cov(R A, R B)} / {σA2+ σB2 - 2 Cov(R A, R B)}Using the data from the problem yields,X A = 0.8125 andX B = 0.1875.a. Using the weights calculated above, the expected return on the minimum variance portfolio isE(R P) = 0.8125 E(R A) + 0.1875 E(R B)= 0.8125 (5%) + 0.1875 (10%)= 5.9375%b. Using the formula derived above, the weights areX A = 2 / 3 andX B = 1 / 3c. The variance of this portfolio is zero.σP 2= X A2 σA2 + X B2σB2+ 2 X A X B Cov(R A , R B)= (4 / 9) (0.01) + (1 / 9) (0.04) + 2 (2 / 3) (1 / 3) (-0.02)= 0This demonstrates that assets can be combined to form a risk-free portfolio.14.2%= 3.7%+β(7.5%) ⇒β = 1.40.25 = R f + 1.4 [R M– R f] (I)0.14 = R f + 0.7 [R M– R f] (II)(I) – (II)=0.11 = 0.7 [R M– R f] (III)[R M– R f ]= 0.1571Put (III) into (I) 0.25 = R f + 1.4[0.1571]R f = 3%[R M– R f ]= 0.1571R M = 0.1571 + 0.03= 18.71%a. = 4.9% + βi (9.4%)βD= Cov(R D, R M) / σM 2 = 0.0635 / 0.04326 = 1.468= 4.9 + 1.468 (9.4) = 18.70%Weights:X A = 5 / 30 = 0.1667X B = 10 / 30 = 0.3333X C = 8 / 30 = 0.2667X D = 1 - X A - X B - X C = 0.2333Beta of portfolio= 0.1667 (0.75) + 0.3333 (1.10) + 0.2667 (1.36) + 0.2333 (1.88)= 1.293= 4 + 1.293 (15 - 4) = 18.22%a. (i) βA= ρA,MσA / σMρA,M= βA σM / σA= (0.9) (0.10) / 0.12= 0.75(ii) σB= βB σM / ρB,M= (1.10) (0.10) / 0.40= 0.275(iii) βC= ρC,MσC / σM= (0.75) (0.24) / 0.10= 1.80(iv) ρM,M= 1(v) βM= 1(vi) σf= 0(vii) ρf,M= 0(viii) βf= 0b. SML:E(R i) = R f + βi {E(R M) - R f}= 0.05 + (0.10) βiSecurity βi E(R i)A 0.13 0.90 0.14B 0.16 1.10 0.16C 0.25 1.80 0.23Security A performed worse than the market, while security C performed better than the market.Security B is fairly priced.c. According to the SML, security A is overpriced while security C is under-priced. Thus, you could invest in security C while sell security A (if you currently hold it).a. The typical risk-averse investor seeks high returns and low risks. To assess thetwo stocks, find theReturns:State of economy ProbabilityReturn on A*Recession 0.1 -0.20 Normal 0.8 0.10 Expansion0.10.20* Since security A pays no dividend, the return on A is simply (P 1 / P 0) - 1. = 0.1 (-0.20) + 0.8 (0.10) + 0.1 (0.20) = 0.08 = 0.09 This was given in the problem.Risk:R A - (R A -)2 P ⨯ (R A -)2 -0.28 0.0784 0.00784 0.02 0.0004 0.00032 0.12 0.0144 0.00144 Variance 0.00960Standard deviation (R A ) = 0.0980βA = {Corr(R A , R M ) σ(R A )} / σ(R M ) = 0.8 (0.0980) / 0.10= 0.784βB = {Corr(R B , R M ) σ(R B )} / σ(R M ) = 0.2 (0.12) / 0.10= 0.24The return on stock B is higher than the return on stock A. The risk of stock B, as measured by itsbeta, is lower than the risk of A. Thus, a typical risk-averse investor will prefer stock B.b. = (0.7) + (0.3) = (0.7) (0.8) + (0.3) (0.09) = 0.083σP 2= 0.72 σA 2 + 0.32 σB 2 + 2 (0.7) (0.3) Corr (R A , R B ) σA σB = (0.49) (0.0096) + (0.09) (0.0144) + (0.42) (0.6) (0.0980) (0.12) = 0.0089635 σP = = 0.0947 c. The beta of a portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the components of the portfolio. βP = (0.7) βA + (0.3) βB = (0.7) (0.784) + (0.3) (0.240) = 0.621Chapter 11:An Alternative View of Risk and Return: The Arbitrage Pricing Theorya. Stock A:()()R R R R R A A A m m Am A=+-+=+-+βεε105%12142%...Stock B:()()R R R R R B B m m Bm B=+-+=+-+βεε130%098142%...Stock C:()R R R R R C C C m m Cm C=+-+=+-+βεε157%137142%)..(.b.()[]()[]()[]()()()()()()[]()()CB A m cB A m c m B m A m CB A P 25.045.030.0%2.14R 1435.1%925.1225.045.030.0%2.14R 37.125.098.045.02.130.0%7.1525.0%1345.0%5.1030.0%2.14R 37.1%7.1525.0%2.14R 98.0%0.1345.0%2.14R 2.1%5.1030.0R 25.0R 45.0R 30.0R ε+ε+ε+-+=ε+ε+ε+-+++++=ε+-++ε+-++ε+-+=++= c.i.()R R R A B C =+-==+-==+-=105%1215%142%)1113%09815%142%)137%157%13715%142%168%..(..46%.(......ii.R P =+-=12925%1143515%142%)138398%..(..To determine which investment investor would prefer, you must compute the variance of portfolios created bymany stocks from either market. Note, because you know that diversification is good, it is reasonable to assume that once an investor chose the market in which he or she will invest, he or she will buy many stocks in that market.Known:E EF ====001002 and and for all i.i σσεε..Assume: The weight of each stock is 1/N; that is, X N i =1/for all i.If a portfolio is composed of N stocks each forming 1/N proportion of the portfolio, the return on the portfolio is 1/N times the sum of the returns on the N stocks. Recall that the return on each stock is 0.1+βF+ε.()()()()()()[]()()()()()()()[]()[]()[]()()[]()()()()()j i 2j i 22j i i 2222222222P P P P iP ,0.04Corr 0.01,Cov s =isvariance the ,N as limit In the ,Cov 1/N 1s 1/N s )(1/N 1/N F 2F E 1/N F E 0.10.1/N F 0.1E R E R E R Var 0.101/N 00.1E 1/N F E 0.11/N F 0.1E R E 1/N F 0.1F 0.1(1/N)R 1/N R εε+β=εε+β∞⇒εε-+ε+β=ε∑+εβ+β=ε+β=-ε+β+=-==+β+=ε+β+=ε∑+β+=ε+β+=ε+β+==∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑()()()()()()Thus,F R f E R E R Var R Corr Var R Corr ii ip P p i j PijR 1i =++=++===+=+010*********002250040002500412212111222.........,,εεεεεεa.()()()()Corr Corr Var R Var R i j i j p pεεεε112212000225000225,,..====Since Var ()()R p 1 Var R 2p 〉, a risk averse investor will prefer to invest in the second market.b. Corr ()()εεεε112090i j j ,.,== and Corr 2i()()Var R Var R pp120058500025==..。

Chapter 6: Some Alternative Investment RulesConcept Questions - Chapter 66.2 ∙List the problems of the payback period rule.1.It does not take into account the time value of money.2.It ignores payments after the payback period.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.∙What are some advantages?1.It is simple to implement.2.It may help in controlling and evaluating managers.6.4 ∙What are the three steps in calculating AAR?1.Determine average net income.2.Determine average investment3.Divide average net income by average investment.∙What are some flaws with the AAR approach?1.It uses accounting figures.2.It takes no account of timing.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.6.5 ∙How does one calculate the IRR of a project?Using either trial-and-error or a financial calculator, one finds the discount ratethat produces an NPV of zero.6.6 ∙What is the difference between independent projects and mutually exclusiveprojects?An independent project is one whose acceptance does not affect the acceptance of another. A mutually exclusive project, on the other hand is one whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of another.∙What are two problems with the IRR approach that apply to both independent and mutually exclusive projects?1.The decision rule depends on whether one is investing of financing.2.Multiple rates of return are possible.∙What are two additional problems applying only to mutually exclusive projects?1.The IRR approach ignores issues of scale.2.The IRR approach does not accommodate the timing of the cash flowsproperly.6.7 ∙How does one calculate a project's profitability index?Divide the present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment by the initial investment.∙How is the profitability index applied to independent projects, mutually exclusive projects, and situations of capital rationing?1.With independent projects, accept the project if the PI is greater than 1.0 andreject if less than 1.0.2.With mutually exclusive projects, use incremental analysis, subtracting thecash flows of project 2 from project 1. Find the PI. If the PI is greater than1.0, accept project 1. If less than 1.0, accept project2.3.In capital rationing, the firm should simply rank the projects according to theirrespective PIs and accept the projects with the highest PIs, subject to thebudget constrain.Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSThe Payback Period Rule6.1 Fuji Software, Inc., has the following projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$7,500 _$5,0001 4,000 2,5002 3,500 1,2003 1,500 3,000a. Suppose Fuji’s cutoff payback period is two years. Which of these two projects should be chosen?b. Suppose Fuji uses the NPV rule to rank these two projects. If the appropriate discount rate is 15 percent, which project should be chosen?6.1 a. Payback period of Project A = 1 + ($7,500 - $4,000) / $3,500 = 2 yearsPayback period of Project B = 2 + ($5,000 - $2,500 -$1,200) / $3,000 = 2.43 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. NPV A = -$7,500 + $4,000 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 + $1,500 / 1.153 = -$388.96NPV B = -$5,000 + $2,500 / 1.15 + $1,200 / 1.152 + $3,000 / 1.153 = $53.83Project B should be chosen.6.2 Suppose Peach Paving Company invests $1 million today on a new construction project. The project will generate annual cash flows of $150,000 in perpetuity. The appropriate annual discount rate for the project is 10 percent.a. What is the payback period for the project? If the Peach Paving Company desires to have a 10-year payback period, should the project be adopted?b. What is the discounted payback period for the project?c. What is the NPV of the project?6.2 a. Payback period = 6 + {$1,000,000 - ($150,000 ⨯ 6)} / $150,000 = 6.67 yearsYes, the project should be adopted.A= $974,259b. $150,000 11.010The discounted payback period = 11 + ($1,000,000 - $974,259) / ($150,000 / 1.112)= 11.54 yearsc. NPV = -$1,000,000 + $150,000 / 0.10 = $500,000The Average Accounting Return6.3 The annual, end-of-year, book-investment accounts for the machine whose purchase your firm is considering are shown below.Purchase Year Year Year YearDate 1 2 3 4Gross investment $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000Less: accumulateddepreciation ______0_ ___4_,0_0_0_ ___8_,0_0_0_ __1_2_,0_0_0_ _1_6_,_0_0_0Net investment $16,000 $12,000 $ 8,000 $ 4,000 $ 0If your firm purchases this machine, you can expect it to generate, on average, $4,500 peryear in additional net income.a. What is the average accounting return for this machine?b. What three flaws are inherent in this decision rule?6.3 a. Average Investment:($16,000 + $12,000 + $8,000 + $4,000 + 0) / 5 = $8,000Average accounting return:$4,500 / $8,000 = 0.5625 = 56.25%b. 1. AAR does not consider the timing of the cash flows, hence it does notconsider the time value of money.2. AAR uses an arbitrary firm standard as the decision rule.3. AAR uses accounting data rather than net cash flows.6.4 Western Printing Co. has an opportunity to purchase a $2 million new printing machine. It has an economic life of five years and will be worthless after that time. This new investment is expected to generate an annual net income of $100,000 one year from today and the income stream will grow at 7 percent per year subsequently. The company adopts a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return of the investment? Supposing Western Printing’s AAR cutoff is 20 percent, should the machine be purchased?6.4 Average Investment = ($2,000,000 + 0) / 2 = $1,000,000Average net income = [$100,000 {(1 + g)5 - 1} / g] / 5= {$100,000A (1.075 - 1} / 0.07} / 5= $115,014.78AAR = $115,014.78 / $1,000,000 = 11.50%No, since the machine’s AAR is less than the firm’s cutoff AAR.6.5 Nokia Group has invested $8,000 in a high-tech project. This cost is depreciated on an accelerated basis that yields $4,000, $2,500, $1,500 of depreciation, respectively, during its three-year economic life. The project is expected to produce income before tax of $2,000 each year during its economic life. If the tax rate is 25%, what is the project’s average accounting return (AAR)?a. 44.44%b. 50.23%c. 66.67%d. 70.00%e. 82.21%The Internal Rate of Return6.5 a6.6 Compute the internal rate of return on projects with the following cash flows.Cash Flows ($)Year Project A Project B0 _3,000 _6,0001 2,500 5,0002 1,000 2,000/ $160,000 = 1.046.6PI = $40,000 715.0Since the PI exceeds one accept the project.6.7 CPC, Inc., has a project with the following cash flows.Year Cash Flows ($)0 _8,0001 4,0002 3,0003 2,000a. Compute the internal rate of return on the project.b. Suppose the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. Should the project be adopted by CPC?6.7 The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0.-$3,000 + $2,500 / (1 + IRR A) + $1,000 / (1 + IRR A)2 = 0By trial and error, IRR A = 12.87%Since project B’s cash flows are two times of those of project A, the IRR B = IRR A =12.87%6.8 Compute the internal rate of return for the cash flows of the following two projects.Cash Flows ($)Time A B0 _2,000 _1,5001 2,000 5002 8,000 1,0003 _8,000 1,5006.8 a. Solve x by trial and error:-$4,000 + $2,000 / (1 + x) + $1,500 / (1 + x)2 + $1,000 / (1 + x)3 = 0x = 6.93%b. No, since the IRR (6.93%) is less than the discount rate of 8%.6.9 Suppose you are offered $5,000 today and obligated to make scheduled payments as follows:Year Cash Flows ($)0 5,0001 _2,5002 _2,0003 _1,0004 _1,000a. What is the IRRs of this offer?b. If the appropriate discount rate is 10 percent, should you accept this offer?c. If the appropriate discount rate is 20 percent, should you accept this offer?Chapter 6 Some Alternative Investment Rules 165d. What is the corresponding NPV of the project if the appropriate discount rates are 10 percent and 20 percent, respectively? Are the choices under the NPV rule consistent with those of the IRR rule?6.9 Find the IRRs of project A analytically. Since the IRR is the discount rate that makes the NPVequal to zero, the following equation must hold.-$200 + $200 / (1 + r) + $800 / (1 + r)2 - $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0$200 [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] - {$800 / (1 + r)2}[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0For this equation to hold, either [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0 or [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0.Solve each of these factors for the r that would cause the factor to equal zero. Theresulting rates are the two IRRs for project A. They are either r = 0% or r = 100%.Note: By inspection you should have known that one of the IRRs of project A iszero. Notice that the sum of the un-discounted cash flows for project A is zero.Thus, not discounting the cash flows would yield a zero NPV. The discount ratewhich is tantamount to not discounting is zero.Here are some of the interactions used to find the IRR by trial and error.Sophisticated calculators can compute this rate without all of the tedium involved inthe trial-and-error method.NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.3 + $100 / 1.32 + $150 / 1.33 = $15.91NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.4 + $100 / 1.42 + $150 / 1.43 = -$8.60NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.37 + $100 / 1.372 + $150 / 1.373 = -$1.89NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36 + $100 / 1.36 2 + $150 / 1.363 = $0.46NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36194 + $100 / 1.361942 + $150 / 1.361943= $0.0010NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36195 + $100 / 1.361952 + $150 / 1.361953= -$0.0013NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.361944 + $100 / 1.3619442 + $150 / 1.3619443= $0.0000906Thus, the IRR is approximately 36.1944%.6.10 As the Chief Financial Officer of the Orient Express, you are offered the following twomutually exclusive projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$5,000 _$100,0001 3,500 65,0002 3,500 65,000a. What are the IRRs of these two projects?b. If you are told only the IRRs of the projects, which would you choose?c. What did you ignore when you made your choice in part (b)?d. How can the problem be remedied?e. Compute the incremental IRR for the projects.f. Based on your answer to part (e), which project should you choose?g. Suppose you have determined that the appropriate discount rate for these projectsis 15 percent. According to the NPV rule, which of these two projects should beadopted?6.10 a. Solve r in the equation:$5,000 - $2,500 / (1 + r) - $2,000 / (1 + r)2 - $1,000 / (1 + r)3- $1,000 / (1 + r)4 = 0By trial and error,IRR = r = 13.99%b. Since this problem is the case of financing, accept the project if the IRR is less thanthe required rate of return.IRR = 13.99% > 10%Reject the offer.c. IRR = 13.99% < 20%Accept the offer.d. When r = 10%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.1 - $2,000 / 1.12 - $1,000 / 1.13 - $1,000 / 1.14= -$359.95When r = 20%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.2 - $2,000 / 1.22 - $1,000 / 1.23 - $1,000 / 1.24= $466.82Yes, they are consistent with the choices of the IRR rule since the signs of the cashflows change only once.6.11 Consider two streams of cash flows, A and B. Cash flow A consists of $5,000 starting three years from today and growing at 4 percent in perpetuity. Cash flow B consists of _$6,000 starting two years from today and continuing in perpetuity. Assume the appropriate discount rate is 12 percent.a. What is the present value of each stream?b. What is the IRR of a project C, which is a combination of projects A and B; that is, C _ A _ B?c. If it is assumed that the discount rate is always positive, what is the rule related to IRR for assessing project C that would correspond to the NPV rule?6.11 a. Project A:NPV = -$5,000 + $3,500 / (1 + r) + $3,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 25.69%Project B:NPV = -$100,000 + $65,000 / (1 + r) + $65,000 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 19.43%b. Choose project A because it has a higher IRR.c. The difference in scale is ignored.d. Apply the incremental IRR method.e.C0C1C2B - A -$95,000 $61,500 $61,500NPV = -$95,000 + $61,500 / (1 + r) + $61,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.09%f. If the discount rate is less than 19.09%, choose project B.Otherwise, choose project A.g. NPV A = -$5,000 + $3,500 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 = $689.98NPV B = -$100,000 + $65,000 / 1.15 + $65,000 / 1.152 = $5,671.08Choose project B.6.12 Project A involves an investment of $1 million, and project B involves an investment of $2 million. Both projects have a unique internal rate of return of 20 percent. Is the following statement true or false? Explain your answer.For any discount rate between 0 percent and 20 percent, inclusive, project B has an NPV twice as great as that of project A.6.12 a. PV A = {$5,000 / (0.12 - 0.04)} / 1.122 = $49,824.61 PV B = (-$6,000 / 0.12) / 1.12 = -$44,642.86 b. The IRR for project C must solve{$5,000 / (x - 0.04)} / (1 + x)2 + (-$6,000 / x) / (1 + x) = 0 $5,000 / (x - 0.04) - $6,000 (1 + x) / x = 0 25 x 2 + 3.17 x - 1 =0x = {-3.17 - (110.0489)0.5} / 50 or {-3.17 + (110.0489)0.5} / 50 The relevant positive root is IRR = x = 0.1464 = 14.64%c.To arrive at the appropriate decision rule, we must graph the NPV as a function of the discount rate. At a discount rate of 14.64% the NPV is zero. To determine if the graph is upward or downward sloping, check the NPV at another discount rate. At a discount rate of 10% the NPV is $14,325.07 [= $68,870.52 - $54,545.54]. Thus, the graph of the NPV is downward sloping. From the discussion in the text, if an NPV graph is downward sloping, the project is an investing project. The correct decision rule for an investing project is to accept the project if the discount rate is below 14.64%.The Profitability Index6.13 Suppose the following two mutually exclusive investment opportunities are available to the DeAngelo Firm. The appropriate discount rate is 10 percent. Year Project Alpha Project Beta 0 _$500 _$2,000 1 _300 _300 2 700 1,800 3 600 1,700a. What is the NPV of project alpha and project beta?b. Which project would you recommend for the DeAngelo Firm?6.13 Generally, the statement is false. If the cash flows of project B occur early and the cashflows of project A occur late, then for a low discount rate the NPV of A can exceed the NPV of B. Examples are easy to construct.14.64%10%rNPV$14,325.07C0C1C2IRR NPV @ 0% A: -$1,000,000 $0 $1,440,000 0.20 $440,000B: -2,000,000 2,400,000 0 0.20 400,000 In one particular case, the statement is true for equally risky projects. If the lives of thetwo projects are equal and in every time period the cash flows of the project B are twicethe cash flows of project A, then the NPV of project B will be twice as great as the NPV of project A for any discount rate between 0% and 20%.6.14 The firm for which you work must choose between the following two mutually exclusive projects. The appropriate discount rate for the projects is 10 percent.ProfitabilityC0 C1 C2 Index NPVA _$1,000 $1,000 $500 1.32 $322B _500 500 400 1.57 285The firm chose to undertake A. At a luncheon for shareholders, the manager of a pension fund that owns a substantial amount of the firm’s stock asks you why the firm chose project A instead of project B when B is more profitable.How would you justify your firm’s action? Are there any circumstances under which the pension fund manager’s argument could be correct?6.14 a. NPVα = $756.57 - $500 = $256.57NPVβ = $2,492.11 - $2,000 = $492.11b. Choose project beta.6.15 The treasurer of Davids, Inc., has projected the cash flows of projects A, B, and C as follows. Suppose the relevant discount rate is 12 percent a year.Year Project A Project B Project C0 _$100,000 _$200,000 _$100,0001 70,000 130,000 75,0002 70,000 130,000 60,000a. Compute the profitability indices for each of the three projects.b. Compute the NPVs for each of the three projects.c. Suppose these three projects are independent. Which projects should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?d. Suppose these three projects are mutually exclusive. Which project should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?e. Suppose Davids’ budget for these projects is $300,000. The projects are not divisible. Which projects should Davids accept?6.15 Although the profitability index is higher for project B than for project A, the NPV is theincrease in the value of the company that will occur if a particular project is undertaken.Thus, the project with the higher NPV should be chosen because it increases the value of the firm the most. Only in the case of capital rationing could the pension fund manager be correct.6.16 Bill plans to open a self-serve grooming center in a storefront. The grooming equipment will cost $160,000. Bill expects the after-tax cash inflows to be $40,000 annually for seven years, after which he plans to scrap the equipment and retire to the beaches of Jamaica.Assume the required return is 15%. What is the project’s PI? Should it be accepted?Comparison of Investment Rules6.16 a. PI A = ($70,000 / 1.12 + $70,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.183PI B = ($130,000 / 1.12 + $130,000 / 1.122) / $200,000 = 1.099PI C = ($75,000 / 1.12 + $60,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.148b. NPV A = -$100,000 + $118,303.57 = $18,303.57NPV B = -$200,000 + $219,706.63 = $19,706.63NPV C = -$100,000 + $114,795.92 = $14,795.92c. Accept all three projects because PIs of all the three projects are greater than one.d. Based on the PI rule, project C can be eliminated because its PI is less than the oneof project A, while both have the same amount of the investment. We can computethe PI of the incremental cash flows between the two projects,Project C0C1C2PIB - A -$100,000 $60,000 $60,000 1.014We should take project B since the PI of the incremental cash flows is greater thanone.e. Project B has the highest NPV, while A has the next highest NPV.Take both projects A and B.6.17 Define each of the following investment rules. In your definition state the criteria for accepting or rejecting an investment under each rule.a. Payback periodb. Average accounting returnc. Internal rate of returnd. Profitability indexe. Net present value6.17 a. The payback period is the time it takes to recoup the initial investment of a project.Accept any project that has a payback period that is equal to or shorter than thecompany’s standard payback period. Reject all other projects.b. The average accounting return (AAR) is defined asAverage project earnings ÷ Average book value of the investment.Accep t projects for which the AAR is equal to or greater than the firm’s standard.Reject all other projects.c. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate which makes the net presentvalue (NPV) of the project zero. The accept / reject criteria is:If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, accept the project if IRR ≥discount rate.If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, reject the project if IRR <discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, accept the project if IRR ≤discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, reject the project if IRR >discount rate.If the project has cash flows that alternate in sign, there is likely to be more thanone positive IRR. In that situation, there is no valid IRR accept / reject rule.d. The profitability index (PI) is defined as:(The present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment ÷The initial investment)Accept any project for which the profitability index is equal to or greater thanone. Reject project for which that is not true.e. The net present value (NPV) is the sum of the present values of all project cashflows. Accept those projects with NPVs which are equal to or greater than zero.Rejects p roposals with negative NPVs.6.18 Consider the following cash flows of two mutually exclusive projects for Chinese Daily News.New Sunday New SaturdayYear Early Edition Late Edition0 _$1,200 _$2,1001 600 1,0002 550 9003 450 800a. Based on the payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. Suppose there is no corporate tax and the cash flows above are income before the depreciation. The firm uses a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return for each of these two projects?c. Which project has a greater IRR?d. Based on the incremental IRR rule, which project should be chosen?6.18 Let project A represent New Sunday Early Edition; and let project B represent NewSaturday Late Edition.a. Payback period of project A = 2 + ($1,200 - $1,150) / $450 = 2.11 yearsPayback period of project B = 2 + ($2,100 - $1,900) / $800 = 2.25 yearsBased on the payback period rule, you should choose project A.b. Project A:Average investment = ($1,200 + $0) / 2 = $600Depreciation = $400 / yearAverage income = [($600 - $400) + ($550 - $400) + ($450 - $400)] / 3= $133.33AAR = $133.33 / $600 = 22.22%Project B:Average investment = ($2,100 + $0) / 2 = $1,050Depreciation = $700 / yearAverage income = [($1,000 - $700) + ($900 - $700) + ($800 - $700)] / 3= $200AAR = $200 / $1,050 = 19.05%c. IRR of project A:-$1,200 + $600 / (1 + r) + $550 / (1 + r)2 + $450 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 16.76%IRR of project B:-$2,100 + $1,000 / (1 + r) + $900 / (1 + r)2 + $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 14.29%Project A has a greater IRR.d. IRR of project B-A:Incremental cash flowsYear 0 1 2 3B - A -$900 $400 $350 $350-$900 + $400 / (1 + r) + $350 / (1 + r)2 + $350 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 11.02%If the required rate of return is greater than 11.02%, then choose project A.If the required rate of return is less than 11.02%, then choose project B.6.19 Consider the following cash flows on two mutually exclusive projects that require an annual return of 15 percent. Working in the financial planning department for the Bahamas Recreation Corp., you are trying to compare different investment criteria to arrive at a sensible choice of these two projects.Deepwater New SubmarineYear Fishing Ride0 _$600,000 _$1,800,0001 270,000 1,000,0002 350,000 700,0003 300,000 900,000a. Based on the discounted payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. If your decision rule is to accept the project with a greater IRR, which project should you choose?c. Since you are fully aware of the IRR rule’s scale problem, you calculate the incremental IRR for the cash flows. Based on your computation, which project should you choose?d. To be prudent, you compute the NPV for both projects. Which project should you choose? Is it consistent with the incremental IRR rule?6.19 Let project A be Deepwater Fishing; let project B be New Submarine Ride.a. Project A:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$600,000 -$600,0001 234,783 -365,2172 264,650 -100,5673 197,255Discounted payback period of project A = 2 + $100,567 / $197,255= 2.51 yearsProject B:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$1,800,000 -$1,800,0001 869,565 -930,4352 529,301 -401,1343 591,765Discounted payback period of project B = 2 + $401,134 / $591,765= 2.68 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. IRR of project A:-$600,000 + $270,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $300,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 24.30%IRR of project B:-$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 /(1 + r) + $700,000 / (1 + r)2 + $900,000 / (1 + r)3= 0IRR = r = 21.46%Based on the IRR rule, project A should be chosen since it has a greater IRR.c. Incremental IRR:Year 0 1 2 3B - A -$1,200,000 $730,000 $350,000 $600,000-$1,200,000 + $730,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $600,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.92%Since the incremental IRR is greater than the required rate of return, 15%, chooseproject B.d. NPV A = -$600,000 + $270,000 / 1.15 + $350,000 / 1.152 + $300,000 / 1.153= $96,687.76NPV B = -$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 / 1.15 + $700,000 / 1.152 + $900,000 / 1.153 = $190,630.39Since NPV B > NPV A, choose project B.Yes, the NPV rule is consistent with the incremental IRR rule.6.20 The Utah Mining Corporation is set to open a gold mine near Provo, Utah. According to the treasurer, Steven Sample, “This is a golden opportunity.” The mine will cost $600,000 to open. It will generate a cash inflow of $100,000 during the first year and the cash flows are projected to grow at 8 percent per year for 10 years. After 10 years the mine will be abandoned. Abandonment costs will be $50,000.a. What is the IRR for the gold mine?b. The Utah Mining Corporation requires a 10 percent return on such undertakings.Should the mine be opened?6.20 a. The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0-$600,000 + ()0r 1000,50$r 1%811%)8r (000,100$1111=+-⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++--IRR ≈18.56% b. Yes, the mine should be opened since its IRR exceeds its required return of 10%.。

会计信息系统第六版中国人大出版课后习题答案列出现行系统的目标、主要功能、组织结构、用户要求等，并简要指出问题所在。

以数据流程图为主要工具，说明现行系统的概况。

（3）新系统的逻辑模型：通过对现行系统的调查分析，找出现行系统存在的问题，进行必要的修改，得到新系统的逻辑模型。

（4）用户需求说明：主要说明关键领域用户的特定要求。

（5）系统设计实施初步计划：1）工作任务的分解及进度计划。

2）资源需求。

3）经费预算（6）建议：1）项目是否继续。

2）分析是否改变了可行性、战略影响，或项目的优先顺序。

系统分析报告书集中反映了系统分析阶段的所有成果，既是一个总结性的文件，又是下一阶段系统设计的依据。

6．数据源、数据存储和数据流之间的区别？数据源是指数据的（2）确定系统的处理单元。

（3）确定系统的存储单元。

（4）绘制顶层数据流程图。

（5）绘制底层数据流程图。

绘制数据流程图的过程是系统分析阶段的主要工作，是一个反复的过程。

数据流程图往往需要经过多次修改和讨论，才能最终确定。

例如：按照数据流程图绘制的步骤，首先确定与会计信息系统有关的外部实体――业务人员和系统用户，绘制会计信息系统顶层数据流程图。

原始数据账簿、报表会计系业务统人员系统用户再根据具体情况将顶层数据流程图中的处理单元展开，扩展成多个子处理框，进行详细描述，底层的数据流程图的绘制方法与顶层相似。

经过逐层细化，直到对处理过程进行足够详细的描述为止，从而得到多个分层的数据流程图。

例如，对顶层数据流程图中的“会计系统”进一步分解，得到第一层数据流程图。

账务处理工资核算固定资产核算业务系统原始数据账簿、报表人员用户应付账款核算存货核算成本核算应收账款核算8．数据字典包括哪些内容？数据字典（Data Dictionary）是结构化分析方法中的另一工具，主要用来描述数据流程图中的数据流和数据存储的详细逻辑内容、外部实体和处理逻辑的某些数据特征。

数据字典是数据流程图的辅助资料，对数据流程图起着注解的作用。

核心书品必属精品第一章案例题（1）集团财务会计信息系统应该具备功能。

这要根据企业集团类型和对分子的管理要求来决定。

从这个案例来看，这家企业集团是产业型企业集团，这种类型的企业集团对财务集中管理的要求比较高，往往对整个集团下属成员实行分散经营、集中管理。

因此，要求整个集团在设计会计信息系统时企业集团成员单位的系统功能结构尽量与分子公司一致，因此，会计信息系统从功能上讲，集团与成员单位的交集是最大的，集团总部应该涵盖所有功能模块或子系统（总账、采购与付款管理、存货核算与管理、销售与应收管理、生产、报告、继续评价等功能模型与子系统），做到集团与成员单位信息共享、单据在成员单位之间实时协同、预算体系和指标统一制定和共享、资金集中管理、集团能够利用信息评价整个集团成员的绩效等。

（2）销售事业部和销售公司会计信息系统应该具备功能。

销售事业部主要任务是完成销售核算与管理任务，销售公司是具体实现销售业务的经营单元，因此这两个层级的组织都应该选择与销售业务有关的功能模块或者子系统（如总账、销售与收款、存货、报表、绩效评价等模块）。

3. 彩电事业部与其下属成员会计信息系统应该具备功能。

彩电事业部主要任务是完成生产核算与管理任务，其下属成员是具体从事生产活动的单元，因此这两个层次的组织都应该选择与生产核算与管理有关的功能模型或者子系统（如总账、生产、存货、报表、绩效评价等模块）。

第二章一、思考题1．为什么会计人员和审计人员要参与会计信息系统的开发？会计信息系统的建立是企业的一项重要财务活动。

会计信息系统的开发如同企业产品的生产，会计信息系统是经过一系列复杂阶段活动产出的产品，这种产品也必须经过设计、授权和过程控制。

会计人员应该关注会计信息系统开发过程的完整性。

会计信息系统用于向企业内部和外部提供会计信息，会计信息的质量直接取决于建立会计信息系统的开发活动。

会计人员和审计人员参与会计信息系统的开发活动，能够使系统开发专业人员明确他们的问题和需求，确保会计信息系统遵循会计准则、财务会计制度和相关法律、法规的规定，并建立、健全、执行了恰当的控制，保证会计信息系统能够留有充分的审计线索。

第六章习题答案1现有D触发器组成的三个n位寄存器，需要连接起来传送数据。

当控制信号S a有效时，执行（Ra）→Rc的操作；当控制信号S b有效时，执行（R b）→R C的操作。

试写出连接电路的逻辑表达式，并画出逻辑电路图。

解：Rc = Ra·Sa·LDC + Rb·Sb·LDC2 现有D触发器组成的四个8位寄存器，要求它们之间实现数据传送，试设计连接电路。

解：BUS3 ALU的输出端一般带有一个移位器，其功能为：①ALU输出正常传送；②ALU输出左移1位（ALU i+1）传送；③ALU输出右移一位（ALU i-1）传送。

试设计移位器的逻辑电路。

解：4 一个系统有A,B两条总线，为了接收来自任何一条总线上的数据并驱动任何一条总线，需要一个总线缓冲寄存器。

请用D触发器和三态门设计一个总线缓冲寄存器。

解：5 试构造能完成下列程序操作的ASM图：（a）if X = N, then … 。

（b）if X≠N, then …, else …。

解：（c）for X from A to B, step C, do… 。

解：（d）while X = Y, do …。

解：（e）if X > N OR X < O, then …, else …。

解：6 有一个数字比较系统，它能对两个8位二进制进行比较。

其操作过程如下：先将两个8位二进制数存入寄存器A和B, 然后进行比较，最后将大数移入寄存器A中。

要求：⑴画出此系统方框图，并构造ASM流程图。

⑵设计一个计数器型控制器。

解：（1）②状态转移真值表PS NSB A B( D ) A( D )转移条件 C0 00 11 0 1 10 11 01 11 00 1无条件转移无条件转移无条件转移( A > B ) = 1A >B = 0根据 NS = PS·C 公式，激励方程表达式为：B ( D ) = BA + BA + BA·( A > B )A ( D ) = BA + BA + BA·( A >B ) = A + BA ·( A > B )③电路图④ 控制信号表达式：7. 根据题6的条件，设计一个MUX 型控制器。